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TRANSCRIPT
Laser Institute of America
Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America1
Laser Safety Officer Training
Section 1
Introduction
2Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
About the LIA
• Founded in 1968
• Based in Orlando, FL
• Staff of 20• Staff of 20
• 800‐345‐2737
• www.lia.org
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Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 1
LIA Mission Statement
“The Laser Institute of America is the non‐profit membership society dedicated to fostering lasers laser applications and laser safetylasers, laser applications and laser safety
worldwide”
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Industries LIA Serves
• LIA supports, enables & connects all aspects of the laser industry:
– Research & Development
– Manufacturers
– Industrial Users
– Medical Users
– Communications
– Outdoor & Military Users
– Educational Institutions
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How LIA Serves the Laser Community
• LIA serves the industry through conferences– International Congress on
Application in Lasers and Electro‐ Optics (ICALEO)
– International Laser SafetyInternational Laser Safety Conference (ILSC)
– Laser Additive Manufacturing Workshop (LAM)
– Lasers for Manufacturing Event (LME)
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How LIA Serves the Laser Community
• LIA serves the industry through– Education &
Training Courses– Membership– Publications
• ANSI Standards
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American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers
• Laser Institute of America has been Secretariat and Publisher since 1986
• Responsible for organizing the Consensus Committees
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Committees
– industry
– government
– public sectors
Scope of LSO Course
• This course is designed to provide you with the knowledge required to perform the duties of Laser Safety Officer as described in ANSI Z136 1 Safe Use of Lasers standardZ136.1 Safe Use of Lasers standard
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Course Objectives
• Upon completion of this course you will know the following:– Laser fundamentals and terminology
– Effects lasers have on the eye and skin
– Understand Hazard Analysis– Understand Hazard Analysis
– ANSI standards and other regulations associated with lasers
– Effects of non‐beam hazards
– Control measures for lasers
– How to set up a laser safety program
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Section 2
ANSI and the Laser Safety Officer
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What is ANSI?
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American
National
Standards
Institute
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ANSI
• Over 10,000 approved standards
• U.S. clearinghouse and coordinating body for voluntary standards
id h d f i l• Provide the procedures for creating voluntary standards
• Eliminate duplication of standard activity
• Unifies conflicting standards into one accepted standard
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ANSI
• Each standard represents a general agreement between the maker, seller and user ,as to what the best current practice will be in regards to a specific problem.
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ANSI
• By reason of Institute procedures, reflects a consensus of manufacturers, consumers, scientific, technical, professional organizations and government agenciesand government agencies
• consensus keeps the bias out of the standard
• ANSI does not review content
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ANSI
• Member of:
– International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
– International Electro‐technical Commission (IEC)International Electro technical Commission (IEC)
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ANSI Z136
• Prior to 1985, Z136 standards were developed by ANSI Committee Z136 and submitted to ANSI for approval as ANSI Z136 standards
• After 1985 Accredited Standards Committee• After 1985, Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) Z136 was formed
• ASC Z136 responsible for developing laser safety standard
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ASC Z136
• Scope of ASC Z136 covers protection against Laser hazards and laser diodes
• Consists of
St d d S b itt (SSC)– Standard Subcommittees (SSC)
– Technical Subcommittees (TSC)
– Editorial Working Group (EWG)
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ASC Z136
• Membership to ASC Z136 is voluntary
• Can join through:
– http://www.z136.org/
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American National Standardfor Safe Use of Lasers
• Principal U.S. safety standard
• Began in 1969 at request of US. Department of Labor
• April 26, 1973, final document approved
• Revised in 1976, 1980, 1986, 1993, 2000, 2007
• Referred to as ANSI Z136.1‐2007
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Purpose of American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers
• Provides recommendations for the safe use of lasers and laser systems between 180 nm and 1 mm
• Accomplished by classifying lasers and laser systems according to their relative hazards and specifying controls for eachcontrols for each
• Helps determine thresholds where radiant energy becomes a hazard
• Categorizes lasers into four basic hazard classes
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ANSI Z136.1: What Type of Standard?
• Z136.1 is a “national consensus standard”
• It is Voluntary
• It is not regulatory nor legally binding
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ANSI Z136.1: What Type of Standard?
• To be able to say “our organization is in compliance with” or “conforms with” ANSI Z136.1 means:
– You follow those mandatory requirements that are– You follow those mandatory requirements that are designated “SHALL”
– You take into consideration advisory recommendations designated “SHOULD”
• If they make sense in your application
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What is an LSO?
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The Laser Safety Officer (LSO)ANSI Z136.1‐2007 Appendix A, page 111
• Individual designated by the employer
• Has the authority and responsibility to monitor and enforce the control of laser hazardslaser hazards
• Shall have the authority to suspend, restrict , or terminate operation of laser system if controls are inadequate
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The Laser Safety Officer (LSO)ANSI Z136.1‐2007
• Position may be full or part‐time
• May not be required for Class 1 or 2 lasers
• Required for Class 3B and 4 lasers
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Responsibilities of the LSO
• Safety Program
– Establishes and maintains policy and procedures
• Laser system classification (rarely
1
1M
2• Laser system classification (rarely done)
– Shall classify or verify classification
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2M
3R
3B
4
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Responsibilities of the LSO
• Hazard evaluation– All laser work areas
– Establishment of the Nominal Hazard Zone (NHZ)
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laser beam delivery
process
people
environment
Responsibilities of the LSO
• Control Measures—major task
– Compliance with the ANSI standard
– Establishment of alternate control measures
Ensure that those used are working properly– Ensure that those used are working properly
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Responsibilities of the LSO
• Procedural Approvals– Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs
for Class 3B & 4 )
– Alignment procedures
– Other ANSI required procedures
P t ti E i t• Protective Equipment– Recommend and approve the
appropriate equipment• Eyewear, clothing, barriers, screens
– Ensure equipment is working properly
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Responsibilities of the LSO
• Signs and Labels
• Facility and Equipment–Approve installation facilities and equipmentfacilities and equipment before use
–Approve any modifications to those existing
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Responsibilities of the LSO
• Training
– Assure that all personnel receive adequate safety education and training
d l ll• Medical Surveillance
– Shall determine personnel categories
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Responsibilities of the LSO
• Records
– Shall keep records required by government regulations
– Shall submit to medical ffi f lofficer names of personnel
working with lasers and medical surveillance schedule
– Training records, audits, SOP approval shall be maintained
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Responsibilities of the LSO
• Audits, Surveys and Inspections
– Shall periodically audit by inspection for laser inventory and functionality of all laser safety features and controls for 3B and 4 lasersand 4 lasers
– Shall accompany regulatory agency inspectors (OSHA, CDRH)
– Shall assure corrective action is taken, where required
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Responsibilities of the LSO
• Accidents
– Should develop response plan
– Investigation of accidents or incidents
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Responsibilities of the LSO
• Approval of Laser Systems Operations (class 3B & 4)
– Only if LSO is satisfied that laser hazard control measures are adequatemeasures are adequate
– Includes Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
• Service, maintenance, and operation
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LSO & Laser Safety Management
• Without management support no laser safety will exist
• Without someone responsible to see that laser safety is addressed no laser safety willlaser safety is addressed, no laser safety will occur
• A laser safety program does not have to be complex, but does need to exist, at a minimum for regulatory reasons
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Where do you find Lasers?
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Industry
Drilling
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Industry
Marking
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Communications
Service providers
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Entertainment
Laser light shows
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Construction
Surveying
&
Leveling
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Military
Direct energy weapon
Targeting
Tracking
Range findingRange finding
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Research
Single molecule detection
Spectroscopyp py
Diagnostics
Measurements
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Medical
Ophthalmology
• Vision correctionVision correction
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Medical
Urology
Cardiology
General surgery
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Medical
Dentistry
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Medical
Veterinary
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Medical
Hair Removal
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Medical
Tattoo Removal
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Medical
Skin resurfacing
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Medical
Port wine stain removal
Vein treatments
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Most Common Lasers
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What Lasers Don’t Look Like
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Section 3
Basic Concepts and Laser Physics
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Do I need to be a physicist to understand lasers?
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INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS UNITSSYSTEME INTERNATIONAL (SI) d’UNITES
Fundamental Unit
QuantityMeasured
Common UseWith Lasers
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meter [m] length wavelength [�]
kilogram [kg] mass N/A
second [s] time pulse duration
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INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS UNITSSYSTEME INTERNATIONAL (SI) d’UNITES
All other units are derived from these, for example, the following:
Derived Quantity Definition
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UnitQ yMeasured Definition
newton [N] force kg∙m/s2
joule [J] energy N∙m = kg∙m2/s2
watt [W] power J/s = kg∙m2/s3
PREFIX SYMBOL MULTIPLICATION FACTOR
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012 Trillion
giga G 109 Billion
mega M 106 Million
kilo k 103 Thousand
hecto h 102
deka da 101
deci d 10‐1 Tenth
centi c 10‐2 Hundredth
milli m 10‐3 Thousandth
micro m 10‐6 Millionth
nano n 10‐9 Billionth
pico p 10‐12 Trillionth
femto f 10‐15 Quadrillionth
atto a 10‐18
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Metric and British Lengths
Conversions
1 meter = 40 inches 1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 millimeter = 1 mm = 0.040 inches 0.001 inch = 0.0254 mm = 25.4 m
1 micrometer = 1 m = 1/1000 mm
1 nanometer = 1 nm = 1/1000 m
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Radiometric Terms and Units
• Radiant Energy (Q)– energy emitted, transferred, or received in the form of radiation
– Unit: joule[J] 4.186 J = 1 cal
• Radiant Power (�)Radiant Power (�)– power emitted, transferred, or received in the form of radiation
– equal to the radiant energy divided by the corresponding time interval
– also called radiant flux – Unit: watt [W] 1 W = 1 J/s
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Radiometric Terms and Units
• Radiant Exposure (H) or energy density– radiant energy striking a surface divided by the area of that surface over which the radiant energy is distributed
– Unit: joules per square centimeter [J/cm2]
I di (E) d it• Irradiance (E) or power density– radiant power striking a surface divided by the area of that surface over which the radiant power is distributed
– radiant exposure divided by the corresponding time interval
– Unit: watts per square centimeter [W/cm2]
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Irradiance (E)
1000 watts
Beam diameter 0.01 cm,
Area = 0.000 0785 cm2
Irradiance 13,000,000 W/cm2
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Laser
Beam diameter 1 cm,
Area = 0.785 cm2
Irradiance 1300 W/cm2
Beam diameter 10 cm,
Area = 78.5 cm2
Irradiance 13 W/cm2
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Wave Motion
• All wave motion can be described in terms of wavelength (l), frequency (f), and wave velocity (v)
• v = f ∙ l
• For light the velocity v = c and
vv
• For light, the velocity v = c and
• c = f ∙ l
• c = 186,000 miles/s
• c = 300,000 km/s
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio Waves
Gamma Rays
a et fra
d owav
es
NonNon--Ionizing RadiationIonizing RadiationIonizing RadiationIonizing Radiation
le L
igh
t
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X-Rays
Ult
raV
iole
Inf
Red
Mic
ro
Vis
ib
Optical Radiation
CIE Photobiological Spectral Bands
• UVC: 100 nm to 280 nm (Actinic, Germicidal UV)• UVB: 280 nm to 315 nm (Actinic UV)• UVA: 315 nm to 400 nm (Near UV)• Visible Light: 380‐780 nm (but 400 nm to 700 nm in ANSI*)ANSI )
• IRA: 780 nm to 1400 nm (Near IR)• IRB: 1400 to 3000 nm (Mid IR)• IRC: 3000 nm to 1 mm (Far IR)
• *according to ANSI Z136.1‐2007 visible ranges from 400‐700 nm
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Properties of Light
Reflection
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Properties of Light :Properties of Light :SpecularSpecular ReflectionsReflections
Specular or mirror-like reflections can occur when the size of surface irregularities or roughness is less than the wavelength of the incident radiation. Angle of incidence angle of reflection
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Angle of incidence = angle of reflection Example: A good mirror.
Properties of Light :Properties of Light :Diffuse (Diffuse (LambertianLambertian) Reflections) Reflections
Diffuse reflection occurs when the surface irregularities are randomly orientated and are much greater than the wavelength of the incident radiation.Examples: light reflected from a road
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Examples: light reflected from a road surface or tree leaves.
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Properties of LightRefraction
Transmission
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Properties of Light
• Refraction
– The bending of light
– As light moves from one density medium to a different density medium the light is bentdifferent density medium the light is bent
– Caused by the difference in velocity of light in different mediums – c(v) = 3x108 m/s
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Properties of Light
Scattering
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Properties of Light
Absorption
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What is a laser?
How does it work?
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Laser History
Einstein – Theory of Stimulated Emission of Radiation. - 1917
Arthur Schawlow and Charles b l f h
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Townes Nobel prize for theory on “Optical Maser” based upon this theory of Stimulated Emission. - 1958
Theodore Maiman invented the 1st Laser – a Ruby Laser - in 1960 based upon Schawlow & Townes theory.
What is a Laser?
Light
Amplification
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Stimulated
Emission of
Radiation
Atoms and Molecules
Normalelectron
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Ground or Resting State
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Photon Absorption & Emission
Excitedelectron
Atom
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Atomic electrons can absorb and store energy.
Photon Absorption & EmissionAtom
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Stimulates emission of identical photon.
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Resonator Cavity
Components of a Laser
Laser Medium
Partially Transmitting Mirror
Totally Reflecting Mirror
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Lasing Medium
• CO2
• Argon
Gas
• Krypton
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Pulsed Dye – 504nm Pulsed Dye – 585nm Rhodamine Dye
Liquid
Lasing Medium
• Nd:YAG• Erbium:YAG• Erbium Glass• Holmium:YAG
“Solid State” – CrystalsDiode
Holmium:YAG• Ruby• Alexandrite• KTP
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Semi - Conductors
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Excitation Mechanism
Gas & Semi-conductor:
Electricity or RF
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Solid (crystal):
Liquid (dye):
Combination method:
Optical Flash Lamps
DPSS – Laser Stimulated
Characterizing the Laser Output
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Characterizing the Laser Output
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Repetitively Pulsed Laser Output
• pulse repetition frequency (F or PRF)– measured in Hertz (Hz)– 20 Hz = 20 pulses/s20 Hz 20 pulses/s
• Qp is the energy of a single pulse
• total energy, Q = Qp x number of pulses
• average power, Φa = F x Qp
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Monochromatic
Laser vs. NonLaser vs. Non--LaserLaser
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Polychromatic
Monochromatic:beams of light are “pure” lines of color
Coherence
Laser vs. NonLaser vs. Non--LaserLaser
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Light waves are in phase
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mat
ed
Laser vs. NonLaser vs. Non--LaserLaser
No
n -
Col
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Col
limllim
ated
Collimation (also referred to as Directional):allows for light to be focused to very small spot sizes
Directional
• Laser beams increase in size (diverge) very little over distance
• A typical laser will “grow” 1 mm every 1 meter traveled (or 1 m in 1 km)
• Such a beam is said to have a 1 milliradiandivergence
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What does this have to do with
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Laser safety?
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Monochromaticity
• Only use laser eye protection specifically labeled for the type of laser usedlaser used
• Just because it is the right color does not mean it will stop the laser
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Directionality
• The laser beam can pose a hazard at a considerable distance
• Unlike ionizing radiation, lasers radiation is only hazardous when it is on and when you have line‐of‐sight to the beam
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Reflection
Specular
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Diffuse
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How are Lasers Classified?
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Laser Hazard Classification Scheme -ANSI Z136.1
• Class 1 (Exempt)– Incapable of
producing damaging radiation levels during operationE t f – Exempt from any control measure
• Example– Completely enclosed
machine with higher powered laser inside
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Laser Hazard Classification Scheme -ANSI Z136.1
• Class 1M– Incapable of producing
damaging radiation levels during operation
– Unless the beam is viewed with an optical instrumentp
• Eye‐loupe or telescope
– Exempt from any control measure other than to prevent potentially hazardous optically aided viewing
• Example– Fiber optic communication
systems
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Laser Hazard Classification Scheme -ANSI Z136.1
• Class 2 (Low power)
– visible (400‐700 nm)
– eye protection is aversion response
– CW upper limit is 1 mW
• Examples
– Supermarket or barcode scanners
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Laser Hazard Classification Scheme -ANSI Z136.1
• Class 2M– visible (400-700 nm)– eye protection is
aversion response for unaided viewing
– Potentially hazardous Potentially hazardous when viewed with optical aid
– CW upper limit is 1 mW • Examples
– Leveling instruments and some construction industry lasers
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Laser Hazard Classification Scheme -ANSI Z136.1
• Class 3R– “R” stands for Reduced
Requirements– Potentially hazardous
under some direct and specular reflection
– Eye must be focused and stable
• Probability of injury is small
– Does not pose diffuse‐reflection or fire hazard
– Simply replacing 3a
• Example– Laser pointer
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Laser Hazard Classification Scheme -ANSI Z136.1
• Class 3B– Operate between
5mW and 500mW– Normally not a fire or
diffuse viewing hazard
– Hazardous under direct and specular reflection viewing
• Examples– Some military lasers,
lasers used in therapeutic medicine, some research lasers
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Laser Hazard Classification Scheme -ANSI Z136.1
• Class 4– hazardous to eye and
skin from direct viewing, specular and diffuse reflections
– fire hazard– may produce laser y p
generated air contaminants– may produce hazardous
plasma radiation• Examples
– Lasers used for cutting, drilling, marking, welding materials, entertainment and surgical lasers
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Class Procedural &
Administrative Controls
Training Medical Surveillance LSO
1 Not Required Not Required Not Required Not Required
1M Required Application Dependent (2)
Application Dependent (2)
Application Dependent (2)
2 Not Required (1) Not Required (1) Not Required Not Required
Table 1. Requirements by Laser Classification
2 Not Required (1) Not Required (1) Not Required Not Required
2M Required Application Dependent (2)
Application Dependent (2)
Application Dependent (2)
3R Not Required (1) Not Required (1) Not Required Not Required (1)
3B Required Required Suggested Required
4 Required Required Suggested Required
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Section 4Section 4
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Beam Hazards:Beam Hazards:Biological Effects Associated Biological Effects Associated
with Laser Usewith Laser Use
What are the Laser What are the Laser Hazards?Hazards?
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Laser Brightness (Radiance)Laser Brightness (Radiance)
LARGE FOCAL SPOT(FILAMENT IMAGE)
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MICROSCOPICFOCAL SPOT(“DIFFRACTION LIMITED
LENS
LENS
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Optical Concentration by the EyeOptical Concentration by the Eye
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Wavelengths that focus on retina (400-1400 nm), optical concentration is 100,000 times
Irradiance entering is 1 mW/cm2, at retina will be 100 W/cm2
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800 nm trap
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The Human EyeThe Human Eye
The Ocular Media - Transparent StructuresNon-scattering - Unlike any other tissue in the body. Why laser surgery was first performed on the eye.
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p yAqueous - Water in the anterior chamber
Eye Eye AnatomyAnatomy
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Ocular Absorption Site vs. Ocular Absorption Site vs. WavelengthWavelength
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Corneal InjuryCorneal Injury
Photokeratoconjunctivitis = Welder’s Flash = Snow Blindness - Produced by photochemical injury of the
Photokeratitis and Corneal Thermal Burns
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photochemical injury of the corneal epithelium by ultraviolet radiation (UVB and UVC). Peak of action spectrum is 270 nm.Corneal Thermal Injury -Produced by IR-B and IR-C radiation.
Corneal InjuryCorneal Injury
Ultraviolet Photokerititis
Sunburning of cornea
SuperficialCorneal Burn
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Swelling of eye
Corneal Thermal Injury
Most common type of CO2 laser eye injury for E > 10 W/cm2
SevereCorneal Burn
Ocular Absorption Site vs. Ocular Absorption Site vs. WavelengthWavelength
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The LensThe Lens
Lens - Provides accommodation, the ability to focus on near objects;very slow metabolic rate and limited ability to repair injury;becomes less pliable with
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page, resulting in presbyopia;becomes cloudier with age and eventually opacifies, i.e., a cataract is formed.
Vitreous - A gel; largely water in posterior chamber
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CataractCataract
Opacification of the LensCataract - clouding of the lens
Ultraviolet Action Spectrum - Ultraviolet at 300 nm (UV-B).
f d ( ) C d l h
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Infrared (Heat) Cataract - Industrial heat cataract common in glassblowers and foundry men at turn-of-the-century. Requires many years of exposure to excessive infrared radiant energy.
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Ocular Absorption Site vs. Ocular Absorption Site vs. WavelengthWavelength
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The Retina The Retina –– Complex LayersComplex Layers
Lateral Retinal Organization - The retina is not h
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homogeneous:Macula Lutea - (“yellow spot”)Fovea Centralis -Central-most area of macula Peripheral Retina - High concentration of rods
The Retina The Retina –– Complex LayersComplex Layers
Neural RetinaNerve tissue which has at least 17 distinct layers
Rods (night vision)
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Rods (night vision)
Retinal Pigment EpitheliumTemperature sensitive
Retinal InjuryRetinal Injury
Retinal Thermal Burns –Photodisruption of the
retina
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retinaRetinal hemorrhage from Q-switched laser pulse.
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Retinal InjuryRetinal Injury
Photodisruption of retina - Retinal hemorrhage from
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gQ-switched laser pulse.Visual Effect: Scotoma - Blind spot in field of vision.
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Retinal EffectsRetinal Effects
Pupil SizeDetermines the amount of energy entering the eyeTypical Sizes
24Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Typical Sizes2 mm Daylight3 mm Indoor7 mm Dark Adapted8 mm Dilated (for eye exam)
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 45
Skin HazardsSkin Hazards
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Skin InjurySkin Injury
Thermal Skin Burns
Rare but most
26Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
common from CO2 laserUltraviolet Radiation can result in reddening of the skin.
Skin InjurySkin Injury
Most notable injuries
27Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
injuriesHoles through fingers3rd degree burns
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 46
28Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Beam HazardsBeam Hazards
Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America 29
MPE and Hazard AnalysisMPE and Hazard Analysis
Potential Conditions for Ocular Potential Conditions for Ocular Exposure: Exposure: Intrabeam Intrabeam
ViewingViewingEye is in the direct path of the laser beamThe most serious potential exposure condition
30Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 47
Potential Conditions for Ocular Potential Conditions for Ocular Exposure: Exposure: Specular Specular
ReflectionReflectionEye in the path of a specularly reflected beamAlmost as serious as direct exposure condition
31Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
condition
Mirror or shiny surface
Potential Conditions for Ocular Potential Conditions for Ocular Exposure:Exposure: Intrabeam, LensIntrabeam, Lens--onon--
LaserLaser
Eye is in the direct path of the focused laser beamA very serious potential exposure
32Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
A very serious potential exposure condition
Potential Conditions for Ocular Potential Conditions for Ocular Exposure: Exposure: Diffuse Diffuse
ReflectionsReflectionsA diffusely reflected portion of the laser beam enters the eye. The least serious potential exposure
33Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
condition
α
Angular size (subtense) of apparent source
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 48
Maximum Permissible Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)Exposure (MPE)
DefinitionThe level of laser
di ti t hi h
34Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
radiation to which an unprotected person may be exposed without adverse biological changes in the eye or skin.
Maximum Permissible Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)Exposure (MPE)
MPEs are generally found in Table 5a, page 74 of ANSI Z136.1 (2007).
35Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
( )Note “Ocular MPE” means MPE for exposures to the eyeMPEs for skin exposures are found in Table 7, page 77 of ANSI Z136.1 (2007).
Maximum Permissible Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)Exposure (MPE)
Used to determineNominal hazard zone (NHZ)Optical density (OD)Accessible Emission Limit (AEL)
36Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 49
Maximum Permissible Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)Exposure (MPE)
Eye exposure MPE is generally lower than skinDepends on wavelength exposure
37Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Depends on wavelength, exposure duration and other factorsAlso known as Occupational Exposure Limit (EL), Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
Maximum Permissible Exposure Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)(MPE)
The Determination of the MPEThe Determination of the MPE
Parameters That Must Be KnownEye or skinWavelength (λ)
38Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Anticipated Duration of ExposureTemporal output
CW or Pulsed?Pulse Width, Pulse Repetition Frequency
Exposure ConditionsFor Retinal Exposure - Point or Extended Source?
Maximum Permissible Exposure Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)(MPE)
Anticipated Exposure DurationAnticipated Exposure DurationCW laser
Accidental exposure time is governed by behavioral response
39Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Part of Spectrum Wavelength Range [μm]
Exposure Duration
UltraViolet 0.180 - 0.400 30,000 s
Visible 0.400 - 0.700 0.25 s
InfraRed 0.700 - 1000 10 s
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 50
The Determination of the The Determination of the MPE MPE
for Pulsed Lasersfor Pulsed Lasers
Single Pulsepulse width (FWHM)
Repetitively Pulsed
40Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Repetitively Pulsed3 MPEs are compared
single pulse limitaverage power limit
Thermal & Photochemical hazards
multiple pulse MPE for thermal hazards
MPE DeterminationMPE Determination
MPEs are found in Table 5a, page 74 of ANSI Z136 1
41Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
of ANSI Z136.1 (2007).Note “Ocular MPE” means MPE for exposures to the eye
Table 5a: Ocular MPE forTable 5a: Ocular MPE forAccidental Exposure, CW COAccidental Exposure, CW CO22
LaserLaser
42Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
10.6 μm
MPE = 0.100 W/cm2
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 51
MPE Example 1: Ocular Exposure MPE Example 1: Ocular Exposure forfor
CW (Continuous Wave) COCW (Continuous Wave) CO22 laserlaser
2
1 2
J0.996 cmMPE 0.099610 cm
Js
s= =
0.2521
21
JMPE (0.56)(10) cmJMPE (0.56)(1.778)
=
=
43Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
2 21W WMPE 0.0996 0.1cm cm= =
For a CW laser, power (watts) is energy (joules) divided by time (seconds).
21
21
MPE (0.56)(1.778) cmJMPE 0.996 cm=
Either way, we find MPE = 0.100 W/cm2.
The Nominal Hazard Zone, NHZThe Nominal Hazard Zone, NHZ
The NHZ is the space within which the level of direct, reflected or scattered laser light exceeds the MPE level for the laser.Si il l f fl ti th
44Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Similarly, for reflections, the potential beam exposure decreases with distance.At some distance, the irradiance is less than the MPEE.That “boundary” defines the NHZ.
Nominal Hazard Zone Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt COfor CW 2000 watt CO22 LaserLaser
Beam could exit through opening ( i t l k d)
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(non-interlocked)
Bending mirror must be removed for cleaning or alignment
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 52
Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt COCO22 LaserLaser
Case 1: Case 1: IntrabeamIntrabeam ExposureExposure
46Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
INTRABEAM*
*From page 125 of ANSI Z136.1 (2000), page 193 ANSI Z136.1(2007)
Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt COCO22 LaserLaser
Case 1: Case 1: IntrabeamIntrabeam ExposureExposure
47Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Emergent Beam Diameter (a) = 1.0 cmBeam DivergenceAverage Power
Assumed laser properties:
watts 2000Φ=
ns0.004radia4mrad==φ
21
21.0π(0.100)4(2000)
0.0041rNOHD ⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−=
[ ] 21
NOHD 125,465250r −=
39,900cm250(160)rNOHD ==
0.248miles1310feet399mrNOHD ===
Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt COCO22 LaserLaser
Case 1: Case 1: IntrabeamIntrabeam ExposureExposure
Eye and Skin Hazard for 1310 feet!
48Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Bending mirror, removed for cleaning or alignment
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 53
Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt COCO22 LaserLaser
Case 2: LensCase 2: Lens--onon--Laser ExposureLaser Exposure
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LENS-ON-LASER*From page 125 of ANSI Z136.1 (2000), page 193 ANSI Z136.1(2007)
Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt COCO22 LaserLaser
Case 2: LensCase 2: Lens--onon--Laser ExposureLaser Exposure
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Average Power: Φ = 2000 watts
Focal length of optics: ƒo = 127 mm
Beam diameter at focusing optics: bo = 31mm
Emergent Beam Diameter (a) = 1.0 cm
Assumed laser properties:2
1
NOHD π(0.100)4(2000)
31127r ⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=
[ ] 21
NOHD 25,4654.10r =
21.5feet654cmrNOHD ==
Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt COCO22 LaserLaser
Case 2: LensCase 2: Lens--onon--Laser ExposureLaser Exposure
NHZ = 21.5 ft
Lens-on-Laser hazard may not be realistic
51Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 54
ρ
Specular Reflection from the workpiece simply folds the beam backwards from here.
Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt COCO22 LaserLaser
Case 3: LensCase 3: Lens--onon--Laser, Laser, SpecularSpecular Reflection Reflection ExposureExposure
ρ
52Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Specular Reflectivity of workpiece ρ=20% = 0.20
Beam diameter at focusing optics bo = 31 mm
Focal length of optics: ƒo = 127mm
Assumed laser properties:2
1
NOHD π(0.100)20)4(2000)(0.
31127r ⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=
21)5093)(10.4(=
)4.71)(10.4(=
feetcmrNOHD 6.9293 ==
Average Power: Φ = 2000 watts
Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt COwatt CO22 Laser, Case 3: LensLaser, Case 3: Lens--onon--
Laser, Specular Reflection ExposureLaser, Specular Reflection Exposure
9.6 Feet!
SpecularReflection from workpiece may
53Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
workpiece may be blocked by laser head
Nominal Hazard Zone for CW Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt CO2000 watt CO22 Laser Case 4: Laser Case 4:
Diffuse Reflection ExposureDiffuse Reflection Exposure
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DIFFUSE REFLECTION*From page 126 of ANSI Z136.1 (2000), page 194 ANSI Z136.1(2007)
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 55
Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt COwatt CO22 Laser Case 4: Diffuse Laser Case 4: Diffuse
Reflection ExposureReflection Exposure
55Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Power (F ) = 2000 watts
Reflection Coefficient ρ = 100% = 1.0
Assumed laser properties:2
1
)1.0()0.1)(2000)(0.1(⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=
πNHZr
cmrNHZ 8.79)6366( 21==
inchesrNHZ 31=
Viewing angle θ = 0 , (cos 0) = 1.0
Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 Nominal Hazard Zone for CW 2000 watt COwatt CO22 Laser, Case 4: Diffuse Laser, Case 4: Diffuse
Reflection ExposureReflection Exposure
31 inches
56Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
inches
It is sometimesunlikely that an operator could be within the diffuse reflection hazard zone.
What is Optical Density?What is Optical Density?
Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America 57
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 56
Laser Eye Protection Laser Eye Protection ––Optical Optical Density D(Density D(λλ))
OD is the base 10 logarithm of the attenuation factor associated with the filtration mediumAttenuation factor is the ratio of the laser
58Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
beam irradiance striking the filter divided by the irradiance transmitted by the filter
Laser Eye Protection Laser Eye Protection ––Optical Optical Density D(Density D(λλ))
OD = D(λ) describes ability of filter to attenuate optical radiation at a
incident
incidentEEOD 10log=
BeamAreaLaserPowerEincident=
59Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
to attenuate optical radiation at a particular wavelengthCan use ratios of power, irradiance, or radiant exposure, but must be compatibleEtransmitted = MPE (usually)OD is a dimensionless number
Optical Density ODOptical Density OD
OD Attenuation Transmission
1 10 0.1
2 100 0.01
60Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
3 1,000 0.001
4 10,000 0.0001
5 100,000 0.00001
6 1,000,000 0.000001
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 57
Section 5Section 5NonNon--beam Hazardsbeam Hazards
Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America 1
Hazards Associated with laser Hazards Associated with laser useuse
NonNon--Beam HazardsBeam Hazards
Are a class of hazards that do not result from direct human exposure to a laser beam (Sec 7.1)In some cases can be life threatening
2Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
gelectrocution
NonNon--Beam HazardsBeam Hazards
Occur subsequent toExposure of a material to a laser beam
Example is a beam induced fire
Components of a laser system
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Example is exposure to a capacitorMaterials used to generate laser beam
Example is gases, dyes and solventsHow and where a laser system is used
Example mechanical hazard or limited space
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 58
NonNon--Beam Hazards & Beam Hazards & ANSI Z136.1ANSI Z136.1--2007, Section 72007, Section 7
“Non-Beam Hazards”section provides guidance on:
Electrical hazards (Sec. 7.2.1)Laser generated airborne contaminants (Sec. 7.3.1)Collateral and plasma radiation (Sec. 7.2.2)
4Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Collateral and plasma radiation (Sec. 7.2.2)Fire hazards (Sec. 7.2.3)Explosion hazards (Sec. 7.2.4)Compressed gases (Sec. 7.3.2)Laser dyes (Sec. 7.3.3)Robotics-associated mechanical hazards (Sec. 7.2.5) Noise (Sec 7.2.6)Waste disposal (Sec 7.5.4)Ergonomics (Sec. 7.5.1)
Electrical AccidentsElectrical Accidents
Electrocution: 5th leading cause of work related injury/death in
5Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
U.S.Electrocution: one cause of laser-related death2nd most often reported cause of laser accidents
Electrical InjuriesElectrical Injuries
Result from current flow through tissuesMay be thermal due to proximity to arcs or overheated components
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Factors determining extent include:Body impedance: skin resistance (moisture content, abrasions/cuts)Path through body: arm-to-arm includes major organsBody sizeCurrent magnitude and frequency
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 59
Quantitative Effects of Electric Current on Humans Quantitative Effects of Electric Current on Humans (Current in (Current in mAmA))
Effect DC DCAC 60 Hz
AC 60 Hz
AC 10
kHz
AC 10
kHz
Men Women Men Women Men Wome
n
Slight Sensation on Hand 1 0.5 0.4 0.3 7 5
Perception threshold, median 5.2 3.5 1.1 0.7 12 8
7Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Shock-not painful and muscle control not lost 9 6 1.8 1.2 17 11
Painful Shock-muscular control lost by ½% 62 41 9 6 55 37
Painful Shock-let go threshold, median 76 51 16 10.5 75 50
Painful, severe shock-breathing difficult, muscle control lost by 99% 90 60 23 15 94 63
Possible ventricular fibrillation-three-second shocks 500 500 100 100
Possible ventricular fibrillation-short shocks (T in sec) 165√T 165√T
Possible ventricular fibrillation-high voltage surges 50* 50* 13.6* 13.6*
*These values are energy in watt-seconds, all other values are in milliampres. “T” is time in seconds.Note: Adapted from Dalziel
Capacitor ExposureCapacitor Exposure
Potential for:Accumulation of residual charge after equipment is deenergizedHeating and explosion with high current flow
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Explosion from capacitor’s internal failureArcing at contact point for internal failure
Arc BurnArc Burn
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Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 60
Electrical Hazards Control Electrical Hazards Control --CapacitorsCapacitors
Restrict access until capacitors are discharged, shorted, and groundedConsider capacitor cases “Hot”Store capacitors shorted
10Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Store capacitors shortedVerify automatic discharge devicesConduct manual shorting - don’t trust auto-discharge
Electrical Hazards Controls Electrical Hazards Controls ––Work PracticesWork Practices
Work on deenergized parts of electrical systemsUse insulated tools Use insulating blankets & covers as
11Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Use insulating blankets & covers as applicableDon’t wear highly conductive items on hands or arms
Electrical Hazards Controls Electrical Hazards Controls ––Work PracticesWork Practices
Follow the one-hand rule when probing or measuring; eliminate arm-to-arm pathwayUse test equipment
t d f t lt
12Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
rated for system voltageEnsure the circuit you switch off is the proper oneMove any obstacles that restrict working clearance
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 61
Electrical Hazards Controls Electrical Hazards Controls ––Work PracticesWork Practices
Don’t work alone; your “buddy” must know first aid/CPR/automatic external defibrillator (AED) useFollow all safety procedures, including
13Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
y p , glockout/tagout: 29 CFR 1910.147safety-related work practices: 29 CFR 1910.331 – 335local, written procedures
Electrical Hazards Controls Electrical Hazards Controls --PPEPPE
Wear safety glassesUse insulating (rubber) gloves & arm covers as
14Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
arm covers as applicableWear “flash suit” for high-voltage work
NFPA 70E StandardTested according to ASTM F-1506
Laser Generated Air Laser Generated Air Contaminants (LGAC) Sec Contaminants (LGAC) Sec
7.3.17.3.1Generated when class 3b or 4 laser beams interact with matterLGAC d d
15Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
LGAC depends upon target material, cover gas and beam irradianceDifficult to predict what LGAC is released into air
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 62
Laser Generated Air Laser Generated Air Contaminants (LGAC)Contaminants (LGAC)
When target irradiance reaches 107 W·cm-2
Target materials may liberate carcinogenic, toxic and noxious airborne contaminants (table F1(a), appendix F)
16Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
F1(a), appendix F)LGAC released may be gaseous or particulate (see table F1(b))LSOs responsibility to ensure that any IH issue be addressed and he/she may consult with Industrial Hygienist
Laser Generated Air Laser Generated Air Contaminants (LGAC) Contaminants (LGAC)
AerosolsAerosols
Types: dust, mist, fume, smoke, fog, smog
17Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
smogInterests: composition, size, distribution, concentration
Laser Generated Air Contaminants Laser Generated Air Contaminants (LGAC)(LGAC)
Laser Cutting of TissuesLaser Cutting of TissuesNIOSH Study
CO2 and Nd:YAG LasersLab evaluation using beef liverSimilar gaseous by-
18Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
productsbenzenetoluenexylenesformaldehydeacetalaldehydeacroleinvarious PAHs
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 63
Laser Generated Air Contaminants Laser Generated Air Contaminants (LGAC) (LGAC) Workplace Studies on Workplace Studies on
tissuetissue
NIOSH evaluated operating rooms, laser clinics, animal labs, and an experimental
19Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
and an experimental laser labGaseous by-products
formaldehydealcoholscyanidevarious hydrocarbonsPAHs
Laser Generated Air Laser Generated Air Contaminants (LGAC) Contaminants (LGAC)
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
Viral: HIV DNA, viable bacteriophage, human and bovine papillomavirusBacteria: Staphylococcus auerus,
20Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Bacteria: Staphylococcus auerus, Escherchia coliSee Table F1(b), pp. 230-233, ANSI Z136.1-2007
Biological Agents:Biological Agents:Control MeasuresControl Measures
Smoke evacuation equipmentSurgical MasksProtective Clothing
21Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Protective ClothingEye Protection
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 64
Laser Generated Air Contaminants Laser Generated Air Contaminants (LGAC)(LGAC)
Control measuresExhaust ventilation
Hoods, ducts, air cleaners, and fansComply with latest version of Industrial Ventilation & Fundamentals Governing the Design & Operation of Local
22Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Design & Operation of Local Exhaust Systems (ANSI Z9.2)
Respiratory protectionUsed to control brief exposure or as interim control until engineering control are put in placeCompliance with OSHA (29CFR 1910.134)
Laser Generated Air Laser Generated Air Contaminants (LGAC)Contaminants (LGAC)
Control measuresProcess Isolation
Surround process with barrier, remote control devices, robotic manipulatorsEspecially when laser welding or cutting of materials
23Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Especially when laser welding or cutting of materials such as plastics, biological material, composite substrates
Collateral and Plasma Collateral and Plasma RadiationRadiation
(Sec 7.2.2.1)(Sec 7.2.2.1)
Collateral is radiation other than that associated with
24Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
that associated with the primary laser beamPlasma radiation is a result of a laser beam interacting with matter
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 65
XX--RadiationRadiation
BremsstrahlungGerman for “braking radiation”
Requirements for bremsstrahlungSource of electronsHi h lt l
25Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
High-voltage supply“Target” for electrons to interact with
Possible sources with laser systemsthyratron switches in pulsed lasersfree electron lasers
Ultraviolet RadiationUltraviolet Radiation
Discharge tubes
26Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
tubesPlasma tubes: Nd:YAG & CO2
BlueBlue--Light Hazard RegionLight Hazard RegionBroadband Irradiance ~ 400 to 550 nmBroadband Irradiance ~ 400 to 550 nm
Flash lamps
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Arc lampsOptical pumping
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 66
RadioRadio--Frequency Fields:Frequency Fields:
Sealed plasma-tube CO2 lasers
28Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
tube CO2 lasersPulse-forming components in Pulsed lasers
Plasma Radiation examplePlasma Radiation example
IR beam interacts with t i l t l
29Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
stainless steelSmall spot of light is visible beneath nozzleBright and rich in blue wavelengths
Fire Hazards Fire Hazards –– Ignition Ignition SourcesSources
Laser beamANSI Z136.1 – 10 W/cm2 (CW)NFPA 115 – 0.5 W/cm2 (CW)EN 50821 - > 35 mW & 5 mW/mm2 (CW, dust)
30Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
> 0.1 mJ/mm2 for 5 sec (pulsed, dust)
System electrical components
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 67
Fire Hazards Fire Hazards –– Combustible Combustible MaterialsMaterials
Enclosure materialsConstruction
31Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Construction materialsTarget materialsLaser GasesSolvent vaporsLGAC
Explosion HazardsExplosion Hazards
May exist within laser, due to:high pressure arc lampsfilament lampscapacitor banks
32Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
capacitor banksMay exist outside the laser, due to:
the target (flying particles)elements of the optical train, which may overheatDust explosion in ventilation system
MetalMetal--Dust ExplosionDust Explosion
Explosions in a dust collector (needed service)400 W, Nd:YAG used to drill holes in jet engine turbine blades
33Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
gDrilling liberated ~ 1 lb Ni and Co dust per dayDeposited Ni/Co in 75k ft2 of buildingTook asbestos abatement crew 4 days to clean facility
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 68
Compressed GasCompressed Gas
Missiles
34Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
waiting to blast off!
Laser Dyes and SolventsLaser Dyes and Solvents
Tunable lasersRequires dissolution of
35Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
dissolution of organic powder in an organic solventArgon laser used as energy pump
Laser Dyes and SolventsLaser Dyes and Solvents
Solution reservoir, pump, recirculating lines
36Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
No secondary containmentLocation: possible trip hazard leading to spills
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 69
Laser Dyes and SolventsLaser Dyes and Solvents
Dyes: complex organic compoundsDyes: some are toxic and/or mutagenic; little is known about manySolvents: organic compounds
37Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Solvents: organic compoundsSolvents: may be irritants, anesthetics, and/or absorbable through skinSolvents may be flammable
Laser Dyes and SolventsLaser Dyes and Solvents
Dyes: highest exposure potential is during preparationSpills: exposure potential to both dyes and solventsL Di bl t ti l f
38Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Laser Disassembly: potential for contaminated partsUser has to deal with hazardous waste, cannot dump down sink
Laser Dyes and Solvents:Laser Dyes and Solvents:Spilling Chemicals on Spilling Chemicals on
Clothing/SkinClothing/Skin
Go immediately to safety
39Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
yshower/eyewashRemove clothing and flush/rinse with waterWhy?
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 70
NonNon--Beam Hazards:Beam Hazards:CategoriesCategories
ChemicalBiologicalPhysical
40Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
PhysicalHuman Factors
NonNon--Beam Hazard:Beam Hazard:Chemical AgentsChemical Agents
Laser-generated air
41Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
contaminants (LGAC)Compressed GasesDyes/Solvents
NonNon--Beam Hazard:Beam Hazard:Biological AgentsBiological Agents
Laser generated air contaminants
42Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
contaminants (LGAC)MicroorganismsInfectious material
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 71
NonNon--Beam Hazard:Beam Hazard:Physical AgentsPhysical Agents
ElectricalCollateral & Plasma RadiationFire
43Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Fire ExplosionMechanical/RoboticNoise
NonNon--Beam Hazard:Beam Hazard:Human FactorsHuman Factors
ErgonomicsLimited work space
44Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
pWork patternsLaser & laser waste disposalChillers
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 72
Section 6Section 6
Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America 1
Laser AccidentsLaser Accidents
Laser Accidents & IncidentsLaser Accidents & Incidents
Accident – an unforeseen and unplanned event or circumstance
Thinking the alignment complete, the student removed eyewear and walked into the path of t b
2Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
a stray beam.
Laser Accidents & IncidentsLaser Accidents & Incidents
Incident – an action likely to lead to grave consequence
Based upon a dare, the teenager held open an eyelid and stared into the beam
3Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
p yof the laser pointer, although it was very uncomfortable.
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 73
Laser Accidents and IncidentsLaser Accidents and Incidents
Beam scenarioseye exposure: temporary/permanent vision lossskin exposure: burns or photochemical effects
Non beam scenarios
4Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Non-beam scenariosshock/electrocutionexposure to chemical agentsignition of flammables/combustibles
Laser Accidents & Incidents: Laser Accidents & Incidents: Overview 1999Overview 1999
Top 5 lasers: Nd:YAG, Ar, CO2, dye, diodeBreakdown of incidents
71% - eye injury 16 9%
Eye
Skin
Non-beam
5Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
71% eye injury11.9% - skin injury16.9% - non-beam incident
Data from Rockwell, RJ, ILSC 99 Proceedings, LIA
71%11.9%
16.9%
Laser Accidents:Laser Accidents:Personnel Exposure SummaryPersonnel Exposure Summary
Accident Data Summary: Division of 395 events: 1964-1998
Technicians Exposed (81): 20.5%Scientists Exposed (78): 19.8%Students Exposed (46): 11.6%
Patients Exposed (40): 10.1%
6Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Patients Exposed (40): 10.1%Plant Workers Exposed (35): 8.9%Dr.s & Nurses Exposed (26): 6.6%Pilots & Military Exposed (26): 6.6%Spectators Exposed (25): 6.3%Laser Show Operators Exposed (11): 2.8%Equipment only damaged (10): 2.5%Field Service Exposed (10): 2.5%Office Staff (uninvolved) (7): 1.8%
Data from Rockwell, RJ, ILSC 99 Proceedings, LIA
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 74
Laser Incidents: Laser Incidents: Eye Eye InjuryInjury
>70% of all incidents82.3% of severe eye injury caused by Nd:YAG, Ar, dye, ruby, dbl-Nd:YAG and
7Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
y , y,Ti:SapphireLaser light shows have resulted in transient effects (e.g., flash blindness) to airplane pilots
Laser Incidents: Laser Incidents: Eyewear Eyewear ConcernsConcerns
Not using eyewear (may have been available)Eyewear failure
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yImproper eyewearImproper fit
Laser Accidents:Laser Accidents:Skin InjurySkin Injury
CO2 laser –Entry point
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CO2 laser most often implicated
Exit point
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Laser Accidents:Laser Accidents:FireFire
CO2 > Nd:YAG, dyeBeam: CO2 and Nd:YAG
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Nd:YAGClothing: e.g., tiesSolvents: dyeMajor cause of death in medical settings
Laser Accidents: Laser Accidents: DeathDeath
Blood loss (9)Embolism (7)Electrocution (5)Endotracheal tube
11Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Endotracheal tube fires (3)Skin loss (1)
From: Johnson & Wartick, ILSC 2003 Conf. Proc. Prog.
Laser Accidents:Laser Accidents:Most Hazardous ActMost Hazardous Act
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Act of adjusting the optics in the beam path in relation to each other so the beam will propagate in some pre-determined manner; may be internal to laser or external.
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 76
Laser Accidents:Laser Accidents:AlignmentAlignment
Estimates ~1/3 of all (known) accidents~60-70% of all (k ) l b
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(known) laboratory accidents
Common scenario: unanticipated reflection from an optic while not wearing protective eyewear
Laser Accidents:Laser Accidents:AlignmentAlignment
Optics or devices involved in reflections of errant / stray beams:
Prisms Brewster
14Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Prisms, Brewster windows, frequency doubling crystals, blade, color center crystal, chrome objective, polarizers, dye cell windowsTargets: chalk, photographic paper, test paperEnergy meter detector
Laser Accidents:Laser Accidents:Hazardous Acts Hazardous Acts –– Beam AlignmentBeam Alignment
Wearing inappropriate eyewearWavelength compatibility problem, especially for multiple wavelengths
15Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 77
Laser Accidents:Laser Accidents:Hazardous Acts Hazardous Acts –– Beam AlignmentBeam Alignment
Turning to look at source of bright light detected by peripheral visionElevating (vertical) beams – aim it at your
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faceNot determining location of stray / errant beamsPoor communication between co-workers
Laser Incident Makes Laser Incident Makes Headlines!Headlines!
17Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Laser Accidents:Laser Accidents:IIncident from CDRH databasencident from CDRH database
MAUDE DB Iris medical slit lamp report number 2939653-1999-00002752959 patient sequence number: on May 5, 1999, a sales rep demonstrated an iris medical occu-light glass laser system with a slit lamp adapter delivery device to three Drs at the hosp. While making practice burns on a business card, Dr 2 commented on the brightness through the oculars after test firing the laser. Dr 2 and 3 said they saw "spots" after test firing; Dr 1 and the sales rep
18Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
said they saw "spots" after test firing; Dr 1 and the sales rep noticed no unusual brightness. Upon further inspection of the slit lamp adapter delivery device, it was noticed that the safety filter frame was labeled 810 nm. The wavelength of the laser being demonstrated was 532nm. On May 6, 1999, it was verbally reported by the hospital risk manager to the sales rep, that Dr 3 was found to have 20/50 vision and three suspected laser burns on his retina. The ophthalmologist who examined Dr 3 indicated that it may take several months for the vision to recover/stabilize.
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 78
Laser Accidents:Laser Accidents:Incident at Federal Laboratory: The Incident at Federal Laboratory: The
set upset up
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Laser Accidents:Laser Accidents:Incident at Federal Laboratory: The Incident at Federal Laboratory: The
set upset up
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Laser Accidents:Laser Accidents:Incident at Federal Laboratory: The Incident at Federal Laboratory: The
set upset up
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Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 79
Laser Accidents:Laser Accidents:By passBy pass
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How prepared are you and your How prepared are you and your institution for a laser accident?institution for a laser accident?
Does staff know who to call?Does staff know the number to call?Will the receiver of the call know how to respond?
23Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
respond?If you have a medical staff, can they recognize a laser injury?Do they know how to treat one?
SUSPECTED EYE INJURYThe following action is to be taken:
1. Determine if any local assistance is
IN CASE OF LASER IN CASE OF LASER ACCIDENTACCIDENT
24Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
1. Determine if any local assistance is available, such as a co-worker: If yes, have them follow steps 2 & 3.If not, call for assistance, do not go by yourself!2. Keep the person as Calm as possible3. Call Medical/Fire dept, ext. ////////
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 80
Regular hours: you can transport person to Medical
Off hours: Fire Dept to provide transportation
4 Notify Laser Safety officer
SUSPECTED EYE INJURYSUSPECTED EYE INJURYThe following action is to be takenThe following action is to be taken
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4. Notify Laser Safety officer. Off hours number?
5. Notify supervisor.
6. Work needs to stop until an evaluation is conducted to see if a systematic error or hazard
exists.
SUSPECTED SKIN INJURYSUSPECTED SKIN INJURY
1. Keep person calm.2. Call Medical /Fire Dept3. Follow steps as for eye injury4. If hand burn with no active bleeding, you
can transport yourself to medical
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p y
Background:At the scene, reassurance is the most important thing
one can provideNot all laser injuries have an immediate effect on
vision, an initial and a follow-up eye examination are critical
Let others know what happenedWork needs to stop until an evaluation is conducted to
see if a systematic error or hazard exists
Your community may have limited choices on Your community may have limited choices on where to send an individual with a laser eye where to send an individual with a laser eye
injury.injury.It is important that the facility have some understanding of laser eye injuries. Once the individual informs the medical staff they work with or around lasers, any injury, in particular retinal, will be assumed to be laser induced.
27Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Medical might overlook the fact that many other optical sources or diseases could be the reason for visual problems or defects in the eye. Provide the name of a retinal specialist to the individual for further evaluation or follow up, particularly in cases involving visible or near infrared laser radiation.
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 81
Accident InvestigationAccident Investigation
Has many componentsAccident investigation teamMembersHow to interview
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Who result should be told toPersonnel issuesThe accident scene
Do not forget Do not forget -- Lessons Lessons Learned NoticeLearned Notice
Once the fact of the incident are understood a Lessons Learned notice should be written and distributed to the institution's laser community
29Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
This notice should not be a document to blame someone for the incident, but rather to point but the contributing factors and how the incident can be prevent from happening in the future
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 82
Section 7Section 7
Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America 1
Laser Regulations and Consensus Standards
Laser Safety Standards: USLaser Safety Standards: US
ANSI Z136.1-2007 for Safe Use of LasersZ136.2-1997 for Safe Use of Optical Fiber Communication Systems Utilizing Laser Diode and LED Sources
DOES NOT EXIST W d i i t ti l
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DOES NOT EXIST-Was administratively withdrawn
ANSI Z136.3-2005 for Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care Facilities
Laser Safety Standards: US Laser Safety Standards: US (cont’d)(cont’d)
ANSI Z136.4-2005 RP for Laser Safety Measurements, Hazard Evaluation, and InstrumentationANSI Z136.5-2000 for Safe Use of Lasers in
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S 36 5 000 o Sa e Use o ase sEducational InstitutionsANSI Z136.6-2005 for Safe Use of Lasers OutdoorsDraft Z136.7-200x for Certification & Testing of Laser Eyewear and Barriers
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Other ANSI Standards in the Other ANSI Standards in the WorksWorks
Safe Use of Lasers in Research, Development & TrainingSafe Use of Lasers in Manufacturing EnvironmentsS f U f L i E t t i t
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Safe Use of Lasers in Entertainment, Displays and Exhibitions
Laser Regulations: FDALaser Regulations: FDA
21 CFR Subchapter J – Federal Laser Product Performance Standard (FLPPS)
Applies to laser product manufacturers and those modifying laser products
Selling in US
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gLegally binding
Requires certification of laser products, and 1st step is classification
http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/radhealth/products/lasers.html
CDRH Federal Laser Product CDRH Federal Laser Product Performance StandardPerformance Standard
Basic Principle: Radiation must be eliminated or safely contained except
6Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
where and when access is necessary to provide function.
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CDRH Federal Laser Product CDRH Federal Laser Product Performance StandardPerformance Standard
FDA does not consider a product to have been “manufactured” if it is constructed on a one time basis by a particular
7Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
on a one time basis, by a particular company, for use in its manufacturing process at the place where constructed.
CDRH Federal Laser Product CDRH Federal Laser Product Performance StandardPerformance Standard
FDA will not consider multiple products to have been “manufactured” provided they
are not shipped in interstate commerce
8Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
are used solely at the place where constructedare used by the same employees who constructed themare not made on a recurring basis
Laser and Laser System Laser and Laser System Engineering RequirementsEngineering Requirements
All lasers must have:Protective Housing
Safety interlocked to prevent access to laser radiation
Key Control
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Key ControlLaser Emission IndicatorManual Reset
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 85
Labeling Requirements of the Labeling Requirements of the CDRH StandardCDRH Standard
All lasers must have:Certification labelIdentification labelName and address of
f t
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manufacturerPlace, month, and year of manufactureHazard classificationRadiation output info and warning logotypeAperture label
User Informational User Informational RequirementsRequirements
Adequate instructions for assembly, operation, and maintenance, including clear warnings concerning precautions to avoid exposure to laser radiation in excess of the applicable emission limits, and schedule of maintenance necessary to
11Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
, ykeep the product in compliance.A statement of the magnitude, in appropriate units, of the pulse duration, maximum radiant power, and, where applicable, the maximum radiant energy per pulse.
Modification of a Certified Modification of a Certified ProductProduct
The modification of a laser product, previously certified under 21CFR1040, shall be construed as manufacturing under the Act if the modification affects any aspect of the product’s performance or intended function for which this section
12Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
or intended function for which this section (1040.10) has an applicable requirement. The manufacturer who performs such modification shall recertify and re-identify the product in accordance with the provisions of 21CFR1010.2and 21CFR1010.3.
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Acts Prohibited by the CDRH Acts Prohibited by the CDRH StandardStandard
Sale of noncompliant productsFailure to notifyF il t t bli h d i t i d
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Failure to establish and maintain recordsFailure to certify; false certification
Penalties Specified by the Penalties Specified by the CDRH StandardCDRH Standard
$1000 per violation$330,000 per series of violationsCan apply to any person or firm
14Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
What is CDRH Laser Notice No. What is CDRH Laser Notice No. 50?50?
CDRH Laser Notice No. 50 permits manufacturers to classify their products
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classify their products in accordance with IEC 60825-1The LSO will see more and more products certified to meet IEC 60825-1
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International Laser Safety International Laser Safety StandardsStandards
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)IEC 60825-1, for the Safety of Laser ProductsIEC 60825-2, for the Safety of Fiber Optic SystemsAdopted as EN 60825-1 & EN 60825-2
International Commission on Non-Ionizing
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International Commission on Non Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
Recommends exposure limits for laser radiationPosition statements: laser pointers & LEDs/laser diodes
International Standard International Standard –– IEC IEC 6082560825--11
Latest edition: 2007Used in most countries outside the USImportant for laser
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Important for laser product export by US manufacturersLEDs have been dropped–like all US standards and regulations
How Do I Recognize a Laser Product How Do I Recognize a Laser Product Certified to Meet the International Certified to Meet the International
Standard?Standard?
Look for the certification label or explanatory label
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explanatory labelUse of new classifications such as 3R, 1M or 2MAppearance of the international laser safety logo (at right)
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OSHAOSHA
29 CFR 1910: Standards for General Industry
Main body of regulationsDoes not use the word laser in these standards
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29 CFR 1926: Standards for Construction Industry
Mentions laser in section on PPE
CFR = Code of Federal Regulations
OSHAOSHA
Construction Industry Standard (29 CFR 1926)
29 CFR 1926.54 – non-ionizing radiation
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General Industry Standard29 CFR 1910.132 – general requirements for PPE29 CFR 1910.133 – eye and face protection29 CFR 1910.134 – respiratory protection29 CFR 1910.147 – lock out/tag out
OSHAOSHA
Limited regulations specific to lasersInspectors may cite Z136.1 under General Duty Clause – Public Law 91-596May utilize other standards applicable to
21Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
May utilize other standards applicable to laser safetywww.osha.gov/SLTC/laserhazards/index.html
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General Duty ClauseGeneral Duty ClauseMichigan 2005: “The employer did not furnish employment and a place of employment which were free from recognized hazards that were causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees in that employees were exposed to the hazards of infrared non-ionizing radiation capable of causing severe burns
22Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
ionizing radiation capable of causing severe burns of the eyes and skin. Specifically, class IV, metal cutting lasers (1800 watts, carbon dioxide, wavelength 10600 nm)…”
“Facility using high powered CO2 laser for cutting metal products. Employees were using standard safety glasses and there was no guarding at and near where the laser was cutting metal. The company did not provide a laser safety program or have a laser safety officer at the time of investigation.”
General Duty ClauseGeneral Duty Clause
Citation specifies:No written SOPs to ensure that operators and nearby employees area not excessively exposed to non-ionizing radiation.N LSO d ti d t i i t l
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No LSO, education and training, control measures, medical surveillance program.$500 monetary penalty, 30 days to fix
General Duty ClauseGeneral Duty Clause
Recommendation: “One feasible method of compliance is to conform to the
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conform to the requirements of the American National Standards Institute Publication, ANSI Z136.1-2000.”
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OSHA Web ResourcesOSHA Web Resources
Safety and Health TopicsLaser Hazards
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserhazards/index.html
f
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Laser Institute of Americahttp://www.osha.gov/dcsp/alliances/lia/lia.htmlhttp://www.laserinstitute.org
Laser Guidelines: Federal Laser Guidelines: Federal Aviation Administration Aviation Administration -- FAAFAA
FAA 7400.2DOutdoor laser/high intensity light demonstrations
26Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Guidance document “for determining or verifying the effects…on the safe and efficient utilization of airspace”Enforcement by Federal Marshals
Laser Regulations: Various Laser Regulations: Various States & MunicipalitiesStates & Municipalities
Comprehensive regulations: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Georgia, Massachusetts, New York, Texas, WashingtonLaser pointer regulations (pending & adopted):
27Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
Laser pointer regulations (pending & adopted): Arkansas, California, Hawaii, Kansas, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and WashingtonLocal ordinances restrict purchase of laser pointers by minors and/or restrict use
Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 91
Regulations & Regulations & Consensus StandardsConsensus Standards
Canada
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RegulationsRegulations
Radiation Emitting Devices Act (RED)Chapter R-1:2001issued by Department of Justice Canada RED refers to both 21CFR and IEC 60825 as the prescribed regulations for product safety
Depending on Canadian province and local Canadian authority having jurisdiction, either 21CFR or IEC 60825 compliance is required for laser products sold Canada
29Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
RegulationsRegulations
Radiation Emitting Devices Act (RED)Applies to Manufacturers, distributors, lessors and importers of radiation emitting devices, including:
Laser scannersLaser scannersDemonstration lasers
Radiation Emitting Devices (RED) Actgoverns the sale, lease and import of certain radiation emitting devices used for medical and industrial purposes or by consumers.
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Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 92
RegulationsRegulations
RED sets safety performance standards for the sale, lease, import, labelling, packaging, and advertising of radiation emitting devices to ensure that workers and the public are not placed at risk and the public are not placed at risk. Manufacturers and importers are required to notify the Minister of Health Canada if a device does not comply with the regulations or creates a risk to any person.
31Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
RegulationsRegulations
The Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau (CCRPB)
Agency of Health Canadaassesses, monitors and assists in the ,reduction of the health and safety risks associated with radiation emitting devices and other sources of radiationLasers must be reported to CCRPB
32Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
RegulationsRegulations
Canada Occupational Health and Safety Regulations
Lasers are covered under the Canadian LabourCode
Part 10 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES Section 10.26 Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Laser Scanners, demonstration lasers, Lasers must be reported to the Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau of the Department of Health
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Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 93
StandardsStandards
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS)
Provide guidance for lasers in health care facilities.h // h / h / h /lhttp://www.ccohs.com/oshanswers/phys_agents/lasers.html
The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Standard CAN/CSA-Z386-01: Laser Safety in Health Care Facilities
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Laser Safety Officer Training © Laser Institute of America 94
Section 8Section 8
Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America 1
Laser Safety Control Measures
Purpose of Control MeasuresPurpose of Control Measures
Reduce exposure to laser radiation to non-hazardous levels (< MPE)
In some cases, we may want to reduce b th l l th t
2Laser Safety Training © Laser Institute of America
exposure beneath levels that cause transient effects (e.g., flash blindness or afterimage)
Control exposure to non-beam hazards
Control Measures Control Measures –– OverviewOverview
Control measures are based upon hazard evaluation and classification3 ANSI aspects of laser application influence hazard evaluation
The laser’s capability of injuring personnel
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The environment in which the laser is usedThe personnel who may use or be exposed to the laser radiation
More comprehensive approach addsBeam pathProcess interaction
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When we evaluate the work site When we evaluate the work site starting at the laser sourcestarting at the laser source
laser beam delivery
l
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process
people
environment
Comprehensive viewComprehensive viewLaser
TypeOutputClass
Beam deliveryOpen beam
PeopleAncillaryConsumerUsers
TrainingErgonomic Factors
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pEnclosedFiberCombination
ProcessReflectionsFumesRobotics, etc
PPEMaturity of judgmentLiteracy (read signs)
EnvironmentClean roomFactory/Job ShopOperating RoomFabrication AreaResearch Lab
Control Measures: Control Measures: Overview of ANSI Z136.1Overview of ANSI Z136.1--20072007
Two types of controlsEngineering (EC)Administrative & Procedural (A&P)
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Priority of controls allows latitudePriority given to engineering controls (Section 4.1)If impractical or inadequate, A&P and PPE shall be used (4.1)EC may be replaced by…controls which provide equivalent protection (Section 4.2)
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Control Measures: Control Measures: Overview of ANSI Z136.1Overview of ANSI Z136.1--20072007
Redundant controls – “more than one control measure that accomplishes the same purpose is not required.”E b dd d l (S ti 4 1 1 1)
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Embedded laser (Section 4.1.1.1) –“control measures appropriate to the class of embedded laser shall be implemented when beam enclosures are removed…”Control measures apply for normal operation (4.1.1.1)
Three Functions with Laser Three Functions with Laser ApplicationApplication
OperationIntended use, normal use
MaintenanceTasks for assuring routine performanceCleaning and replenishment of expendable materials
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Cleaning and replenishment of expendable materialsTypically, does not require beam access
ServiceInfrequent tasks (e.g., repairing faulty components)Usually require beam access
Control Measures:Control Measures:General Guidance from Section 4.1General Guidance from Section 4.1
Use the minimum radiation necessary for the application– only makes economic sense
Beam height should be at level other than that for
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a sitting/standing person--- Can be difficult to achieve
Enclosure of equipment or beam path is preferred Engineering Control
Goal to make as near to a class 1 product as possible
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Summary of Control MeasuresSummary of Control Measures
Table 10 ANSI Z136.1 summarizes requirementsEngineering and Administrative controls b l l
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by laser class
Class 3B Laser Controlled Area Class 3B Laser Controlled Area ANSI Z136.1ANSI Z136.1--2007 Sec. 4.3.10.12007 Sec. 4.3.10.1
Posted with warning signOperated by authorized personnelOperated by trained personnelLimit beam path if extends beyond NHZ
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Limit beam path if extends beyond NHZ8 “should” points - p. 33 in ANSI Z136.1-2007
Class 4 Laser Controlled Area Class 4 Laser Controlled Area ANSI Z136.1ANSI Z136.1--2007 Sec. 4.3.10.22007 Sec. 4.3.10.2
All “shall” and “should” requirements of Class 3b lasersCl l k d
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Clearly marked “panic button” to interrupt laser beamEntryway controls:
non-defeatabledefeatableprocedural
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Entryway Controls (4.3.10.2.2)Entryway Controls (4.3.10.2.2)
Non-defeatableDefeatable
allows override of i t l k
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interlocksProcedural
individuals are trained and given PPE
DefeatableDefeatable Entryway ControlsEntryway Controls
Momentary by-pass switch
KeyKey Pad
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SensorTime out functionGeared for authorized users useFrom outside and or inside the laser use area
Procedural Entryway Controls: Procedural Entryway Controls: PostingPosting
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Light circuit should be interlocked to laser or lamp placed on a preventative maintenance schedule. This is not common practice
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Procedural Entryway ControlsProcedural Entryway Controls
One method: laser curtain on overhead rail system forms entryway alcove with
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entryway alcove with lab doorThis particular curtain includes an interlock switch, which is rare to find in practice
Temporary Laser Controlled Temporary Laser Controlled AreaArea
Generally applicable to “service” conditionsShall provide safety
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Shall provide safety requirements within and outside areaPost “Notice” signCan be very useful to LSO
Temporary Laser Controlled Temporary Laser Controlled AreaArea
Laser curtains may be used to isolate a laser being serviced while other near-by
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while other near by lasers continue normal operation
Note, sign pocket holding “Notice” signTraining of users required
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Laser Barriers and CurtainsLaser Barriers and Curtains
Should not be flammable or
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flammable or emit toxic by-
products
Laser Barriers and CurtainsLaser Barriers and Curtains
Must know damage threshold for a given time (usu. 60 or 100 sec)– Not real life, vendor may supply limited information
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Barrier threshold limit (TL) = damage threshold
Range of TL’s: 10 to 350 W/cm2
TL = 1200 W/cm2 for 3 min for 1 metal barrier
Protective Housings/Guards: Protective Housings/Guards: Absorbing MaterialsAbsorbing Materials
Materials of construction include polymers, metals, glasses & building
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glasses & building materials
Few materials have been tested & reported in scientific literature
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Plastics with Dyes Often UsedPlastics with Dyes Often Used
Absorption by complementary color of beam (e.g., orange absorbs blue)
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Provides qualitative guidanceDoes not provide information on penetration resistance (e.g., OD)
Plastics UsedPlastics Used
Plastics most often used include:
Poly(methyl methacrylate) such as Plexiglass
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PlexiglassPolycarbonate such as Lexan
Plexiglass chamber at right is for argon laser (488 nm = blue light)
Polycarbonate for COPolycarbonate for CO22 LasersLasers
PC windows in semi-enclosure for plate cutting
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for plate cutting laser
Semi-enclosure: open on top
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Polycarbonate for COPolycarbonate for CO22 Lasers:Lasers:Conveyor EnclosuresConveyor Enclosures
Turn-key products are often Class IV due to CDRH definition of “human access” and
i
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conveyor openings
LSO should determine if NHZ extends out conveyor entrance/exit
Laser Protective WindowsLaser Protective Windows
May be films, plastics, glasses
Shall be labeled
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Shall be labeled with optical density and wavelengths, as well as damage threshold information
Enclose Beam PathEnclose Beam Path
Tubular, anodized aluminum beam tubes provide i id ti
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rigid mountingHere, encloses beam from laser into optic then to regenerative amplifier
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Enclose Beam PathEnclose Beam Path
Accordion enclosure contains beam for x-y movement“Limited open beam
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Limited open beam path” exists between output aperture and metal sheetBarrier can be used a perimeter guard
Enclose and View RemotelyEnclose and View Remotely
Use of closed-circuit TV (CCTV) to view micro-material processing application
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ppIn similar fashion CCD can be used to observe alignment stepsProcessing occurs in chamber beneath laser; access door is interlocked to laser
Fiber Optic Beam DeliveryFiber Optic Beam Delivery
Encloses beam between laser and output aperture
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LSO could specify controls for “limited open beam path” between aperture and targetLabeling of fiber is strongly suggested
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Interlock SwitchesInterlock Switches
Positive mode (break) interlock switchesNormally closed
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Normally closed electrical contacts require forcible disconnectionDO NOT THINK ALL ENCLOSURES ARE INTERLOCKEDCheck labeling
Interlock SwitchesInterlock Switches
Conventional switches use spring action to open normally-closed contacts
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May fail with contacts in closed position if spring breaks or plunger sticks
EYE EYE PROTECTION:PROTECTION:Some Factors to ConsiderSome Factors to Consider
Wavelength compatibilityAttenuation at that Wavelength (OD)
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Wavelength (OD)Visual TransmittanceComfort and FitTrainingInspectionStorage
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Wavelength CompatibilityWavelength Compatibility
Visible beam was transmitted through lens and damaged
b
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carbon paper
IR-C beam was absorbed by and damaged plastic lens, while carbon paper is intact
Laser Safety Eye ProtectionLaser Safety Eye Protection
Glassscratch resistantstability against bleachingease for prescription
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p plenseshigher optical qualitygood visual transmittance
Plasticlow weightbreak resistantLess expensive
Courtesy Innovative Optics
Optical Density (OD)Optical Density (OD)
Eyewear must be marked with OD as a function of wavelength
Laser eyewear is not for
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Laser eyewear is not for direct viewing of the beam
Some manufacturers mark eyewear “DVO” for “diffuse viewing only” Just a reminderSome eyewear labeled with European code, hard to understand
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Optical DensityOptical Density
OD can only be determined by measurement up to a value of 4.5 - 6.0Beyond that values must be extrapolated Therefore, laser eyewear may be marked
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Therefore, laser eyewear may be marked OD>6Very high ODs e.g. > 10 are not meaningful
Optical Density Time Basis Optical Density Time Basis CriteriaCriteria
Criteria Time Basis (s)
Aversion Response 0.25
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Near Infrared (0.7-1.4 mm) 10
Diffuse Viewing (visible beams) 600
Daily Occupational Exposure 30,000
Eyewear Care & StorageEyewear Care & Storage
Eyewear should be cleaned following manufacturer’s directions
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Store it to keep away from contaminants & UV exposure
Store goggles to protect physical integrity
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Protective Protective EyewearEyewear::Storage?Storage?
There is more than $1500 worth of laser protective
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of laser protective eyewear stored in this box!
Inexpensive eyewear holderInexpensive eyewear holder
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Protective Eyewear: Protective Eyewear: Things Not to DoThings Not to Do
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Leave on the optics bench
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Protective Eyewear:Protective Eyewear:Things Not to DoThings Not to Do
Stored by hanging by the elastic strap
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Stretches (deforms) the strap
Allows dust to collect within
Protective Eyewear:Protective Eyewear:Things Not to DoThings Not to Do
Stored by hanging from the
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hanging from the strap. This has severely stretched the elastic headband
Protective Eyewear:Protective Eyewear:Things Not to DoThings Not to Do
Replace the distended st ap ith
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distended strap with surgical tubing
Fasten it in place with duct tapeIf this is still your eyewear, join real world and replace
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Alignment eyewearAlignment eyewear
For visible laser use onlyOD for visible wavelengths below that of full protectionRisk does exist for user
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Risk does exist for userAdvantage is beam can be seen
Signs and Area PostingSigns and Area Posting
Signal WordsCautionDangerNotice
Caution Signs
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Caution SignsClass 2 and Class 2M
Danger SignsClass 3RClasses 3B and 4
Post required for Classes 3B & 4
Sample Warning Sign for Sample Warning Sign for Temporary Controlled AreaTemporary Controlled Area
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Laser Warning Sign:Laser Warning Sign:Problem with Manual SwitchesProblem with Manual Switches
Light controlled by manual switch within labsThis was the only i li ht d d i
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sign lighted during the audit, and no laser was in use in this lab!Easy to leave onBulbs burn out-replace with LEDs
Operating ProceduresOperating Procedures
Standard Operating ProceduresAlignment ProceduresRecommended for Class 3BRequired for Class 4
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Required for Class 4Alignment procedures applicable if potential to radiation from embedded Class 3B/4 lasers
Use of Viewing CardsUse of Viewing Cards
Invisible laser radiation converted to visible wavelength
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Visible “spot” of light is visible through eyewear
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Use of Viewing CardsUse of Viewing Cards
Laminated cards may produce specular reflections; study at 830 nm
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Make surface diffusive by covering with matte-finish cellophane tapePurchase cards with diffusive surface
Use of Viewing CardsUse of Viewing Cards
Wear protective eyewear for laser’s wavelength
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Card inserted into beam path (handheld or on stand) you are looking at the diffuse reflection
Traditional IR viewersTraditional IR viewers
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Alignment PracticesAlignment Practices
Work with a “buddy” or communicate to associates Review procedures
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with buddyIdentify necessary equipment / materialsAlign from optic to optic
Alignment Practices: Alignment Practices: Equipment / MaterialsEquipment / Materials
View beams indirectly: remotely, thermal paper, ceramic disks, IR/UV viewing scopes, paper (business, 3x5) cards, phosphor viewing cards
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Tools, targets, beam stops/blocks, curtains, signs, caution tapePPE for eyes and skin, as applicableEnsure OD is appropriate for beam power
Alignment PracticesAlignment Practices
Pay attention to housekeeping: remove unnecessary items
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u ecessa y te sRemove jewelry and items from shirt pockets
Think about dangling ID badges
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Alignment PracticesAlignment Practices
Reach into beam path to locate beam blocks with beam shutter closed
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Be aware of increased risk of exposure if beam is elevated!View diffuse reflections only
Good laser practices Good laser practices
Purchase and use certified Class 1 laser products when possibleEnclose as much of the beam as possibleDon’t direct beam toward doors/windows
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Don t direct beam toward doors/windowsDon’t locate beam at eye levelTerminate beams or reflections with fire-resistant beam stops
Good practice policesGood practice polices
Utilize surfaces that scatter radiation and minimize specular reflectionLocate controls so operator is not exposed to beam and non-beam hazardsMake sure warning/indicator lights can be
h h f l
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seen through protective filtersView application remotely (CCTV, etc.)If contractors handle service, make sure controls for temporary laser controlled area are specified and followed
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Section 9Section 9
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Laser Safety Program Administration
General ConsiderationsGeneral Considerations
Recognized need: lasers are a known hazardManagement buy-in and supportLaser Safety Officer (LSO) named
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Laser Safety Officer (LSO) namedProgram funding (expense items, training, etc.)
General Considerations: General Considerations: Basis for ProgramBasis for Program
Prevent injuries (moral, ethical consideration)Meet regulatory requirements (OSHA, state)
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state)Reduce liability, control insurance costsAvoid negative publicity
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Structure of ProgramStructure of Program
Small program: just the LSO, and probably part-time, tooCorporate program: responsible person with some level of authority at sites; site
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y ;contacts (LSOs or safety technicians)Large program: LSO, deputy LSO, laser safety committee
Possible Structure of a Large Possible Structure of a Large ProgramProgram
DLSO
LSO
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Medical Dept. Maintenance
Division LSO Division LSO Division LSO Division LSO
LSC
Possible Laser Safety Possible Laser Safety Committee MembershipCommittee Membership
RequiredLSODivision User RepresentativesManagement Representatives
Optional
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OptionalMedical Division LSOs
LSC is not a requirement has pro & con
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Laser Program Administration: Laser Program Administration: Documentation & Record KeepingDocumentation & Record Keeping
Hazard evaluation (can be part of SOP) NHZ, PPE, non-beam hazardsMedical approvalTraining – attendees (initial & retraining) and
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Training attendees (initial & retraining) and materialsInventory – demonstrate control of 3B & 4Incident investigationsPeriodic checks and auditsSpecific procedures (e.g., alignment)
Laser Program Administration: Laser Program Administration: Other Important ElementsOther Important Elements
Auditing: Are we doing what we say we’re doing?Who does these? LSO, operating group, internal audit?What is the frequency? Daily, weekly, monthly annually?
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monthly, annually?What level do they address? Nuts ‘n bolts, hazard identification? QA?In large facilities, probably a blend of local and LSO involvement.
Periodic Audits Periodic Audits –– Things to DoThings to Do
#1 Verify effective beam controls are in placeSuggest new controls as neededVerify laser inventory is current
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Verify authorized users are currentExamine SOPsInspect eyewear – proper, condition, storagePerform/verify safety features audit of facilities & laser equipment –seldom doneBe visible – talk with laser users
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Laser Program Administration: Laser Program Administration: Other Important ElementsOther Important Elements
TrainingThose with access to Class 3B and 4 beamsInitial and refresher trainingLaser safety overview or specific laser process?Confirm training by testing
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Confirm training by testing
Medical SurveillanceMedical Surveillanceis now a should not a shallis now a should not a shall
Recommended: Class 3b/4 usersFrequency: pre-placement &
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placement & following accidental exposurePersonnel categories
laser personnelincidental personnel
Medical Surveillance ExamsMedical Surveillance Exams
Incidental personnel: visual acuityLaser personnel
ocular historyvisual acuity
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visual acuityAmsler Grid Testcolor vision responses
Users of UV lasersskin exampotential for photosensitization Amsler Grid
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New Program steps New Program steps (regardless if laser use already in (regardless if laser use already in
place) Things to Doplace) Things to Do
1. Name & train LSO
2. Establish policy & institutional procedure
3. Establish inventory – What lasers are already here; where are they located; who is responsible for them?
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New Program New Program –– Things to DoThings to Do
4. Perform hazard evaluationLaser applicationPotential exposure conditionsCollect necessary information & determine
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MPEs, NHZs, ODs, etc.What are the non-beam hazards?Document all aspects well!
New Program New Program –– Things to DoThings to Do
5. Specify / approve control measures
6. User authorization – medical & training
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7. Perform periodic audits
8. Identify issues & develop action plan
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Can a laser safety environment be Can a laser safety environment be had??had??
The answer is yesIt requires management supportAn LSO who wants the job and is given the time
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the timeA trained and aware work force
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www.LIA.org
800.34LASER
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