learning literacy - mediacyjny.pl filefor example in luxemburg or switzerland. ... but –...
TRANSCRIPT
LEARNING LITERACY
MANUAL
Text: Krzysztof Trochimiuk
Pictures: Weronika Trochimiuk
Layout: Tomasz P. Antoszek
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication [communication] reflects the views
only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information
contained therein.
TEXT SEGMENTS
cat – word
survival of the fittest – phrase
If you are interested, – clause
I don’t know where I’m going. – sentence
- paragraph
The beginning of the 21st century has
witnessed another decade of massive
migrations in Europe triggered mainly by
the economic factor. Nowadays, many a
European family find themselves in a
language environment different from their
native one, exposing children to
challenges otherwise reserved for
multilanguage societies that we can find
for example in Luxemburg or Switzerland.
In my presentation I will address the issue
of bilingualism with the aim of trying to
establish its definition and answer the
question if it is possible to be truly
bilingual.
PARTS OF SPEECH
a, the, an – article
swim, cook, smile – verb
book, cow, letter – noun
big, cold, green – adjective
slowly, well, dangerously – adverb
up, in, far – preposition
and, or, but – conjunction
I, you, she – pronoun
Darn it!, Great! – interjection
PUNCTUATION
, comma
. full stop
; semicolon
: colon
- hyphen
– dash
“” quotation marks
’ apostrophe
... ellipsis
TEACHING HOW TO READ
Phonics – a method which teaches learners to look at letters or
letter clusters with the aim of memorizing the sounds they make and
then merging the sounds together to read a word fluently.
For example: astronaut = /a/+/s/+/t/+/r/+/o/+/n/+/o/+/t/ [au makes the
sound /o/] = /astronot/
Syllabification – a method which teaches learners to articulate
whole syllables rather than sounds and then merging the syllables
together to read a word fluently.
For example: astronaut = /as/+/tro/+/not/ = /astronot/
Look and Say (or Whole Word) – a method which teaches learners
patterns of different words. The learners are shown words
repeatedly until they memorize them as an inseparable entities. The
learners build up a sight vocabulary.
Whole Language – a method which teaches learners through a total
immersion in texts. While reading to learners some word to sound
patterns might be shown.
Whole Language and Phonics – a method which combines whole
language and phonics approaches. Immersion in text follows
understanding phonics rules.
READING STYLES
Skimming – reading to get a gist (a general
understanding of the text)
The beginning of the 21st century has witnessed another decade of
massive migrations in Europe triggered mainly by the economic
factor. Nowadays, many a European family find themselves in a
language environment different from their native one, exposing
children to challenges otherwise reserved for multilanguage
societies that we can find for example in Luxemburg or Switzerland.
In my presentation I will address the issue of bilingualism with the
aim of trying to establish its definition and answer the question if it is
possible to be truly bilingual. Apart from observations based on
academic research, I will present my personal experiences with my
own children. Since the birth of my daughters I have solely used
English when communicating with them, thus attempting to ensure
their foreign language competency. Despite a purely parenting
motivation, I have used my linguistic interest to be an active
beholder of the processes accompanying the language
development of children, noting down examples of interlanguage
transfer, acquisition of grammar paradigms and language
preferences in particular contexts.
The result: This text is about a conference presentation of a
paper on a parent raising his or her daughters in a bilingual
environment, where one of the languages is English.
Scanning – searching the text to find the desired
information.
Question: What are some examples of multilingual societies?
The beginning of the 21st century has witnessed another decade of
massive migrations in Europe triggered mainly by the economic factor.
Nowadays, many a European family find themselves in a language
environment different from their native one, exposing children to
challenges otherwise reserved for multilanguage societies that we can
find for example in Luxemburg or Switzerland. In my presentation I
will address the issue of bilingualism with the aim of trying to establish
its definition and answer the question if it is possible to be truly
bilingual. Apart from observations based on academic research, I will
present my personal experiences with my own children. Since the birth
of my daughters I have solely used English when communicating with
them, thus attempting to ensure their foreign language competency.
Despite a purely parenting motivation, I have used my linguistic
interest to be an active beholder of the processes accompanying the
language development of children, noting down examples of
interlanguage transfer, acquisition of grammar paradigms and
language preferences in particular contexts.
The result: Luxemburg and Switzerland.
In-depth reading – in this type of reading
everything is read carefully, but it does not mean
that all information is important!
An example of what a reader might find important:
The beginning of the 21st
century has witnessed another decade
of massive migrations in Europe triggered mainly by the
economic factor. Nowadays, many a European family find
themselves in a language environment different from their native
one, exposing children to challenges otherwise reserved for
multilanguage societies that we can find for example in
Luxemburg or Switzerland. In my presentation I will address the
issue of bilingualism with the aim of trying to establish its definition
and answer the question if it is possible to be truly bilingual. Apart
from observations based on academic research, I will present my
personal experiences with my own children. Since the birth of my
daughters I have solely used English when communicating with
them, thus attempting to ensure their foreign language competency.
Despite a purely parenting motivation, I have used my linguistic
interest to be an active beholder of the processes accompanying
the language development of children, noting down examples of
interlanguage transfer, acquisition of grammar paradigms and
language preferences in particular contexts.
TEXT STYLES
Narrative writing – type of writing, which is a text
supposed to tell you a story.
Example:
When Jack came home, he didn’t know what was going to
happen next.
Descriptive writing – type of writing which focuses
on telling the reading about how
something/somebody looked, tasted, felt, smelled,
sounded.
Example:
The Tatra Mountains rise suddenly towards the clouds in
the southern part of Poland, creating a magnificent wall of
jugged rocks.
Informative (expository) writing – type of writing is
all about the subject without any personal
opinions. In other words it is a “how to” type of
text.
Example:
In order to turn the device on, the user has to first turn the
right knob left and the left one right.
Persuasive writing – type of writing contains
personal opinions that are supposed to convince
the reader to the opinion of the author.
Example:
Chocolate ice cream tastes better than vanilla ice cream,
and, since it makes me smile every time I eat it, you should
buy it too.
READING TEST
"Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde
Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the
ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is
taht the frist and lsat ltteers be at the rghit pclae.
The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed
it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn
mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the
wrod as a wlohe."
Source: http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/03/31/if-can-raed-tihs-msut-be-raelly-smrat/
MIND MAPS
Mind Map – A diagram used to visualize,
organize, brainstorm information.
Elements of a mind map:
main idea branch twig
Elements used when creating a mind map:
Key words:
Colors :
Yellow Black
Green Red Blue
Sizes and shapes:
SURVIVAL POLISH
Polish is a language with challenging pronunciation and a very complex
grammar. However, it could be fun to learn. One might even see it is a way to prolong
proper brain functions as any doctor would recommend to people of all ages to take up
a hobby that involves acquiring new mental skills. Ergo, if you want to make sure your
brain stays young then learn Polish.
As many of the sounds used in Polish are not present in some other European
languages, let us first acquaint you with a simplified phonetic transcription system. In
order to spare you some intellectual sweat over phonetic transcription symbols, the
transcription in this manual is coded in an intuitive way. If somebody is not a native
speaker of English, please try to make out the sounds by applying the English
pronunciation patterns. Phonetic transcription will always be provided in slashes / /, for
example kupić /koopeech/ - to buy. As you notice, a section of the transcription is in
bold. It serves to indicate the position of the stress (the part of a word that you say
louder and with a very careful enunciation). In Polish the stress is almost always in the
same place, namely the second to the last (penultimate) syllable.
Basic phrases
good morning/good afternoon - dzień dobry /jayn dohbrih/
good evening - dobry wieczór /dohbrih vyehchoor/
goodbye - do widzenia /doh veedsenya/
good night - dobranoc /dohbrahnohts/
yes - tak /tahk/
no - nie /nyeh/
thank you - dziękuję /jengkooyeh/
please - proszę /prohsheh/
here you are - proszę /prohsheh/ (Polish is very fortunate in
this respect as one word allows you to make
polite requests and offer something to
somebody).
I'm sorry - przepraszam /pshehprahsham/
excuse me - przepraszam /pshehprahsham/ (once again
Polish makes it easy and you can use the word
przepraszam when you’re sorry and when
you’re trying to get someone’s attention).
My name is ... - Nazywam się... /nahzeevahm sheh/
I’m lost - Zgubiłem się (MAN) /zgoobeewehm sheh/
zgubiłam się (WOMAN) /zgoobeewahm sheh/
I don't understand - Nie rozumiem /nyeh rohzoomyem/
I don’t speak Polish - Nie mówię po polsku /nyeh moovyeh poh
pohlskoo/
Say it in English, please - Po angielsku, proszę /poh angyalskoo
prohsheh/
Where is ...? - Gdzie jest...? /gdjeh yest/
ATM/Cash point - bankomat /bunkohmut/
bank - bank /bunk/
toilet - ubikacja /oobeekahtsyah/
taxi rank - postój taksówek /pohstooy tahksoofehk/
restaurant - restauracja /rehstowrahtsyah/
museum - muzeum /moozehoom/
railway station - dworzec kolejowy /dvohzhehts kohlayohvih/
bus station - dworzec autobusowy /dvohzhehts
owtohboosohvih/
airport - lotnisko /lohtneeskoh/
hotel - hotel /hohtehl/
hospital - szpital /shpeetahl/
pharmacy - apteka /uptehkah/
police station - komenda policji /kohmendah pohleetsyih/
tourist information office - informacja turystyczna /eenformutsyah
toorihstihchnah/
street - ulica /ooleetsah/
left - lewo /lehvoh/
right - prawo /prahvoh/
straight - prosto /prohstoh/
How much is ...? - Ile kosztuje /eeleh kohshtooyeh/
this - to /toh/
it’s too much - to zbyt drogo /toh zbiht drohgoh/
small - mały /mahwih/
big - duży /doozhih/
different - inny /eennih/
ticket - bilet /beeleht/
Could I have the bill/check, please? - Proszę o rachunek /prohsheh oh rahoonehk/
1 - jeden /yehdehn/
2 - dwa /dvah/
3 - trzy /tshih/
4 - cztery /chtehrih/
5 - pięć /peeanch/
6 - sześć /shehshch/
7 - siedem /sheeadehm/
8 - osiem /osheeam/
9 - dziewięć /jehveeanch/
10 - dziesięć /jehsheeanch/
Polish letters
You might find yourself in a situation when you will have to sound out the name
of a location, person, direction, etc. In order to facilitate it for you, underneath you will
find some tips how to handle some of the exotic letters, consonant clusters, and
counterintuitive pronunciations.
cz - sounds like ‘ch’ in beach
ć - sounds like soft/smiling ‘ch’ in chew
dz - sounds like ‘ds’ in beds
dź - sounds like soft/smiling ‘g’ in gin
dż/drz - they both have a very similar pronunciation close to ‘g’ in George
ł - sounds like ‘w’ in wow
w - is always pronounced as ‘v’ as in vast
ń - sounds like ‘ny’ in canyon
r - is always rolled (just like in Scottish English)
sz - sounds like ‘sh’ in ship
ż/rz - both sound like ‘su’ in measure
POLAND
Basic Facts
Poland [Polska] is a medium-sized country of almost 40 million people with the
capital city in Warsaw [Warszawa]. The northern part of the country dips in the Baltic
Sea and the south is fenced off by the Sudetes
and Carpathian Mountains. The Vistula (Wisła)
is the longest river cutting Poland into two
halves – eastern and western. Due to moderate
climate, Poles and tourists can enjoy reasonably
warm summers, fairly cold winters and well-
defined springs and autumns. In the summer,
you may relax on the sandy beaches of the
Baltic, rent a yacht and sail on one of the
hundreds of lakes in the Mazuria, or, for
example, trek the mountains. In the winter, Poles usually go skiing to one of the
numerous and modern ski-resorts in the south. Apart from the Baltic and the mountains,
the country still boasts a sizeable acreage of forests, thus, compared to some EU
states, there seems to be a better-than-average ratio of human habitat to wild nature.
Because of that, you may still see European bisons, wolves and lynxes roaming the
dense forests in the east (UNESCO World Heritage Site), not to mention many
ornithological heavens in various location across Poland. Just as any other European
country with a rich culture and long-standing traditions, Poland boasts a number of
landmarks that are worth a visit. Their list would be too long for this presentation but a
selected few would be cities such as Cracow (Kraków), Warsaw (Warszawa), Wrocław,
Gdańsk, Toruń (with their museums, historical monuments, festivals and concerts), the
salt mine in Wieliczka, the Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork, the Table Mountains
with magical rock formations, and many, many others.
History
The history of Poland as a
state starts in the middle of the 10th
century, basically the moment
when the Duke Mieszko and his
court accepted Christianity in 966.
The first king of Poland, Bolesław
the Brave, was crowned in 1025
and from then on Poland was a
kingdom, becoming one of Europe’s superpowers in the mid-16th century. After its
golden age, it started to weaken thanks to limited powers of the elected kings and too
much control of the state vested in magnates, marshals and gentry until it was
partitioned among Russia, Prussia and Austria in 1795 after a succession of three
partition treaties. Poland was able to regain independence in 1918 but could not
withstand German and Russian armies attacking its borders almost simultaneously in
September 1939, which marked the beginning of the Second World War. Towards the
end of the war, in Yalta three leaders of the Allied forces (F.D. Roosevelt, W. Churchill
and J. Stalin) decided the fate of Poland, by moving its borders to the west, cutting
down its territory by circa 20%, and putting it under the Soviet influence. Due to the fact
that Poland remained on the “wrong” side of the Iron Curtain, for almost 45 years it had
to comply with the social, political, and economic agenda set by USSR, which severely
limited its potential, exposed people to censorship, persecution and even torture as well
as executions (especially during the first decade after WWII). In 1989 and 1990 the first
free elections were held, allowing a democratic coalition to come into power. Poland
joined NATO in 1999 and in 2004 became a member of the European Union.
Culture
Polish culture is rich and varied. Each region of
the country has its own traditions spanning cuisine,
traditional dresses and music, but also architecture and
sometimes even language. In the world history one of
the most famous Poles is undoubtedly Nicolaus
Copernicus (Mikołaj Kopernik), who was able to prove
scientifically that it is the Earth revolving around the
Sun and not vice versa, as had been believed before.
Another famous Polish scientist was, for example,
Marie Skłodowska-Curie who formulated theory of
radioactivity and discovered two elements, namely polonium and radium. The list
scientists could of course go on. In the realm of music the biggest name in Polish
history is Frederic Chopin whose compositions included sonatas, mazurkas, waltzes,
nocturnes, polonaises, études, impromptus, scherzos, and preludes. From the point of
view of the written culture, the selected few names that could be mentioned are the
following: Henryk Sienkiewicz (novelist),
Władysław Reymont (novelist), Czesław
Miłosz (poet, prose writer), Wisława
Szymborska (poet) – all Nobel Prize
laureates, but also, for example, Stanisław
Lem (science-fiction and philosophy) or
Ryszard Kapuściński (journalistic literature).
This list is not comprehensive and its sole
goal is to work your appetite for discovering
more about Poland and its culture.
Food
There are a number of items of a typical Polish diet that are a must-try for
visitors. One of the most common of these is kiełbasa /keeawbasa/ which has a
German counterpart, namely Wurst. Though the closest alternative is sausage, kiełbasa
is usually made of pieces smoked meat (unlike minced/ground and boiled meat in case
of sausages) and has different flavours depending on a particular spicing or curing
procedures. Another type of dish that every traveller should try when visiting Poland is
bigos /beegohs/. Usually the meal is translated as hunter’s stew and you can make it by
stewing meat and kiełbasa in sauerkraut. Polish cuisine is also renowned for its pierogi
/peearohgee/. These are stuffed dumplings usually filled with meat, cheese, sauerkraut
or various type of fruit. Apart from kiełbasa, bigos, and pierogi, in order to experience
Polish cuisine one has to taste three types of soup, one of them being barszcz
/bahrshch/, beetroot soup served with noodles or potatoes or a crêpe roulade filled with
pâté, the second – żurek /zhoorehk/, sour flour soup served with potatoes and white
sausage; and, finally, kapuśniak /kahpooshneeack/ sauerkraut soup served with
potatoes and a rib rasher. For dessert, one may try one of a great varieties of cakes (for
example, cheesecakes, apple cakes) or Polish doughnut – pączek /pohnchehk/.