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LBRT: This house would ban all vehicles that use fossil fuels. Content:

1. Key Articles 2. Additional Resources

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ARTICLE 1

underestimated by big energy, says Imperial College and Carbon Tracker report February 2, 2017 Falling costs of electric vehicles and solar panels could halt worldwide growth in demand for oil and coal by 2020, a new report has suggested. A scenario that takes into account the latest cost reduction projections

finds that solar power and electcould leave fossil fuels stranded. Polluting fuels could lose 10% of market share to solar power and clean cars within a decade, the report by the Grantham Institute at Imperial College London and the Carbon Tracker Initiative found. A 10% loss of market share was enough to cause the collapse of the coal

(£85bn) between 2008 and 2013 because they did not prepare for an 8% increase in renewables, the report said. Big energy companies are seriously underestimating the low-carbon

the study claims. Emerging technology, such as printable solar photovoltaics which generate electricity, could bring down costs and boost take-up even more than currently predicted. Luke Sussamsvehicles and solar power are gamechangers that the fossil fuel industry consistently underestimates.

the demand misread by companies will have

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number of low-carbon technologies about to achieve critical mass

The cost of solar has fallen 85% in seven years, and the report finds panels could supply 23% of global power generation by 2040 and 29% by 2050, entirely phasing coal out and leaving natural gas with just a 1% share. By 2035, electric vehicles could make up 35% of the road transport market, and two-thirds by 2050, when it could displace 25m barrels of oil per day. Under such a scenario, coal and oil demand could peak in 2020, while the growth in gas demand could be curtailed. It could also limit global temperature rises to between 2.4C and 2.7C above pre-industrial levels, while more ambitious action by countries than currently pledged, along with falling costs of solar and electric vehicles, could limit warming to 2.1C to 2.3C. But the report shows that cutting carbon from the power sector and road transport may not be enough to achieve international climate targets, so emissions reductions from other sectors such as heating buildings and heavy industry will also be needed. BY: The Guardian SOURCE: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/02/electric-cars-cheap-solar-power-halt-fossil-fuel-growth-2020

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ARTICLE 2 FRANCE CONSIDERING A BAN ON ALL FOSSIL FUEL VEHICLES BY 20410 A bold move by the Macron government July 6, 2017 France is considering banning the sale of all petrol and diesel vehicles

ding

rgy after the departure of the US from the Paris climate accord.

nurture and bring about this promise ... which is also a public health rdian.

The announcement was praised by environmentalist for going further than previous administrations in France. And automotive experts noted

government was sending a clear signal to auto manufacturers to accelerate the transition to electric vehicles. The announcement comes a day after Volvo committed to phase out gas-only car production by 2019. It also puts France in line with some other European countries that have already committed to ending production of fossil fuel-burning vehicles. Norway has set a target for only allowing the sale of electric and plug-in hybrid cars by 2025. The Netherlands and Germany are also considering similar bans. Electric vehicles will make up 54 percent of all light-duty vehicle sales by 2040, up from the 35 percent share Bloomberg was forecasting just last year, according to a new report by the research group. Some have

up taking over conventional cars more rapidly than most analysts predict.

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BY: Andrew J. Hawkins SOURCE: The Verge https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/6/15929552/france-ban-fossil-fuel-cars-2040

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ARTICLE 3 - VEHICLES BY 2030 July 18, 2016 We already possess sufficient clean alternatives to take over from most

technologies need to be competitively priced before mass adoption is possible. Some argue this will change as the true cost of fossil fuels becomes more evident. A new Lux Research report uses a more conservative approach, when it predicts alternate fuels will power of the

for more than a century, buLux Research Director and lead author of DEALING WITH THREATS TO THE TRANSPORTATION FUEL OIL INDUSTRY. He writes, Transportation fuels, which account for some 80% of global crude oil demand, is the lifeblood of the industry. As an extremely dense but affordable energy source, oil powers 1.2 billion vehicles globally that

arising from: air pollution; climate threats to plants, fish and wildlife; acid rain, ocean acidification or water pollution. A recent report from the Overseas Development Institute states G20 nations are paying $452 billion a year in subsidizes, public financing and state owned fossil fuel firm investments but Lux does not mention subsidies. There are numerous references to the threats from emissions regulations. Here are three samples:

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playing field tilted against

transportation fuels market. It has been the catalyst that has empowered gasoline and diesel substitutes like biofuels and electricity from an academic research project into a credible industry threat in

I suspect the author of this report has had only a limited exposure to electric vehicles. Far from being simply an environmentally friendly alt

impression that gas cars are destined to become museum pieces, alongside steam locomotives and horse drawn chariots. The tipping point, for mass adoption, is expected after EVs reach price compatibility Another factor that this Lux Report does not consider is the demise of the automotive culture in many European cities. A 2012 study found

did not own cars.

me. Some North American cities are also developing alternative means of transportation (walking, bicycles, mass transportation). The LUX report is clearly written by someone whose thinking has not gone beyonds the constraints of North Americas automotive culture.

adoption, biofuels would be a $220 billion industry worth a 13% share of transportation fuels in 2030. Meanwhile electric vehicles are approaching an inflection point between 2035 and 2040 where half of all cars sold will be plug-ins. All told 31% of global vehicles will be running on alternative fuels in 2030, and the drop in demand will make typical oil production in the U.K., Brazil, Canada

BY: Roy L Hales SOURCE: The EcoReport http://theecoreport.com/alternate-fuels-will-power-13-worlds-vehicles-by-2030/

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ARTICLE 4 - HOW SOLAR AND EVs WILL KILL THE FOSSIL FUEL DINOSAURS August 26, 2013 Several years ago, Tony Seba, an energy expert from Stanford University, published a book called Solar Trillions, predicting how solar

investment opportunity worth tens of trillions of dollars. Most people looked at him, he says, as if he had three heads. That was possibly because the book was written before the recent plunge in the cost of solar modules had taken effect, and before most incumbent utilities had woken up to the fact that solar even with minor penetration levels was turning their business models upside down. Seba is now working on a new book, with even more dramatic forecasts than his first. His new prediction is that by 2030, solar will make the fossil fuel industry more or less redundant. Even more striking is his forecast that electric vehicles will do the same thing to the oil industry by around the same date.

how Silicon Valley

The predictions are made on the basis that the cost of solar and EV batteries will continue to fall, while the cost to consumers of sourcing energy from fossil fuels through the grid or liquid fuels will continue to rise. Before the decade is out, Seba says, both technologies will pass a tipping point that will eventually sweep the incumbents aside, just as technology and cost developments have done in the computer, internet, media, photographic and telecommunications industries.

uclear, coal, gas, big hydro,

powered by solar and wind, and most new vehicles will be electric. The architecture of energy markets is going from centralized to distributed

how Silicon Valley

that decentralised generation and storage will replace the centralised, hub and spoke model that has prevailed for the last century. The impact

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of decentralised generation is already being felt. The striking part of

2030, when batteries are at $100/kWh, gasoline vehicles will be

First, on the technology cost issue. For EVs, Seba says the success of Tesla in sales and in reputation has changed the conversation around EVs, particularly after it won the 2013 Car of the Year award.

weak and 50 years away. Tesla showed all that was wrong. The EV will do to oil what solar will do to coal, nuclear and gas. EVs are a disruptive technology, there is no doubt about that.

you look at the cost curve of batteries, even Detroit is saying that by 2020 lithium-ion batteries will be at $US200/kWh.

combustion engines to EVs is between $US250 and $US300/kWh. Once it gets to $US100/kWh, it is all over. I think we will get to $US250/kWh by 2020. By 2030, when batteries are at $100/kWh, gasolinthinks that mass migration will start around 2018 to 2020.

little bit more in some places than others, but every

way too optimistic because the conversation then was about grid parity for solar in 2060, or 2070. And what you hear is the same thing we heard 20 years ago, that this is not going to happen, that it is difficult, that power needs specialised scale, that it can only be done like this. When in fact, over the last few years, a country like Germany has pioneered the move from a few dozen central power plants to more

installations. So the poorest people in one of the poorest countries are adopting solar unsubsidised. Solar is already cheaper than grid what people are paying for electricity in dozens of countries already. And

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pockets, gas is in pockets, oil is in pockets. The sun shines a little bit more in some places than others, but everyone gets sunshine. And the

pportunities for new companies the Ebays of the electricity world that can aggregate

Can solar really be built on a scale that would meet the bulk of the

a points to the computer industry, where he worked in the 1990s, and to the internet and telecommunications. All three were dominated by huge, centralised technologies. All three

-held denot in the future. We are going from big centralised power plants to decentralised generation, to decentralised storage, and to decentralised

makers understanding this and making regulations appropriately. In India, about $30-40 billion goes to subsidise diesel. The grid there is already obsolete. It went down and

they stop subsidising diesel and put it into solar, they could bring 100 million people a year into solar. If all you do is stop subsidising diesel, you can, in five years, bring solar electricity to 500 million people who

The biggest threat from all this radical change is to the traditional utility

line telephone companies of 20, 30 years ago. We will start using them as back-up, as the world goes distributed and every house has solar, and factories do the same, and they are stuck with these stranded

keep jacking up prices which makes solar even more affordable. It will be this death spiral. You will see

He says markets will be redesigned, and there will be huge opportunities for new companies he dubs them the Ebays of the

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electricity world that can aggregate and trade distributed production, and that can manage the process.

you will need market that assumes million or tens of millions of power producers. So you will need some companies that can do that. Markets will get interesting storing, trading etc. there will be huge

cars. Why ask same of consumers for electricity. So companies will do that they will do that better than utilities do. The Nests, the Apples, Googles, Sungevity, and Suncity, are getting into the home, and getting

against renewable and disruptive technologies, and firmly on the side of

because they treat consumers like ratepayers. When you buy a car, or a shirt you are treated well. But in the electricity industry, you are not. The big conversation is about solar panels, and storage and EVs, but that is just beginning of the conversation. We have so many other technologies that will change the way electricity is traded, used, stored.

So, what could possibly go wrong? Well, policy will be critical, and right now the conservative right is lined up against renewable and disruptive

energy source than solar. Why do libertarians, at least in the US, align

and big refineries and power generation? Ideologically it makes no sense. Part of what is going on is an information war. $8 trillion can buy you a lot of information, and can help you spread a lot of

BY: Giles Parkinson SOURCE: Energy Post http://www.energypost.eu/how-solar-and-evs-will-kill-the-fossil-fuel-dinosaurs/

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ARTICLE 5 FUTURE May 1, 2017

. Certainly, expanded federal support for coal, natural gas and petroleum would create jobs for workers engaged in field construction, coal mining, petroleum and natural gas extraction, transportation and other industries. With thousands of union Boilermakers employed in these industries across the United States and Canada, the Boilermakers union welcomes the opportunity for more work. At the same time, we recognize that our nation and the global community must take steps to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions created when fossil fuels are burned. For more than a decade, we have supported technologies to capture and permanently store carbon dioxide emissions, and to extract carbon for use in various products. We were directly involved in the Waxman-Markey bill in 2009, which passed the House but died in the Senate. Among other things, that bill would have provided incentives to develop emerging carbon capture technologies, allowing their phase-in without an abrupt disruption of the energy market. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) are only now seeing broader commercial use around the world. Boilermakers have been involved in constructing major CCS projects in

Sturgeon Refinery in Alberta, designed from the ground up to capture CO2 for enhanced oil recovery; the $1.35 billion Shell Quest project in Alberta that captures CO2 during bitumen oil upgrading and permanently stores it underground; and the $1.5 billion SaskPower Boundary Dam

-scale retrofit of CCS technology on an existing coal-fired unit. These projects, along with others in the United States and around the world, are pioneering developments that could and must lead to a global application of CCS. Without CCS, industries worldwide will continue pumping CO2 into the atmosphere, contributing to climate

-fired and gas-fired power plants that emit CO2. Cement plants, refineries, aluminum smelters, steel mills, chemical

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plants and other energy-intensive facilities generate substantial amounts of greenhouse gases too. Remove policy and regulatory roadblocks Widespread deployment of CCS and CCUS has been hampered by a lack of political will, unfair government policies and regulations, and the demonization of fossil fuels by environmental groups. The popular stance is to promote renewables above all else. Indeed, wind and solar have received a disproportionate share of federal support despite their reliability concerns. Consider that in 2013 renewables received $13.2 billion in subsidies and incentives while coal received just $1.1 billion (Energy Information Administration, 2015). Despite this support, in 2015 wind accounted for just 5.6 percent of total U.S. electricity generation, solar just 0.9 percent. Nearly two-gas and those sources are where CCS/CCUS can do the most good. But favoritism towards renewables and restrictive Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations have created market uncertainty

It is time for our federal government to rewrite energy policies and regulations that are more balanced and that recognize the value of CCS/CCUfavorites with fuel sources, but instead seeks to make the best, most efficient and lowest-emitting use of each. Renewables are important and necessary. So are nuclear energy and fossil fuels. Federal support must be more evenly distributed where it will do the most good.

Energy Research and Development Program. Under former Energy provided needed,

albeit limited, funding to promising CCS projects in the United States. It deserves greater congressional funding to continue this work. Remain involved in global climate talks

er the reality that climate change exists and to some degree mankind

should we buy into the hysteria surrounding the issue or accept policy decisions that needlessly destroy jobs and harm our economy.

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The momentum to address climate change is real. It was demonstrated by the 2015 Paris climate change accord, signed onto by nearly 200 countries. It exists at the highest levels of world governments and in the boardrooms of major corporatioleading economy, and one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases, to abdicate leadership in the quest to find solutions. Given the continued reliance on fossil fuels, it seems obvious that the most effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is through CCS/CCUS. In fact, the International Energy Agency has estimated that globally it would cost about $2 trillion more to mitigate CO2 in the power sector by 2050 without employing CCS. A sound U.S. energy policy will ramp up CCS/CCUS investments so these technologies truly become commercially available for new construction and can be retrofitted to existing power plants natural gas-fired as well as coal-fired. These technologies will also be needed to limit global emissions from kilns, smelters and mills, all of which generate substantial greenhouse gases. The Boilermakers union believes that as CCS/CCUS technology becomes more economically feasible, it should be made available throughout the world. Ideally, a global partnership could be formed to fund, develop and distribute the technology. At an energy crossroads Resetting our national energy policy is critical to Boilermaker jobs and the jobs of many other workers, union and nonunion alike. Communities have been devastated by closed coal mines and shuttered power plants. The EPA has seemed callous and indifferent to the harm its regulations have caused to working people.

maximizes the best use of every energy source we have available. For fossil fuels, CCS/CCUS holds the best promise. Realizing that promise will require the current administration and both major parties in Congress to get serious about reducing emission levels and ending the demonization of fossil fuels.

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BY: Newton B. Jones SOURCE: Washington Times http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/may/1/fossil-fuels-are-vital-to-americas-energy-future/

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ARTICLE 6 THE ROLE OF FOSSIL FUELS IN A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEM December 2015 Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time. Equally important, however, is the need to ensure access to energy for quality of life and for economic development. It is therefore critically important to address climate change as part of the sustainable development agenda. Ongoing progress in the development of new technologies has brought confidence and hope that these objectives will be met in the energy system. Dramatic price reductions and technological advancement of wind generators and solar photovoltaics have shown that these renewable energy resources can be important players in global electricity systems, and that the long-anticipated breakthrough in cost-effective storage technology would shift primary energy mixes substantially. These developments have led invariably to an assumption that we are

for further development of new resources, and that we have to stop using them as soon as possible. This assumption has also led to a

-based technologies in global energy -based

technologies, on the other. The reality is that this debate is much more nuanced and requires more thorough investigation. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and managing methane emissions throughout the fossil energy value chain can help meet ambitious CO2 emission reduction targets, while fossil fuels remain part of the energy system. This will thereby allow fossil fuels to become "part of the solution", rather than remain "part of the problem". All technologies have a role to play in an energy system guided by rational economics. Fossil fuels comprise 80 per cent of current global primary energy demand, and the energy system is the source of approximately two thirds of global CO2 emissions. Inasmuch as methane and other short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) emissions are believed to be severely underestimated, it is likely that energy production and use are the source of an even greater share of emissions. Further, much of the biomass fuels are currently used around the world in small scale heating and cooking. These are highly inefficient and polluting, especially for indoor air quality in many less-developed countries. Renewable biomass used in this way is a problem for sustainable development.

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If current trends continue, in other words, if the current share of fossil fuels is maintained and energy demand nearly doubles by 2050, emissions will greatly surpass the amount of carbon that can be emitted if the global average temperature rise is to be limited to 2oC. That level of emissions would have disastrous climate consequences for the planet. There are a number of emission reduction opportunities for the energy sector, notably reducing the amount of energy consumed and reducing the net carbon intensity of the energy sector by fuel switching and by controlling CO2 emissions. The need to reduce emission does not preclude the use of fossil fuels, but it does require a significant change in direction; business as usual is not consistent with decreasing emissions in global energy systems. Energy efficiency and renewables are often positioned as the only solutions needed to meet climate goals in the energy system, but they are not enough. Including an expansion of the use of CCS will be essential, and this technology is expected to result in 16 per cent of annual emissions reduction by 2050. This assertion is supported by the Fifth Assessment Synthesis Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which estimates that limiting energy sector emissions without CCS would increase the cost of climate mitigation by 138 per cent. Renewables cannot be used uniformly across the energy system to replace the use of fossil fuels today, mostly because of the variance in the ability of different energy subsectors to switch from fossil fuels to renewables. For example, in some industrial applications such as cement and steel production, emissions come from both the energy use and the production process. Alternative technologies that can replace current production techniques are not yet available at the scale needed, so it is expected that these techniques will persist in the short to medium term. In these cases, CCS can provide a solution consistent with current demands and give the time needed to develop future alternative approaches. Scenarios that foresee the use of CCS are in all cases associated with a significant transformation of the energy system in response to climate

-as-significant decrease in total global fossil fuels consumption, as well as a significant increase in efficiency across electricity production and industrial processes. This transformation of the energy system is supportive of all technologies that are instrumental for the development of a sustainable energy system.

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In this vein, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) member States endorsed a set of recommendations on CCS in November 2014 following extensive consultations with experts from around the world. The recommendations emphasize that an international climate agreement should:

Accept a broad array of fiscal instruments to encourage CCS.

Address capturing and storing carbon dioxide from all industrial sectors, including cement, steel, chemicals, refining and power production.

Ensure that Governments work together to sponsor and support multiple demonstration projects at scale.

Allow carbon dioxide injected into reservoirs for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery to be treated and calculated as storage if stored permanently.

These recommendations, if implemented, allow United Nations Member States that still depend heavily on fossil fuels to engage in global efforts to reduce the consequences of climate change, instead of being seen as only contributing to the problem. The technology has been proven at scale in Canada, Norway and the United States of America, and there are some 40 projects at various stages of development around the world today. Near-term efforts on CCS are essential to improve efficiency, reduce costs and better map storage options in order to ensure that this technology is available for large-scale deployment starting in 2025. CO2 emissions are not the only issue that needs to be addressed in the use of fossil fuels. The fossil fuel value chain, across natural gas, coal and oil production and use, is estimated to emit 110 million tons of methane annually. This represents a large share of all methane emissions. As a powerful greenhouse gas, methane emissions must be significantly reduced. Methane is a primary component of natural gas, with some emitted to the atmosphere during natural gas production, processing, storage, transmission and distribution. It is estimated that around 8 per cent of total worldwide natural gas production is lost annually to venting, leakage and flaring, resulting in substantial economic and environmental costs. During the geological process of coal formation, pockets of methane get trapped around and within the rock. Coal mining-related

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activities (extraction, crushing, distribution, etc.) release some of the trapped methane. As with coal, the geological formation of oil can also create large methane deposits that are released during drilling and extraction. The production, refinement, transportation and storage of oil are also sources of methane emissions, as is incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. No combustion process is perfectly efficient, so when fossil fuels are used to generate electricity, heat or power vehicles, they all contribute as sources of methane emissions. The key challenges for methane management are to monitor and record emissions accurately using the best monitoring and measurement technology and then to apply the best fixes to minimize leaks and emissions. This will offer economic benefits, while decreasing health impacts, increasing safety and reducing global warming. The multiple benefits of managing methane emissions are compelling, but still more work is needed to demonstrate adequate progress in this space. Addressing the issue of sustainable energy requires the engagement of the broadest possible group of stakeholders, while ignoring the role of fossil fuels will have a negative effect. Many developing countries have large untapped fossil fuel resources that they intend to use to develop their respective economies. Insisting that they incur significant costs and forego the use of these resources in favour of renewables is likely to create unneeded tensions. The argument is made that the developed world built its existing economies on fossil fuels and still heavily relies

-approach that encourages all to use the broad range of resources available to them (i.e. energy efficiency, renewables and fossil fuels in a sustainable manner) will create a more balanced approach. The other stakeholder group that is often vilified is the private sector, especially actors in the fossil fuel industry. In fact, the private sector holds the expertise and often the financial resources to support the needed change to the inclusive green economy that the world is seeking. Using the balance sheets of the big players along with their knowledge and know-how can facilitate the transition; treating them like pariahs will make the journey harder and more expensive. The persistent critical challenge is to ensure an improved quality of life and economic growth, while reducing the environmental footprint of the energy sector. The transition to a sustainable energy system is an opportunity to improve energy efficiency from source to use, minimize environmental impacts, reduce energy and carbon intensities, and correct energy market failures. Seizing the opportunity will require coordinated policy review and reform across many sectors. The UNECE

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region has the potential for competitive economic advantage compared to other regions of the world, given the relatively modest distances between energy supply sources and energy demand centres. Full

would significantly improve the technical, social, economic and environmental contribution that energy could make. Building a sustainable energy system for the future in the UNECE region will involve a substantial transition from what is in place today. Improving efficiency relates not only to consumer-level energy issues (such as energy-efficient housing, vehicles and appliances), but also to upstream energy efficiency in production/generation, transmission and distribution. It is an opportunity to accelerate the change from the traditional model of selling energy commodities to one of providing energy services based on innovation. The development of smart energy networks with common rules of operation provides an important opportunity to enhance the collaboration among technologies, thereby enhancing the cost-effective penetration of the broadest range of low-carbon technologies and improving the resilience of the energy system. Fossil fuels will be part of the global energy system for decades to come whether we like it or not. It will continue to underpin social and economic development around the world. From that perspective, it is essential that we have an open and transparent discussion on the role of fossil fuels in sustainable energy systems globally in the creation of practical climate strategies. It is especially important to engage emerging economies and developing countries in the context of the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This could change the political dynamics and help to shape a strong climate agreement in Paris. BY: UN Chronicle SOURCE: https://unchronicle.un.org/article/role-fossil-fuels-sustainable-energy-system

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ARTICLE 7 NATURAL GAS VEHICLES May 31, 2016 Natural gas powers about 150,000 vehicles in the United States and roughly 15.2 million vehicles worldwide. Natural gas vehicles (NGVs) are good choices for high-mileage, centrally fueled fleets. CNG tank technology and safety are improving and in many cases CNG can provide operators with adequate range for their operations. For vehicles needing to travel long distances, liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a good choice. The advantages of natural gas as a transportation fuel include its domestic availability, widespread distribution infrastructure, low cost, and inherently clean-burning qualities. CNG and LNG are considered alternative fuels under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. The horsepower, acceleration, and cruise speed of NGVs are comparable with those of equivalent conventional vehicles. Also, compared with conventional diesel and gasoline vehicles, NGVs can produce some emissions benefits. There are many heavy-duty natural gas vehicles as well as a number of light-duty NGVs available from original equipment manufacturers. Qualified system retrofitters can also economically, safely, and reliably convert many vehicles for natural gas operation. Types of Natural Gas Vehicles There are three types of NGVs: Dedicated: These vehicles are designed to run only on natural gas. Bi-fuel: These vehicles have two separate fueling systems that enable them to run on either natural gas or gasoline. Dual-fuel: These vehicles are traditionally limited to heavy-duty applications, have fuel systems that run on natural gas, and use diesel fuel for ignition assistance. Light-duty vehicles are typically equipped with dedicated or bi-fuel systems, while heavy-duty vehicles use dedicated or dual-fuel systems. On the vehicle, natural gas is stored in tanks as CNG. LNG, a more expensive option, is used in some heavy-duty vehicles. The form of natural gas used is typically chosen based on the range an application needs. Because it is a liquid, the energy density of LNG is greater than CNG, so more fuel can be stored onboard the vehicle. This makes LNG well-suited for Class 7 and 8 trucks requiring a greater range.

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Dedicated NGVs only have one fuel tank, so they aren't as heavy as bi-fuel NGVs and can offer more cargo capacity. The driving range of NGVs is generally less than that of comparable conventional vehicles because of the lower energy density of natural gas. Extra storage tanks can increase range, but the additional weight may displace cargo capacity.

BY: Alternative Fuels Data Center SOURCE: US Department of Energy http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/natural_gas.html

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ARTICLE 8

MANIA YET August 23, 2017 The National Grid is warning us that if you are charging your electric car at home with a high-kettle at the same time, because it could blow your fuse box. They add that you could get round this if you use a standard charger but then it could take 19 hours to charge your car fully.

-electric car from London to Edinburgh, even if you make it to a service station with high-speed chargers, you might still have to stop three or four times for an hour-long charge on the way, plus of course almost certainly endure waiting for a charging point to be free.

Government has embarked on in its drive to eliminate fossil fuels. But its mania for electric cars is surely racing to the top of the list. Some 12 million people own diesel cars in Britain. They were bribed with tax breaks to buy them under the Blair government which insisted they were greener because they produced less carbon dioxide than petrol vehicles. Now, those same 12 million are reeling from being told that, far from

be contributing to 12,000 or more premature deaths a year. Whacking new taxes and charges to discourage their use are certain to be introduced Worse than this diesel fiasco, the Government said last month that after 2040 the sale of diesel and petrol cars will be banned, and that the only cars we will be able to buy will be all-electric. Despite the day-long blizzard of supportive propaganda we were treated to by the BBC when our Environment Secretary Michael Gove first sprang this on us, there are many practical reasons why all- electric cars have not so far caught on in Britain. They still make up only 0.3 per cent of the 31.7 million cars on our roads,

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been used to bribe motorists to buy them, leading to discounts of up to £5,000 per vehicle. It is not just the thought of being unable to boil a kettle while waiting all

There is also a massive national shortage of charging points. If all cars were electric-only, we would need an additional 400,000 public charging points, at a cost of £30 billion, for all the drivers who would

And this investment would be needed at a time when the Government was losing the £27 billion a year i On top of this, there would be utter chaos as the switch-over to electric approaches, when pumps at petrol stations are being closed down due to falling demand for fossil fuels, just as their owners are having to lay out hundreds of thousands of pounds to install very expensive new electric charging points. But even these formidable challenges are mere hiccups compared to the most crucial question of all: if every car in Britain is eventually going to be all-electric, where is all the massive amount of additional electricity needed to charge them to come from? It has been estimated that the amount of additional power needed from the grid would be 50 per cent more than we currently use at peak times of day. And half the electricity we already use is still generated from those same fossil fuels the Government wants to see eliminated. The government insists that all this extra electricity will come from

-free. But if it were all to come from wind, this might require up to 30,000 new wind turbines, each taking six months to install, on top of the 7,500 we already have. Yet even this would not be enough. The fatal problem with turbines, as we know, is that on our many windless or near-windless days and nights, they could not charge up any electric cars.

to provide all this additional electricity which they would have to do when the wind dropped we would have to spend a minimum of £200

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billion on building nine more nuclear plants each the size of that planned for Hinkley Point in Somerset. But on present showing, even Hinkley Point already billions over budget and long delayed is unlikely to be completed before 2030 if it gets built at all. And so far there are no more nuclear power stations on the way. In the absence of coal-fired power stations which are rapidly being phased out because, despite their economic efficiency, they are not seen as green, there is only one possible source which could be relied on for the power needed to charge all these electric cars a fleet of new gas-fired power stations. But these are out of the question, of course, because they use precisely

To say that Mr Gove and his colleagues are living in cloud-cuckoo land when it comes to electric cars is, frankly, a wildly generous

rough the practical implications in any way whatsoever. But it is not just the politicians. In fact, just as worrying is the most recent forecast by National Grid, the formerly state-owned company responsible for ensuring that we have electricity whenever we need it anywhere in Britain. Its latest report talks of how by 2030 we will need 80 per cent more

it says, will come from wind farms and solar panels. But as it well knows, thanks to the intermittency of both the wind and

to be a quarter of that. To cover itself, National Grid assumes that by 2030 we will still have enough gas-fired power stations to provide instant back-up for when wind and sun are failing. But these would provide nothing like enough power to bridge the gap when we have no more coal-fired power stations, and more gas-fired plants have closed. The Grid also claims, extraordinarily, that by 2030 we will also be able to import six times as much electricity as we do now, from countries

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such as France which is planning not only to close down many of its own nuclear power stations but also to switch to electric cars. It was always make-believe that electric cars saved anything like the amount of CO2 claimed for them, not just because most of their electricity came from fossil fuels, but because so much more CO2 is emitted in the process of making them in the first place. But now we are faced with the biggest fantasy of all, that we can all be forced to give up cars powered by petrol and diesel, which are the most efficient, user-friendly form of personal transport ever devised to rely instead on electric cars for which there will often be no electricity. This is one of the craziest single green ideas among a vast number that those who rule over us have had. An idea that could lead to a national catastrophe which we can only hope will somehow be prevented from happening. BY: Christopher Booker SOURCE: Daily Mail http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4814780/Race-electric-cars-maddest-green-mania-yet.html#ixzz4qXgG1ugC

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ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:

1. Benefits and Considerations of Electricity as a Vehicle Fuel http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_benefits.html

2. What will happen to vehicles without fossil fuels? http://www.iop.org/activity/groups/subject/env/prize/file_52516.pdf

3. Are Fossil Fuels Really Bad for the Environment? http://theearthproject.com/fossil-fuels-bad-environment/

4. Can renewables ever replace fossil fuels 100%? http://www.debatingeurope.eu/2017/02/15/can-renewables-ever-replace-fossil-fuels-100/

5. Why Pushing Alternate Fuels Makes for Bad Public Policy http://e360.yale.edu/feature/why_pushing_alternate_fuels__makes_for_bad_public_policy/2682/

6. The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/coal-and-other-fossil-fuels/the-hidden-cost-of-fossil.html