RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Genetics & Evolution with the title is “Life Cycle of

(Drosophilla melanogaster)”, which made by :

name : Syaiful Bakhri

reg. no : 081 404 192

group : III

Have been checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator

and this report is accepted.

Makassar, november th, 2010

Assistant Coordinator,

Misnawati S.Si

Assistant,

Surahman Nur S.pd

Known by

Lecturer of Responsibility,

Hartati, S.Si, M.SiReg No : 1974040520000032002

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Background

In Fruit fly represent one of animal which can be utilized in

performing a an research of concerning cycle live by the animal performing a

process metamorphosis. Fruit fly ( Drosophila Melanogaster) is one of species

owning short life cycle, easy go and flower breed the. Drosophila

Melanogaster will marry after old age 8 clock. Rose colored Adult fly is

chocolate, dark chromatic chest by 2 is lengthwise line , at stomach shares of

there are 3 transverse. Female fly at its stomach shares is more sharp-pointed,

while masculine fly more circular. From cycle live by the egg until adult fly

take place 16 day. Though its life cycle is short but this fruit fly experience of

the perfect metamorphosis passed 4 phase that is egg, larva, pupa and imago.

Crop in the form of chili, mango, banana, star fruit, coffee and clove.

Before conducting perception to cycle live the fruit fly, hence beforehand

we have to conduct the conservancy of itself fruit fly. In its conservancy, we

will use the simple medium as place from fruit fly by self.

Pursuant to the description above so that we require to execute this

practicum, that is cycle live the Drosophila melanogaster, what its life cycle

represent the perfect metamorphosis that is from egg become the larva, later

larva become the pupa and hereinafter become imago.

B. Purpose

As for intention of this practicum that is

1. Knowing cycle live the fruit fly of Drosophila melanogaster

2. Differentiating marking of female and masculine fruit fly Drosophila

melanogaster

C. Benefit As for benefit from this practicum that is

1. Student can perceive directly cycle live the fruit fly

2. Student can perceive directly marking from every phase of fruit fly growth

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

The gene is the smallest biological unit of inheritance, and it is carried on

a chromosome. Hundreds and possibly thousand of genes are carried on each

chromosome, each in fixed or special position called a locus. The existence of a

particular gene can be determined genetically only because it exists in at least two

forms are called allelomorphs, and they usually affect a trait in contrasting

manners. Genes are so small that they cannot even be seen with the ordinary type

of microscope. Even if we could use a microscope powerful enough to enlarge the

gene image to visible size, we could not be certain what to look for. Nevertheless,

scientist have been able to learn quite a lot about the gene by using very special

methods of study (john_1963).

Scientists study Drosophila as a model specimen because of their very

short life and reproduction cycle. In fact, their life cycles only last about 14 days!

Since fruit flies don't live forever, reproduction is critical to keep the species alive.

Are you familiar with a butterfly's life cycle? If so, you'll see that Drosophila's life

cycle is very similar to a butterfly's. They both undergo complete metamorphosis,

which means that the young form looks very different from the adult! Unlike baby

humans, who have all of their adult structures (arms, legs, fingers, nose, etc.) and

look like small versions of adults, the baby fruit fly looks very different from the

adult. The baby, or larva, looks like a small worm, and does not have adult

structures like wings or legs. Like many species, female fruit flies produce eggs

and males produce sperm. When the egg and sperm unite, a new individual

develops. In fruit flies, sperm is deposited from the male fruit fly into the female

fruit fly. The female stores sperm inside of her. The eggs are fertilized when they

pass through the oviduct on their way to being deposited on a food source

(Anonyma_ 2010).

Sex is not defined by chromosome sex, but from nature of ploidi from

individual. Masculine honeybee, happened by because parthenogenesis ( the

forming of creature of day of egg cell without in preceding impregnation ).

Thereby, hence masculine honeybee has the character of the haploid, to have16

chromosome. Egg cell which is in fruit spermatozoon will yield the female

honeybee ( Queen bee) and worker, each having the character of diploid and own

32 chromosome. Because difference of place and food, hence fertile queen bee

( fertile), while barren worker bee (Victoria_2002).

If organism eukaryote, like khamir, hungry organism of that hara desist to

split the x'self, entering phase Go which stationer, and finally die. Some cell type

of at larva Diptera, what is at most in knowing is gland cell spit the fruit fly

Drosophila, also discontinue the bisection mitosis hereafter possibility 18 clock

of larva growth, but replicas DNA of chromosome and cell plant take place non-

stopped ( Adisoemarto_1988).

For the conservancy of stock of Drosophila melanogaster can be used [by]

various kinds of medium. Medium which mutilized is mixture of among banana

of and tapioca tape with the comparison 6 1. The medium wearied by during

more than 15 year. In the year 1984 putting into use some medium tried to earn

also other type Drosophila and this last some years have been used by a new

recipe. This matter because of because quality of tape and banana which is not

uniform, is so that felt by obtain the more certifiable and solid medium. New

recipe to be wearer to represent the modification from recipe which there have and

which adapted for by a Indonesia condition ( Hartati_2009).

The life cycle of the fruit fly consist of four stages: fertilized egg, larva,

pupa, and adult or imago. The rate of development is dependent on temperature,

since the files are cold-blooded invertebrates. Development from fertilization to

emergence from the pupa case takes from 12 to 15 days at room temperature. The

adults then may live for 60 days or more. The fertilized egg is diploid. It hatches

within less than 24 hr after it is laid, the exact time depending on how long it is

retained in the reproductive tract of the female after fertilization (Elrod_2006).

Abnormal chromosomal behavior in insects can result in the formation of

gynandromorphy or sexual mosaics in which some parts of the animal are female

and other parts are male. When such abnormal chromosome transmission involves

autosomes harboring genes that control easily recognized phenotypes, individuals

may also be produced that are mosaic for phenotype unrelated sex phenotype.

Some gynandromorphs in Drosophila are bilateral intersexes with male color

pattern, body shape, and sex comb on one half of the body and female

characteristics on the other half. Both female and male gonads and genitalia may

be present (Norton_1975).

XO or XY chromosome segregation as interpreted as a means of tipping

the balance between maleness and femaleness, whereas more deep-seated process

were involved in the actual process of sex determination. Bridges experimentally

produced various combinations of sex chromosome and autosomes in Drosophila

and decuded from comparisons that one X chromosome and two sets of

autosomes produced a normal male. Normal males had a ratio of X chromosome

to sets of autosomes of 0,5. Note that one set of autosomes consist of three

chromosome, on each of chromosome II, III, IV (Suryo_2008).

Females become receptive to courting males at about 8–12 hours after

emergence.[10] Males perform a sequence of five behavioral patterns to court

females. First, males orient themselves while playing a courtship song by

horizontally extending and vibrating their wings. Soon after, the male positions

itself at the rear of the female's abdomen in a low posture to tap and lick the

female genitalia. Finally, the male curls its abdomen, and attempts copulation.

Females can reject males by moving away and extruding their ovipositor. The

average duration of successful copulation is 30 minutes, during which males

transfer a few hundred very long (1.76 mm) sperm cells in seminal fluid to the

female. Females store the sperm in a tubular receptacle and in two mushroom-

shaped sperm thecae, sperm from multiple mating compete for fertilization. A last

male precedence is believed to exist in which the last male to mate with a female

sires approximately 80% of her offspring. This precedence was found to occur

through displacement and incapacitation. The displacement is attributed to sperm

handling by the female fly as multiple mating are conducted and is most

significant during the first 1–2 days after copulation. Displacement from the

seminal receptacle is more significant than displacement from the sperm thecae.

Incapacitation of first male sperm by second male sperm becomes significant 2–7

days after copulation. The seminal fluid of the second male is believed to be

responsible for this incapacitation mechanism (without removal of first male

sperm) which takes effect before fertilization occurs. The delay in effectiveness of

the incapacitation mechanism is believed to be a protective mechanism that

prevents a male fly from incapacitating its own sperm should it mate with the

same female fly repetitively (Anonymb_2010).

CHAPTER IIIMETHODE PRACTICUM

A. Time and Place

Day / Date : Saturday / November 30th 2010

Time : 09.00 a.m. until 11.00 a.m.

Place : Biology Laboratory IInd floor West FMIPA UNM Makassar

B. Tool and Material

1. Tools

a. culture bottle

b. Plastic

c. Pipette

2. Materials

a. Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)

b. Medium

C. Work procedure

1. Conducted fruit fly breeding of at medium which there have previously by

catching and including into jam bottle.

2. Perceived change that happened at medium and note when start the

existence of egg, larva till the in form of imago with the perception

periodically from 4-6 clock once

3. To differentiate to used the cycle phase live by using luv or microscope

4. Noting if in breeding happened more than one species drosophila

5. Differentiating fruit fly characteristic ( Drosophila melanogaster) between

male and female.

CHAPTER IVRESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Egg Instar Pupa

Male imago Female imago

1. Egg

Keterangan :

1. Micropyle

2. Anterior

3. Posterior

2. Instar

Keterangan :

1. Posterior

2. Segment

3. Interior

4. Interior

5. Foot

3. Pupa

Keterangan :

1. Horn

4. Imago Jantan

Keterangan :

1. Eyes

2. Foot

3. Body

4. Wings

5. Black hole

5. imago betina

Keterangan :

1. Eyes

2. Foot

3. Body

4. Wings

5. Segmen

B. Discussion

Fruit fly ( Dosophila Melanogaster) is one of species owning life cycle

which short relative, easy go and flower breed the. Drosophila Melanogaster will

marry after old age 8 clock. Rose colored Adult fly is chocolate, dark chromatic

chest by 2 is line yellow lengthwise, at stomach shares of there are 3 transverse.

Female fly tip of its stomach is more sharp-pointed, while fly male more circular.

Cycle live by the egg until adult fly take place 16 day.

Fruit fly have 4 stadium metamorphosis, that is egg, larva, pupa and imago (adult

insect a. Egg

Female fruit fly place the egg into fruit by jabbing its ovipositor

(appliance of at egg). Ex- that rough poke is marked by the existence of stain /

black dot is which do not too clear and this matter represent the symptom of early

fruit fly attack.white Chromatic egg, long globular, and placed to team 2-15

female grain fruit fly can place the egg 1-40 item / female day .one tail B. dorsally

can yield the egg 1200-1500 item. Sarwono, dkk, ( 1993) reporting that size

measure of egg of mango fruit fly is 0,3 mm x 0,1 mm.

b. Larva White Chromatic Larva of turbid or turn white the brass, long globular

wrongly its one back part become sharp the. Fruit fly larva consisted of by 3

shares; that is lead the, thorax and abdomen (8 joint). Head of is in form of

becoming sharp by 2 is fruit form the clear black spot, having appliance relate the

mouth. Larva stadium have 3 shares.

Larva makes the channel in fruit and suck of fruit dilution. This larva live

and expand in kernel of during 6 - 9 day, causing fruit become to decay, and

usually larva become to fall the instars to the ground before that larva become the

pupa. larva Instars 3 expanding maximum of the size + 7 mm, making hole go out

then hop or dash away from fruit, and become the pupa in land.

Existence of Larva of in fruit also earns the stimulation of growth and

other organism rotten life. Most stadiums, damage is larva stadium, what is

generally expanding in fruit

c. Pupa

Pupa (pupa) of[is in form of oval, chocolate colour, and length 5 mm. A

period of/to pupa is 4 - 10 day and afterwards go out the adult insect ( imago) fruit

fly

d. Imago Imago of fairish Fruit fly rata-rat a 0,7 mm X 0,3 mm and consisted of by

the head, chest thorax), and abdomen.

Thorax consisted of by 3 joint, orange chromatic, red is chocolate, black or

brown; and own a couple of wing. At B. dorsal is complex, usually there are two

lengthwise line and a couple of transparent wing.

At abdomen generally there are two athwart ribbon and one lengthwise

ribbon of black color or form the letter T which ill defined sometime. Tip of

female fly abdomen more sharp-pointed and have the appliance of site egg (strong

ovipositor)yang enough to penetrate the fruit husk, while masculine oat fly of its

abdomen is stronger.

Cycle the fruit fly life from adult egg until in trop. take place 25 day. After

exit from pupa, fly require the protein source for the food of its and preparation

lay eggs.

CHAPTER VCONLUSSION AND SUGESSTION

A. Conclusion

1. cycle live the fruit fly ( Drosophila Melanogaster) started from egg, larva,

chrysalis ( pupa) and imago

2. Fruit fly ( Drosophila Melanogaster) masculine of its size measure smaller

than female and at female have 7 segment and masculine 5 segment.

B. Suggestion

a. For Laboratory

1. Laboratory should prepare complete equipment and materials which

will be use in practicum, so easy for practicant to done the practicum.

2. Laboratory should complete the practicum rooms with air conditioner

or fan so make practicant glad to be in laboratory.

b. For Practicant

1. Practicant should prepare anything they need before enter into

laboratory, so they will easy to done practicum.

2. Practicant should work together with teammate, so practicum will be

faster and the result.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adisumarto.1988.Genetika.Jakarta: Erlangga

Anonyma.2010.Drosophila melanogaster. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila

melanogaster

Anonymb. 2010. Life cycle http://www.unjabisnis.com/2009/12/pembuatan medium

drosophila.html

Elrod, Susan. 2006. Genetika Edisi Empat. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Hartati 2009. Penuntun Praktikum Genetika. Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM. Makassar.

John,F lasley.1963. Genetics of live stock improvement. New Jersey. Department

of animal husbandry Universty of Nissouri.

Norton.1975. An introduction to genetics. New York. The University of

Minnesota gardner

Suryo. 2008. Genetika. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.

Victoria henuhili,suratsih. 2002. Genetika. Makassar : Biologi UNM

Drosophila: Life Cycle

Scientists study Drosophila as a model specimen because of their very short life and reproduction cycle. In fact, their life cycles only last about 14 days! Since fruit flies don't live forever, reproduction is critical to keep the species alive.

Are you familiar with a butterfly's life cycle? If so, you'll see that Drosophila's life cycle is very similar to a butterfly's. They both undergo complete metamorphosis, which means that the young form looks very different from the adult! Unlike baby humans, who have all of their adult structures (arms, legs, fingers, nose, etc.) and look like small versions of adults, the baby fruit fly looks very different from the adult. The baby, or larva, looks like a small worm, and does not have adult structures like wings or legs.

Like many species, female fruit flies produce eggs and males produce sperm. When the egg and sperm unite, a new individual develops. In fruit flies, sperm is deposited from the male fruit fly into the female fruit fly. The female stores sperm inside of her. The eggs are fertilized when they pass through the oviduct on their way to being deposited on a food source.

Fruit flies begin their lives as an embryo in an egg. This stage lasts for about one day. During this time, the embryo develops into a larva. The first instar larva hatches out of the egg, crawls into a food source, and eats. The larva in each stage eats as much as possible! After a day, the first instar larva molts and becomes the second instar larva. Again, the larva in this stage eats and eats! After two days in this stage, the larva molts again to become the third instar larva. After three days of eating in this stage, the larva crawls out of the food source and molts again.

Following this molt, the larva stops moving and forms a pupa. Drosophila stays in the pupa for about five days. During this time, the metamorphosis, or change, from larva to adult is occurring. Adult structures, like wings, legs, and eyes develop.

When the adults emerge from the pupa, they are fully formed. They become fertile after about ten hours, copulate, the females lay eggs, and the cycle begins again. The whole life cycle takes about 12-14 days.

Drosophila (fruit fly) Butterfly

Egg Egg

1st Instar Larva

Larva (caterpillar)2nd Instar Larva

3rd Instar Larva

Pupa Chrysalis/pupa

Adult Fruit Fly Adult Butterfly

[edit] Life cycle and reproduction

Egg of D. melanogaster

The D. melanogaster lifespan is about 30 days at 29 °C (84 °F).

The developmental period for Drosophila melanogaster varies with temperature, as with many ectothermic species. The shortest development time (egg to adult), 7 days, is achieved at 28 °C (82 °F).[5][6] Development times increase at higher temperatures (11 days at 30 °C or 86 °F) due to heat stress. Under ideal conditions,

Mating fruit flies. Note the sex combs on the forelegs of the male (insert)

Females become receptive to courting males at about 8–12 hours after emergence.[10] Males perform a sequence of five behavioral patterns to court females. First, males orient themselves while playing a courtship song by horizontally extending and vibrating their wings. Soon after, the male positions itself at the rear of the female's abdomen in a low posture to tap and lick the female genitalia. Finally, the male curls its abdomen, and attempts copulation. Females can reject males by moving away and extruding their ovipositor. The average duration of successful copulation is 30 minutes, during which males transfer a few hundred very long (1.76 mm) sperm cells in seminal fluid to the female.[11] Females store the sperm in a tubular receptacle and in two mushroom-shaped spermathecae, sperm from multiple matings compete for fertilization. A last male precedence is believed to exist in which the last male to mate with a female sires approximately 80% of her

offspring. This precedence was found to occur through displacement and incapacitation.[12]. The displacement is attributed to sperm handling by the female fly as multiple matings are conducted and is most significant during the first 1–2 days after copulation. Displacement from the seminal receptacle is more significant than displacement from the spermathecae.[12] Incapacitation of first male sperm by second male sperm becomes significant 2–7 days after copulation. The seminal fluid of the second male is believed to be responsible for this incapacitation mechanism (without removal of first male sperm) which takes effect before fertilization occurs.[12] The delay in effectiveness of the incapacitation mechanism is believed to be a protective mechanism that prevents a male fly from incapacitating its own sperm should it mate with the same female fly repetitively.[12]