latin america 7-3.3

8/7/2019 Latin America 7-3.3

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Mrs. Hammock 7th

grade Social Studies World History 7-3.3

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7-3.3 Compare the development of Latin American independence movements, including the Haitianrevolution, the role of Simon Bolivar in different independence movements, and the role of Father MiguelHidalgo in the Mexican Revolution of 1810.

Latin American independence movements

Latin American independence movements were inspired by the Enlightenment, the American and FrenchRevolutions. The ideas of liberty and equality inspired independence from colonial domination in this sociedriven by social structure. Similar to the French Revolution, social class struggles and discontent played large role in Latin American independence movements.



Mrs. Hammock 7th


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SOCIAL STRUCTURE Peninsulares

Spanish-born citizens

mainland Spaniard residing in the New World

The word "peninsular" makes reference tothe Iberian Peninsula where Spain is located.

Smallestpercentage of the

population

Highest political positions

Wealthy

Powerful

Landowners

Creoles

Spaniards born in Latin America

people born in the colonies with unmixedSpanish descent

Could not hold political office

Could be officers in military; often passes overby Spanish born Peninsulares

the Creoles profoundly resent beingdiscriminated against in this way

Wealthy

Powerful

Landowners

Leaders of a rebellion against Spain come fromthis class

Mestizos

A mixture of European and Indian ancestry

Since there were few Spanish women inAmerica in the early decades of colonization,many mestizo families are of long standing

Mulattos

A mixture of European and African ancestry

Slave class

The bottom of the social class system

In 1808 Napoleon invades Spain, secures the (resigning) of the Spanish kingFerdinand VII, and places on the throne his own brother Joseph Bonaparte. This unexpected circumstance provides two good reasons for independent action inSpanish America led by the Creoles.



Mrs. Hammock 7th


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1. No Spanish government in Spain means provinces overseas must look after themselves (a themeimplying long-term independence, attractive to many Creoles).

2. And now interim local governments should now be set up on behalf of the deposed Spanish king.

Creoles led the majority of the independence movements because they were

educated in Europe

exposed to Enlightenment and revolutionary ideals Upset Latin America used Locke’s ideas of consent of the governed to justifyrebellion against Spain.

Simón Bolí var, a Creole general, led the independencemovements throughout South America beginning in his homecountry of Venezuela in 1811. Bolívar then moved into

Colombia and Ecuador, where he met José de San Martín, whohad recently freed Chile. Together, the two men combinedforces under Bolívar’s command to liberate Peru. Bolívar’sdream to unite the Spanish colonies of South America into asingle country, known as Gran Colombia, was a reality for ashort time as Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador weretemporarily united. But political issues soon separated thecountries once again into their own independent states. InMexico, the independence movement was led by the mestizos.

Padre Miguel y Costilla Hidalgo (Father Miguel Hidalgo), inspiredby Enlightenment ideals, called for rebellion, and a crowd marchedtoward Mexico City. However, they were defeated in 1811 by the upperclasses, which feared losing their power to the lower classes. Anotherattempt at revolt fouryears later also failed.Mexican independencefinally was attained in

1821 when Mexicancreoles, fearing the

loss of their power, declared independence from Spain. In1823, the nations of Central America (Nicaragua, Guatemala,Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica) declared theirindependence from Mexico.

While in Europe he witnessed the proclamation

Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor of France and

later the coronation of Napoleon as King of Italy

and Milan. Bolívar lost respect for Napoleon

whom he considered to have betrayed therepublican ideals.



Mrs. Hammock 7th


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In Haiti, the western third of the island of Hispaniola, the revolution was inspired by the American Revolutionin particular. This French colony, which was known asSaint-Dominigue (Fr) or Santo Domingo (Sp) prior to itsindependence, had a large slave population, most of whowere treated brutally and lived in poor conditions.

The French Revolution shook the small island in the NorthAtlantic Ocean. These sugar plantations would never bethe same. The enlightenment idea of Jean-JacquesRousseau had reached the poverty ridden island. But theideas of The Rights of Man had given courage to many topush forward and revolt against their oppressors. In1791, a group of 100,000 slaves revolted, and ToussaintL’Ouverture soon became their leader. By 1801,L’Ouverture had gained control of the island and freed allthe enslaved Africans. In 1802, France sent troops to dealwith the situation and remove L’Ouverture from power. By

1803 Napoleon was ready to get Haiti off his back: he andToussaint agreed to terms of peace. Napoleon agreed torecognize Haitian independence and Toussaint agreed to retire from public life. A few months later, the Frenchinvited Toussaint to come to a negotiating meeting. When he arrived, the French (at Napoleon's orders)betrayed his trust and arrested him, putting him on a ship headed for France. Napoleon ordered that Toussainbe placed in a prison dungeon in the mountains, and murdered by means of cold, starvation, and neglectToussaint died in prison, in 1803, but others carried on the fight for freedom. In 1804, Haiti declared independence, thus making this the only successful slave revolt in history.

Now What?

1. Compare the development of Latin American independence movements, including the Haitian

revolution.2. Compare the revolutions of Simon Bolivar and Father Miguel Hidalgo.3. What were the results of the Revolutions in Mexico, Haiti, and Central America?4. Was Napoleon responsible for revolutions in Central and South America? How?5. How did Haiti gain their independence?

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