lca of food and drink products: aquaculture, orange juice, milk and
TRANSCRIPT
KEPIs as Input data to SENSE tool SIK, Birgit Landquist
SENSE project
• Develop a harmonized system for environmental impact assessment of food and
drink products
• The system is supposed to be LCA based (Life Cycle Assessment)
• Three food chains were studied:
– Beef/milk
– Orange juice
– Aquaculture
The three supply chains – very simplified
Cultivation
of biomass
Livestock Dairy and
slaughterhouse
Juice
production
Aquaculture Salmon
processing
Retail Transports
T
T
T
Feed
production T
Feed
production T
Fishing T
Consumer T
F
1. Key environmental challenges from literature review
Aquaculture - environmental challenges
• Feed production
– Crops: Use of land, fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides, fossil fuels, water
– Forage fish: Pressure on fish stocks, Use of fossil fuels
• Aquaculture
– Use of fossil fuels, land, medicines, water
– Excess feed, sea lice, diseases, escapes
• Processing
– Use of fossil fuels, packaging, refrigerants, water
– Waste
• Transports
– Use of fossil fuels
Key environmental challenges for all three food chains
Challenges Production step
Use of fossil fuels and electricity All production steps in the supply chain
Nitrogen fertiliser production
Use of N and P fertiliser and manure
Heavy metals from fertiliser and manure
Use of pesticides
Irrigation
Cultivation of biomass for food and feed
Land use Cultivation of biomass for food and feed
Animal rearing
Manure handling
Enteric fermentation
Use of medicines
Nutrient release from aquaculture
Escapes, diseases etc. in aquaculture
Animal rearing
Use of water
Waste water
Waste
Feed and food industry
Environmental impact categories
Climate change
Water depletion
Abiotic resource depletion
Land use
Ecotoxicity
Human toxicity
Acidification
Eutrophication
2. Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of participating
companies products
Feed production
Smolt production
Salmon farming
and slaughtering
Breeding / roe
production
Processing and
packaging
Secondary
processing and
packaging
Retail
Consumer
By-products
By-products
By-products
System boundary for FU 2
System boundary for FU 1
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Principles of life cycle assessment
Contribution to
environmental
impact categories
Input of
resources,
energy,
water…
Emissions to
air, water,
soil…
LCA of aquaculture salmon
Impact assessment of 1 kg smoked salmon fillets
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Water depletion
Abiotic resource depletion
Land use
Ecotoxicity
Human tox -cancer
Human tox-non cancer
Acidification
EP-marine
EP-freshwater
EP-terrestial
GWP
Smolt production
Aquaculture farm
Aquaculture salmon feed
Sea freight to Europe
Smokehouse
Packaging - smokehouse
Global Warming Potential -
Eutrophication -
Eutrophication -
Eutrophication -
• To simplify data collection to the SENSE tool KEPIs was defined
• Data and indicators that are simple to measure - easy to understand
• Linked to key environmental challenges
• Indicator for one production step
• Build on accessible production data
• A KEPI can be:
– Common performance indicators – e.g. electricity consumption for a year
– Other key parameters – e.g. composition of feed to animals
3. Defining Key Environmental Performance Indicators
- KEPIs
KEPIs identified for the production steps
• Biomass production (cultivation of food and feed)
• Fisheries
• Aquaculture
• Livestock
• Food and feed processing
• Transports
12
Dai
ry
Slau
ghte
-
rin
g
Juic
e
pro
cess
ing
Un
it
kg N
/hec
tare
kg N
/kg
cro
p
kg-P
2O
5/h
ecta
re
kg-P
2O
5/k
g cr
op
kg N
/hec
tare
kg N
/kg
cro
p
kg/h
ecta
re
kg/k
g cr
op
l/h
ecta
re
l/kg
cro
p
ha/
kg c
rop
ha/
kg c
rop
m3
/hec
tare
m3
/kg
cro
p
MJ/
kg p
rod
uct
kg/k
g
MJ/
kg p
rod
uct
kWh
/l p
rod
uct
kg w
aste
/kg
pro
du
ct
m3
/kg
pro
du
ct
kg/k
g p
rod
uct
kg r
aw m
ilk/d
airy
co
w
kg f
eed
/kg
live
wei
ght
m2
/kg
pro
du
ct
kWh
/kg
raw
milk
m3
/ kg
raw
milk
MJ/
kg p
rod
uct
kWh
/l p
rod
uct
m3
/ kg
pro
du
ct
typ
e/kg
pro
du
ct
kg w
aste
/kg
pro
du
ct
kg r
aw m
ilk/k
g p
rod
uct
kg li
ve w
eigh
t/kg
mea
t
kg o
ran
ge/l
ora
nge
juic
e
Key
En
viro
nm
enta
l Per
form
ance
Ind
icat
or
(KEP
I)
N-f
erti
liser
use
P2
O5
-fer
tilis
er u
se
Man
ure
an
d s
lurr
y ap
plic
atio
n
Pes
tici
de
and
act
ive
sub
stan
ce
con
ten
t
Die
sel u
se in
cl. m
ach
iner
ies
Ara
ble
lan
d u
se
Gra
zin
g la
nd
use
Wat
er u
se
Ener
gy u
se
Feed
Eff
icie
ncy
(FC
R1:
Feed
use
d/F
ish
pro
du
ced
)
Ener
gy u
se
Elec
tric
ity
use
Org
anic
was
te t
o s
ea
Wat
er u
se
Pac
kagi
ng
mat
eria
l
Raw
milk
pro
du
ctio
n
Feed
eff
icie
ncy
Bu
ildin
gs
Elec
tric
ity
use
milk
ing
Wat
er u
se m
ilkin
g
Ener
gy u
se
Elec
tric
ity
use
Wat
er u
se
Pac
kagi
ng
mat
eria
l
Was
te
Raw
milk
inp
ut
Mea
t p
rod
uct
ion
Yiel
d
Al l impact categories x x x x x x x
Cl imate change N2O N2O CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CH4 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2CO2, CH4, N2O
Human toxici ty HM HM HM Heavy metals (HM)
Acidi fication NH3 NH3 NOx NH3NOx, NH3
Eutrophication, terrestria l NOx NH3 NOx NO3, NH3Eutrophication, freshwater PO4 PPP PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4Eutrophication, marine NO3 NO3 NOx x NO3 (Nitrate), NOx
Ecotoxici ty, freshwater HM PPP HMHeavy metals (HM)
Plant Protection Products Land use x x Land use (m2a and type)
Abiotic resource depletion x x x x x x x x x x x x x Fossil resources
Water depletion x x x x x Water use
Special
Main pollutantsImpact category Plant productionFishe-
riesAquaculture Livestock - ruminants
Food and feed
processing
Identified Key Environmental Performance Indicators
for the three food chains
Aquaculture
KEPI
Energy use
Electricity use
Organic waste to sea
Water use
Packaging material
KEPI
Energy use
Fisheries
Plant production - Feed
KEPI
Nitrogen fertiliser use
Phosphorus fertiliser use
Manure and slurry application
Pesticide and active substance content
Diesel use incl. machineries
Arable land use
Water use
Feed and Food processing
KEPI
Energy use
Electricity use
Water use
Packaging material
Waste
THANK YOU!