latin for the new millennium. student's text, ch. 1, 2 [level 3] (bolchazy-carducci publishers) -...

7/26/2019 Latin for the New Millennium. Student's Text, Ch. 1, 2 [Level 3] (Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers) - Milena Minkova, T

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vi Latin for the New Millennium

Reading 5:D bell Gallic1.67 Caesars Response o he Helveians . . . . . . . . .62

Indirec Saemens; Te Passive Periphrasic, Review of Gerund andGerundive Uses

CHAPTER 2: GAIUS VALERIUS CATULLUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

Reading 1: Carmen1 Te Dedicaion of CaullussLibellus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82Complemenary Inniives and Inniives wih Impersonal Verbs;

Pariive Geniive; Diminuives

Reading 2: Carmen5 A Tousand and More Kisses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

CumClauses

Chiasmus, Sibilance, A naphora

Reading 3: Carmen8 Farewell, Girl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Imperaives and Prohibiions

Aposrophe, Rheorical Quesion

Reading 4: Carmen13 An Inviaion o Fabullus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Condiional Senences

Hyperbaon

Reading 5: Carmen49 A Tank You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Posiive, Comparaive, and Superlaive Adjecives and Adverbs

Reading 6: Carmen51 Love for Lesbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Geniive and Daive PronounsOnomaopoeia, ransferred Epihe

CHAPTER 3: MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Reading 1:Pr Archi pot4.24 Archias and Anioch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Resul Clauses

Reading 2:Pr Archi pot 5.13 Archiass Repuaion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Comparison; Conracion of vi and ve

Reading 3:In CatilnamI 1.12 Ciceros Accusaions Agains Cailine . . . . . . . . 162

Te Alernae Ending re

Irony

Reading 4:In CatilnamI 4.810; 5.1011 Revealing Cailines Plans . . . . . . . . 170

Relaive Clauses of Purpose and Characerisic

Hyperbole, Meonymy, ricolon


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Contents vii

Reading 5:In CatilnamI 6.1516; 7.1618 Alleged Atemps o K illCicero; Te PersoniedPatriaSpeaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Parallelism, Ellipsis (Gapping), and Words o be Undersood

Preeriion, Meaphor, Personicaion, Oxymoron

Reading 6:In CatilnamI 13.3133 Ciceros Final Appeal o Cailine . . . . . . . . 196

Te Voliive Use of he Presen Subjuncive

Simile, Climax, Crescendo, Synecdoche

Reading 7:D amciti5.20 6.22 Te Benes of Friendship . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Correlaives

PART 2: AUTHORS OF THE AUGUSTAN AGEHISTORY ESSAY: AUGUSTUS AND THE PRINCIPATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

CHAPTER 4: PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Reading 1:Aeneid1.111 Prologue and Invocaion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Subsanives (Adjecives Used as Nouns)

Epihe, Synchesis

Reading 2:Aeneid1.421440 Te Consrucion of Carhage . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

Supines

Exended Simile

Reading 3:Aeneid2.201222 Deah of Laocoon and His Sons . . . . . . . . . . . . 254Reexive/Middle Voice

mesis

Reading 4:Aeneid2.547566 Pyrrhus and he Deah of Priam . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Paronymics and Oher Names

Hyseron Proeron, Anasrophe

Reading 5:Aeneid2.705729 Fligh from roy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Assimilaion and Daive wih Compound Verbs

Reading 6:Aeneid4.160192 Aeneas and Dido in he Cave . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Figures of Speech and Meaning

Epanalepsis


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viii Latin for the New Millennium

Reading 7:Aeneid4.642666 Didos Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Alernae Endings and Syncopaed Words

Euphemism, Royal or Ediorial We

CHAPTER 5: QUINTUS HORATIUS FLACCUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Reading 1: Odes1.5 Te Changeabiliy of Love . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Deponen Verbs ha Govern he Ablaive Case

Reading 2: Odes1.11 Seize he Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Reading 3: Odes1.23 Chloes Mauriy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

Inniive of Purpose, Review of Purpose Consrucions, and Review ofInniive Uses

Reading 4: Odes2.10 Te Golden Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

EnjambmenReading 5: Odes3.30 Te Immoraliy of he Poe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

CHAPTER 6: PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Reading 1:Metamorphss 4.6577 [Pyramus and Tisbe]Te Chink in he Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Reading 2:Metamorphss 4.7896 Tisbes Arrival for aNightime Rendezvous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Reading 3:Metamorphss 4.96127 Pyramuss Faal Misake . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Geniive of Qualiy and Ablaive of Qualiy

Anihesis, Golden Line

Reading 4:Metamorphss 4.128166 Lovers Unied in Deah . . . . . . . . . . . 376

Review of Possession and Daive of Possession

Zeugma, Paradox

Reading 5:Metamorphss 10.243269 [Pygmalion]

Pygmalions Love for his Ivory Girl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390Indirec Quesions; Fear Clauses

Assonance, Polypoon

Reading 6:Metamorphss 10.270297 Te Graning ofPygmalions Secre Desire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400


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Contents ix

PART 3: AUTHORS FROM THE POSTANTIQUE ERAHISTORY ESSAY: WHY POSTANTIQUE LATIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

CHAPTER 7: DESIDERIUS ERASMUS AND OTHER

POSTANTIQUE LATIN WRITERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Reading 1: Erasmus o Arnold Bosius A Dream Deferred and aFi of Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

Reading 2: Erasmus on His Poem o Henry VII A RoyalEmbarrassmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Reading 3: Te Poe Andrelinus o Erasmus Muual Admiraion and aLeter of Praise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Reading 4: Erasmus o Jodocus Jonas Te Founding of a Special School . . . . . . . 436

Reading 5: Erasmus o Tomas Linacre, MD Self-Praise and Need of aPrescripion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Reading 6: Erasmus o Tomas More A Porrai of a Lifelong Friendship . . . . . . . 448

CumCircumsanial Clauses

Reading 7: Bishop John Fisher o Erasmus In Praise of Your ranslaionDespie Priners Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Subsanive Clauses of Resul

Reading 8: Perarch Ode o Vergil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

Reading 9: John Parke In Praise of Horace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

APPENDIX A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Hisorical imeline

APPENDIX B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Lain Meers

APPENDIX C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Figures of Speech/Lierary erms

APPENDIX D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Grammaical Forms, Paradigms, and Synax

APPENDIX E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

Supplemenary Grammar, Morphology, and Synax


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xi

FOREWORD

Skepics may scoff a he idea ha anoher volume o Lain readings is needed in inermediaelevel classrooms, bu even he mos dubious will be swayed by he laes addiion o heLatin

for the New Millenniumseries. Tis Level 3 ex srives o address all he deciencies eachersencouner wih oher ransiional volumes and offers insead a comprehensive inroduciono a series o auhors wih every supporlexical, grammaical, hisoricalha he readingneophye could need.

Mos pleasing is he inclusion o al l six o he auhors so ofen read in he schoolsCaesar, Ci-cero, Caullus, Vergil, Horace, and Ovid. oo ofen eachers are orced o choose readers or oneor wo auhors o he exclusion o ohers. As a resul some sudens have no exposure eiher o

prose or o poery in meers oher han dacylic hexameer. Bu his volume allows sudens oexperience a variey o boh prose and poeic syles. Te inclusion o a chaper devoed o pos-anique Lain coninues he series commimen o reminding eachers and sudens alike hahere is an abundance o engaging and elegan Lain exs spanning he las millennium andmore, which we can and should be enjoying. Te decision o incorporae leters o Erasmus, whowas a he cener o he humanis movemen o he feenh and six eenh cenuries, opens orsudens a window ino he scholarly communiy o his ime, in which Erasmus and his riendsand associaes were remarkably inerconneced. Te inclusion o pieces by Perarch and JohnClark on Vergil and Horace, respecively, nicely brings he reader back o he classical sourcesrom which he movemen began.

Te selecions rom each auhor are modes, which is precisely wha is suiable or sudensreading heir rs exended, unadaped Lain. Tere is a nice variey in he readings rom Cicero,drawn rom hePr Archi,In CatilnamI, andDe amiciti. All o he passages rom Caesar andseveral o hose rom Vergil appear also on he AP syllabus, giving sudens who read hem in aninermediae course and hen go on o AP a leg up on he required reading, bu more imporan,exposure o hose auhors in a less harried, more supporive seting. Beginning heAeneidorDbell Gallicagain will be like revisiing an old riend.

Equally as imporan as he variey o auhors is he superb conex ha his ex provideshrough several hisorical essays and inroducions, no only o each auhor bu also o each read-

ing selecion. Many readers ask Lain sudens o deal wih exs in a virual vacuum, wih verylitle idea o he auhors moivaion or he audience or which each selecion was composed.Insrucors are lef o ll in knowledge gaps. Tis volume no only ses he scene or each pas-sage bu hen, in he passage noes and in he ake Noe secions, provides culural deails harelae direcly o cusoms and pracices menioned in he reading. All o hese resources give su-dens he means o apply op-down reading sraegies o he ex, anicipaing wha may be saidand relaing i o wha hey already knowa criical skill or uen readers o develop.


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Preface xvii

ESSAY QUESTIONS

Te abiliy o express yoursel in wriing is a skill ha is necessary or sae and sandardizedess, or universiy courses, and or he world o work. An essay quesion abou each reading pas-sage is included inLatin for the New Millennium, Level 3. I is helpul o hink hrough or o jodown he poins you inend o make in your essay beore you begin wriing. When wriing aboua piece o lieraure, i is necessary o suppor wha you say wih quoaions (called ciaions)rom he passage in he original language and wih a ranslaion o he ciaion.

SCANSION EXERCISES

In Lain poery, i is essenial o know which vowels are long and which ones are shor. For auller discussion o Lain meer and scansion, see Appendix B. You will be asked o scan severallines o Lain poery a he end o each reading passage o Caullus, Vergil, Horace, and Ovid.

ADDITIONAL FEATURES

MEMORBILE DICTIn heMemorbile Dictsecion a he beginning o each chaper, a Lain quoe rom he chap-ers auhor is given and an explanaion o he signicance o his saying is presened. Learninghis quoe will increase your undersanding o he houghs and ideas o he auhor.

STUDY TIPS

Te same Sudy ip icon ha was used inLatin for the New Millennium, Levels 1 and 2, will noiyyou o somehing o sudy or o a way o learn he inormaion. Someimes rhymes or mnemonicdevices are given as learning aids.

BY THE WAYTe By he Way icon ha you saw inLatin for the New Millennium, Levels 1 and 2, called your a-enion o addiional inormaion o noe. Tis By he Way icon serves he same uncion inLatin

for the New Millennium, Level 3, bu also inroduces new g ures o speech (hese special ermsare idenied in capial leters) and explains how hese gures enhance he Lain underdiscussion. Smaller poins o grammar and synax are also someimes explained in a By he Wayinsead o in he Language Fac secions, which ocus on larger opics.

REMINDER

Latin for the New Millennium, Level 3, inroduces many grammaical and synacical opics alongwih numerous gures o speech. In order o assis you wih his new inormaion, a Remindericon will be used o signal ha inormaion is being repeaed. A Reminder is usually given onlyonce, alhough occasionally an addiional Reminder is given when he inormaion was presen-ed much earlier in he ex. Someimes, oo, you wil l be reminded abou a grammaical or synac-ical opic in he inormaion on he given line in he Noes. I you realize ha here is somehingyou need o reresh in your mind and here is no Reminder, you should consul he index o ndhe page on which he opic was rs presened.


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xxix

Latin for the New Millennium, Level 3, inroduces you o six auhors o he classical period, Cae-sar, Caullus, Cicero, Vergil, Horace, and Ovid, and several auhors rom laer cenuries. Whyshould you devoe so much effor o reading he works o hese auhors in he original Lainexs? Reading Lain lieraure in ranslaion will allow you o undersand he houghs o heancien auhorshoughs ha have shaped he culure o our worldbu reading he same au-hors in Lain allows you o see he subleies and nuances o language and word order ha ofencanno be capured in a ranslaion. Examples illusraing his poin ollow.

In Poem 5 Caullus invies Lesbia o enjoy lie and o love; Lesbia is he ocal poin o he livingand loving as is suggesed by her occupying he cener o he line.

Vvmus, mea Lesbia, atque ammusLe us live, my Lesbia, and le us love

He nex requess ha she discoun he rumors o raher sern old men. Te repeiion o s inlines 23 subly suggess he sound o he whispers o hose very individuals who would disap-prove o his and Lesbias love; all such rumors are o be valued a one cen:

rmrsque senum sevrirum omnsnius aestimmusassis!

and all rumors o raher sern old men le us assess a one cen!

We can replicae he s sound in English o a cerain exen, bu i is diffi cul o do so in hesusained way ha Caullus accomplishes in his poem.

o reinorce his poin ha Lesbia should embrace love, Caullus reminds her o lies breviyby juxaposing he renewal o naure agains he ineviabiliy o deah or humankind (nbis, . . .nox est perpetua na dormienda, lines 56). Te repeaed re (which, as a prex means backor again) in line 4, a repeiion ha canno be achieved in our English ranslaion, calls o mindnaures cycles:

sls occidereet redrepossunt;

suns are able o se and o reurn;Play on sound and syllables as well as he word order all conribue o he impac o Caul-

luss poem.

In Book 2 o heAeneidlines 524 and ollowing, Vergil describes how Achilless son Pyrrhusrs kills one o Priams sons in ron o Priam and his wie and hen kills Priam himsel. TeLain passage cied below pains a hearrending picure o Priam rembling (trementem) romrage and old age and slipping repeaedlyor his is wha he pariciple lpsantemsuggessinhe copious blood o his son:

INTRODUCTION


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xxx Latin for the New Millennium

(Pyrrhus) . . . altria ad ipsa (Priamum) trementem trxit et in mult lpsantem sanguine nt, implicuitque comam laev, dextrque coruscum extulit ac later capul tenus abdidit nsem. (Aeneid2.550553)

Pyrrhus drew o he alar isel Priam rembling and slipping in he copious blood o his son, and he enwined Priams hair wih his lef hand and unsheahed wih his righ hand he gleaming sword and buried i in Priams side up o he hil.

Noice ha Vergil has, in ac, locaed Priam in he middle o he pool o blood, wih lpsantem,which reers o Priam, ramed by multand sanguine(line 551). Tis example shows how heexibil iy o he Lain language enables Vergil o ex ploi word order o enhance he meaning ohe ex.

In he First Catilinarian (5.11), Cicero effusively gives hanks o he immoral gods and o Ju-pier Saor, in whose emple he Senae is meeing, or allowing Cicero o escape so many imesrom he dangers posed by Cailine:

Magna ds immortlibus habenda est atque huic ips Iov Statr, antquissimcustd hius urbis, grtia, quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamquenfestam re pblicae pestem totins iam effgimus.

Grea graiude mus be given o he immoral gods and o his very JupierSaor (Cicero reers o a saue o he god in he emple), he mos ancienguardian o his ciy, because we now have so ofen escaped his disease so

oul, so ear-inspiring, and so dangerous o he sae.In his passage Cicero emphasizes he word graiude by placinggrtiaa he end o is clause

and separaing he word rom magna, he adjecive a he beginning o he clause ha modies i,wih he resul ha grea graiude rames he enire main clause. English canno replicae hiseffec because, unlike Lain, is word order is less exible. Tequodclause also is noable becauseCicero uses a meaphor o disease here o reer o Cailine. Cailine is apestis, an inecious andconagious disease ha is physically offensive (taetercan reer o he smell ha accompanies ill-ness), ear-inspiring (horribilem), and dangerous (nfestus). I is diffi cul o capure his meaphorin ranslaion and a he same ime make clear hapestissignies Cailine.

Julius Caesar begins hisD bell Gallicby explaining why he Helveians decided o invadeGaul. Orgeorix, he riches and mos noble o he Helveians, had grea ambiions o expandheir erriory. As Orgeorix ses plans in place or he emigraion o he Helveians rom heirlands, he decides o invie he leaders o he Sequanians and he Aeduans o paricipae in hisscheme o conquer all Gaul:


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xxxii Latin for the New Millennium

o he classical period can ranscend ime and seem as resh and sponaneous as when i waswriten over wo housand years ago. From Vergil sAeneidyou will learn ha lierary heroessuffer much personal loss and have o overcome seemingly insurmounable obsacles; he samequaliies characerize heroes in curren lierary works such as he Harry Poter series, in whichJ.K. Rowling brillianly recycles classical myh o sui he purposes and needs o her epic a le.CicerosD amcitireminds us o he universal iy o riendship and how essenial inerpersonalrelaionships are o humankind. Caesars commenaries on he Gallic War, he only surviv-ing hisorical documen rom he rs cenury o ocus on his par o he world, provideus wih a rshand accoun o he culure and civilizaion o Gaul, Germany, and Briain. Forsome, seeing he coninuiy beween he pas and presen wesern culures offers one o heprincipal atracions or sudying he classical world.


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2

Te Roman Republic was ounded on he principle o collegial rule. Power was divided amongmany assemblies and magisraes. Excep or he dicaorship, no magisracy was held by onlyone man. Tis was inended o preven yranny. Collegial rule also allowed he powerul Romanelie o saisy heir ambiions while serving he sae. I was in he bes ineres o his class oshare power. I any one man became oo powerul, i would preven oher amilies rom exercis-ing heir righ o paricipae. For many years his sysem worked well.

THE GROWTH OF ROMAN TERRITORIES DURING

THE SECOND CENTURY BCE

Bu he siuaion changed in he second cenury . Tis was a ime o incredible ye disrupivegrowh or Rome. Roman commimens overseas made i rouine or poliicians o govern arrom Rome, wih heir armies away rom Ialy or years a a ime. I was impracical or he oldsysem o annual commands o work when campaigns ook years o conclude. Ye he longer acommander remained wih his army, he more loyal hey were o him. A he same ime, becausemany high-ranking poliicians abused heir power, especially in he provinces, he relaionshipbeween Romans and non-Romans grew srained.

In Rome and Ialy, he number o slaves Romans held increased subsanially. Tey were ofenemployed on he very large Roman arms ha developed during his period. As a resul, he pop-

ulaion o he ciy o Rome grew signicanly as Romans and Ialians lef he counryside behind.During his period quesions began o be raised abou he declining number and qualiy o

men qualied or service in he Roman army. Unlike odays US miliary, he Roman army hada minimum propery qualicaion. Tose who did no mee i were unable o enlis. Presumably,increasing he number o men qualied o serve would resul in beter armies.

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS

As a newly eleced ribune (tribnus plbis) o he people in 133 , iberius Gracchus atemp-ed o address his problem o a need or more men wih he appropriae propery qualicaions o

serve in he miliia wih a plan o disribue publicly owned land o Roman ciizens. A number opoliicians suppored his proposal. Bu i was also conroversial. Many wealhy ciizens, includ-ing senaors, were using ar more han he (long-ignored) legal allomen. More disurbing werehe exraordinary acions iberius Gracchus ook o ensure he bill would pass. He sideseppedhe Senae and ook his bill direcly o he Popular Assembly. When anoher ribune veoed hesubmission o his bill, iberius ried o expel him rom he offi ce o ribune. Tese acions wereulimaely perceived by many o he Roman elie as a hrea o sae securiy. When Gracchus

THE LAST CENTURY

OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC


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History Essay: The Last Century of the Roman Republic 5

THE RISE OF POMPEY THE GREAT

Shorly afer Sullas deah in 78 , civil unres occurred again. In Spain he ani-Sullan gov-ernor Serorius led an army o exiled Romans and Spanish ribesmen in revol. Teir resisancewas serious enough ha he Senae sen Pompey and his legions o Spain o quell he rebellionhough he was a privae ciizen. Pompeys appoinmen was even more remarkable because he

had no ye been eleced o any Roman magisracy. He had, however, made himsel prominen asa commander supporing Sulla in he 80s, and he remained inuenial despie his youh. Pompeyand Meellus, governor o he province Farher Spain (Hispnia Ulterior), coordinaed efforsagains Serorius, who was assassinaed in 74 and whose army was nally deeaed in 72.

WARS AGAINST MITHRIDATES AND SPARTACUS

A he same ime Rome was ghing wo oher wars: he one was agains Mihridaes, o be con-cluded in 72, and he oher was a local war, agains Sparacus. Sparacus was a Tracian gladiaorand slave who in 73 led an uprising agains Rome. His army deeaed several Roman armies buwas evenual ly conquered by Roman orces led by he praeor Crassus who, like Pompey, wasgiven imperium, he righ o command, wih special privileges and exensive resources. Toughnecessiy demanded such arrangemens, he Romans were righ o suspec he poenial orabuse o power ha hese exraordinary commands provided.

Te decade ended peaceully wih all major wars agains Rome concluded. As consuls or 70, Pompey and Crassus revoked many o Sullas reorms, including resricions on ribunes.Bu his peace would no las because problems conribuing o poliical insabiliy had no reallybeen resolved. A greaer willingness o resor o violence o advance ones agenda and he disre-gard or sel-resrain and radiion were Sullas rue legacies o he sae.

POMPEY GIVEN IMPERIUMIn 67 Pompey was again called upon o serve he sae. Piracy had risen in he Medierraneanollowing on ye anoher war wih Mihridaes, a war ha had resumed in 69. Pompey was askedo deal wih he piraes. He was given imperiumwih powers ha gave him greaer auhoriy hanany o he (more senior) Roman governors in ha region. He concluded he war in less han hreemonhs, and his allies in Rome exended his imperium o he war agains Mihridaes. Boh ohese commands were graned by he moions o ribunes and passed despie srong opposiionwihin he Senae.

THE RISE OF JULIUS CAESAR AND MARCUS TULLIUS CICEROAround his period Julius Caesar began o rise o prominence. He was a member o a very old,parician Roman amily ha raced is origins back o Aeneas and Romulus bu had no beenimporan or some ime. Poliically he clearly was aligned wihpopulrisineress and mehods.In addiion, he was a nephew (by marriage) o Marius and hroughou his poliical career dem-onsraed his opposiion o Sulla. Caesar rs became well known during he aedileship he heldin 65 . Aediles were responsible or running sae esivals. Ambiious poliicians wishing obecome widely known spen huge amouns o money on lavish enerainmens. Caesar wen ino


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grea deb doing his. Tough his generous spending paid off by his being eleced o a praeorshipand hen oPontifex Maximus(he highes offi ce in Roman sae religion, which was principallyconcerned wih preserving peace wih he gods, he px derum), a he same ime he wona repuaion or ourageous behavior. He was, or example, suspeced o supporing Cailine,whose conspiracy agains Rome was uncovered by Cicero, one o he consuls o 63 .

Ciceros background, philosophy, and poliical syle were abou as differen rom Caesars ascan be imagined. He became known hrough he eloquence and courage he demonsraed incour, rs deending a man vicimized by Sullas proscripions, Sexus Roscius o Ameria, andhen prosecuing he corrup governor o Sicily, Verres. Anoher speech ha brough Ciceroame was his deense o Archias, a poe and menor, who was accused o assuming Roman cii-zenship illegally.

Cicero srongly believed in he ideals o he Republic. Tis is clear in his opposiion o Cai-line. Cailine had been rusraed in wo unsuccessul campaigns or he consulship, and in 63 Cicero uncovered his plan o overhrow he sae. He and many o his supporers wihdrewrom Rome afer Cicero dramaically revealed his plans during a Senae meeing in he rs oour speeches he wroe agains him. Te rs Cailinarian oraion is a model o Roman rheoricalsyle. Cailine laer died in batle agains a Roman army. A number o prominen Romans wereimplicaed in he conspiracy and were execued by Cicero, who had been auhorized o do wha-ever was necessary o preserve he sae hrough he passage o hesents cnsultum ultimum.

THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE

By he end o he 60s , Pompey and Crassus hadbecome poliical ousiders unable o ge he legislaionhey each avored passed in he Senae. Tey joined

Caesar in a poliical arrangemen ofen reerred o ashe Firs riumvirae. Pompey and Crassus wouldsuppor Caesar or he consulship, and Caesar wouldensure ha heir legislaion was passed.

By he ime o Caesars elecion o he consulshipor 59 , his poliical arrangemen was commonknowledge. Te opimae acion ried o block i byarranging or Marcus Bibulus o be eleced as Cae-sars consular colleague. Bu Caesar ensured ha

Bibulus was publically humiliaed early in heir erm.Bibulus wihdrew o his house or he remainder ohe year and occupied himsel declaring unavorableomens, which would invalidae all o Caesars acionsas consul. Bu Caesar ignored hese, passed his allies

Tis marble bust idealizes Caesars facial features but does recreate hisreceding hairline. radition holds that Caesar was fond of wearing awreath so as to hide h is bald ness.

6 Latin for the New Millennium


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History Essay: The Last Century of the Roman Republic 7

legislaion, and was given he command over Cisalpine and ransalpine Gaul. Pompey, Crassus,and Caesar coninued o work ogeher. Caesar and Pompey srenghened heir ies when Pompeymarried Caesars daugher.

Caesar very quickly ensured ha Rome was drawn ino war wih Gallic ribes afer he ook hiscommand in Gaul in 58 . He, Crassus, and Pompey would mee in 56 a Luca, a small own

jus ouside Roman erriory, o negoiae coninuing he riumvirae. Caesar would keep hiscommand o he Gallic provinces, Crassus would receive Syria, and Pompey would govern heSpanish provinces.

During his period Cicero was driven ino exile on he preex o his having used he sentscnsultum ultimumo execue Romans wihou due process. Te real reason was ha he ribuneClodius Pulcher was exacing revenge or humiliaing esimony Cicero gave agains him yearsearlier. Cicero would be obligaed o suppor Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus because hey allowedhim o reurn o Rome. Around his ime Caullus wroe invecive poems agains some polii-cians, such as Caesar and Pompey, and ironical or unatering poems o ohers, such as Cicero.

Te Firs riumvirae would begin o dissolve soon afer 56 . Caesars daugher Julia diedin 54, and Pompey would soon marry he daugher o a prominen opimae. Crassus would dieduring he Roman deea a Carrhae in 53. Due o rioing, elecions or 52 could no be held, andPompey was appoined sole consul wih he suppor o he opimaes. Te siuaion suggesedha Pompey now was allied wih he opimaes.

CAESAR IN GAUL AND HIS RETURN TO ROME

Caesars command in Gaul was incredibly successul. Tere he wroeD bell Gallic,where herepored on he wars he ough, as well as he cusoms and religion o he Gallic ribes, in elegan,concise language. Wih his vicory a A lesia in 52 , ransalpine Gaul was made peaceul andRoman inuence here grew seadily rom he 50s onward. Te wars made Caesar remendouslywealhy and even more popular wih he Roman people. However, his poliical opponens grewsill more hosile.

Caesars poliical survival depended on being able o move direcly rom his governorship oan eleced magisracy. Oherwise, he would be open o prosecuion by his poliical enemies. Buspecial legislaive acion would be required or his o happenconenders or poliical offi cehad o declare heir candidacies in person a Rome. Tis would require Caesar o lay down hisimperium, he power o command. As he end o Caesars governorship drew closer, debae overhis candidacy grew more heaed. Caesar was ordered by he Senae o surrender his legions while

Pompey was allowed o reain his. When Caesar reused o obey, he Senae declared him a pub-lic enemy. In 49 he led his army ino Ialy, crossing he Rubicon River, he ormal boundarybeween Cisalpine Gaul and Roman erriory. Civil war had begun again.


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THE DEATH OF POMPEY AND THE ASSASSINATION

OF JULIUS CAESAR

As Caesar marched on Rome, Pompey and his supporers wihdrew o he Easern provinces.Caesar soon won a decisive vicory over Pompey a Pharsalus in 48 . Pompey ed o Egyp,where he was murdered by men hoping o win Caesars avor. Caesars vicory over his opponens

was nal by 46.Rome would no be a peace or long. Alhough Caesar eleced no o ollow he example o

Sulla by proscribing and execuing his enemies, he exending o clmentia(mercy) o his op-ponens and allowing hem o live, made hese individuals resenul, or hey now el obligaedo him. In addiion, litle could be done poliically wihou his approval. Finally, in February 44, he declared himsel dicttor perpetu, dicaor or lie. In addiion, he was voed his ownpries as i he were a god. One monh laer, on he Ides o March, Caesar was assassinaed by awell-coordinaed conspiracy made up o Caesars old enemies as well as his supporers.

Caesars assassins hoped ha he Republic would be resored afer Caesars deah. Bu his

was nave. Te recen pas had shown ha conroll ing Rome depended on conrolling he urbanpopulaion and army. Te nex generaion would consis o civil wars. Te evenual vicor, Cae-sars heir Ocavian, would claim ha he resored he Republic, while in realiy, he ruled alone.

R MTe Universiy o Iowa


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GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR

D emonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns; Relative Pronouns; Adjectiveswith Genitive in usand Dative in ; Participles Including Gerunds andGerundives; Gerunds and Gerundives in Purpose Constructions; Subjunctive

Purpose Clauses and Indirect Commands; Ablative Absolutes; The Active

Periphrastic; Indirect Statements; The Passive Periphrastic, Review of Gerund

and Gerundive Uses

Asyndeton, Ellipsis, Hendiadys, Litotes, Polysyndeton, Alliteration

1CHAPTER

A series of ni ne panels by Andrea M anegna (14311506) celebraes he riumphs of Caesar.Inspired by writen accouns of Caesars processions and by his sudy of Roman arifacs,

Manegna pained he panels for Francesco Gonzaga, he Duke of Manua. Tis paneldepics he sandard-bearers and uba players, wo key componens in he Roman

armys communicaions.

MEMORBILE DICT

Gallia es omnis dvsa in pars rs.Gaul as a whole is divided ino hree pars. (CaesarD bell Gallic1.1)

Wih his simple, geographical descripion, Julius Caesar begins his seven books o commenar-ies concerning an exended war agains Gaul ha resuls in he Gallic peoples becoming Romanand heir descendans speaking a Lain-derived language.


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INTRODUCTION TO CAESARGaius Julius Caesar (10044 ) is one o he mos ascinaing and signican gures in allo Roman hisory. Renowned as a leading poliician, an exraordinarily successul general, andan accomplished oraor, he also was an auhor o he rs rank. Caesar had a decisive and long-lasing impac on Romes poliical insiuions despie he ac ha his lie was cu shor by assas-

sinaion. oday his career sil l inspires boh emulaion and loahing, wih is inuence raceablein such ounding documens as our own Consiuion o he Unied Saes.

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC DURING CAESARS FORMATIVE YEARSTe Roman Republic was in a sae o upheaval during Caesars ormaive years. wo namesrom his period sand ou: Marius (15786 ) and Sul la (13879 ). Marius reormed heRoman army o include he lower classes; he held an unprecedened seven consulships; and hispoliics ended o suppor more popular leaders agains he ineress o he conservaive arisoc-racy. Caesar had amilial ies o Marius because Marius was married o Caesars aun Julia. Sulla

was Mariuss ormer lieuenan, a grea general in his own righ, and dicaor in Rome whenCaesar was in his eens. Sulla won supreme auhoriy in Rome by marching on he ciy wihhis army. He hen reorganized he Roman consiuion wih wo principal goals in mind: rs,o resore he auhoriy o he Roman Senae, which was dominaed by he conservaive aris-ocracy, and, second, o suppress he r ibunes o he people, who ofen rallied Romes commonpeople o suppor legislaion opposed by he conservaive arisocracy. Poliicians who used heSenae o pass legislaion and ried o limi he power o he ribunes were called optimts, hebes men; conversely, poliicians who used he peoples assemblies and ribunes o pass legisla-ion, insead o going hrough he Senae, were called populrs, men o he people. Neihergroup represened a poliical pary, bu raher a syle o poliics and a loose se o alliances wih

like-minded colleagues. Sulla was aligned wih he optimts, Marius wih hepopulrs, as wasCaesar. Sullas iniial plan or poliical renewal also included proscripions, which enailed wri-ing he names o poliical enemies on liss ha would be posed in public. Proscribed men werehuned down and killed. Tose who did he huning and killing earned a righ o a porion ohe proscribed mans esae.

Like Caesar, Pompey he Grea (alhough he had no ye earned he ile) was young a his ime;he proed rom Sullas proscripions, earning him he nickname eenage bucher (adulscentuluscarniex). Caesar, on he oher hand, because o his connecion o Marius as well as his reusal odivorce a wie whosepopulrisamily was hosile o Sulla, barely escaped proscripion. Evenually

he had o ravel o he Eas unil hings became saer in Rome. While in he Eas Caesar served inhe enourage o a Roman offi cial and paricipaed in batle where he earned he civic crown bysaving he lie o a ellow ciizen. Around his ime piraes repuedly kidnapped Caesar. Afer heransom was colleced and paid, he ormer hosage led an expediion o cach his capors, person-ally overseeing heir crucixion. Caesar hen raveled o Rhodes o sudy Greek rheoric wihApollonius Molon, he same ousanding eacher o rheoric wih whom Cicero sudied. AlhoughCaesar was no as accomplished an oraor as Cicero, he neverheless was a very ne speaker.


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Chapter 1 11

POLITICSCaesars early career included numerous miliary and civil poss, in addiion o his miliary expe-rience and work as a prosecuor in Romes cours. In 65 he was eleced o he aedileship. Hisyear in his offi ce was noable or his saging o exravagan games, which was necessary or win-ning he avor o he voing public. In 63 Caesar was elecedPontiex Maximus, he highes

offi ce in Roman religion. o secure Romes chie prieshood, he repuedly borrowed huge sumso money or he purpose o bribing he voers. Individuals rom prominen amilies sough elec-ion o a number o prieshoods because o he close connecion beween religion and poliics.Te governmen a Rome a his ime was hopelessly corrup, a siuaion ha Caesar exploied.He had, in ac, borrowed so much money ha his crediors wen o cour o preven his depar-ure or Spain, he province he was o govern in 61 . Crassus, he riches man in Rome, had opersonally guaranee Caesars debs beore he was allowed o depar.

THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATEWih he pros Caesar made governing in Spain by conducing warare wih rebellious ribes(generals and soldiers shared in he pros derived rom war), he paid off his enormous deband prepared o run or elecion o he consulship. In his campaign he was able o enlis heaid o Pompey he Grea and Crassus. Tese wo senior poliicians were enemies, bu Caesarreconciled hem and brokered a hree-way alliance ha would be muually benecial. (Te ri-umvirae was ormed agains a muual enemy, Cao and he optimts.) Te alliance, which heycalled riendship (amcitia), is requenly reerred o as he rs riumvirae. Tis erm im-plies an offi cial commission sancioned by he sae, which i was no. Even i is public impacwas proound, heir amcitiawas, rom a legal poin o view, privae. Caesar srenghened hisrelaionship wih Pompey by offering his daugher Julia in marriage o him. Afer his elecion

o he consulship in 59 , Caesar used consiuionally dubious mehods o pass legislaionha would bene his riends, such as physically prevening his ellow-consul Marcus Bibulusrom paricipaing so ha he could no veo he proceedings. Hence, he year o 59 was re-erred o sarcasically by conemporaries as he consulship o Julius and Caesar, insead o heconsulship o Bibulus and Caesar.

Caesar received a proconsulship o Illyricum (locaed on he Adriaic coas opposie norh-ern Ialy) and he wo Gauls, which consised o Cisalpine Gaul (norhern Ialy) and ransal-pine Gaul (he Medierranean coas o wha is now France) or a period o ve years. Afer hebecame involved in he conques o he remainder o Gaul (roughly corresponding o wha isnow France), Caesar realized ha i would ake him longer han he original ve-year commis-sion o accomplish he ask. He renewed his alliance wih Crassus and Pompey in 56 andcompleed he conques o Gaul by 50 . In he process Caesar ooded Roman markes wihslaves, acquired abulous wealh, dispensed many poliical avors, and won he erce devoiono his soldiers.


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THE END OF THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATERoman poliics had in he meanime enered ino a criical phase. In 54 Julia, Caesarsdaugher and Pompeys wie, died in childbirh. In 53 , leading a large coningen o Ro-man soldiers agains Parhia, Crassus was deeaed and died in batle. Parhia ruled a errioryroughly equivalen o wha is now Iraq and Iran. Te deea was humiliaing or Rome. Aferhe deahs o Julia and Crassus, Pompey began drifing ino a closer alliance wih leaders in heRoman Senae who were opposed o Caesar. Beore heir poliical alliance ell apar, Caesarhad been promised by Pompey ha he could celebrae a riumph, a miliary vicory parade, inRome as well as run or a second consulship in absentiwihou giving up his proconsular impe-rium. Insead, afer winning Pompey over o heir side, leading senaors el powerul enough oruin Caesars career, which, consiuionally speaking, hey were eniled o do. Tey ordered

Caesars campaigns in Gaul esablished his repuaion as an excepional miliary commander. Te Roman army was a highlyorganized insiuion. Caesars acical skills and he echnological superioriy of he Roman army were key componensin his success. A group of reenacors demonsraes he Romantestd, which faciliaed he armys offensive maneuvers.


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Chapter 1 13

Caesar o lay down his command while a he same ime allowing Pompey o reain his. WhenCaesar reused o obey, he Senae declared him a public enemy. Caesar hen marched his armyino Romes erriory in he middle o winer in early January 49 . According o he Romanhisorian Sueonius, as he crossed he Rubicon River in norhern Ialy, Caesar proclaimed iactalea est (he die has been cas) o indicae ha here was no urning back. Te Rubicon rep-resened he boundary beween he Cisalpine province and Roman erriory, and hus o crosshe Rubicon wih an army was considered an ac o reason. oday people boh quoe he Lainexpression and reer o ones Rubicon o communicae he noion o a signican decision hacanno be reversed.

Pompey and he Senae appear o have been aken by surprise by Caesars boldness. Many edo Greece. Caesar secured Ialy and hen moved operaions o Greece where he deeaed Pompeya Pharsalus in 48 . Pompey ed o Egyp (sill independen under he Polemies) where hewas assassinaed. Caesar arrived in Egy p oo lae o engage Pompey, bu he became involvedin a local dispue over who had he righ o rule in Egyp. Caesar suppored Cleopara over herbroher. Because he arrived wih so ew soldiers, Caesar was a imes in real danger, bu evenu-

ally he prevailed. Afer setling affairs in Egyp, where he became romanically involved wihCleopara, Caesar moved on o he Eas where in 47 he penned his amous repor rom hebatle o Zela: vn, vd, vc (I came, I saw, I conquered). Bu he civil war was no over ye. Hehad o gh senaorial armies in Norh Arica (46 ) and hen in Spain (45 ).

THE ASSASSINATION OF JULIUS CAESARAfer a biter civil war Caesar was aced wih he ask o reesablishing consiuional govern-men. He had in he inerim been named dicaor or lie (dicttor perpetu [tempore]). Tedicaorship was convenien because i allowed Caesar o hold offi ce coninuously wihou he

necessiy o annual elecion. Te res o he machinery o governmen ran as usual, bu Caesardeermined who held posiions o imporance such as he consulship.

However, Caesar did no possess sole rule or long. During his shor-lived adminisraion heatemped o setle economic affairs by relieving, bu no abolishing, deb. Tis saised neiherdebors nor crediors. He also reormed he Roman calendar by increasing he number o days ohe year rom 355 o 365 wih a regular leap year every our years. Wih only modes adjusmenslaer made by Pope Gregory X III o he sixeenh cenury, we sill use Caesars calendar oday. Iseems ting, hereore, ha because o Caesars signican reorm o he calendar, one monh oour year bears his name, he monh o July.

Afer his vicory in he civil war, Caesar, unlike Sulla, preerred o orgive raher han proscribehis enemies, reckoning ha people who owed heir very l ives o him would demonsrae uuregraiude. Tis policy conribued o Caesars early demise. Many o hose whom he orgavejoined he successul conspiracy o assassinae him because hey could no olerae he noion oCaesar as a dicaor or lie. Te conspiraors sruck during a meeing o he Senae on March 15(he Ides), 44 he eve o Caesars planned deparure or Parhia where he hoped o avengeCrassuss humiliaing deea.


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CAESARS LEGACYAfer Caesars murder, anoher round o civil war eruped, bu no beore he Senae declaredha Caesar was a god. In his will Caesar had adoped his grea-nephew, Gaius Ocavius (he son

o his sisers daugher), who assumed Caesars name, as did every subsequen Roman emperor.Caesars name evenually passed ino oher languages wih he meaning o emperor, such askaiserin German and czarin Russian. Caesar worship would be ransormed ino emperor wor-ship, and his worship o he emperors afer hey died and while hey lived became an imporanelemen o Roman adminisraive policy during he empire. Tis elemen o Roman religionevenually involved he Roman governmen in conic wih Jews and early Chrisians.

Bu Caesars legacy goes beyond his calendar, his diviniy, and his name. Te people o Gaulbecame Roman, and heir descendans oday speak a Lain-derived language. Caesars exampleo a single individual assuming ulimae power has atraced imiaors or housands o years. InNorh America ear o such would-be imiaors inspired he ramers o he US Consiuion o

creae a complex sysem o checks and balances o preven any single individual rom usurpingsupreme consiuional auhoriy on Caesars model.

Caesar is in every respec a pivoal hisorical gure. His career marks he end o he RomanRepublic, and his dicaorship served as he prelude o a consiuional reorganizaion ha inau-guraed he Roman Empire under his adopive grea-nephew Ocavian (who became Augusus).We sill reckon ime by Caesars reormed calendar, and our consiuion coninues o proec usrom hose who migh oherwise r y o imiae him.

Guillau me Lehiere (c. 17801832) communicaes he mayhem of he crowd as he Roman peoplecome o view he body of he dead Caesar displayed a he Senae house.


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generals accomplishmens in he wilds o Gaul o a large, diverse audience. Even upper-classreaders requenly employed slaves o read exs o hem ou loud. I Caesar were no wri-ing leters o people personally, he rs person would have been jarring. Why would Caesar bespeaking o hem direcly, especially i hey were in a group, and he was so ar away in Gaul? Wihhe help o he hird person, he ocus o he repors was more squarely on Caesars acions raherhan his auhorship, and heir plain and unemoional syle len hem a seeming objeciviy.

Caesars commentri have persuaded many readers over housands o years wih his seem-ingly objecive auhoriy. A cursory glance, however, a he biterly parisan imes in which heywere writen quickly reveals wha was a sake or Caesar: his repuaion, his public career, andeven his lie, as he subsequen civil war and Caesars murder amply demonsrae.


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A

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GAUL

2012 Bolchazy-Carducci Publish


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READING 1In the passage below, you will nd certain words in a different ont, some words underlined, and otherwords in parentheses. Te words in a different ont are the words in a relative clause, including the rela-tive pronoun, and the underlined words are the antecedents o relative pronouns. Tis method will help

you determine what the main clause o each sentence is.

In Latin prose and poetry, the reader oen needs to understand or supply words that are not in theLatin text. Words to be understood are in parentheses in the text below. When one or more words areneeded to complete the thought in one o two or more clauses, this is called and is quite com-mon in Latin.

Later in this chapter, the same passage o Latin will be seen again without the use o words in differentonts and in parentheses.

In Chaper 1 o Book 1 o his Commentaries,Caesar commens on he valor o he Belgians andHelveians. Te geographical descripion o Gaul ha he provides does no include he Romanprovince o ransalpine Gaul (modern Provence) in he souheasern par. Tis province wasalready under he conrol o Rome and was one o he provinces he was assigned as governor, inaddiion o Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum.

GAUL AND ITS INHABITANTS

CAESARD BELL GALLIC 1.1

1 Gallia es omnis dvsa in pars rs, qurum nam (partem) incolunt Belgae, aliam

(partem incolunt) Aqutn, (et) tertiam (partem incolunt) (e) qu ipsrum lingu

Celtae, nostr (lingu) Gall appellantur.

NOTES AND VOCABULARYLine 1: Gallia, -ae, . Gaul; Gaul or he err iories known oday as France and norhern Ialy. From

he Roman perspecive, he A lps divided Gaul on his side (cis) o he Alps (GalliaCisalpna) rom he Gaul ha was across (trns) he Alps (Gallia rnsalpna). AnoherGaul was he area beyond he Alps, bu along he Medierranean, which he Romansrequenly calledPrvinciaor he Province.

omnis, omneall; omnismodies Gallia; ranslae Gaul as a whole; ha is, i one looks a heenire erriory, one nds hree major ehnic groups among which i has been disribued.

dvid, dvidere, dvs, dvsumo divide; dvsais he perec passive pariciple serving as a

predicae adjecive; wih est,ranslae is divided. pars, paris, .par

rs, riahree; noe ha here he numeral ollows, insead o precedes, he noun i modiesor emphasis.

nus, -a, -umone

incol, incolere, incoluo inhabi, dwell in, live in; when ransiive (aking a direc objec)as here, ranslae inhabi. In line 8, where incolis inransiive, ranslae dwell or live.


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CAESARD BELL GALLIC 1.1, CONTINUED

H omns lingu, nsis, (e) lgibus iner

s differun. Galls ab Aquns Garumna men (dvidi), (Galls) Belgs Marona

5 (men) e Squana (men) dv idi. Hrum omnium orissim sun Belgae, propere

quod cul aque hmnie prvinciae longissim absun, minimque ad es mercrs saepe commean aque eaquae ad effminands anims pertinent

imporan. Proxim sun Germns, qu trns Rhnum incolunt,quibuscum

continenter bellum gerunt.Qu d caus Helvi quoque reliqus Galls vire

10 praecdun, quod er cdins proelis cum Germns conendun, cum au sus nibus

NOTES AND VOCABULARYLine 3: hic, haec, hochis

nsium, -,n. cusom, habi

lx, lgis,.law

iner,prep. + acc . among, beween; ranslae rom one anoher.

STUDY TIP

An ablaive o respec shows i n respec o wha somehing is or is done. In line 3,lingu, nstitts, lgibusare ablaives o respec; ranslae in language, . . .

Line 4: su, sibi, s, shimsel, hersel, hemselves

differ, differre, disul, dlumo differ

Garumna, -ae,m. he Garonne River;menagrees wih Garumnain case because he wordsare in apposiion.

Marona, -ae,m. he Marne River.

Line 5: Squana, -ae,m. he Seine River; heMatronaand Squanaare he dual subjec o a singularverb because Caesar considered he wo rivers as uncioning as one boundary.

Lines 56: propere quod:lit., on accoun o which; ranslae because.

Line 6: culus, culs,m. culure, civilizaion

hmnis, hmniis,. renemen, human eeling, civilizaion

longissim,superlative adv.arhes

absum, abesse, fu, furuso be away, be absen

minim,superlative adv. leas

Line 7: mercor, mercris,m. merchan; noe ha merctrsserves as he subjec and is no beingmodied by es. Te preposiional phrase ad esis placed beore he subjec or emphasis.

comme(1) o come and go

aque,conj. and, and also

effmin(1) o weaken, make effeminae; ranslae ad effminands anims o weakeningcourage. Te verbpertine governs ad +acc. and hus ad effminands animsis no agerundive o purpose, alhough i seems like one a rs glance.


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Chapter 1 21

animus, -,m. will, spiri, judgmen, courage

perine, perinre, perinu(+ ad+ acc.) o exend (o), perain o, reach (o)

STUDY TIP

Adjecives likeproximus (line 8), and ohers ha mean dear, near, kind, riendly andhe like, ake he daive and, in English, are ofen ollowed by o or or. In line 8 hedaive is Germns.

Line 8: impor(1) o bring or carry in

proximus, -a, -umneares, las, nex, neares

rns,prep.+ acc. across

Rhnus, -,m. he Rhine river

quibuscum=cum quibus

Line 9: coninener,adv.consanly, coninuously

bellum, -,n.war

ger, gerere, gess, gesumo wage, carry on

qu d causranslae or his reason.

Helvi, -rum,m. pl. he Helveians; a people who lived in he erriory corresponding omodern Swizerland.

quoque,adv. also

reliquus, -a, -umhe res o

vir s, v iris,. courage, manliness

Line 10: praecd, praecdere, praecess, praecessumo surpass, precede

fer,adv. almos

cdinus, -a, -umdaily

proelium, -,n. batle

conend, conendere, conend, conenumo sruggle, gh

Lines 1011: au . . . au:eiher . . . or

suus, -a, -umhis, her, is, heir; his adjecive reers o he subjec o he senence only, nomater which word i modies, which in his case is he Helveians.

fnis, fnis,m. end,pl.boundaries, erriory;nibus: ablaive o separaion; ranslae rom.

STUDY TIP

Cum can be eiher a preposiion meaning wih or a conjuncion meaning when,since, alhough. Te preposiion cum akes he ablaive while he conjuncion cum

akes a verb. Te presence o an ablaive or a verb in he viciniy o cumwill help youdeermine he words uncion, and, hereore, which meaning o use. As a preposiion,cumypically precedes he noun i governs bu is usual ly joined o rs and second-per-son pronouns (e.g., tcum, mcum), o he reexive pronoun (scum), and o inerroga-ive and relaive pronouns (as in line 8). As a conjuncion, as in line 10, cumsigniesime when and akes he indicaive mood.


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CAESARD BELL GALLIC 1.1, CONTINUED

es prohiben au ips in erum nibus bellum gerun. Erum na pars, quam Galls

obtinre dictumest,iniium capi mine Rhodan, coninur Garumn mine,

cean, (e) nibus Belgrum, atingi eiam ab Squans e Helvis men Rhnum,

(e) vergi ad sepenrins. Belgae ab exrms Galliae nibus oriunur, perinen ad15 nerirem parem minis Rhn, (e) specan in sepenrinem e orienem slem.

Aqunia Garumn mine ad Prnaes mons e eam parem cean quae est ad

Hispniamperine; speca iner occsum slis e sepenrins.

NOTES AND VOCABULARYLine 11: prohibe, prohibre, prohibu, prohibiumo keep off, resrain, preven

na pars:reers o he counry or erriory; ranslae one par o heir (erum)err iory.

Line 12: obine, obinre, obinu, obenumo hold, obain

dc, dcere, dx, dicumo say; in quam Galls obtinre dictum est, quamis he objec oobtinre;Galls is he accusaive subjec o obtinre;ranslae which i has been said heGauls hold.

iniium, -,n. beginning

capi, capere, cp, capumo ake, seize

Rhodanus, -,m. he Rhone River; he Rhone ows rom Lake Geneva in Swizerland o heMedierranean.

conine, coninre, coninu, conenumo conain, keep, hem in, bound by

Line 13: ating, atingere, atig, atcumo ouch, reach, border (on)

eiam,adv. also

ab Squans e Helvis:ranslae on he side o he Sequanians and Helveians. TeSequani were a ribe o easern Gaul.

Line 14: verg, vergere o slope, lie

sepenri, sepenrinis,m. he seven sars comprising he Big Dipper; norh

exrmus, -a, -umarhes

orior, orr, orus sumo rise, arise, originae

perinen ad:ranslae exend o.

STUDY TIP

Remember ha deponen verbs like oriorin l ine 14, alhough passive in orm, ranslae

acively in all indicaive and subjuncive enses.

Line 15: nferior, nferiuslower

Rhnus, -,m. he Rhine river

spec(1) o look a; ranslae as ace (when he verb indicaes a specic direcion).

in,prep. + acc . ino, oward

sl, slis,m. sun; orientis slismeans he rising sun; ranslae he eas .


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Chapter 1 23

Line 16: ad,prep. + acc . o, oward, near

Line 17: occsus, occss,m. seting, all; occsum slis means he seting o he sun; ranslae heWes.

TAKE NOTE

1. Te province o Gallia Narbnnsiswas organized abou 120 . Is chie ciies

were Massilia (Marseilles), an old Greek ree ciy, and he capial, Narb (Nar-bonne), a Roman colony. Te Romans called his par o Gaul closes o Ialy on henorhwesern sidePrvincia, or he Province. oday he French call i Provence.

2. Te names o rivers in Lain are usually masculine, including hose ha belongo he rs declension such as he Garumna, Matrona, andSquana. Te GaronneRiver orms he boundary beween Aquiania and he Gaul Caesar calls Celic. TeSeine River ows across norhern Gaul and wih he Marne River orms a boundarywih he Belgians.

3. In line 6,cultusindicaes he ouward characerisics o civilizaion (dress, habis o

lie, ec.); hmnits, he moral characerisics (renemen o hough and eeling,educaion, ec.).

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS1. Name in boh Lain and English he hree pars o Gaul ha Caesar oulines.

2. Which o hese hree pars is he braves and why, according o Caesar?

3. Why are he Helveians more courageous han he Gauls?

EXERCISE 11. In line 1, wha Lain word is he aneceden o qurum?

2. In lines 12, wha hree Lain words modiy he undersood nounpartem?

3. In line 2, wha is he case and use o ipsrum?

4. Wha is he case and use o linguin line 2?

5. In line 3, wha is he ense, voice, and mood o appellantur?

6. In line 4, o wha does s reer?

7. Wha is he case and use oAqutns inline 4?

8. In lines 45, wha are he Lain subjecs o dvidit?

9. Wha is he case and degree oortissim in line 5?

10. Wha is he case and use o cultin line 6?

11. Wha is he subjec o commeantin line 7?

12. Wha is he aneceden o qu in line 8?

13. Wha is he case and use o virttein line 9?


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14. In line 10, wha is he subjec opraecdunt?

15. In line 10, wha is he case and use oproelis?

16. In line 11, o whom does esreer?

17. Wha is he aneceden o quamin l ine 11?

18. In line 12, wha is he ense, voice, and mood o dictum est?19. In lines 1214, na pars is he subjec o wha our verbs?

VOCABULARY BUILDERI is easier o read passages oD bell Gallici you know he geographical erms or he peoplesand places Caesar is discussing. Here are erms ha will help you read Caesars Lain ex. W hicho hese can you nd on he map on p. 17?

PEOPLE PLACES

Gall, -rum, m. pl. he Gauls Gallia, -ae, . GaulBelgae, -rum, m. pl. he Belgians Belgica, -ae, . Belgium

Aqun, -rum, m. pl. he Aquianians Aqunia, -ae, . Aquiania

Germn, -rum, m. pl. he Germans Germnia, -ae, . Germany

Helvi, -rum, m. pl. he Helveians Helvia, -ae, . Helveia

Squan, -rum, m. pl. he Sequanians

Hispn, -rum, m. pl. he Spaniards Hispnia, -ae, . Spain

Celae, -rum, m. pl. he Cels Gallia Celica, -ae, . Celic Gaul (as opposed o he Roman provinces o Gaul)

Aedu, -rum, m. pl. he Aeduans

RIVERSGarumna, -ae, m. he Garonne river

Marona, -ae, m. he Marne river

Squana, -ae m. he Seine river

Rhnus, -, m. he Rhine river

Rhodanus, -, m. he Rhone river

Using he Lain glossary o help you, wha are he Lain adjecives ha correspond o he peopleslised above? Be careul since here are a ew diffi cul ones in he lis o people.

Example:Gall, -rum, m. pl. he Gauls Gallus, -a, -um Gallic


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Chapter 1 25

LANGUAGE FACT

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS hic, haec, hoc(See p. 508 in Appendix D or he paradigm o hic.)

Te adjecive orms o hic, meaning his or hese, can modiy a noun or serve as pro-

nouns meaning he, she, i, hey. . . . ab hc cult atque hmnitte longissim absunt. ADJECIVE Tey are very ar away rom his civilizaion and

renemen.

H omns lingu, nstitts, lgibus inter s differunt. PRONOUN (CaesarD bell Gallic1.1.34)

All hese [men]differ rom one anoher in language,cusoms, and laws.

Hsab Aqutns Garumna men dvidit. PRONOUN

Te Garonne river divides hemrom he Aquianians.

ille, illa, illud(See p. 508 in Appendix D or he paradigm o ille.)

As an adjecive, illemeans ha or hose bu as a pronoun means he, she, i, hey.

. . . pertinent ad illampartem minis Rhn. ADJECIVE Tey srech o ha par o he Rhine river.

Proxim sunt ills, qu trns Rhnum incolunt. PRONOUN Tey are nex o hose[men] who live across he Rhine.

Helvti quoque reliqus illsvirtte praecdunt. PRONOUN Te Helveians also surpass he res o hem in courage.

is, ea, id (See p. 507 in Appendix D or he paradigm o is.)

Te adjecive orms o is, ea, idwhen serving as pronouns mean he, she, i, bu as adjecivescan also be ranslaed as his, hese, ha, hose.

Aqutnia Garumn mine ad. . . . eampartem Ocean ADJECIVE . . . pertinet. (CaesarD bell Gallic1.1.1617) Aquiania sreches rom he Garonne river o hapar

o he Ocean. . . . sus nibus esprohibent. PRONOUN

(CaesarD bell Gallic1.1.1011) Tey keep hemrom heir borders.

. . . eaquae ad effminands anims pertinent important. PRONOUN (CaesarD bell Gallic1.1.78) Tey bring in hose [hings]which perain o weakening

courage.


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BY THE WAY

Te demonsraive pronouns hicand ille may be used as a pair o reer o people orhings ha have already been menioned. In hese insances, hicmeans later (o re-member: hink o hook and ladder) and ille means ormer.

EXERCISE 2Ideniy he demonsraive pronoun/adjecive in each senence, indicae wheher i is being usedas a pronoun or an adjecive, and ranslae he enire senence.

1. Hrum omnium orissim sun Belgae.

2. Ill Belgae ab exrms Galliae nibus oriunur.

3. Erum na pars, quam Gall obinen, iniium capi mine Rhodan.

4. Sus nibus hunc prohiben.

5. Aqunia ab e mine ad Prnaes mons perine.

6. Hanc parem incolun Belgae, illam Aqun, e eam Gall.

7. In erum nibus bellum gerun.

8. Fer cdins proelis cum ill s conendun.

9. Haec pars iniium capi Rhodan mine.

10. Ill Germn quibuscum coninener Belgae bellum gerun incolun rns Rhnum.

LANGUAGE FACT

RELATIVE PRONOUNSqu, quae, quod (See p. 509 in Appendix D or he paradigm o qu.)

Te relaive pronoun qu, quae, quodwho, whose, whom, which, ha connecs is own clauseo a word in anoher clause. Tis word in he oher clause is called he aneceden. A relaive clausegoverns eiher an indicaive or a subjuncive verb. Indicaive verbs are used here. (See pp. 179180and 542543 or relaive clauses wih subjuncive verbs.) Te relaive pronoun akes is numberand gender rom is aneceden, bu akes is case rom is uncion in he clause ha i inroduces.

Look a hese examples in which he aneceden is underlined and he relaive clause is in bold.

Aqutnia Garumn mine ad . . . eam partem cean quae est ad Hispniampertinet. (CaesarD bell Gallic 1.1.1617) Aquiania sreches rom he Garonne river o ha par o he Ocean which is

near Spain.

Proximsun Germns, qu trns Rhnum incolunt.(CaesarD bell Gallic1.1.8)

Tey are neares o he Germanswho live across he Rhine.


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Chapter 1 27

Ea quae ad effminands anims pertinentimportant.(CaesarD bell Gallic1.1.78)

Tey bring in hose hingswhich perain o weakening [heir] courage.

STUDY TIP

Someimes he aneceden o a relaive clause is an undersood orm o hic, is, or illeasin he example below.

. . . eriam (parem incolun) qu ipsrum lingu Celtae, nostr Gallappellantur (CaesarD bell Gallic 1.1.23)

Tosewho are called he Cels by heir language, by ours he Gauls,inhabi he hird par.

BY THE WAY

When a orm o he relaive pronoun is ound a he beginning o a Lain senence, i issomeimes being used o link he senence o a noun or idea in he previous senence.Tis use is called he connecing qu and is ranslaed by he corresponding orm inEnglish o is, hic, or ille.

Quin nibus Gallrum bellum gerunt. Teywage war on he borders o he Gauls.

Qu d caus Helvti quoque reliqus Galls virtte praecdunt. (CaesarD bell Gallic1.1.910)

For his reason he Helveians also surpass he remaining Gauls in courage.

EXERCISE 3ranslae.

1. Gallia es omnis dvsa in pars rs, qurum nam parem incolun Belgae.

2. na pars, quae iniium capi Rhodan, coninur Garumn mine.

3. Qu cul aque humnie prvinciae longissim absun orissim sun.

4. Marona, Squana, Garumna quae sun ria mina in Galli, sun longissim.

5. Qu lingu, nsis, lgibus iner s differun.

6. Belgae qurum mlis sun orissim muls proelis cum Germns conendun.

7. Mlis es gris agun ab quibus cibus ad casra imporur.

8. Belgae ab exrms nibus qu sun in Galli oriunur.


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READING 1 REDUXYou are now ready to read the passage exactly as Caesar wrote it. For this reason the words in paren-theses, the special onts, and the underlined words are no longer used. You have already seen notes inthe rst version o this passage, and you may reer to those notes i you need to. Additional notes or this

passage are given below the text.

1 [1] Gallia es omnis dvsa in pars rs, qurum nam incolun Belgae, aliam Aqun,

eriam qu ipsrum lingu Celae, nosr Gall appellanur. H omns lingu, nsis,

lgibus iner s differun. Galls ab Aquns Garumna men, Belgs Marona e

Squana dvidi. Hrum omnium orissim sun Belgae, propere quod cul aque

5 hmnie prvinciae longissim absun, minimque ad es mercrs saepe commean

aque ea quae ad effminands anims perinen imporan, proximque sun Germns,

qu rns Rhnum incolun, quibuscum coninener bellum gerun. Qu d caus Helvi

quoque reliqus Galls vire praecdun, quod er cdins proelis cum Germns conendun, cum au sus nibus es prohiben au ips in erum nibus bellum gerun.

10 Erum na pars, quam Galls obinre dicum es, iniium capi mine Rhodan,

coninur Garumn mine, cean, nibus Belgrum, atingi eiam ab Squans e

Helvis men Rhnum, vergi ad sepenrins. Belgae ab exrms Galliae nibus

oriunur, perinen ad nerirem parem minis Rhn, specan in sepenrinem e

orienem slem. Aquinia Garumn mine ad Prnaes mons e eam parem

15 cean quae es ad Hispniam perine; speca iner occsum slis e sepenrins.

NOTES AND VOCABULARYLine 1: Noe howpartemis o be undersood rom he word partsearlier in he senence wih boh

aliam and tertiam.

BY THE WAY

I is called when one or more words are needed o complee he hough inone or more clauses. See p. 194 or more deailed inormaion on .

Line 2: Noice ha linguis o be undersood wih nostrrom he previous phrase. Tis is anoherexample o .

Line 9: sus nibusis an exa mple o an ablaive o separaion, which in some insances eaures hepreposiion , aband in oher insances does no.


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Chapter 1 29

ESSAYCaesar discusses he acors ha he believes conribue o he bravery, rs o he Belgians andhen o he Helveians. In a shor essay ideniy hese acors. Poin ou and explain he signi-cance o he acor ha he menions in he case o he Belgians bu no o he Helveians.

Wha does his omission indicae?

Suppor your asserions wih reerences o he Lain ex. All Lain words mus be copied orheir line numbers provided, AND hey mus be ranslaed or paraphrased closely enough ha

i is clear ha you undersand he Lain. Direc your answer o he quesion; do no merely sum-marize he passage. Please wrie your essay on a separae piece o paper.

Helveia is he name Swizerland sill uses on is currency and is samps. Te god Mercury, recognizedby his special cap, is an ar ifac from he days when Chur was a Roman foundaion. Tis samp

issued in 1986 celebraes he 2,000-year anniversary of he ciys founding.


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CHAPTER 1GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR

AN INTRODUCTION TO CAESAR

Gaius Julius Caesar is considered one of Romes leading poliicians (aedilein 65 ,ponifex maximusin 63, quaesor in 61, and consul in 59) and

mos successul generals. An accomplished oraor, he also was an auhorof he rs rank. His impac on Romes poliical and religious insiuionswas decisive and long-lasing despie he ac ha his lie was cu shor byhis assassinaion in 44 .

Caesars lierary fame ress on his surviving commenaries on he Gal-lic and Civil Wars: Commenri d bell Gallicand Commenri d bellCvl. Caesars acual repors o he Senae are no wha we read oday.We read reports modeled on the genre o those reports. When Caesar

depared or Gaul, he probably chose commenrias a genre o publicizehis accomplishmens among as wide a public as possible in a orma hamade i appear as i he were sharing his offi cial repors o he Senae wihall Roman citizens. Similarly, Caesars reports on the civil war werelikely crucial in presening Caesars side in his biterly divisive conic.

Caesars style has ofen been praised or its distinctive qualities. Heells his sories logically, clearly, and wihou obscure Lain vocabulary.

Caesar also wries abou himsel in he hird person. His inen in doingso has been the subject o scholarly debate. Caesars commentri have

persuaded many readers over housands o years wih his seemingly ob-jecive auhoriy. A cursory glance, however, a he biterly parisan imesin which hey appeared quickly reveals wha was a sake or Caesar: hisrepuaion, his public career, and even his life, as he subsequen civil warand Caesars murder amply demonsrae.


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READING 1Caesar discusses the Druids in some detail in this passage, one o two

groups ha are respeced among he Gauls.

THE DRUIDS AS PRIESTS AND ARBITRATORS

CAESAR D BELL GALLIC6.13

1 [13] In omn Galli erum hominum qu aliqu sun numer

aque honre, genera sun duo. Nam plbs paene servrum

habur loc, quae nihil aude per s, nll adhibur cnsili.

Plrque, cum au aere alin au magnidine ribrum au5 iniri poenirum premunur, ss in serviem dican

nbilibus, quibus in hs eadem omnia sun ira quae domins in

servs. Sed d hs dubus generibus alerum es druidum,

alerum equium. Ill rbus dvns inersun, sacricia pblica

NOTES AND VOCABULARYLine 1: aliquis, aliquidsome, someone, anyone, somehing, anyhing

numerus, -,m. accoun, number

Line 2: hons, honris,m. mark o honor, offi ce; honor, eseem; numerandhonreare ablaives o descripion.

genus, generis,n. ype, kind

nam,conj. or

plbs, plbeor plbs, plbis,. plebs, common people

Line 3: habe, habre, habu, habiumo have, hold; habeofen meanshave bu someimes, as here, he verb means hold, consider.

locus, -,m. rank, posiion; locusofen occurs in he ablaive wihouhe preposiion ino express place where.

aude, audre, ausus sumo dare; be careul o disinguish beweenhe orms o audi, audre, audv, audumo hear and aude,audre, ausus sumo dare.

adhibe, adhibre, adhibu, adhibium(+ da.) o invie, summon;

noe nll = he daive nll here. consilium, -(i),n. council, deliberaion, decision, planning


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Line 4: plrque, plrrumque,m. pl. he majoriy, mos people

cum,conj.ranslae whenever. Usually he conjuncion cummeanswhen, since, alhough, bu in some senences when a generalcondiion is being expressed, cummeans whenever.

aes alinum, aeris alin,n. deb; aes alinummeans lierally moneybelonging o anoher.

ribum, -,n. ribue, ax

Line 5: iniria, -ae,. wrongdoing, oppression, injury

pons, poenispowerul;poenirumis being used as a subsanivewih he noun virrumundersood.

prem, premere, press, pressumo suppress, press hard

ss:reduplicaed orm o he reexive pronoun s

dic(1) o dedicae, give onesel; be sure o disinguish dic(1), a verbo he rs conjugaion, rom he verb o saying dc, dcere, dx,dicum,which belongs o he hird conjugaion.

Line 6: nbilis, nbilenoble; nbilibusis anoher subsanive wih he nounvirsundersood. Here he word reers o he mos disinguished ohe Knighs (see line 8 below).

quibusand domins:daives o possession; eadem . . . quaesigniysame . . . as. ranslae quibus in hs eadem omnia sun ira quaedomins in servs: who possess all he same righs oward hese as

masers [possess] oward slaves. is, iris,n. righ, law, prerogaive

Lines 78: aler. . . alerhe one . . . he oher

druidum . . . equiumgeniives o possession; ranslae esasconsiss o.

Line 7: druids, druidum,m. pl. Druids

Line 8: eques, equiis,m. here, knigh (Gallic arisocracy)

ill:reers o he Druids because in he previous senence hey had

been menioned rs, i.e., alerum es druidum, alerum equium.Illereers o ha one or he rs menioned (he ormer), while hreers o his one or hese, i.e., he las menioned (he later).Noe ha he Druids are reerred o only by pronouns in he res ohis passage.

dvnus, -a, -umholy, divine

inersum, ineresse, inerfuo ake par in, atend o; hiscompound verb, like many in Lain, governs he daive case.

sacricium, -,n.sacrice


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CAESAR D BELL GALLIC6.13, CONTINUED

ac prva prcran, religins inerpreanur: ad hs magnus

10 adulscenium numerus disciplnae caus concurri, magnque

h sun apud es honre. Nam er, d omnibus conrversispblics prvsque cnsiuun, e, s quod es admissum acinus,

s caeds aca, s d hrdie, d nibus conrversia es, dem

dcernun, praemia poensque cnsiuun; s qu au prvus

15 au populus erum dcr nn sei, sacricis inerdcun.

Haec poena apud es es gravissima. Quibus ia es inerdicum,

h numer impirum ac scelerrum habenur, hs omnsdcdun, adium sermnemque dugiun, n quid ex congine

incommod accipian, neque hs peenibus is reddiur,

NOTES AND VOCABULARY

Line 9: prcr(1) o atend o, adminiser

religi, religinis,. religion, religious ries

inerpreor, inerprer, inerpreus sumo inerpre, explainLine 10: adulscns, adulscenis,m./. young man, young woman, youh

disciplna, -ae, . educaion, knowledge

caus,+preceding gen.or he sake o, because o; don conuse hisuse o causwih he noun causa, -ae, . reason.

concurr, concurrere, concurr, concursum(+ ad) o ock (o) incrowds, o assemble ogeher

Line 11: apud,prep. + acc. among; apud es= among he Gauls

fer,adv.nearly, almos, usually conrversia, -ae,.dispue

Line 12: cnsiu, cnsiuere, cnsiu, cnsiumo decide,deermine, judge

facinus, facinoris, n. crime

Line 13: caeds, caedis,.murder

faca:supply es.

hrdis, hrdiis,. inheriance

fnis, fnis,m.end; pl. boundary

d d id h


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Line 14: dcern, dcernere, dcrv, dcrumo setle, decide

praemium, -,n.reward

poena, -ae,.punishmen

Line 1415: s qu . . . populus:ranslae i anyone whaever individual or ribe . . . .

Line 15: dcrum, -,n. decision, decree; here, he ablaive is used wih heinransiive verb sei, which should be ranslaed in he presenense, abide by.

sacricis:ablaive o separaion

inerdc, inerdcere, inerdx, inerdicumo banish (someone)rom

Line 16: Quibus:daive afer es inerdicum. Te pronoun reers o he personsbanished. ranslae hose who have been banished (li., or hosewhom i has been banished or or hose or whom a decree obanishmen has been issued).

Line 17: impius, -a, -umimpious, wicked

scelerus, -a, -umcriminal, oulawed

Line 18: dcd, dcdere, dcess, dcessumo abandon, leave, wihdraw;hsis daive o separaion used wih a verb compounded wih d.

adius, adis,m. approach, encouner

serm, sermnis,m.alk, conversaion

dfugi, dfugere, dfgo avoid

n quid = n aliquid; remember ha afer s, nisi, num, or n, all heali s all away.

congi, conginis,.conac

Line 19: incommodum, -,n. disadvanage, misorune, harm; incommodis apariive geniive (geniive o he whole) used wih quid.

pe, peere, pev, peumo demand, enrea, seek

redd, reddere, reddid, reddiumo give back, resore, render


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20 neque hons llus commnicur. Hs auem omnibus druidibus

praees nus, qu summam iner es habe aucriem. Hc

moru, au s qu ex reliqus excelli dignie succdi, au, ssun plrs pars, suffrgi druidum, nn numquam eiam arms

d prncip conendun. H cer ann empore in nibus

25 Carnum, quae regi us Galliae media habur, cnsdun

in loc cnsecr. Hc omns undique qu conrversis haben

conveniun erumque dcrs idicisque paren. Disciplna in

Brianni repera aque inde in Galliam rnsla esse exsimur,e nunc qu dligenius eam rem cgnscere volun plrumque ill

30 discend caus procscunur.


Line 20: commnic(1) o share

Line 21: praesum, praeesse, praefu, praefurumo preside over, be in

charge o summus, -a, -umhighes

aucris, aucriis,. auhoriy, power, inuence

Line 22: moruus, -a, -umdead, deceased

s qu= s aliqu

reliquus, -a, -umremaining, lef over

excell, excellere, excellu(+abl.) o excel in, be superior in

dignis, digniis,. worh, repuaion, auhoriy

succd, succdere, success, successumo advance, become hesuccessor

Line 23: pls, plrismore, several

pr, parisequal; disinguish careully beween his adjecive and henounpars, paris, . par.

suffrgium, -(i), n. voe; suffrgiis an ablaive o means; ake wihconendun.

numquam,adv. never; ranslae nn numquamsomeimes.

Line 24: prncipus, prncips,m. leadership, rule, rs place

conend conendere conend conenum o gh compee


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vaci, vacinis,. exempion

Line 3: immnis, immniis,. immuniy, excepion

exci(1) o rouse, inspire

spone, . (abl. only) o ones own accord

Line 4: propinquus, -,m. relaive, relaionLine 5: versus, verss,m. verse, line (o poery)

disc, discere, didico learn horoughly or by hear

Line 6: nn nll:ranslae some; an example o .

permane, permanre, permans, permnsumo remain

fs,n. indecl. righ, divine law

exsim(1) o consider, judge, hink

Line 7: ea:ranslae hese hings or hese principles.

litera, -ae,. leter (o he alphabe); pl. wriing

mand(1) o enrus, commi

cum,conj. when, since, alhough; use he concessive ranslaionalhough.

fer,adv.nearly, almos, usually

Line 8: rai, rainis,. accoun, ransacion, business; rainibusreers oaccouns and general records

or, , sus sum(+ abl.) o use

mihi:noice he use o he rs person pronoun mihi. Caesarsreerence o himsel in he rs person in d bell Gallicis very rare.

causa, -ae,. reason; be careul o disinguish beween he look-alikewords: causa, -ae, . reason, casa, -ae,. hu, house, and csus,css, m. misorune.

Line 9: nsiu, nsiuere, nsiu, nsiumo se up, esablish

vulgus, -,n. crowd, public; in vulgumo he general public, publicly

disciplna, -ae,. docrine

Line 10: disc, discere, didico learn, know

cnfd, cnfdere, cnfsus sum(+ da.) o rely on, rus; ranslaeliters cnfssrelying on wriing.

sude, sudre, sudu(+ da.) o sudy, apply onesel o


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quod er plrsque accidi u praesidi literrum dligeniam

in perdiscend ac memoriam remitan. In prims hoc volun

persudre, nn inerre anims sed ab alis pos morem rnsread alis, aque hc maxim ad virem excir puan, me

15 moris neglc. Mula praeere d sderibus aque erum m,

d mund ac errrum magnidine, d rrum nr, d derum

immorlium v ac poese dispuan e iven rdun. [15]

Alerum genus es equium. H, cum es sus aque aliquod bellum

incidi (quod er ane Caesaris advenum quoanns accidere20 solba, u au ips iniris nerren au inls prpulsren),


Line 11: fer,adv. almos, generally, or he mos par

plrque, plrrumque,m. pl. he majoriy, mos people

accid, accidere, accido occur, happen o (+ da. of person affeced)

praesidium, -(i),n. help, assisance, proecionLine 12: perdisc, perdiscere, perdidico learn horoughly, learn by hear;

he prex operdiscend, like ha o discere, shows ha his maerialmus be overlearned o he poin o being par o he person.

remit, remitere, rems, remissumo relax, loosen, release

in prims:among he rs, especially

hoc:reers o wha ollows.

Line 13: persude, persudre, persus, persusum(+ da.) o convince,

persuade inere, inerre, ineri/ineriv, ineriumo die

Line 1314: ab alis . . . ad alis:rom one . . . o anoher

Line 14: hc:ablaive o means; by his. Te pronoun here reers o wha hasjus been said.

maxim,adv. especially

virs, viris,. excellence, virue

exci(1) o rouse, inspire; undersand hominsas he subjec o

excir. pu(1) o hink


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Line 15: negleg, neglegere, neglx, neglcumo disregard

praeere,adv. besides, moreover

sdus, sderis,n. sar, consellaion

mus, ms,m. moion, movemen

Line 16: mundus, -,m. world, universeLine 17: vs, vs,. orce, power, srengh

poess, poesis,. power, auhoriy

dispu(1) o dispue, discuss, argue

iuvens, iuvenis,. youh, young people

rd, rdere, rdid, rdiumo pass on, hand down, each

Line 18: eques, equiis,m. knigh; equiumis a geniive o possession; noeha he opening senence o 15.1 picks up rom 13.1: erum

hominum . . . genera sun duo. usus, uss,m. use, need

Line 19: incid, incidere, incid, incasumo all in, happen, occur; be careulno o conuse incid, incidere, incid, incasumo happen wihincd, incdere, incd, incsumo cu ino, cu shor. Te ourhprincipal par incasum shows ha his verb is a compound o cado all, happen, while he verb wih he ourh par incsumis romcaed o cu, kill.

advenus, advens,m. approach, arrival

quoanns,adv. annually, every year

Line 20: sole, solre, solius sumo be used o, be accusomed o

u, u, conj. so ha, ha, as, when; don conuse his word wih hesecond principal par o uor, u, usus sumo use.

nfer, nferre, inul, illumo bring orward, inic

prpuls(1) o drive off, repel

7/26/2019 Latin for the New Millennium. Student's Text, Ch. 1, 2 [Level 3] (Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers) - Milena Minkova,

latin for the new millennium. student's text, ch. 1, 2 [level 3] (bolchazy-carducci publishers) -...

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