LEADING & EDUCATING IN THE 21ST CENTURYWinona State University

Travel Study Program

04.25.2012

Alex A. Erolin

Developments: Late 20th century

• Globalization• Foreign trade & investment

• Technology• Communication• Mobility

• Demographic shift• Communities• Consumers• Work force

U.S. Demographics

• “Browning of America”• Census 2010

• 33% ethnic minorities• 1.2% increase in non-Hispanic

whites• 28.8 % increase in minority

population

• New entrants to US workforce (1988-2000)• 57% non-Hispanic whites• 43% non-whites and

immigrants

• 2042: minority will be the majority

Impact of Changes

• Diversity• Educators

• Pedagogy/andragogy• Cultural mindsets

• Business leaders• More competition• Product & services• Workforce

21st Century Educator

• Understand diverse communities

• Connect with diverse population

• Develop cross-cultural talent

• Adapt pedagogic/andragogic style

• Demonstrate respect

Cultural Intelligence (CQ)• Global mindset

• Able to experience one’s culture (values, beliefs, & behaviors) as “just one organization of reality among many viable possibilities” (Ethnorelativism)

• Intercultural competence• Ability to shift cultural perspective and adapt behavior

• Commonalities• Differences

Global Mindset

Ethnocentrism(Monocultural)

Ethnorelativism(Intercultural)

• One’s beliefs and values are “central to reality” or “just the way things are”

• Inability to differentiate among cultures

• Judgmental orientation toward other cultures (“Us vs. Them”)

• One’s beliefs and values are just one of many possible constructs of reality

• Recognize relevance of cultural differences

• Increased repertoire of cultural cognitive frameworks and ability to adapt appropriate behaviors

Diversity Approaches

COMMONALITY

DIFFERENCE

APATHETIC CONFORMITY

FRAGMENTATION

Source: Dr. Mitch Hammer, PhD, IDI LLC. 2009

Integrating Commonality & Difference

COMMONALITY

DIFFERENCE

FOCUS

INNOVATION

GOAL

Source: Dr. Mitch Hammer, PhD, IDI LLC. 2009

21st Century Educators

• Cultural transcenders• Ability to transcend

cultural constraints

• Multiculturalists

• Global citizens

GLOBAL MINDSET AND THE INTERCULTURAL DEVELOPMENT INVENTORY (IDI)

Intercultural Competence• Milton J. Bennett, Developmental Model of Intercultural

Competence (DMIS)• Developmental sequence of orientation toward cultural differences• Qualitative differences in how we experience other cultures• 6-stage model

• Mitchell R. Hammer, Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI)• Instrument to assess an individual’s primary orientation.• Uses the first 5 stages of Bennett’s DMIS

Intercultural Development Continuum

Denial• Disinter

est• Avoida

nce

Polarization• Defense• Reversa

l

Minimization• Similarity• Universali

sm

Acceptance

Adaptation• Cognitive

frame-shifting

• Behavioral code-shifting

Source: Mitchell R. Hammer, Ph. D., 2009

Ethnocentrism(mono-cultural mindset)

Ethnorelativism(intercultural mindset)

Stages of Intercultural Development• Ethnocentrism: one’s beliefs and values are “central to

reality” or “just the way things are”• Denial: inability to differentiate national cultures

• Disinterest • Avoidance

• Polarization: judgmental orientation toward other cultures; “Us vs. Them”• Defense: uncritical view of one’s own cultural values/practices; overly

critical of others’ cultural values/practices• Reversal: overly critical of one’s cultural values/practices; uncritical of

others’ cultural values/practices

• Minimization: may recognize commonalities and differences; but, emphasis is on commonalities• If from a dominant culture group, may lack cultural self-awareness• If from a minority culture group, may use as strategy of accommodation

• Ethnorelativism: one’s beliefs and values are just one of the many possible constructs of reality• Acceptance: recognizes relevance of cultural differences but

unclear how to adapt appropriately• Adaptation: increased repertoire of cultural cognitive frameworks;

able to apply appropriate behaviors to bridge cultural commonalities and differences

Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI)

• Captures developmental experience• Cross-culturally valid and reliable

• Psychometric protocols• Over 4,500 respondents from a wide range of cultural backgrounds

• 50-question assessment• Snapshot of predominant orientation• Not evaluative, but descriptive

• Neither “good” nor “bad”

• Informs an action plan for developing intercultural competence

Timeline

Activity Date Location

Introductory session on Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI): 1 hour

25-Apr-12WSU campus

Participants complete questionnaire: 30-45 minutes

25-Apr-12 to 2-May-12

Online

Individual IDI assessment and feedback: 30-45 minutes

2-May-12 to 9-May-12

To be arranged

Intercultural Competence Workshop: 2 hours

12-May-12St. Paul, MN

Close-out session: 1 hour 19-May-12St. Paul, MN

Completing the IDI v.3 Assessment• Online assessment

• Link with access information will be sent to your email

• Find some quiet and relaxed time

• Allocate 30-45 minutes for the assessment

• Answer as candidly as possible• Avoid over-analysis

• Supplemental reading materials• To be emailed

“Verite en-deça des Pyrenees, erreur au-dela.”

- Blaise Pascal

[There are truths on this side of the Pyrenees which are falsehoods on the other].

THANK YOU!

ReferencesBennett, M. J. (2004). Becoming interculturally competent. In J. S. Wurzel (Ed.), Toward multiculturalism: A reader in multicultural education. Newton, MA: Intercultural Resource Corporation.

Cohen, S. L. (2010). Effective global leadership requires a global mindset. Industrial and Commercial Training, 42(1), 3-10. doi:10.1108/00197851011013652.

Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 421-443.

Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., de Luque, M. S., & House, R. J. (2006). In the eye of the beholder: Cross cultural lessons in leadership from Project GLOBE. Academy of Management, 67-90.

Livermore, D. (2010). Leading with cultural intelligence. New York: American Management Association.

McCuiston, V. E., & Wooldridge, B. R. (2004). Leading the diverse workforce: Profit, prospects and progress. The Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(1), 73-92. doi:10.1108/01437730410512787.

Nixon, J. C., & West, J. F. (2000). America addresses work force diversity. Business Forum, 15(1/2), 4-9.

Northouse, P. G. (2010). Leadership: Theory and practice (5th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.

Perez, A. D. (2009). The changing racial and ethnic composition of the US population: Emerging American identities. Population and Development Review, 35(1), 1-51.

Russette, J. W., & Preziosi, R. (2008). Leadership across cultures. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 7, 47-61.