Land Part 2

SJCHS

Mining and Minerals

• Minerals and metals must be collected• Mined from ore deposits• Collected from water

• Can take thousands of years for minerals to form (nonrenewable)• Over mining harms environment and soil

Mining and Minerals

• Applications• Currency• Industrial and Building• Technology

• Overuse of minerals could result in a “mineral crisis”

Cities

• Cities: Centers of population and commerce• City planning: Control of city growth

Cities

• City Plans• Concentric cities: Business/ industry in the center; residential areas outside

Cities

• Sector cities: Business in center; other areas are divided into industrial, residential, recreation areas

Cities

• Multi-nuclei cities: No one large center for business; multiple business, residential, industrial areas throughout the city

• Plan for most cities

Cities

• Zoning: Keeping certain activities (industry, farming) in specific areas of the city

http://www.cityofpittsfield.org/city_departments/community_development/docs/ZoningMap_Citywide_200909.pdf

Cities

• Aesthetics: How an area looks

Cities

• Transportation: Consider needs of private and public transportation; must also consider safety and efficiency

• Transportation in LA and Las Vegas

Cities

• Private vehicles• Pros: Convenience, good in low population areas• Cons: Expensive, pollution, high risk of accidents

Cities

• Buses and Subways• Pros: Low cost for passengers in high population areas• Cons: Inconvenient, Slow, High maintenance

Cities

• Trains• Pros: Fast, low pollution• Cons: Inconvenient, Expensive, Requires track

Cities

• Planes• Pros: Fast, low pollution, Global• Cons: Inconvenient, Expensive, Requires Airports

Cities

• Sustainability: Considering the needs of the environment• Zoning: Maintaining parks, farms; limiting pollution from industry• Transportation: Bike lanes, “green” technology

Cities

• Polluted areas in a city can be cleaned and reused•Brownfield site: Former industrial location; low pollution• Superfund site: Serious pollution; usually cleaned by the EPA

• Environmental remediation: Removal of contaminations to make an area safe for human health

http://www.epa.gov/region1/ge/

http://www.epa.gov/region1/superfund/index.html

Pittsfield/GE/Housatonic Superfund website

Globalization

• Globalization: Trading goods, services, or information throughout the world

• Pros: New resources and ideas, greater understanding of other cultures• Cons: Exploiting workers and resources in developing nations, large financial disasters

Globalization

• Organizations • World Bank: Helps developing countries• International Monetary Fund (IMF): Helps with globalization growth and economic stability• World Trade Organizations (WTO): Helps countries negotiate trade deals• United Nations (UN): Maintains global peace, human rights, and security