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LEAN OFFICE BABIN


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Contents

Articles

Lean Government 1

United States Environmental Protection Agency 5

Kaizen 18

Lean manufacturing 21

Six Sigma 33

References

Article Sources and Contributors 42

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 44

Article Licenses

License 45


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Lean Government 1

Lean Government

Lean Government refers to the application of Lean production principles and methods to identify and implement

the most efficient and value added way to provide government services. Government agencies have found that Lean

methods enable them to better understand how their processes work, to quickly identify and implement

improvements, and to build a culture of continuous improvement.[1] Numerous government agencies, ranging from

the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to the State of Iowa, are using Lean to improve the quality, transparency,

and speed of government processes. Lean government proponents generally believe that the government should cut

out "waste" and "inefficiency" from government organizations, which will result in overall better services and more

value for tax-supported programs and services. Proponents also generally see Lean government as a means to expand

the capacity of government to provide more services per unit of investment.[2] As in the manufacturing and service

sectors, some government agencies are implementing Lean methods in conjunction with Six Sigma process

improvement approaches.[3]

Lean government does not necessarily promote low taxes only efficient use of those taxes levied. Tax policy is

discerned by the legislative and executive branches of government with oversight of the judicial branch of

government. Lean government is implemented by the administrative function of government through executive

order, legislative mandate, or departmental administrative decisions. Lean government can be applied in legislative,

executive, and judicial branches of government.

Common Methods and Approaches

Many Lean manufacturing methods have been adapted successfully to identify non-value added activities (waste) in

administrative, transactional, and office processes common in government agencies.[4] Several common Lean

methods include:

Value Stream Mapping (VSM) Value stream mapping refers to the activity of developing a highlevel visual

representation of a process flow involved in delivering a product or service (a value stream) to customers. VSM

events, which are typically 3-4 days, focus on identifying sources of nonvalue added activity and prioritizing future

improvement activities.

KaizenKaizen means to change for the good of all. Kaizen activity is often focused in rapid process improvement

events (kaizen events) that bring together a crossfunctional team for 35 days to study a specific process and

immediately implement process changes. Kaizen is based on the philosophy of continuous improvement.

5S5S is the name of a workplace organization method that uses a list of five Japanese words which, translated into

English, start with the letter SSort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, and Sustain.

As more and more government services are delivered electronically, Lean government initiatives are commonly

applications of Lean IT.[5]

Lean government approaches typically have the following characteristics:[6]

Take a customer service perspective that seeks to optimize value delivered to the public, the regulated

community, and/or other stakeholders;

Involve employees and external stakeholders in continual improvements and problem-solving activities;

Deploy a rapid continuous improvement framework that emphasizes implementation over prolonged planning;

Seek to reduce the complexity of processes and the variation in process outputs;

Use performance metrics and visual controls to provide rapid feedback to improve real-time decision-making and

problem-solving; and

Approach improvement activities using systems thinking.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Performance_metricshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decision-makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systems_thinkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systems_thinkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systems_thinkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decision-makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Performance_metricshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous_improvementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Problem-solvinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stakeholder_%28corporate%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Customer_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lean_IThttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5S_%28methodology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Value_Stream_Mappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_branchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legislativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_Iowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continuous_improvementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Value_addedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lean_production


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Lean Government 2

Types of Waste

Several types of non-value added activity, or waste (muda in Japanese), are common in government administrative

and service processes. Lean methods focus on identifying and eliminating these wastes. The list below identifies

common administrative process wastes.[7]

Administrative Process Wastes with Examples

Inventory = Backlog of Work, Excess Materials or Information

Defects = Data Errors, Missing Info

Overproduction = Unneeded Reports, Doing Work Not Requested

Complexity = Unnecessary Process Steps

Waiting = Unnecessary Approval Cycles

Excess Motion = Trips to Remote Printer or Files

Moving Items = Report Routing, File Storage

Wastes in administrative and service processes can relate to (1) collection, use, and management of information, (2)

design and implementation of work processes, and (3) the efficiency and effectiveness with which individualswork.[8]

Lean Government Activity

Numerous U.S. government organizations at the federal, state, and local levels have used Lean Government methods

to improve government processes, operations, and services.

U.S. Federal Government

Some examples of federal government organizations with active Lean Government initiatives include:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [9]

U.S. Department of Defense [10]

U.S. Army [11]

U.S. Department of Agriculture [12]

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development [13][14]

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission [15]

U.S. State Government

Some examples of state government organizations with active Lean Government initiatives include:

Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection [16]

Connecticut Department of Labor [17]

Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control[18]

Iowa Office of Lean Enterprise [19]

Maine Department of Labor [20]

Minnesota Enterprise Lean [21]

State of Ohio Lean [22]

The Environmental Council of the States (ECOS), in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,

works to support and coordinate information sharing among U.S. States implementing Lean Government approaches

in public environmental agencies.[23]

U.S. Local Government

Some examples of municipalities where lean government practices have been implemented include:

City of Cape Coral, Florida [24]
http://archive.capecoral.net/fullstory.cfm?articleid=10374http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://www.governor.ohio.gov/LeanOhio.aspxhttp://www.lean.state.mn.us/http://www.maine.gov/labor/bendthecurve/index.shtmlhttp://lean.iowa.gov/http://www.dnrec.state.de.us/DNREC2000/VSM/http://www.ctdol.state.ct.us/LEAN/http://ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2699&Q=455414&depNav_GID=1511http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/brochures/br0470/br0470.pdfhttp://www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/mfh/progdesc/nursingalcp232.cfmhttp://www.ocfo.usda.gov/about/orgchart/finpol/lss.htmhttp://www.army.mil/armybtkc/focus/cpi/http://dcmo.defense.gov/http://www.epa.gov/lean/leangovernment/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muda_%28Japanese_term%29


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Lean Government 3

City of Cincinnati, Ohio[25]

City of Ft. Wayne, Indiana [26]

City of Grand Rapids, Michigan [27]

City of Irving, Texas[28]

Jacksonville, Florida [29]

The International City/County Management Association (ICMA) supports a program to assist local governmentorganizations to improve government processes using Lean.[30]

Notes

[1] See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (March 2008) and Graham Richard (2008).

[2] Ken Miller, The Promise of Going Lean (http://www. governing.com/column/promise-going-lean), Governing, May 21, 2009.

[3] For example, see Michael L. George, Lean Six Sigma for Service: How to Use Lean Speed & Six Sigma Quality to Improve Services and

Transactions, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003.

[4] Carlos Venegas, Flow in the Office: Implementing and Sustaining Lean Improvements, Productivity Press, 2007.

[5] Gilbert, Maria. The City of Cape Coral Enables Leaner Government with AMX and JD Edwards (http://www. reuters.com/article/

pressRelease/idUS119892+06-Mar-2009+PRN20090306)Reuters. March 6, 2009.

[6] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Environmental Council of States, Working Smart for Environmental Protection: ImprovingState Agency Processes with Lean and Six Sigma, U.S. EPA Publication #EPA-100-R-08-007, March 2008, p. 3.

[7] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Lean in Government Starter Kit: How to Implement Successful Lean Initiatives at Environmental

Agencies, Version 2.0, U.S. EPA Publication # EPA-100-K-09-007, May 2009, p. 5.

[8] Carlos Venegas, Flow in the Office: Implementing and Sustaining Lean Improvements, Productivity Press, 2007, pp. 10-38.

[9] http://www.epa.gov/lean/leangovernment/

[10] http://dcmo.defense.gov/

[11] http://www.army.mil/armybtkc/focus/cpi/

[12] http://www.ocfo.usda.gov/about/orgchart/finpol/lss.htm

[13] http://www.hud. gov/offices/hsg/mfh/progdesc/nursingalcp232.cfm

[14] See http://nreionline.com/property/seniorhousing/hud-lean-program-expedites-loan-approvals/

[15] http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/brochures/br0470/br0470.pdf

[16] http://ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2699&Q=455414&depNav_GID=1511

[17] http://www.ctdol.state.ct.us/LEAN/

[18] http://www.dnrec.state.de.us/DNREC2000/VSM/

[19] http://lean.iowa.gov/

[20] http://www.maine.gov/labor/bendthecurve/index.shtml

[21] http://www.lean.state.mn.us/

[22] http://www.governor.ohio. gov/LeanOhio.aspx

[23] See http://www. ecos.org/content/project/detail/2292/and http://www.epa.gov/lean

[24] http://archive.capecoral.net/fullstory.cfm?articleid=10374

[25] Krings, David, Dave Levine, and Trent Wall, The Use ofLean in Local Government, Public Management (PM) Magazine, International

City/County Management Association, 88:8 (September 2006).

[26] http://www.cityoffortwayne.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1012&Itemid=1154

[27] http://www.grand-rapids.mi.us/index.pl?page_id=4330

[28] City of Irving, Texas, City Managers Report: February 4, 2009, page 4, available at:

www.cityofirving.org/city-manager/pdfs/city-manager-reports/2009/CMR-020409.pdf; see also video at

www.sixthsigma.com/2009/09/irving-texas-utility-uses-lean-six.htm

[29] http://leanjax.org/

[30] See http://icma.org/main/bc.asp?from=search&hsid=1&bcid=1126
http://icma.org/main/bc.asp?from=search&hsid=1&bcid=1126http://leanjax.org/http://www.grand-rapids.mi.us/index.pl?page_id=4330http://www.cityoffortwayne.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1012&Itemid=1154http://archive.capecoral.net/fullstory.cfm?articleid=10374http://www.epa.gov/leanhttp://www.ecos.org/content/project/detail/2292/http://www.governor.ohio.gov/LeanOhio.aspxhttp://www.lean.state.mn.us/http://www.maine.gov/labor/bendthecurve/index.shtmlhttp://lean.iowa.gov/http://www.dnrec.state.de.us/DNREC2000/VSM/http://www.ctdol.state.ct.us/LEAN/http://ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2699&Q=455414&depNav_GID=1511http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/brochures/br0470/br0470.pdfhttp://nreionline.com/property/seniorhousing/hud-lean-program-expedites-loan-approvals/http://www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/mfh/progdesc/nursingalcp232.cfmhttp://www.ocfo.usda.gov/about/orgchart/finpol/lss.htmhttp://www.army.mil/armybtkc/focus/cpi/http://dcmo.defense.gov/http://www.epa.gov/lean/leangovernment/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS119892+06-Mar-2009+PRN20090306http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS119892+06-Mar-2009+PRN20090306http://www.governing.com/column/promise-going-leanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_City/County_Management_Associationhttp://leanjax.org/http://www.grand-rapids.mi.us/index.pl?page_id=4330http://www.cityoffortwayne.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1012&Itemid=1154


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Lean Government 4

References

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Environmental Council of States. Working Smart for

Environmental Protection: Improving State Agency Processes with Lean and Six Sigma, U.S. EPA Publication

#EPA-100-R-08-007, March 2008. http://www.epa.gov/lean/toolkit/LeanGovtPrimer. pdf

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Environmental Council of States. Lean in Government Starter

Kit: How to Implement Successful Lean Initiatives at Environmental Agencies, Version 2.0, U.S. EPAPublication #EPA-100-K-09-007, May 2009. http://www. epa.gov/lean/starterkit

Richard, Graham. Performance is the Best Politics: How to Create High-Performance Government Using Lean

Six Sigma, HPG Press, 2008.

George, Michael L. Lean Six Sigma for Service: How to Use Lean Speed & Six Sigma Quality to Improve

Services and Transactions, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003.

Maleyeff, John. Improving Service Delivery in Government with Lean and Six Sigma, Strategy and

Transformation Series, IBM Center for the Business of Government.

www.businessofgovernment.org/pdfs/MaleyeffReport.pdf

Venegas, Carlos. Flow in the Office: Implementing and Sustaining Lean Improvements, Productivity Press,

2007. Miller, Ken. We Dont Make Widgets: Overcoming the Myths that Keep Government from Radically

Improving, Governing Books, January 2006.
http://www.epa.gov/lean/starterkithttp://www.epa.gov/lean/toolkit/LeanGovtPrimer.pdf


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United States Environmental Protection Agency

Environmental ProtectionAgency

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency logo

Agency overview

Formed December 2, 1970

Employees 17,384 (2010)[1]

Annual budget $10.486 billion (2010)[1]

Agency executive Lisa P. Jackson, Administrator

Website

www.epa.gov[2]

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or sometimes USEPA) is an agency of the federal government

of the United States charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulationsbased on laws passed by Congress.[3] The EPA was proposed by President Richard Nixon and began operation on

December 3, 1970, after Nixon submitted a reorganization plan to Congress and it was ratified by committee

hearings in the House and Senate.[4] The agency is led by its Administrator, who is appointed by the president and

approved by Congress. The current administrator is Lisa P. Jackson. The EPA is not a Cabinet department, but the

administrator is normally given cabinet rank. The agency has approximately 18,000 full-time employees.[5]

Overview
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_rankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Cabinethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_P._Jacksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reorganization_Plan_No._3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Nixonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_government_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_government_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_federal_agencieshttp://www.epa.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_P._Jacksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Environmental_Protection_Agency_logo.svg


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EPA headquarters in Washington, D.C.

The EPA employs 17,000 people in headquarters

program offices, 10 regional offices, and 27

laboratories across the country. More than half of

its staff are engineers, scientists, and

environmental protection specialists; other groups

include legal, public affairs, financial, andcomputer specialists.

The agency conducts environmental assessment,

research, and education. It has the primary

responsibility for setting and enforcing national

standards under a variety of environmental laws,

in consultation with state, tribal, and local

governments. It delegates some permitting,

monitoring, and enforcement responsibility to

U.S. states and Native American tribes. EPA enforcement powers include fines, sanctions, and other measures.

The agency also works with industries and all levels of government in a wide variety of voluntary pollution

prevention programs and energy conservation efforts.

History

On July 9, 1970, citing rising concerns over environmental protection and conservation, President Richard Nixon

transmitted Reorganization Plan No. 3 to the United States Congress by executive order, creating the EPA as a

single, independent agency from a number of smaller arms of different federal agencies. Prior to the establishment of

the EPA, the federal government was not structured to comprehensively regulate environmental pollutants.

EPA offices

Office of Administration and Resources

Office of Air and Radiation

Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance

Office of Environmental Information

Office of Environmental Justice

Office of the Chief Financial Officer

Office of General Counsel

Office of Inspector General

Office of International Affairs Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances

Office of Research and Development [6]

Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response

Office of Water

Office of Chemical Safety & Pollution Prevention

Each EPA regional office is responsible within its states for implementing the Agency's programs, except those

programs that have been specifically delegated to states.
http://epa.gov/research/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_order_%28United_States%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reorganization_Plan_No._3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Nixonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanctions_%28law%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Epaheadquarters.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington%2C_D.C.


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The administrative regions of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Region 1 - responsible within the

states of Connecticut, Maine,

Massachusetts, New Hampshire,

Rhode Island, and Vermont.


states of New Jersey and New York.It is also responsible for the US

territories of Puerto Rico, and the

U.S. Virgin Islands.


states of Delaware, Maryland,

Pennsylvania, Virginia, West

Virginia, and the District of

Columbia.

Region 4 - responsible within the states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina,

South Carolina, and Tennessee.

Region 5 - responsible within the states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.

Region 6 - responsible within the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.

Region 7 - responsible within the states of Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska.

Region 8 - responsible within the states of Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.

Region 9 - responsible within the states of Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, and the territories of Guam and

American Samoa.

Region 10 - responsible within the states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.

Each regional office also implements programs on Indian Tribal lands, except those programs delegated to Tribal

authorities.

Related legislation

The legislation here is general environmental protection legislation, and may also apply to other units of the

government, including the Department of the Interior and the Department of Agriculture.

Air

1955 - Air Pollution Control Act PL 84-159

1963 - Clean Air Act PL 88-206

1965 - Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act PL 89-272

1966 - Clean Air Act Amendments PL 89-675

1967 - Air Quality Act PL 90-148

1969 - National Environmental Policy Act PL 91-190

1970 - Clean Air Act Extension PL 91-604

1976 - Toxic Substances Control Act PL 94-469


http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Air_Act_%281990%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Air_Act_Amendmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toxic_Substances_Control_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Air_Act_%281970%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Environmental_Policy_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Quality_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Air_Act_Amendmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motor_Vehicle_Air_Pollution_Control_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Pollution_Control_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_the_Interiorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_%28U.S._state%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idahohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Samoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nevadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wyominghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Dakotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Dakotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coloradohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nebraskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oklahomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisconsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minnesotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennesseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississippihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_%28U.S._state%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marylandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delawarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Virgin_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Ricohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhode_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Hampshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusettshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connecticuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Regions_of_the_United_States_EPA.svg


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Water

1948 - Water Pollution Control Act PL 80-845

1965 - Water Quality Act PL 89-234

1966 - Clean Waters Restoration Act PL 89-753


1970 - Water Quality Improvement Act PL 91-224 1972 - Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972 PL 92-500

1974 - Safe Drinking Water Act PL 93-523

1976 - Toxic Substances Control Act PL 94-469

1977 - Clean Water Act PL 95-217

1987 - Water Quality Act PL 100-4

1996 - Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 PL 104-182

Land

1947 - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

1964 - Wilderness Act PL 88-577

1968 - Scenic Rivers Preservation Act PL 90-542



1977 - Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act PL 95-87


1980 - Alaska Land Protection Act PL 96-487

1994 - California Desert Protection Act PL 103-433

1996 - Food Quality Protection Act [7]

2010 - California Desert Protection Act

Endangered species

1946 - Coordination Act PL 79-732

1966 - Endangered Species Preservation Act PL 89-669

1969 - Endangered Species Conservation Act PL 91-135

1972 - Marine Mammal Protection Act PL 92-522

1973 - Endangered Species Act PL 93-205

Hazardous waste

1965 - Solid Waste Disposal Act PL 89-272 1969 - National Environmental Policy Act PL 91-190

1970 - Resource Recovery Act PL 91-512

1976 - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act PL 94-580

1980 - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("Superfund") PL 96-510

1982 - Nuclear Waste Repository Act PL 97-425

1984 - Hazardous and Solid Wastes Amendments Act PL 98-616

1986 - Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act PL 99-499

2002 - Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act ("Brownfields Law") PL 107-118
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Programs

Energy Star

In 1992 the EPA launched the Energy Star program, a voluntary program that fosters energy efficiency.

PesticideEPA administers the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (which is much older than the

agency) and registers all pesticides legally sold in the United States.

Environmental Impact Statement Review

EPA is responsible for reviewing projects of other federal agencies' Environmental Impact Statements under the

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).

Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative

Through the Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative (SDSI),[8]

EPA's Design for the Environment (DfE) recognizesenvironmental leaders who voluntarily commit to the use of safer surfactants. Safer surfactants are surfactants that

break down quickly to non-polluting compounds and help protect aquatic life in both fresh and salt water.

Nonylphenol ethoxylates, commonly referred to as NPEs, are an example of a surfactant class that does not meet the

definition of a safer surfactant.

The Design for the Environment has identified safer alternative surfactants through partnerships with industry and

environmental advocates. These safer alternatives are comparable in cost and are readily available. CleanGredients[9]

is a source of safer surfactants.

Fuel economy

Manufacturers selling automobiles in the USA are required to provide EPA fuel economy test results for their

vehicles and the manufacturers are not allowed to provide results from alternate sources. The fuel economy is

calculated using the emissions data collected during two of the vehicle's Clean Air Act certification tests by

measuring the total volume of carbon captured from the exhaust during the tests.

The current testing system was originally developed in 1972 and used driving cycles designed to simulate driving

during rush-hour in Los Angeles during that era. Prior to 1984 the EPA reported the exact fuel economy figures

calculated from the test. In 1984, the EPA began adjusting city (aka Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule or

UDDS) results downward by 10% and highway (aka HighWay Fuel Economy Test or HWFET) results by 22% to

compensate for changes in driving conditions since 1972 and to better correlate the EPA test results with real-world

driving. In 1996, the EPA proposed updating the Federal Testing Procedures

[10]

to add a new higher speed test(US06) and an air-conditioner on test (SC03) to further improve the correlation of fuel economy and emission

estimates with real-world reports. The updated testing methodology was finalized in December, 2006 for

implementation with model year 2008 vehicles and set the precedent of a 12 year review cycle for the test

procedures.[11]

In February 2005, the organization launched a program called "Your MPG [12]" that allows drivers to add real-world

fuel economy statistics into a database on the EPA's fuel economy website and compare them with others and the

original EPA test results.

It is important to note that the EPA actually conducts these tests on very few vehicles. "While the public mistakenly

presumes that this federal agency is hard at work conducting complicated tests on every new model of truck, van,

car, and SUV, in reality, just 18 of the EPAs 17,000 employees work in the automobile-testing department in Ann

Arbor, Michigan, examining 200 to 250 vehicles a year, or roughly 15 percent of new models. As to that other 85
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percent, the EPA takes automakers at their word- without any testing - accepting submitted results as accurate."[13] Two-thirds of the vehicles the EPA tests themselves are selected randomly, and the remaining third are tested for

specific reasons.

Though it was originally created as a reference point for fossil fuelled vehicles, it can also be used to be able to give

estimates on how many miles an electric vehicle will do on a single charge.[14]

Air quality

The Air Quality Modeling Group (AQMG) is in the EPA's Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) and provides

leadership and direction on the full range of air quality models, air pollution dispersion models [15] [16] and other

mathematical simulation techniques used in assessing pollution control strategies and the impacts of air pollution

sources.

The AQMG serves as the focal point on air pollution modeling techniques for other EPA headquarters staff, EPA

regional Offices, and State and local environmental agencies. It coordinates with the EPA's Office of Research and

Development (ORD) on the development of new models and techniques, as well as wider issues of atmospheric

research. Finally, the AQMG conducts modeling analyses to support the policy and regulatory decisions of the EPA's

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS).

The AQMG is located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Oil pollution

SPCC - Spill Prevention Containment and Counter Measures. Secondary Containment mandated at oil storage

facilities. Oil release containment at oil development sites.

WaterSense

The WaterSense program is designed to encourage water efficiency through the use of a special label on consumer

products. Products include high-efficiency toilets (HETs), bathroom sink faucets (and accessories), and irrigation

equipment. WaterSense is a voluntary program, with EPA developing specifications for water-efficient products

through a public process and product testing by independent laboratories. The program was launched in 2006.[17]

Drinking water

EPA ensures safe drinking water for the public, by setting standards for more than 160,000 public water systems

throughout the United States. EPA oversees states, local governments and water suppliers to enforce the standards,

under the Safe Drinking Water Act. The program includes regulation of injection wells in order to protect

underground sources of drinking water.

Research vessel

OSVBolddocked at Port Canaveral, FL

On March 3, 2004 the United States Navy transferred USNS Bold, a

Stalwart class ocean surveillance ship, to the EPA, now known as OSV

Bold. The ship previously used in anti-submarine operations during the

Cold War, is equipped with sidescan sonar, underwater video, water

and sediment sampling instruments, used in study of ocean and

coastline. One of the major missions ofBoldis to monitor sites where

materials are dumped from dredging operations in U.S. ports for

ecological impact.[18]
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Advance identification

Advance identification, or ADID, is a planning process used by the EPA to identify wetlands and other bodies of

water and their respective suitability for the discharge of dredged and fill material. The EPA conducts the process in

cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and local states or Native American Tribes. As of February

1993, 38 ADID projects had been completed and 33 were ongoing.[19]

Controversies

Air quality standards review

Since its inception the EPA has begun to rely less and less on its scientists and more on nonscience personnel. EPA

has recently changed their policies regarding limits for ground-level ozone, particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen

oxides, carbon monoxide and lead. New policies will minimize scientist interaction with the agency and rely more on

policy makers who have minimal scientific knowledge. This new policy has been criticized by Democrats.[20] On

March 12, 2008, the Federal government of the United States reported that the air in hundreds of U.S. counties was

simply too dirty to breathe, ordering a multibillion-dollar expansion of efforts to clean up smog in cities and towns

nationwide.[21]

Fuel economy

In July 2005, an EPA report showing that auto companies were using loopholes to produce less fuel-efficient cars

was delayed. The report was supposed to be released the day before a controversial energy bill was passed and would

have provided backup for those opposed to it, but at the last minute the EPA delayed its release.[22]

The state of California sued the EPA for its refusal to allow California and 16 other states to raise fuel economy

standards for new cars.[23] EPA administrator Stephen L. Johnson claimed that the EPA was working on its own

standards, but the move has been widely considered an attempt to shield the auto industry from environmental

regulation by setting lower standards at the federal level, which would then preempt state laws.[24][25][26] Californiagovernor Arnold Schwarzenegger, along with governors from 13 other states, stated that the EPA's actions ignored

federal law, and that existing California standards (adopted by many states in addition to California) were almost

twice as effective as theproposedfederal standards.[27] It was reported that Stephen Johnson ignored his own staff in

making this decision.[28]

After the federal government bought out General Motors and Chrysler in the Automotive industry crisis of

20082010, the 2010 Chevrolet Equinox was released with EPA a fuel economy rating abnormally higher than its

competitors. Independent road tests [29] [30] [31] [32] found that both vehicle did not out-perform its competitors,

which had much lower fuel economy ratings. Later road tests [33][34] found better, but inconclusive, results.

Global warming

In June 2005, a memo revealed that Philip Cooney, former chief of staff for the White House Council on

Environmental Quality, and former lobbyist for the American Petroleum Institute, had personally edited documents,

summarizing government research on climate change, before their release.[35] Cooney resigned two days after the

memo was published in The New York Times. Cooney said he had been planning to resign for over two years,

implying the timing of his resignation was just a coincidence. Specifically, he said he had planned to resign to "spend

time with his family."[36] One week after resigning he took a job at Exxon Mobil in their public affairs department.[37]

In December 2007, EPA Administrator Stephen L. Johnson approved a draft of a document that declared that climate

change imperiled the public welfare - a decision that would trigger the first national mandatory global-warmingregulations. Associate Deputy Administrator Jason Burnett e-mailed the draft to the White House. White House
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aides - who had long resisted mandatory regulations as a way to address climate change - knew the gist of what

Johnson's finding would be, Burnett said. They also knew that once they opened the attachment, it would become a

public record, making it controversial and difficult to rescind. So they didn't open it; rather, they called Johnson and

asked him to take back the draft. U.S. law clearly stated that the final decision was the EPA administrator's, not

President Bush's. Johnson rescinded the draft; in July 2008, he issued a new version which did not state that global

warming was danger to public welfare. Burnett resigned in protest.[38]

Greenhouse gas emissions

The Supreme Court ruled on April 2, 2007 in Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency that the EPA has

the authority to regulate the emission of greenhouse gases in automobile emissions, stating that "greenhouse gases fit

well within the Clean Air Act capacious definition of air pollutant." The court also stated that the EPA must regulate

in this area unless it is able to provide a scientific reason for not doing so.[39]

Jason K. Burnett, former EPA deputy associate administrator, told the United States Congress that an official from

Vice President Dick Cheney's office censored congressional testimony by Julie L. Gerberding, director of the

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[40] Reportedly, the testimony excluded said that "CDC considers climate

change a serious public health concern."[40]

On December 7, 2009, the Agency responded to the Supreme Court's 2007 ruling by releasing its final findings on

greenhouse gases, declaring that "greenhouse gases (GHGs) threaten the public health and welfare of the American

people". The finding applied to the "six key well-mixed greenhouse gases": carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,

hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.[41][42]

Libraries

In 2004, the Agency began a strategic planning exercise to develop plans for a more virtual approach to library

services. The effort was curtailed in July 2005 when the Agency proposed a $2.5 million cut in its 2007 budget for

libraries. Based on the proposed 2007 budget, the EPA posted a notice to the Federal Register, September 20, 2006that EPA Headquarters Library would close its doors to walk-in patrons and visitors on October 1, 2006. [43] The

EPA also closed some of its regional libraries and reduced hours in others, [44] using the same FY 2007 proposed

budget numbers.

On October 1, 2008, the Agency re-opened regional libraries in Chicago, Dallas and Kansas City and the library at

its Headquarters in Washington, DC.[45]

Mercury emissions

In March 2005, nine states (California, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine,

Connecticut, New Mexico and Vermont) sued the EPA. The EPA's inspector general had determined that the EPA's

regulation of mercury emissions did not follow the Clean Air Act, and that the regulations were influenced by top

political appointees.[46] [47] The EPA had suppressed a study it commissioned by Harvard University which

contradicted its position on mercury controls.[48] The suit alleges that the EPA's rule allowing exemption from

"maximum available control technology" was illegal, and additionally charged that the EPA's system of pollution

credit trading allows power plants to forego reducing mercury emissions.[49] Several states also began to enact their

own mercury emission regulations. Illinois' proposed rule would have reduced mercury emissions from power plants

by an average of 90% by 2009.[50]
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9/11 air ratings

A report released by the Office of the Inspector General of the United States Environmental Protection Agency in

August 2003 claimed that the White House put pressure on the EPA to delete cautionary information about the air

quality in New York City around Ground Zero following the September 11, 2001 attacks.

An Environmental Protection Agency employee

checks one of the many air sampling locations set

up around the World Trade Center site.

Very fine airborne particulates

Tiny particles, under 2.5 micrometres, are attributed to health and

mortality concerns,[51] so some health advocates want the EPA to

regulate it. The science may be in its infancy, although many

conferences have discussed the trails of this airborne matter in the air.

Foreign governments such as Australia [52] and most EU states have

addressed this issue.

The EPA first established standards in 1997, and strengthened them in

2006. As with other standards, regulation and enforcement of the

PM2.5 standards is the responsibility of the state governments, throughState Implementation Plans.[53]

Political pressure

In April 2008, the Union of Concerned Scientists said that more than

half of the nearly 1,600 EPA staff scientists who responded online to a

detailed questionnaire reported they had experienced incidents of

political interference in their work. The survey included chemists,

toxicologists, engineers, geologists and experts in other fields of science. About 40% of the scientists reported that

the interference has been more prevalent in the last five years compared to previous years. The highest number of

complaints came from scientists who are involved in determining the risks of cancer by chemicals used in food and

other aspects of everyday life.[54]

Environmental justice

The EPA has been criticized for its lack of progress towards environmental justice. Administrator Christine Todd

Whitman was criticized for her changes to President Bill Clinton's Executive Order 12898 during 2001, removing the

requirements for government agencies to take the poor and minority populations into special consideration when

making changes to environmental legislation, and therefore defeating the spirit of the Executive Order.[55] In a

March 2004 report, the inspector general of the agency concluded that the EPA "has not developed a clear vision or a

comprehensive strategic plan, and has not established values, goals, expectations, and performance measurements"for environmental justice in its daily operations. Another report in September 2006 found the agency still had failed

to review the success of its programs, policies and activities towards environmental justice.[56] Studies have also

found that poor and minority populations were underserved by the EPA's Superfund program, and that this equity

was worsening.[55]
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Barriers to enforcing environmental justice

Localization Many issues of environmental justice are localized, and are therefore hard to be addressed by federal

agencies such as the EPA. Without significant media attention, political interest, or crisis status, local issues are less

likely to be addressed on local or federal level. With a still developing sector of environmental justice under the

EPA, small, local incidents are unlikely to be solved compared to larger, well publicized incidents.

Conflicting political powers The White House maintains direct control over the EPA, and its enforcements are

subject to the political agenda of who is in power. Republicans and Democrats differ in their approaches to, and

perceived concerns of, environmental justice. While President Bill Clinton signed the executive order 12898, the

Bush administration did not develop a clear plan or establish goals for integrating environmental justice into

everyday practices, which in turn affected the motivation for environmental enforcement.[57]

Responsibilities of the EPA The EPA is responsible for preventing and detecting environmental crimes, informing

the public of environmental enforcement, and setting and monitoring standards of air pollution, water pollution,

hazardous wastes and chemicals. While the EPA aids in preventing and identifying hazardous situations, it is hard to

construct a specific mission statement given its wide range of responsibilities. [58] It is impossible to address every

environmental crime adequately or efficiently if there is no specific mission statement to refer to. The EPA answers

to various groups, competes for resources, and confronts a wide array of harms to the environment. All of these

present challenges, including a lack of resources, its self-policing policy, and a broadly defined legislation that

creates too much discretion for EPA officers.[59]

Authority of the EPA Under different circumstances, the EPA faces many limitations to enforcing environmental

justice. It does not have the authority or resources to address injustices without an increase in federal mandates

requiring private industries to consider the environmental ramifications of their activities.[60]

List of EPA administrators

No. Administrator Picture Start of term End of term President(s)

1 William D. Ruckelshaus 1971 1973 Richard Nixon

2 Russell E. Train 1973 1977 Richard Nixon

Gerald Ford

3 Douglas M. Costle 1977 1981 Jimmy Carter

4 Anne M. Gorsuch (Burford) 1981 1983 Ronald Reagan

5 William D. Ruckelshaus 1983 1985 Ronald Reagan
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6 Lee M. Thomas 1985 1989 Ronald Reagan

7 William K. Reilly 1989 1993 George H. W. Bush

8 Carol M. Browner 1993 2001 Bill Clinton

9 Christine Todd Whitman 2001 2003 George W. Bush

10 Michael O. Leavitt 2003 2005 George W. Bush

11 Stephen L. Johnson 2005 2009 George W. Bush

12 Lisa P. Jackson 2009 present Barack Obama

References

[1] 2010 EPA Budget p. 5 (http://www.epa.gov/budget/2010/2010bib.pdf)

[2] http://www.epa.gov

[3] "Our Mission and What We Do" (http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/whatwedo.html). US EPA. . Retrieved 8 December 2010.

[4] "Public AccessWhen and how was the EPA Created?" (http://publicaccess.custhelp.com/cgi-bin/publicaccess.cfg/php/enduser/

std_adp.php?p_faqid=217&p_created=1087594315&p_sid=F8oPcg6j&p_accessibility=0&p_redirect=&p_lva=&

p_sp=cF9zcmNoPSZwX3NvcnRfYnk9JnBfZ3JpZHNvcnQ9JnBfcm93X2NudD0xOTYsMTk2JnBfcHJvZHM9JnBfY2F0cz0mcF9wdj0mcF9jdj0mcF9zZWFyY

p_li=&p_topview=1). U.S. EPA. . Retrieved 2008-06-14.

[5] Joseph Kahn and Jim Yardley (August 26, 2007). "As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes" (http://www. nytimes.com/2007/

08/26/world/asia/26china.html).New York Times. .

Also see U.S. Census Bureau spreadsheet (http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/tables/07s0483.xls)

[6] http://epa.gov/research/

[7] http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/laws.htm

[8] EPA SDSI Home Page (http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/formulat/sdsi.htm)

[9] CleanGredients Home Page (http://www.cleangredients.org)

[10] "Federal Test Procedure Revisions" (http://www.epa.gov/OMS/sftp.htm). 1996-10-22. . Retrieved 2009-10-03.

[11] EPA Fuel Economy (http://www.epa.gov/fueleconomy/420f06069.htm)

[12] http://www.fueleconomy.gov/mpg/MPG.do

[13] "The Truth About EPA City / Highway MPG Estimates" (http://www.caranddriver.com/features/09q3/

the_truth_about_epa_city_highway_mpg_estimates-feature). 2009-08. . Retrieved 2010-08-19.

[14] http://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/11/honda-finds-evs-a-perfect-fit

[15] Turner, D.B. (1994). Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling (2nd ed.). CRC Press.

ISBN 1-56670-023-X. www.crcpress.com (http://www. crcpress.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=L1023&

parent_id=&pc=)
http://www.crcpress.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=L1023&parent_id=&pc=http://www.crcpress.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=L1023&parent_id=&pc=http://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/11/honda-finds-evs-a-perfect-fithttp://www.caranddriver.com/features/09q3/the_truth_about_epa_city_highway_mpg_estimates-featurehttp://www.caranddriver.com/features/09q3/the_truth_about_epa_city_highway_mpg_estimates-featurehttp://www.fueleconomy.gov/mpg/MPG.dohttp://www.epa.gov/fueleconomy/420f06069.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/OMS/sftp.htmhttp://www.cleangredients.org/http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/formulat/sdsi.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/laws.htmhttp://epa.gov/research/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/tables/07s0483.xlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Timeshttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/world/asia/26china.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/world/asia/26china.htmlhttp://publicaccess.custhelp.com/cgi-bin/publicaccess.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=217&p_created=1087594315&p_sid=F8oPcg6j&p_accessibility=0&p_redirect=&p_lva=&p_sp=cF9zcmNoPSZwX3NvcnRfYnk9JnBfZ3JpZHNvcnQ9JnBfcm93X2NudD0xOTYsMTk2JnBfcHJvZHM9JnBfY2F0cz0mcF9wdj0mcF9jdj0mcF9zZWFyY2hfdHlwZT1hbnN3ZXJzLnNlYXJjaF9ubCZwX3BhZ2U9MQ**&p_li=&p_topview=1http://publicaccess.custhelp.com/cgi-bin/publicaccess.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=217&p_created=1087594315&p_sid=F8oPcg6j&p_accessibility=0&p_redirect=&p_lva=&p_sp=cF9zcmNoPSZwX3NvcnRfYnk9JnBfZ3JpZHNvcnQ9JnBfcm93X2NudD0xOTYsMTk2JnBfcHJvZHM9JnBfY2F0cz0mcF9wdj0mcF9jdj0mcF9zZWFyY2hfdHlwZT1hbnN3ZXJzLnNlYXJjaF9ubCZwX3BhZ2U9MQ**&p_li=&p_topview=1http://publicaccess.custhelp.com/cgi-bin/publicaccess.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=217&p_created=1087594315&p_sid=F8oPcg6j&p_accessibility=0&p_redirect=&p_lva=&p_sp=cF9zcmNoPSZwX3NvcnRfYnk9JnBfZ3JpZHNvcnQ9JnBfcm93X2NudD0xOTYsMTk2JnBfcHJvZHM9JnBfY2F0cz0mcF9wdj0mcF9jdj0mcF9zZWFyY2hfdHlwZT1hbnN3ZXJzLnNlYXJjaF9ubCZwX3BhZ2U9MQ**&p_li=&p_topview=1http://publicaccess.custhelp.com/cgi-bin/publicaccess.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=217&p_created=1087594315&p_sid=F8oPcg6j&p_accessibility=0&p_redirect=&p_lva=&p_sp=cF9zcmNoPSZwX3NvcnRfYnk9JnBfZ3JpZHNvcnQ9JnBfcm93X2NudD0xOTYsMTk2JnBfcHJvZHM9JnBfY2F0cz0mcF9wdj0mcF9jdj0mcF9zZWFyY2hfdHlwZT1hbnN3ZXJzLnNlYXJjaF9ubCZwX3BhZ2U9MQ**&p_li=&p_topview=1http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/whatwedo.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/http://www.epa.gov/budget/2010/2010bib.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barack_Obamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lisa_P._Jackson_official_portrait.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_P._Jacksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stephen_L._Johnson%2C_official_2006_EPA_photo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_L._Johnsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mike_Leavitt.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_O._Leavitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_W._Bushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WhitmanChristineTodd.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christine_Todd_Whitmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Clintonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CarolBrownerCirca1996.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol_M._Brownerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_H._W._Bushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_K._Reilly_EPA.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_K._Reillyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lee_m_thomas_2008.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_M._Thomas


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[16] Beychok, M.R. (2005).Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion (4th ed.). author-published. ISBN 0-9644588-0-2. Air-dispersion.com (http:/

/www. air-dispersion.com)

[17] EPA. "WaterSense." (http://www.epa.gov/watersense/news/archive/2006.htm)

[18] "About the OSV Bold" (http://www.epa.gov/owow/osvbold/brochure.html). EPA. pp. EPA 842-F-05-004. . Retrieved 2009-01-17.

[19] EPA > Wetlands > Wetlands Fact Sheet (http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/wetlands/facts/fact28. html)

[20] C&E News, December 18, 2006 (http://pubs.acs.org/isubscribe/journals/cen/84/i51/html/8451air.html), page 15

[21] CNN, March 13, 2008 (http://edition.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/03/12/dirty.air.ap/index.html)

[22] Danny Hakim (July 28, 2005). "E.P.A. Holds Back Report on Car Fuel Efficiency" (http://www. nytimes.com/2005/07/28/business/28fuel.html).New York Times. .

[23] Blog.Wired.com (http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/10/governor-arnie-.html)

[24] "EPA Denies California Waiver" (http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/state&id=5980352).ABC. February 29, 2008. .

[25] Simon, Richard; Wilson, Janet (2007-12-20). "EPA denies California's right to mandate emissions" (http://www.latimes.com/news/local/

la-me-epa20dec20,0,1603760.story?coll=la-home-center). latimes.com. . Retrieved 2009-11-21.

[26] "Absurdity at the EPA: Denying California emissions plan a new low | News for Dallas, Texas | Dallas Morning News | Opinion: Editorials"

(http://www. dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/opinion/editorials/stories/DN-EPA_30edi.ART.State.Edition1.36bb1ef. html).

Dallasnews.com. 2008-01-01. . Retrieved 2009-11-21.

[27] "Text of Letter from Gov. Schwarzenegger and 13 other Governors Regarding U.S. EPAs Denial of Californias Tailpipe Emissions Waiver

Request" (http://gov.ca.gov/press-release/8596/). Gov.ca.gov. . Retrieved 2009-11-21.

[28] Wilson, Janet (2007-12-21). "EPA chief is said to have ignored staff" (http://www. latimes.com/news/printedition/california/

la-me-epa21dec21,0,7077099,full.

story?coll=la-headlines-pe-california). latimes.com. . Retrieved 2009-11-21.[29] "2010 Chevrolet Equinox LT2 Full Test and Video" (http://www.insideline.com/chevrolet/equinox/2010/

2010-chevrolet-equinox-lt2-full-test-and-video.html). Edmunds InsideLine. 2009-09-29. . Retrieved 2010-02-17.

[30] Jared Gall (August 2009). "2010 Chevrolet Equinox LT - Short Take Road Test" (http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/car/09q3/

2010_chevrolet_equinox_lt-short_take_road_test). Car and Driver. . Retrieved 2010-02-17.

[31] John Voelcker (2009-10-27). "Drive Report: 26mpg in 2010 Chevrolet Equinox Four-Cylinder" (http://www. greencarreports.com/blog/

1037186_drive-report-26-mpg-in-2010-chevrolet-equinox-four-cylinder). GreenCarReports.com. . Retrieved 2010-02-17.

[32] Why the Chevy Equinox EPA Mileage Numbers Don't Add Up (http://www. thetruthaboutcars.com/

why-the-chevy-equinox-epa-mileage-numbers-dont-add-up/)

[33] "2010 Chevrolet Equinox vs. 2011 Kia Sorento, Program #2939" (http://www. mpt.org/motorweek/reviews/rt2939a.shtml). Motorweek.

2010-05-28. . Retrieved 2010-07-06.

[34] "REVIEW: 2010 CHEVROLET EQUINOX LT FWD" (http://www.leftlanenews. com/chevrolet-equinox-review.html). .

[35] U.S. Official Edited Warming, Emission Link - Report (http://www.cslproductions.com/scrapbook/

NYtimes-bush-global-warming-editor-6-9-05/),Reuters, June 8, 2005

[36] White House Official Resigns After Climate Documents Flap (http://www. commondreams.org/headlines05/0612-04.htm),Agence

France Presse, June 12, 2005

[37] Ex-White House environment official joins Exxon (http://www.political-news.org/breaking/11978/

ex-white-house-environment-official-joins-exxon.html),Reuters, June 15, 2005

[38] John Shiffman and John Sullivan (December 7, 2008). "An Eroding Mission at EPA; The Bush administration has weakened the agency

charged with safeguarding health and the environment" (http://www.philly.com/inquirer/front_page/

20081207_An_Eroding_Mission_at_EPA. html?viewAll=y).Philadephia Inquirer. .

[39] Linda Greenhouse (April 2, 2007). "Justices Say E.P.A. Has Power to Act on Harmful Gases" (http://www. nytimes.com/2007/04/03/

washington/03scotus.html).New York Times. .

[40] Juliet Eilperin (July 9, 2008). "Cheney's Staff Cut Testimony On Warming" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/

2008/07/08/AR2008070801442.html?referrer=delicious).Washington Post. .

[41] United States Environmental Protection Agency (2009-12-07). "EPA: Greenhouse Gases Threaten Public Health and the Environment /Science overwhelmingly shows greenhouse gas concentrations at unprecedented levels due to human activity" (http://yosemite.epa.gov/

opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/08d11a451131bca585257685005bf252!OpenDocument). Press release. . Retrieved

2009-12-10.

[42] "Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under the Clean Air Act" (http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/

endangerment.html). Climate Change - Regulatory Initiatives. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2009-12-07. . Retrieved

2009-12-10.

[43] "Notification of Closure of the EPA Headquarters Library" (pdf) (http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/01jan20061800/edocket.

access.gpo. gov/2006/06-7803.htm), September 20, 2006

[44] Letter to Appropriations Committee, Interior and Related Agencies Subcommittee, June 29, 2006 (pdf) (http://www.peer.org/docs/epa/

06_29_6_union_library_ltr.pdf), from leaders of 16 local EPA unions

[45] EPA Newsbrief, October 1, 2008 (http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/4a3d7e51caf96c7a85257359003f533e/

9665e31d9c19a212852574d500537a10!OpenDocument). Retrieved January 17, 2009.

[46] Proposed Mercury Rules Bear Industry Mark (http://www. washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&

contentId=A64630-2004Jan30),Washington Post, January 31, 2004
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A64630-2004Jan30http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A64630-2004Jan30http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/4a3d7e51caf96c7a85257359003f533e/9665e31d9c19a212852574d500537a10!OpenDocumenthttp://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/4a3d7e51caf96c7a85257359003f533e/9665e31d9c19a212852574d500537a10!OpenDocumenthttp://www.peer.org/docs/epa/06_29_6_union_library_ltr.pdfhttp://www.peer.org/docs/epa/06_29_6_union_library_ltr.pdfhttp://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/01jan20061800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2006/06-7803.htmhttp://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/01jan20061800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2006/06-7803.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/endangerment.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/climatechange/endangerment.htmlhttp://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/08d11a451131bca585257685005bf252!OpenDocumenthttp://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/08d11a451131bca585257685005bf252!OpenDocumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Posthttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/08/AR2008070801442.html?referrer=delicioushttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/08/AR2008070801442.html?referrer=delicioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Timeshttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/03/washington/03scotus.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/03/washington/03scotus.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadephia_Inquirerhttp://www.philly.com/inquirer/front_page/20081207_An_Eroding_Mission_at_EPA.html?viewAll=yhttp://www.philly.com/inquirer/front_page/20081207_An_Eroding_Mission_at_EPA.html?viewAll=yhttp://www.political-news.org/breaking/11978/ex-white-house-environment-official-joins-exxon.htmlhttp://www.political-news.org/breaking/11978/ex-white-house-environment-official-joins-exxon.htmlhttp://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0612-04.htmhttp://www.cslproductions.com/scrapbook/NYtimes-bush-global-warming-editor-6-9-05/http://www.cslproductions.com/scrapbook/NYtimes-bush-global-warming-editor-6-9-05/http://www.leftlanenews.com/chevrolet-equinox-review.htmlhttp://www.mpt.org/motorweek/reviews/rt2939a.shtmlhttp://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/why-the-chevy-equinox-epa-mileage-numbers-dont-add-up/http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/why-the-chevy-equinox-epa-mileage-numbers-dont-add-up/http://www.greencarreports.com/blog/1037186_drive-report-26-mpg-in-2010-chevrolet-equinox-four-cylinderhttp://www.greencarreports.com/blog/1037186_drive-report-26-mpg-in-2010-chevrolet-equinox-four-cylinderhttp://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/car/09q3/2010_chevrolet_equinox_lt-short_take_road_testhttp://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/car/09q3/2010_chevrolet_equinox_lt-short_take_road_testhttp://www.insideline.com/chevrolet/equinox/2010/2010-chevrolet-equinox-lt2-full-test-and-video.htmlhttp://www.insideline.com/chevrolet/equinox/2010/2010-chevrolet-equinox-lt2-full-test-and-video.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-epa21dec21,0,7077099,full.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-californiahttp://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-epa21dec21,0,7077099,full.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-californiahttp://gov.ca.gov/press-release/8596/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/opinion/editorials/stories/DN-EPA_30edi.ART.State.Edition1.36bb1ef.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-epa20dec20,0,1603760.story?coll=la-home-centerhttp://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-epa20dec20,0,1603760.story?coll=la-home-centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Broadcasting_Companyhttp://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/state&id=5980352http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/10/governor-arnie-.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Timeshttp://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/28/business/28fuel.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/28/business/28fuel.htmlhttp://edition.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/03/12/dirty.air.ap/index.htmlhttp://pubs.acs.org/isubscribe/journals/cen/84/i51/html/8451air.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/OWOW/wetlands/facts/fact28.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/owow/osvbold/brochure.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/watersense/news/archive/2006.htmhttp://www.air-dispersion.com/http://www.air-dispersion.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamentals_Of_Stack_Gas_Dispersion


19/47


[47] EPA Inspector Finds Mercury Proposal Tainted (http://www. washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61762-2005Feb3.html),

Washington Post, February 4, 2005

[48] New EPA Mercury Rule Omits Conflicting Data (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55268-2005Mar21.html),

Washington Post, March 22, 2005

[49] States Sue EPA Over Mercury Emissions (http://www.waterconserve.info/articles/reader.asp?linkid=40416),LA Times, March 30, 2005

[50] Governor Blagojevich and Illinois EPA Propose Aggressive Mercury Controls For Illinois Power Plants (http://www.epa.state.il.us/

environmental-progress/v32/n1/environmental-progress.pdf),Environmental Progress , Spring 2006, page 12

[51] Reasons Why Particulate Matter (PM) Should be Included in EPA Settlements with Electric Utility Companies (http://www. icac.com/files/public/PMreasons.pdf)

[52] http://www.epa.qld. gov. au/environmental_management/air/air_quality_monitoring/air_pollutants/airborne_particulates/

[53] PM Standards Revision - 2006 | Particulate Matter | Air & Radiation | US EPA (http://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/naaqsrev2006.

html)

[54] "Meddling at EPA? Activists point to survey; Two thirds of 1,586 EPA scientists polled cite interference, UCS reports" (http://www.

msnbc.msn. com/id/24276709/). Associated Press. April 23, 2008. .

[55] ONeil, S. G. (2007). Superfund: Evaluating the Impact of Executive Order 12898 (http://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/9903/

9903.pdf). Environmental Health Perspectives, Volume 115, Number 7, pgs 10871093

[56] Bullard, Robert (2007-07-25). "Subcommittee on Superfund and Environmental Health of the Senate Environment and Public Works

Committee Regarding Environmental Justice".

[57] Bullard, Robert. Growing Smarter: Achieving Livable Communities, Environmental Justice, and Regional Equity. Cambridge: MIT Press,

2007[58] Rosenbaum, W. A. Still reforming after all these years: George W. Bushs new era at the EPA. Environmental Policy: New directions for

the Twenty-first century. Washington DC: CQ Press, 2003

[59] Burns, Ronald G. Michael J. Lynch, and Paul Stretesky. Environmental Law, Crime, and Justice. New York: LFB Scholarly publishing Inc,

2008

[60] Environmental Justice Coalition (EJC). Environmental Justice act of 2009. Environmental Justice Coalition, 2008. EJ Coalition Online:

Ejcoalition.Multiply.com (http://ejcoalition.multiply.com/journal/item/51/Environmental_Justice_Act_of_2009)

External links

DotGovWatch.com (http://www.dotgovwatch.com/wsdl/map.php), created using EPA's Toxic Release

Inventory Map

FuelEconomy.gov (http://www.fueleconomy.gov/) CLU-IN.org (http://www.clu-in.org), Haz Waste Site Cleanup Information by US EPA Technology Innovation

Program

Sanjour.info (http://sanjour.info), Collected Papers of William Sanjour a retired EPA employee and

whistleblower

BreakingLegalNews.com (http://www.breakinglegalnews.com/entry/

High-Court-Rule-Against-White-House-on-Emissions), High Court Rules Against White House on Emissions

Breaking Legal News, April 2, 2007

ASCIcorp.com (http://www.ascicorp.com), the ASci Corporation

Selected Digitized Environmental Protection Agency Records (http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/topics/

environment/index. html) Available in the National Archives' Archival Research Catalog (http://www.archives.

gov/research/arc/)

OpenRegs.com (http://openregs.com/agencies/view/4/environmental_protection_agency), Proposed and

finalized federal regulations from the United States Environmental Protection Agency

NTEU Chapter 280 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Headquarters Office in Washington D.C

(http://nteu280. org/)
http://nteu280.org/http://openregs.com/agencies/view/4/environmental_protection_agencyhttp://www.archives.gov/research/arc/http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/topics/environment/index.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/research/arc/topics/environment/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASci_Corporationhttp://www.ascicorp.com/http://www.breakinglegalnews.com/entry/High-Court-Rule-Against-White-House-on-Emissionshttp://www.breakinglegalnews.com/entry/High-Court-Rule-Against-White-House-on-Emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowerhttp://sanjour.info/http://www.clu-in.org/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/http://www.dotgovwatch.com/wsdl/map.phphttp://ejcoalition.multiply.com/journal/item/51/Environmental_Justice_Act_of_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CQ_Presshttp://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/9903/9903.pdfhttp://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/9903/9903.pdfhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24276709/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24276709/http://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/naaqsrev2006.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/naaqsrev2006.htmlhttp://www.epa.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/air/air_quality_monitoring/air_pollutants/airborne_particulates/http://www.icac.com/files/public/PMreasons.pdfhttp://www.icac.com/files/public/PMreasons.pdfhttp://www.epa.state.il.us/environmental-progress/v32/n1/environmental-progress.pdfhttp://www.epa.state.il.us/environmental-progress/v32/n1/environmental-progress.pdfhttp://www.waterconserve.info/articles/reader.asp?linkid=40416http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55268-2005Mar21.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61762-2005Feb3.html


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Kaizen

Kaizen ( ), Japanese for "improvement" or "change for the better", refers to philosophy or practices that focus

upon continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, supporting business processes, and

management. It has been applied in healthcare,[1] psychotherapy,[2] life-coaching, government, banking, and many

other industries. When used in the business sense and applied to the workplace, kaizen refers to activities that

continually improve all functions, and involves all employees from the CEO to the assembly line workers. It also

applies to processes, such as purchasing and logistics, that cross organizational boundaries into the supply chain.[3]

By improving standardized activities and processes, kaizen aims to eliminate waste (see lean manufacturing). Kaizen

was first implemented in several Japanese businesses after the Second World War, influenced in part by American

business and quality management teachers who visited the country. It has since spread throughout the world[4] and is

now being implemented in many other venues besides just business and productivity.

Introduction

Kaizen is a daily process, the purpose of which goes beyond simple productivity improvement. It is also a processthat, when done correctly, humanizes the workplace, eliminates overly hard work ("muri"), and teaches people how

to perform experiments on their work using the scientific method and how to learn to spot and eliminate waste in

business processes. In all, the process suggests a humanized approach to workers and to increasing productivity:

"The idea is to nurture the company's human resources as much as it is to praise and encourage participation in

kaizen activities."[5] Successful implementation requires "the participation of workers in the improvement."[6] People

at all levels of an organization participate in kaizen, from the CEO down to janitorial staff, as well as external

stakeholders when applicable. The format for kaizen can be individual, suggestion system, small group, or large

group. At Toyota, it is usually a local improvement within a workstation or local area and involves a small group in

improving their own work environment and productivity. This group is often guided through the kaizen process by a

line supervisor; sometimes this is the line supervisor's key role. Kaizen on a broad, cross-departmental scale incompanies, generates total quality management, and frees human efforts through improving productivity using

machines and computing power.

While kaizen (at Toyota) usually delivers small improvements, the culture of continual aligned small improvements

and standardization yields large results in the form of compound productivity improvement. This philosophy differs

from the "command and control" improvement programs of the mid-twentieth century. Kaizen methodology includes

making changes and monitoring results, then adjusting. Large-scale pre-planning and extensive project scheduling

are replaced by smaller experiments, which can be rapidly adapted as new improvements are suggested.

In modern usage, a focused kaizen that is designed to address a particular issue over the course of a week is referred

to as a "kaizen blitz" or "kaizen event". These are limited in scope, and issues that arise from them are typically used

in later blitzes.

History

After World War II, to help restore Japan, American occupation forces brought in American experts to help with the

rebuilding of Japanese industry. The Civil Communications Section (CCS) developed a Management Training

Program that taught statistical control methods as part of the overall material. This course was developed and taught

by Homer Sarasohn and Charles Protzman in 1949 and 1950. Sarasohn recommended William Deming for further

training in Statistical Methods. The Economic and Scientific Section (ESS) group was also tasked with improving

Japanese management skills and Edgar McVoy is instrumental in bringing Lowell Mellen to Japan to properly install

the Training Within Industry (TWI) programs in 1951. Prior to the arrival of Mellen in 1951, the ESS group had atraining film done to introduce the three TWI "J" programs (Job Instruction, Job Methods and Job Relations)- the
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W._Edwards_Deminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Training_Within_Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W._Edwards_Deminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Training_Within_Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Training_Within_Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Training_Within_Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W._Edwards_Deminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Command_and_control_%28management%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_quality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientific_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muri_%28Japanese_term%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese


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film was titled "Improvement in 4 Steps" (Kaizen eno Yon Dankai). This is the original introduction of "Kaizen" to

Japan. For the pioneering, introducing, and implementing Kaizen in Japan, the Emperor of Japan awarded the

Second Order Medal of the Sacred Treasure to Dr. Deming in 1960. Consequently, the Union of Japanese Science

and Engineering (JUSE) instituted the annual Deming Prizes for achievements in quality and dependability of

products in Japan. On October 18, 1989, JUSE awarded the Deming Prize to Florida Power & Light Company

(FPL), based in the United States, for its exceptional accomplishments in its process and quality control

management. FPL was "the first company outside of Japan to win the Deming Prize."

Reference: US National Archives - SCAP collection - PR NewsWire

Implementation

The Toyota Production System is known for kaizen, where all line personnel are expected to stop their moving

production line in case of any abnormality and, along with their supervisor, suggest an improvement to resolve