11

Layup Tooling for CompositesLayup Tooling for CompositesMaterials SelectionMaterials Selection

August 30, 2007August 30, 2007

Dave Dickson,Dave Dickson,Boeing 787 Program Tooling Technology Manager,Boeing 787 Program Tooling Technology Manager,

SME Member of the Composites Manufacturing Technical Group SME Member of the Composites Manufacturing Technical Group dickson@thewiredcity.netdickson@thewiredcity.net

22

AgendaAgenda

Basics of Layup ToolingBasics of Layup ToolingLayup Tooling MaterialsLayup Tooling MaterialsMaterial SourcesMaterial Sources

33

787 Layup Tooling787 Layup Tooling

Wing SkinWing Skin110 ft x 23.5 ft110 ft x 23.5 ftInvar 36

Section 41 (Cab)Section 41 (Cab)19 ft 19 ft diadia. x 48 ft.. x 48 ft.Carbon FiberCarbon FiberInvar 36

Picture: Boeing Frontiers Online Picture: Boeing.com

44

Mirabella 5Mirabella 5

Largest singleLargest single--mastedmasted sailboat in the sailboat in the worldworld–– LOA 247 ft.LOA 247 ft.–– Beam 48.5 ftBeam 48.5 ft–– 765 Metric Tons765 Metric Tons–– Mast height 292 ft.Mast height 292 ft.–– Builder: VT ShipbuildingBuilder: VT Shipbuilding

Pictures: Mirabella Yachts

55

Layup Tools Layup Tools –– What They DoWhat They Do

Layup and cure of production part Layup and cure of production part Provide layup surface for composite partProvide layup surface for composite part–– Correct shapeCorrect shape–– Stable through cure cycleStable through cure cycle–– Provide means of indexing part for next manufacturing Provide means of indexing part for next manufacturing

operationoperationBad tools produce bad parts Bad tools produce bad parts –– important to get them right!important to get them right!

NomenclatureNomenclature–– Layup Mandrels, Molds, Mold Dies, Bond Jigs, Bond Assembly Layup Mandrels, Molds, Mold Dies, Bond Jigs, Bond Assembly

Jigs, etc.Jigs, etc.

66

Layup Tools Layup Tools -- RequirementsRequirements

Must be affordableMust be affordableMust be able to produce acceptable parts Must be able to produce acceptable parts –– pass NDI, dimensional pass NDI, dimensional inspection, cosmetic requirementsinspection, cosmetic requirementsMust have enough durability to meet planned production Must have enough durability to meet planned production requirementsrequirementsMust maintain vacuum integrityMust maintain vacuum integrityMust properly react manufacturing loadsMust properly react manufacturing loads–– Autoclave, Tape layers, handling, debag/part removal, personnel,Autoclave, Tape layers, handling, debag/part removal, personnel,

etc.etc.Must not introduce contaminants into processMust not introduce contaminants into process–– OutgassingOutgassing, FOD, etc., FOD, etc.

Must be safe for layup techniciansMust be safe for layup technicians–– No sharp edges, no trip hazards, etc.No sharp edges, no trip hazards, etc.

77

Production Requirements Production Requirements Drive Tooling DecisionsDrive Tooling Decisions

How will the tool be used?How will the tool be used?–– What processes are used? Hand layup or automation?What processes are used? Hand layup or automation?–– Used in an autoclave or in an oven?Used in an autoclave or in an oven?–– At what pressure and temperature?At what pressure and temperature?–– Used for single cure cycle or multiple cycles for bonding multipUsed for single cure cycle or multiple cycles for bonding multiple details?le details?–– Used for coUsed for co--cure or cocure or co--bond?bond?

What other tools are to be used in the production and assembly What other tools are to be used in the production and assembly process?process?–– Trim tools, stiffener indexing jigs, handling equipment, etc?Trim tools, stiffener indexing jigs, handling equipment, etc?

If the decision is to use plastic tools, can the other tools useIf the decision is to use plastic tools, can the other tools use the same the same master model?master model?How many tools do you need to make production rate?How many tools do you need to make production rate?What are the cost targets? What are the cost targets? When is the tool needed?When is the tool needed?

88

Male Tooling vs. Female ToolingMale Tooling vs. Female Tooling

For panels, female (OMLFor panels, female (OML--side) tooling is normally side) tooling is normally preferredpreferred–– Maintains aero qualityMaintains aero quality–– Exceptions Exceptions –– fiber placing & filament windingfiber placing & filament winding–– Cauls required on male panel tools for smooth aero Cauls required on male panel tools for smooth aero

surfacesurfaceFor structure (Ribs Spars, Frames, etc), male tooling is For structure (Ribs Spars, Frames, etc), male tooling is normally preferrednormally preferred–– Generally produces best laminate qualityGenerally produces best laminate quality–– Easier to remove partsEasier to remove parts

Exceptions exist:Exceptions exist:–– Female tools for structure provide best interfaces for Female tools for structure provide best interfaces for

assembly operationsassembly operationsHelp minimize shimming due to uneven bagHelp minimize shimming due to uneven bag--side part surfaceside part surfaceRubber pressure intensifiers may be required for good Rubber pressure intensifiers may be required for good laminate quality in female corners

M

F

M

F

laminate quality in female corners

99

Cure TemperatureCure Temperature

Cure temperature may help you decide on tooling Cure temperature may help you decide on tooling materialsmaterials–– Low temp. cure with elevated postLow temp. cure with elevated post--cure?cure?–– 250250°°F cure ? (many nonF cure ? (many non--structural applications)structural applications)–– 353500°°F cure? (most commercial aircraft structural applications) F cure? (most commercial aircraft structural applications)

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) of tooling Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) of tooling materials vs. cure temperature vs. tool sizematerials vs. cure temperature vs. tool size

1010

Thermal Growth of ToolsThermal Growth of Tools

Can you live with thermal growth?Can you live with thermal growth?Cases where thermal growth is desirableCases where thermal growth is desirable–– Provide additional pressure to laminate Provide additional pressure to laminate

Cases where tool growth can cause problemsCases where tool growth can cause problems

1111

Approx. CTE of Common Tool Approx. CTE of Common Tool MaterialsMaterials

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Prod

uctio

n M

at’ls

(Gr/E

p)Gr

/BM

IIn

var 3

6

Gr/E

p

Stee

lNi

ckel

Alum

inum

Vant

ico

Patty

(LCT

C)Fi

lled

Epox

y

CTE

in./i

n./°F

x10-6

Last

-A-F

oam

FG/E

p

Carb

on F

oam

Ren

Shap

e 44

0

Mon

o Gr

aphi

te

Ren

Seam

less

Pa

ste

1212

Effect of CTE Effect of CTE

Aluminum

Fiberglass

Steel

Graphite/Epoxy

Invar 36

Graphite/BMI

0.44 in.

0.34 in.

0.23 in.

0.07 in.

0.05 in.

0.05 in.

Thermal growth of a 10 ft long tool RT (70º F) to 350º F (21º to 177º C)

1313

Matching CTE with PartsMatching CTE with Parts

Common practice is to closely match the tool Common practice is to closely match the tool CTE with the part material’s CTECTE with the part material’s CTEEspecially true for big parts at high Especially true for big parts at high temperaturestemperatures

1414

Using Dissimilar Materials Using Dissimilar Materials in A Toolin A Tool

Dissimilar materials are frequently used in composite Dissimilar materials are frequently used in composite tools tools –– Carbon Fiber face sheetsCarbon Fiber face sheets–– Tubular steel substructures Tubular steel substructures –– Bushings in working holesBushings in working holes

Attach points need to accommodate differences in Attach points need to accommodate differences in thermal growththermal growthGenerally not a good idea if tool dimensions exceed 6 Generally not a good idea if tool dimensions exceed 6 feet.feet.

1515

Tooling MaterialsTooling Materials

Tooling material selection must consider several things:Tooling material selection must consider several things:–– CostCost–– Part sizePart size–– Cure temperaturesCure temperatures–– Required longevityRequired longevity–– Availability of materialsAvailability of materials–– Capability of tool providerCapability of tool provider–– Quantity of rate toolsQuantity of rate tools–– What other tools are there in the “family?What other tools are there in the “family?–– Is a master tool available?Is a master tool available?

1616

Cost of toolsCost of tools

Will expected return on investment justify the expense of Will expected return on investment justify the expense of durable tools?durable tools?

WoodMaster

Inva

r Lay

up T

ool

Inva

r Mas

ter

CF

BM

IL/

U T

ool

CF

BM

IL/

U T

ool

Rate Tool(2nd Copy)

InitialTool

InitialTool

InitialTool

F/G

L/U

To

ol

F/G

L/U

To

ol

500

-200

0 C

ycle

s

100

Cyc

les

$

Rate Tool(2nd Copy)

1717

Quantity of Rate ToolsQuantity of Rate ToolsRate tools are “additional copies” of your Rate tools are “additional copies” of your initial toolinitial toolMay be needed due to a number of things:May be needed due to a number of things:–– High demand for productHigh demand for product–– Part fabrication process takes a lot of Part fabrication process takes a lot of

timetimeSometimes it makes sense to validate the Sometimes it makes sense to validate the initial toolinitial tool–– Work out the bugs / make Work out the bugs / make

improvementsimprovements–– Incorporate the improvements into Incorporate the improvements into

design, then make the rate tools

Remmele, Inc.

design, then make the rate tools

1818

Required LongevityRequired Longevity

How many parts do you expect to build?How many parts do you expect to build?Is there a chance that engineering will soon change?Is there a chance that engineering will soon change?How big is your demand? Is there value in time to How big is your demand? Is there value in time to market?market?–– Some lessSome less--durable tools can be produced much durable tools can be produced much

quicker than very durable onesquicker than very durable ones–– The more rate tools that you have, the less cycles that The more rate tools that you have, the less cycles that

each might be used.each might be used.

1919

Availability of MaterialsAvailability of Materials

Large increase in demand for Carbon FiberLarge increase in demand for Carbon FiberInvar plate & billet lead timesInvar plate & billet lead timesInvar casting lead timesInvar casting lead timesInvar cost escalationInvar cost escalation

2020

Capability of Tool ProviderCapability of Tool Provider

Invar toolsInvar tools55--axis machines & bed sizeaxis machines & bed sizeForming capabilityForming capabilityHeat treatment furnacesHeat treatment furnacesHand working experienceHand working experienceMaterial cuttingMaterial cuttingOverhead handling of big toolsOverhead handling of big toolsInspection capabilityInspection capability

2121

Capability of Tool ProviderCapability of Tool Provider

Laminated Tools (CF/BMI, CF/Epoxy, etc)Laminated Tools (CF/BMI, CF/Epoxy, etc)Machines & bed sizesMachines & bed sizes–– 55--axis, waterjet, etc.axis, waterjet, etc.–– Model machining or laminate machiningModel machining or laminate machining–– Willingness to machine carbon fiber Willingness to machine carbon fiber

Plastic/Plaster skills/ experiencePlastic/Plaster skills/ experienceOven or Autoclave availabilityOven or Autoclave availabilityInspection capabilityInspection capability

2222

Capacity of Tool ProviderCapacity of Tool Provider

What other work is ahead of your order?What other work is ahead of your order?Can they deliver onCan they deliver on--time?time?What’s their track record?What’s their track record?

2323

Tooling Material Selection CriteriaTooling Material Selection CriteriaTool material selection can be driven by a number of Tool material selection can be driven by a number of

factors:factors:–– Contour severity Contour severity –– tool producibilitytool producibility–– Costs Costs –– nonnon--recurring (design & recurring (design & fabfab.) and recurring .) and recurring

(repair & maintenance)(repair & maintenance)–– Predicted durability Predicted durability –– expected number of cyclesexpected number of cycles–– Production rates and tool family requirementsProduction rates and tool family requirements–– Thermal expansion of the materials Thermal expansion of the materials –– how much is how much is

too much?too much?–– Size vs. CTE effects (“too much expansion” depends Size vs. CTE effects (“too much expansion” depends

on how big the tool is)on how big the tool is)–– Cure temperature (“too much expansion” also Cure temperature (“too much expansion” also

depends on the cure temperature)depends on the cure temperature)

2424

Contour SeverityContour SeveritySevere contours can drive tooling material decisionsSevere contours can drive tooling material decisions–– Cast Invar, Nickel, Composite materialsCast Invar, Nickel, Composite materials

How much panel flexibility and forgiveness is there?How much panel flexibility and forgiveness is there?Will springWill spring--back and warpage present problems?back and warpage present problems?Producibility issues with formed metal tools:Producibility issues with formed metal tools:

Plate formability limitsPlate formability limitsMachinabilityMachinability (ability to reach into restricted areas with a cutter)(ability to reach into restricted areas with a cutter)

SevereSevereContourContour

MildMildContourContour

Picture: Mafix Inc.Picture: Torr Technologies

2525

CostCost

NonNon--recurring costsrecurring costs–– Tool Design & FabricationTool Design & Fabrication–– Materials Materials –– factored into Tool Fabrication costsfactored into Tool Fabrication costs

Recurring costsRecurring costs–– Tool preparation Tool preparation –– Tool repairsTool repairs–– Tool remake due to damage or failureTool remake due to damage or failure

Cost of rate toolingCost of rate tooling–– Additional units of metal tools cost about the same as Additional units of metal tools cost about the same as

first unitfirst unit–– Composite tools Composite tools –– additional units should cost lessadditional units should cost less

2626

General Design ConsiderationsGeneral Design Considerations

Don’t want anything that might pierce or tear the vacuum Don’t want anything that might pierce or tear the vacuum bagbagNeed to make the tool easy to useNeed to make the tool easy to useFor multiFor multi--piece tools (e.g. for stiffeners), need to make piece tools (e.g. for stiffeners), need to make tools or parts easy to remove without damaging parts or tools or parts easy to remove without damaging parts or toolstoolsResin can fill working holesResin can fill working holes

–– Best to have bushings in holesBest to have bushings in holes

Tools and parts expand in the autoclaveTools and parts expand in the autoclave–– Teflon pins Teflon pins –– bent pins, ragged holesbent pins, ragged holes–– Parts don’t always have the same CTE on Parts don’t always have the same CTE on heatupheatup and and cooldowncooldown–– Lots of tool thermal growth = lots of internal stresses in partsLots of tool thermal growth = lots of internal stresses in parts, ,

even if compensation factors are usedeven if compensation factors are used

2727

Tool Material Selection Tool Material Selection ––Metal ToolsMetal Tools

Metal tools are most durableMetal tools are most durable–– They still can be scratched with knives and during debag!They still can be scratched with knives and during debag!

Metal Tools are generally most expensiveMetal Tools are generally most expensive–– Little or no learning curve benefits for rate toolsLittle or no learning curve benefits for rate tools

Possible issues:Possible issues:–– Plate formability (may drive the use of castings)Plate formability (may drive the use of castings)

Ability to reach surface with machine can drive male Ability to reach surface with machine can drive male vsvsfemale decisionfemale decision

–– Tool weight Tool weight –– composite tool would weigh substantially composite tool would weigh substantially lessless

Some studies show composite tool would weigh 1/3 as Some studies show composite tool would weigh 1/3 as much as Invar much as Invar

2828

Typical Tooling Materials Typical Tooling Materials ––Production ProgramsProduction Programs

MetalsMetals–– Invar 36Invar 36–– SteelSteel–– NickelNickel–– AluminumAluminum

NonNon--MetalsMetals–– CF/BMICF/BMI–– CF/EpoxyCF/Epoxy–– FG/Epoxy

Low CTE

Higher CTE

Both Low CTE

FG/Epoxy Higher CTE

2929

Material AvailabilityMaterial Availability

Can you get the right sized billet of material to Can you get the right sized billet of material to do a onedo a one--piece, nonpiece, non--welded tool?welded tool?

Steel Tool face cut from single billet

Picture: Harvey, LTD; Manchester, UKPicture: Process Fab, Inc.

3030

Nickel ToolingNickel Tooling

Allows extreme Allows extreme contourscontoursExpensiveExpensiveModerate CTEModerate CTE Picture: Corima, Inc.

Picture: EMFCorp.

3131

Invar 36Invar 36

(Primarily) Iron/Nickel alloy(Primarily) Iron/Nickel alloyLow CTE alloy, invented in 1896Low CTE alloy, invented in 1896Used as tooling material for composite parts Used as tooling material for composite parts since late 1980ssince late 1980sDurable, predictable, few problems in useDurable, predictable, few problems in useNot an exotic or hazardous materialNot an exotic or hazardous materialOther Invar alloys available Other Invar alloys available –– differing propertiesdiffering propertiesCan be obtained as castingsCan be obtained as castings

3232

Fabrication Processes Fabrication Processes ––(Most) Metal Tools(Most) Metal Tools

Cutting of plateCutting of plateWeldingWeldingPlate FormingPlate FormingMachiningMachiningHeat Treatment (Annealing, Heat Treatment (Annealing, StressStress--Relieving)Relieving)Hand PolishingHand PolishingAssemblyAssemblyInspectionInspectionApplication of Release Application of Release Agents

Picture: Waukesha Foundry, Inc.

Agents

3333

Tool Material Selection Tool Material Selection --Composite LMsComposite LMs

Where do Composite LMs Make Sense?Where do Composite LMs Make Sense?Where part geometry suggests/allowsWhere part geometry suggests/allowsWhere many units of tools are neededWhere many units of tools are neededWhere tool weight is an issueWhere tool weight is an issueFor relatively short runsFor relatively short runsFor lowerFor lower--temperature cures (250 degree cycles)temperature cures (250 degree cycles)

3434

Composite LM Design Composite LM Design ––Unique RequirementsUnique Requirements

Must design the tool similarly to design of composite partsMust design the tool similarly to design of composite parts–– Ply table for face sheet or specify manufacturer’s ply Ply table for face sheet or specify manufacturer’s ply

scheduleschedule–– Ply table for header boards (if making and not buying)Ply table for header boards (if making and not buying)

Tool holes, inserts, threaded studs, etc. require skin Tool holes, inserts, threaded studs, etc. require skin padupspadupsMust protect tool from handling damage Must protect tool from handling damage –– rub strips, etc.rub strips, etc.If using honeycomb tooling board for headers, should pot If using honeycomb tooling board for headers, should pot or cover exposed honeycomb edgesor cover exposed honeycomb edgesPotting of bushingsPotting of bushingsInstallation of hoist rings Installation of hoist rings –– backup platesbackup platesInstallation of metal structure Installation of metal structure –– forklift channels, etc: forklift channels, etc: consider differential consider differential CTEsCTEs

3535

Limitations of LaminatesLimitations of Laminates

Use as generous a radius as practical in cornersUse as generous a radius as practical in corners–– Avoid sharp corners Avoid sharp corners –– stress risers, poor stress risers, poor

laminate quality, etc.laminate quality, etc.Use balanced laminateUse balanced laminate–– Most tool laminates are quasiMost tool laminates are quasi--isotropicisotropic–– Follow recommendations of material suppliers Follow recommendations of material suppliers

whenever possiblewhenever possible–– Ask the material suppliers for Ask the material suppliers for

recommendations where it’s not.recommendations where it’s not.–– Don’t take shortcuts!Don’t take shortcuts!

3636

Composite Tooling Materials Composite Tooling Materials --DrawbacksDrawbacks

Relatively soft Relatively soft –– some production operations can some production operations can erode tool surfaceerode tool surfaceProne to inadvertent damageProne to inadvertent damage–– Rough handlingRough handling–– KnivesKnives–– Part removalPart removal

Tool storage issues for some materialsTool storage issues for some materialsHigher recurring costs than for metal toolsHigher recurring costs than for metal tools

3737

Composite Tooling Materials Composite Tooling Materials ––AdvantagesAdvantages

Rate tools can cost quite less than metal toolsRate tools can cost quite less than metal toolsCan do some shapes and contours that might be Can do some shapes and contours that might be very difficult in metalsvery difficult in metalsHuge benefits in lighter weight Huge benefits in lighter weight –– can be 1/3 the can be 1/3 the weight of metalweight of metal

3838

Gel Coated Composite ToolsGel Coated Composite Tools

Gel coats typically not used for aerospace Gel coats typically not used for aerospace composite toolingcomposite tooling–– More appropriate for lowerMore appropriate for lower--temp applicationstemp applications–– Aircraft tooling typically uses prepregs that Aircraft tooling typically uses prepregs that

aren’t intended for use with gel coats.aren’t intended for use with gel coats.

3939

Differences in Composite Tools Differences in Composite Tools --SubstructureSubstructure

Pic: The Fiberworks

Pic: Process Fab, Inc.

Pic: Janicki IndustriesPic: Burnham Composites

4040

Composite Tooling Composite Tooling Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy

Examples of tool life from 10 to over 1000 cyclesExamples of tool life from 10 to over 1000 cyclesDeterminants of Life ExpectancyDeterminants of Life Expectancy–– Design practicesDesign practices–– Tool and Part Fabrication practicesTool and Part Fabrication practices–– Cleaning and Tool Prep practicesCleaning and Tool Prep practices–– Tool Storage practicesTool Storage practices–– Tooling Materials usedTooling Materials used

4141

Laminate Laminate Environmental DegradationEnvironmental Degradation

Best predictor of laminate life is Glass Transition Best predictor of laminate life is Glass Transition Temperature (Tg).Temperature (Tg).Tg should always be higher than use temperatureTg should always be higher than use temperatureLaminates will absorb moisture Laminates will absorb moisture –– degrades Tg and degrades Tg and mechanical propertiesmechanical properties–– Exposure to rain & excessive humidity harmfulExposure to rain & excessive humidity harmful

Resins oxidize, microcrack Resins oxidize, microcrack –– path for further lamina path for further lamina degradationdegradation

4242

Composite Tooling Composite Tooling Material SuppliersMaterial Suppliers

Advanced Composites Group (ACG)Advanced Composites Group (ACG) www.acgwww.acg--us.comus.comAirtech Airtech www.airtechonline.comwww.airtechonline.comAxsonAxson www.axson.comwww.axson.comCytec Cytec www.cytec.comwww.cytec.comHexcel (Hexcel (HextoolHextool)) www.hexcel.comwww.hexcel.comHuntsmanHuntsman http://www.huntsman.com/advanced_materials/http://www.huntsman.com/advanced_materials/J.D. LincolnJ.D. Lincoln www.jdlincoln.comwww.jdlincoln.comRichmond Aircraft ProductsRichmond Aircraft Products www.richmondaircraft.comwww.richmondaircraft.comOthersOthers

4343

Composite Tooling Materials Composite Tooling Materials ––Substructure ComponentsSubstructure Components

Pic: Airtech internationalPic: Airtech international

Pictures courtesy of Burnham Composites except as noted

4444

Substructure MaterialsSubstructure Materials

XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX

XX XX XX XX

XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XXBurnham CompositesBurnham Compositeswww.burnhamcomposites.comwww.burnhamcomposites.com

AirtechAirtechwww.airtechonline.comwww.airtechonline.com

Adv. Composites GroupAdv. Composites Groupwww.acgwww.acg--us.comus.com

Lam

inate

Pan

elsHon

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Pan

els

Round

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Pic: Burnham Composites

4545

Invar SuppliersInvar SuppliersCarpenter TechnologiesCarpenter Technologies Reading, PAReading, PA 800800--654654--6543 6543

http://www.cartech.com/index.htmlhttp://www.cartech.com/index.html

ImphyImphy AlloysAlloys Norristown, PANorristown, PA 800 523800 523--1777 1777 http://www.imphyalloys.com/http://www.imphyalloys.com/

International Heat Exchange (NYK)International Heat Exchange (NYK) Yorba Linda, CAYorba Linda, CA (714) 692(714) 692--08810881http://http://www.heatersource.com/index.htmlwww.heatersource.com/index.html

ReRe--SteelSteel Commerce City, COCommerce City, CO (800) (800) 691691--90539053http://www.rehttp://www.re--steel.comsteel.com

Special MetalsSpecial Metals Huntington, WV Huntington, WV (800) 334(800) 334--46264626http://www.specialmetals.comhttp://www.specialmetals.com

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Tool FabricatorsTool Fabricators

Good place to look for all things composite:Good place to look for all things composite:–– Composites SourcebookComposites Sourcebook–– http://http://www.compositesworld.com/sbwww.compositesworld.com/sb–– CategoriesCategories

ToolsToolsMandrelsMandrelsMaterials & SuppliesMaterials & SuppliesOtherOther

4747

Questions or Comments?Questions or Comments?For more info on this topic, contact Dave at For more info on this topic, contact Dave at dickson@thewiredcity.netdickson@thewiredcity.net

This This webinarwebinar was brought to you by the members of thewas brought to you by the members of theSME Composites Tech Group, part of the SME Composites Tech Group, part of the

Plastics, Composites, and Coatings Technical Community of SME. Plastics, Composites, and Coatings Technical Community of SME. For more info contact For more info contact techcommunities@sme.orgtechcommunities@sme.org

Thank you for attending!Thank you for attending!

Please plan to attend the next Please plan to attend the next SME Composites Tech Group SME Composites Tech Group WebinarWebinar event event

on Tuesday, Sept.11, 2007 on Tuesday, Sept.11, 2007 1:001:00--2:00 pm EDT!2:00 pm EDT!

“Managing and Monitoring Composites in the Supply Chain”“Managing and Monitoring Composites in the Supply Chain”