7/25/2019 lamaia4

1/16

African American Vernacular EnglishFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

African Americantopics

History(timeline)[show]

Culture[show]

Religion[show]

Political movements[show]

Civic / economic groups[show]

Sports[show]

Ethnic subdivisions[show]

anguages[show]

!iaspora[show]

ists[show]

Category" African#American society

African American portal

v

t

e

African American Vernacular English(AAVE)also called African AmericanEnglish(AAE); less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular, Black EnglishVernacular(BEV), or Black Vernacular English(BVE)isa variety(dialect, ethnolectand sociolect) ofAmerican English, most commonly spoken

today by urbanorking!classand largely bi!dialectalmiddle!classAfrican Americans"#$%&on!linguists#'%often call it Ebonics(a term that also has other meanings andconnotations)"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African-American_societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmericaAfrica.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:African_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:African_American_topics_sidebar&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_classhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_classhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bidialectalhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bidialectalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_classhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004383-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonics_(word)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonics_(word)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmericaAfrica.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmericaAfrica.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African-American_societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:African_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:African_American_topics_sidebar&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_classhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bidialectalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_classhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004383-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonics_(word)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonics_(word)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American

7/25/2019 lamaia4

2/16

t shares a large portion of itsgrammarand phonologyith the rural dialects of theouthern *nited tates"#+%everalcreolists, including William teart,ohn -illardandohn .ickford, argue that AA/E shares enough characteristics ith African 0reolelanguagesspoken around the orld that AA/E itself may be an English!based creolelanguage separate from English;#1%#2%hoever, most linguists maintain that there are nosignificant parallels,#3%#4%#5%and that AA/E is, in fact, a demonstrable variety of the English

language,#6%#$7%having features that can be traced back mostly to the nonstandard8ritishEnglishof early settlers in theAmerican outh"#$$%

As ith all linguistic forms, its usage is influenced by age, status, topic and setting" 9hereare many literary uses of this variety of English, particularly inAfrican!American literature"

Contents

#hide%

$:vervie

':rigins

+-istinctive features

o +"$honology

o +"'9ense and aspect

o +"+&egation

o +"1:ther grammatical characteristics

o +"2ical features

2ocial conte>t

3n literature and media

o 3"$n music

4n education

5ee also

6&otes

$7.eferences

$$E>ternal links and further reading

Overview#edit%

AA/E shares several characteristics ith 0reole English language!forms spoken bypeople throughout much of the orld" AA/E has pronunciation, grammatical structures,and vocabulary in common ith various West African languages" #$'%

?any features of AA/E are shared ith English dialects spokenin theAmerican outh"While these are mostly regionalisms (i"e" originating from the dialect commonly spoken inthe area, regardless of color), a number of themsuch as the deletion of isare used

much more fre@uently by black speakers, suggesting that they have their origins in black

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhorter2001179-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhorter2001179-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creolisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creolisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Stewarthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Stewarthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rickfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rickfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCrozier1998113.E2.80.93114-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardhaugh2002341-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoplack2000.3F-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoplackTagliamonte2001.3F-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhorter2001162.2C_185-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonstandard_dialecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonstandard_dialecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Southhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhorter2001162.2C_182-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Overviewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Originshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Distinctive_featureshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Phonologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Tense_and_aspecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Negationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Other_grammatical_characteristicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#.22Deep.22_AAVEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Lexical_featureshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Social_contexthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#In_literature_and_mediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#In_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#In_educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Noteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#External_links_and_further_readinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_American_Vernacular_English&action=edit&section=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Southhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Southhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhorter2001179-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creolisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Stewarthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rickfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithCrozier1998113.E2.80.93114-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardhaugh2002341-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoplack2000.3F-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoplackTagliamonte2001.3F-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhorter2001162.2C_185-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonstandard_dialecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Southhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhorter2001162.2C_182-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Overviewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Originshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Distinctive_featureshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Phonologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Tense_and_aspecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Negationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Other_grammatical_characteristicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#.22Deep.22_AAVEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Lexical_featureshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Social_contexthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#In_literature_and_mediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#In_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#In_educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Noteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#External_links_and_further_readinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_American_Vernacular_English&action=edit&section=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_South

7/25/2019 lamaia4

3/16

speech"#$+%9he traits of AA/E that distinguish it from theeneral Americanaccent andotherAmerican Englishdialects include the folloingB

specific pronunciation features along definable patterns, many of hich are found

in creoles and dialects of other populations of West African descent and that alsoemerge in English dialects that may be uninfluenced by West African languages,such as &efoundland English

distinctive vocabulary

distinctive use of verb tense and aspect

the use of negative concord

Early AA/E contributed a number of African!originated ords to the American Englishmainstream, including gumbo,#$1%goober,#$2%yam, and banjo" AA/E has also contributedslang e>pressions such as cooland hip"#$3%

?isconceptions about AA/E are, and have long been, common, and have stigmatiCed its

use" :ne myth is that AA/E is grammatically simple or sloppy" Another is that AA/E isthe native dialect (or even more inaccurately, a linguistic fad) employed by all AfricanAmericans" Wheeler ($666) arns that tures of to or more languages" As pidgins formfrom close contact beteen members of different language communities, the slave tradeould have been e>actly such a situation" -illard @uotes slave ship0aptain WilliammithB#$6%

As for the languages of ambia, they are so many and so different, that the &atives, oneither ide of the .iver, cannot understand each other"""" #9%he safest Way is to trade iththe different &ations, on either ide of the .iver, and having some of every ort onboard, there ill be no more =ikelihood of their succeeding in a lot, than of finishing the9oer of 8abel"

8y $4$2, this African pidgin had made its ay into novels by -aniel -efoe, inparticular, The Life of Colonel Jacque" n $4'$, 0otton ?atherconducted the first attemptat recording the speech of slaves in his intervies regarding the practice of smallpo>inoculation"#'7%

8y the time of the American .evolution, varieties among slave creoles ere not@uite mutually intelligible" -illard @uotes a recollection of amples of plantation creole" nArmy Life in a Black

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov19728-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_concordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuralnik1984.3F-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuralnik1984.3F-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler199955-17https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_American_Vernacular_English&action=edit&section=2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1998112-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_shiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillard1972.3F.3F-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Matherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead1939247-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_intelligiblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillard1972.3F.3F-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_corpushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_corpushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov19728-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_concordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuralnik1984.3F-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler199955-17https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_American_Vernacular_English&action=edit&section=2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_tradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1998112-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_shiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillard1972.3F.3F-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Matherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead1939247-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_intelligiblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillard1972.3F.3F-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_corpus

7/25/2019 lamaia4

4/16

Regiment($547), 9homas Wentorth Gigginsondetailed many features of his soldierslanguage"

n the early '777s, hana oplackprovided corpus!based evidence#4%#5%evidence from abody of ritingfrom isolated enclaves in amanHand &ova cotiapeopled bydescendants of migrations of early AA/E!speaking groups (seeamanH English), that

suggests that the grammar of early AA/E as closer to that of contemporary 8ritishdialects than modern urban AA/E is to current American dialects, suggesting that themodern language is a result of divergence from mainstream varieties, rather than theresult of decreoliCation from a idespread American creole"#'$%

=inguist ohn ?cWhortermaintains that the contribution of West African languages toAA/E is minimal" n an intervie on &ational ublic .adios Talk of the Nation, -r"?cWhorter characteriCed AA/E as a posed to because they often orked alongside the indenturedservants ho spoke those dialects"""< According to -r" ?cWhorter, virtually all linguistsho have carefully studied the origins of AA/E cept before voiceless consonants(this is also a feature ofmanyoutherndialects)" 9he voel sound in boil(I I in eneral American) is alsomonophthongiCed, especially before IlI, making it indistinguishable from ball"#'4%0onversely, older speakers in some regions (such as the American outh) mayuse #o % in ords like coachand roadthat have #o % in eneral American(i"e" #ko t %, #ro d%)" #'5%

AA/E speakers may not use the fricatives#J% (the thin thin)

and #K% (the thof then) that are present in standard varieties of English" 9he actualalternative phone used depends on the sounds position in a ord" #'6%

Word!initially, IJIis normally the same as in other English dialects

(so thinis #J n%); in other situations, it may move forard in the mouth, goingfrom dental(ith the tongue near the top teeth) to labiodental(ith the loer lipnear the top teeth)"

Word!initially, IKIis #KL %d (so thismay be # s%)" n other ords, ratherd

than the tongue simply being close to the top teeth, it can actually touch the top

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth_Higginsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shana_Poplackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_linguisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoplack2000.3F-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoplackTagliamonte2001.3F-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Peninsulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McWhorterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_American_Vernacular_English&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_American_Vernacular_English&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov2001506.E2.80.93508-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov2001506.E2.80.93508-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardhaugh2002339-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardhaugh2002339-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002116-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_consonanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov197219-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov197219-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002123-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002118.E2.80.93119-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th-frontinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth_Higginsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shana_Poplackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_linguisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoplack2000.3F-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoplackTagliamonte2001.3F-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Peninsulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McWhorterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_American_Vernacular_English&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_American_Vernacular_English&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov2001506.E2.80.93508-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardhaugh2002339-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002116-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_consonanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov197219-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002123-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002118.E2.80.93119-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th-frontinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English

7/25/2019 lamaia4

5/16

teeth" n other situations, IKI may move forard in the mouth, much like theaformentioned behavior of IJI"

.ealiCation of final ngIMI, the velar nasal, as thealveolar

nasal#n% in functionmorphemesand content morphemes ith to or more syllableslike ing, e"g" trippingis pronounced as trippin" 9his change does not occur in one!

syllable contentmorphemes such as sing, hich is #s M% and not N#s n%"Goever, singingis #s M n%" :ther e>amples include !eddingO # n%, morningO #m n n%, nothingO # n f n%" .ealiCation of IMI as #n% in these conte>ts is commonly found in many other English dialects" #+7%

A marked feature of AA/E is final consonant cluster reduction" 9here are several

phenomena that are similar but are governed by different grammatical rules" 9histendency has been used by creolists to compare AA/E to West African languagessince such languages do not have final clusters" #+$%

Final consonant clusters that are homorganic(have the same place of

articulation) and share the samevoicingare reduced" E"g" testis

pronounced #t s% since ItI and IsIare both voiceless; handis pronounced #hPn%,since InI and IdI are both voiced; butpantis unchanged, as it contains both avoiced and a voiceless consonant in the cluster"#+'%&ote also that it is the plosive(ItI and IdI) in these e>amples that is lost rather than the fricative or nasal"peakers may carry this declustered pronunciation hen pluraliCing so that theplural of test is #t sQs% rather than #t sts%" #++%9he clusters IftI, ImdI, are alsoaffected"#+1%

?ore often, ord!final IspI, IstI, and IskI are reduced, again ith the final

element being deleted rather than the former"#+2%

For younger speakers, IskrI also occurs in ords that other varieties of

English have IstrI so that, for e>ample, streetis pronounced #skrit%"#'5%

0lusters ending in IsI or ICI e>hibit variation in hether the first or second

element is deleted"#+3%

imilarly, final consonants may be deleted (although there is a great deal of

variation beteen speakers in this regard)" ?ost often, ItI and IdI are deleted" As ithother dialects of English, final ItI and IkI may reduce to a glottal stop" &asalconsonants may be lost hile nasaliCation of the voel is retained (e"g", findmay bepronounced #fR %)" ?ore rarely, IsI and ICI may also be deleted"#+4%

*se of metathesisedforms like aksfor

7/25/2019 lamaia4

6/16

9he distinction beteen I I and Ii I before li@uid consonantsis fre@uently reduced,making feeland fillhomophones"I QrI andI QrI also merge,makingpoorandpourhomophones"#'4%

n addition to these, there are a handful of multisyllabic ords that differ from

eneral American in their stress placement so that, for

e>ample,police, guitarand "etroitare pronounced ith initial stress instead ofultimate stress"#11%

Tense and aspect#edit%

Although AA/E does not necessarily feature the preteritemarker of other Englishvarieties (that is, the edof !orked), it does feature an optional tense system ith fourpast and to future tenses or (because they indicate tense in degrees) phases" #12%

Phases/$enses of AA%E[46]

Phase E&ample

Past

Pre#recent I been flown it

Recent I done fly ita

Pre#present I did fly it

Past 'nceptive I do fly it

Present I be flying it

uture

'mmediate I'm a-fly it

Post#immediate I'm a-gonna fly it

'ndefinite future I gonna fly it

^ayntactically, # fle! itis grammatical, but done(alays unstressed) is used toemphasiCe the completed nature of the action" #14%

As phase au>iliary verbs, beenand donemust occur as the first au>iliary; hen theyoccur as the second, they carry additional aspectsB#13%

$e been done !orkmeans

7/25/2019 lamaia4

7/16

9his latter e>ample highlights one of the most distinguishing features of AA/E,hich is the use of beto indicate that performance of the verb is of a habitualnature" n most other American English dialects, this can only be e>pressedunambiguously by using adverbs such as usually"#15%

9his aspect!marking form of beenor 8%is stressed and semantically distinct

from the unstressed formB %he B#N running(he has been running for a longtime) and %he been running(he has been running)"#27%9his aspect has beengiven several names, includingperfect phase, remote past, and remotephase(this article uses the third)" #2$%As shon above, beenplaces action in thedistant past" Goever, hen beenis used ith stativeverbsor gerundforms, beenshos that the action began in the distant past andthat it is continuing no" .ickford ($666)suggests that a better translation henused ith stative verbs is iliary#23%

) maybe used to indicate speaker indignation, such as in "on*t come acting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200254.E2.80.9355-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickford1999.3F.3F-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickford1999.3F.3F-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stative_verbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stative_verbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#CITEREFRickford1999https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickford1999.3F.3F-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickford1999.3F.3F-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-52https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200271.E2.80.9372-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_moodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#endnote_Finnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#ref_Finnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200271-54https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-55https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200254.E2.80.9355-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickford1999.3F.3F-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stative_verbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stative_verbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#CITEREFRickford1999https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickford1999.3F.3F-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-52https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200271.E2.80.9372-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_moodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#endnote_Finnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#ref_Finnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200271-54https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-55https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-56

7/25/2019 lamaia4

8/16

like you don*t kno! !hat happened and you started the !holething(-ont try to act as if you dont kno hat happened, because youstarted the hole thing)"#24%

egation#edit%

&egatives are formed differently from most other varieties of EnglishB#25%

*se of ain*tas a general negative indicator" As in other dialects, it

can be used here most other dialects ould use amnot, isn*t, aren*t, ha+en*tand hasn*t,Goever, in marked contrast toother varieties of English in the *"", some speakers of AA/E alsouse ain*tinstead of don*t, doesn*t, or didn*t(e,g,, # ain*t kno! that)"#26%Ain*thad its origins in common English, but became increasinglystigmatiCed since the $6th century" ee also amn*t"

&egative concord, popularly called

7/25/2019 lamaia4

9/16

ossibly some other minor conditions apply as ell"#3$%

resent!tense verbs are uninflected for numberIpersonB there is no

!s ending in the present!tense third!person singular" E>ampleB %he!rite poetry( in @uestionsB /hy they ain*t gro!ing0(Why arent

they groingU) and /ho the hell she think she is0(Who the helldoes she think she isU) lack the inversion of most other forms ofEnglish" 8ecause of this, there is also no need for the au>iliary -:"#32%

*sage of personal pronoun

7/25/2019 lamaia4

10/16

*sing the ord beeseven in place of beto mean isor arein

standard English, as in the sentence icon ith other varieties of English,particularly that of informal andoutherndialects" 9here are somenotable differences beteen the to, hoever" t has been suggestedthat some of the vocabulary uni@ue to AA/E has its origin in WestAfrican languages, but etymology is often difficult to trace and, ithout atrail of recorded usage, the suggestions belo cannot be consideredproven; in many cases, the postulated etymologies are not recogniCedby linguists or the:>ford English -ictionary"#36%

digfrom Wolofd1ggor d1gga, meaning

7/25/2019 lamaia4

11/16

different settings" enerally speaking, the degree of e>clusive use ofAA/E decreases ith increasing socioeconomic status(although AA/Eis still used by even ell!educated African Americans)"#51%#52%#53%#54%

*nited tates 0ourts are divided over ho to admit statements made inAA/E into evidence" n *nited tates v" Arnold, the *nited tates 0ourt

of Appeals for the i>th 0ircuitheld that cited utterancee>ception; hoever, thedissent held that past or present tense could not be determined by thestatement, so the statement should not have been admitted intoevidence"#55%

:gbu ($666)argues that the use of AA/E carries racially affirmativepolitical undertones as its use allos African Americans to assert theircultural upbringing" &evertheless, use of AA/E also carries strong socialconnotations; eetland ('77')presents a hite female speaker ofAA/E ho is accepted as a member into African American social groupsdespite her race"

Amid related research in the $637s and $647sincludingWilliam=abovs groundbreaking thorough grammatical study, Language in the#nner Citythere as doubt as to the e>istence of a distinct variety ofEnglish spoken by African Americans; Williamson ($647)noted thatdistinctive features of African American speech ere present in thespeech of outherners and Farrison ($647)argued that there ere reallyno substantial vocabulary or grammatical differences beteen thespeech of blacks and that of other English dialects" #56%

In literature and media#edit%

9here is a long tradition of representing the speech of blacks

inAmerican literature" A number of researchers#67%have looked into theays that American authors have depicted the speech of blackcharacters, investigating ho black identity is established and ho itconnects to other characters" 8rasch ($65$B>) argues that early massmedia portrayals of black speech are the strongest historical evidence ofa separate variety of English for blacks"#6$%Early popular orks are alsoused to determine the similarities that historical varieties of black speechhave in common ith modern AA/E"#6'%#6+%

9he earliest depictions of black speech came from orks ritten in theeighteenth century,#61%primarily by hite authors" A notable e>ceptionis Clotel, the first novel ritten by an African American (William Wells8ron)"#2$%#62%-epictions have largely been restricted to dialogue and thefirst novel ritten entirely in AA/E asune ordans$is &!n/here($64$),#63%thoughAlice Walkers epistolary novelThe Color3urpleis a much more idely knon ork ritten entirely in AA/E"#64%=orraine Gansberrys $626 playA Raisin in the %unalso has neare>clusive use of AA/E"#65%9he poetry of =angston Gughesuses AA/Ee>tensively"#66%#page needed%

ome other notable orks that have incorporated representations ofblack speech (ith varying degrees of perceived authenticity) includeB #$77%

Edgar Allan oeB

7/25/2019 lamaia4

12/16

oel 0handler GarrisB5ncle Remus($557)

?ark 9ainBAd+entures of $uckleberry (inn($552)

9homas &elson ageB #n &le 6irginia($554)

9homas -i>onBThe Clansman($672)

?argaret ?itchellB7one !ith the /ind($6+3)

Xora &eale GurstonBTheir 8yes /ere /atching 7od($6+4)#$7$%

William FaulknerB7o "o!n' 4oses($61')

ohn Dennedy 9ooleBA Confederacy of "unces($657)#$7'%

As there is no established spelling system for AA/E,#$7+%depicting it inliterature is instead often done through spelling changes to indicate itsphonological features,#$71%or to contribute to the impression that AA/E isbeing used (eye dialect)"#$72%?ore recently, authors have begun focusingon grammatical cues,#2$%and even the use of certain rhetorical strategies"#$73%

ortrayals of black characters in movies and television are also doneith varying degrees of authenticity"#$74%n#mitation of Life($6+1), thespeech and behavioral patterns of -elilah (an African Americancharacter) are reminiscent of minstrel performances that set out toe>aggerate stereotypes, rather than depict black speech authentically"#$75%?ore authentic performances, such as those in the folloing moviesand 9/ shos, occur hen certain speech events, vocabulary, andsyntactic features are used to indicate AA/E usage, often ith particularemphasis on young, urban African AmericansB#$76%

"o the Right Thing($656)

The (resh 3rince of Bel Air($667$663)

Jungle (e+er($66$)

Laurel A+enue($66+)

(resh($661)

The Best 4an($666)

$n music#edit%

pirituals, blues,aCC,. S 8, and most recently,hip!hopare all genresassociated ithAfrican American music;as such, AA/E is featured inthese musical forms" E>amples of morphosyntactic features of AA/E ingenres other than hip!hop are given beloB

Artist Song yric AA%E eature

'ina

(i)one

*$t +e,s That -ay

(o)eti)e*

*$t +e,s That -ay

(o)eti)e*

habitual aspect

with be

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Chandler_Harrishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Remushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Remushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Pagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Ole_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dixon,_Jr.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clansmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clansmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mitchellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Windhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Windhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurstonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Their_Eyes_Were_Watching_Godhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Their_Eyes_Were_Watching_Godhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-101https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulknerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Down,_Moseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Down,_Moseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toolehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002238-103https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002238-103https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002168.2C_196-104https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002168.2C_196-104https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_dialecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickfordRickford200023-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickford1999.3F.3F-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002196-106https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002.3F-107https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imitation_of_Life_(1934_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imitation_of_Life_(1934_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002202-108https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002206.E2.80.93209.2C_211-109https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_the_Right_Thinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel_Airhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Feverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Avenuehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_(1994_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_Man_(1999_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_Man_(1999_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_American_Vernacular_English&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_American_Vernacular_English&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_(music)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_%26_Bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Simonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Simonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Chandler_Harrishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Remushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Pagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Ole_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dixon,_Jr.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clansmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mitchellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Windhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurstonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Their_Eyes_Were_Watching_Godhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-101https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulknerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Down,_Moseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toolehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002238-103https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002168.2C_196-104https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_dialecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickfordRickford200023-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickford1999.3F.3F-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002196-106https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002.3F-107https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imitation_of_Life_(1934_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002202-108https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2002206.E2.80.93209.2C_211-109https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_the_Right_Thinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel_Airhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Feverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Avenuehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_(1994_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_Man_(1999_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_American_Vernacular_English&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_(music)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_%26_Bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Simonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Simone

7/25/2019 lamaia4

13/16

era Hall*Trouble (o

Hard*

*on,t nobody know )y

trouble but 0od*negative concord

Te1as

le1ander*The 3ising (un*

*(he got so)ethinground and it look ust

like a bat*

lack o inlection on

presenttense verb

?ore recently, AA/E has been used heavily in hip!hop to shostreetcred"#$$7%E>amples of morphosyntactic AA/E features used by black hip!hop artists are given beloB

Artist Song yric AA%E eature

7ool 8*7ontrol

9ysel*

*(he said her na)e

(hayeeda*absence o copula

7ool 8*7ontrol

9ysel*

*$ could tell her )a)a

eed her*

lack o inlection on

presenttense verb

:anye

-estt.8ay;

*0otta Have

$t*

*

7/25/2019 lamaia4

14/16

around yo ashy

ankles*

^a=e>ical items taken from mitherman ('777)

8ecause hip!hop is so intimately related to theAfrican American oraltradition, non!black hip!hop artists also use certain features of AA/E; fore>ample, in an ?0 battle, Eyedeasaid, appro>imant)"#$$$%

AA/E is also used by non!black artists in genres other than hip!hop, ifless fre@uently" For instance, in ts, is socially limiting"#$$2%ome of the harshestcriticism of AA/E or its use has come from African Americans"#$$3%#$$4%#$$5%Aconspicuous e>ample as the

7/25/2019 lamaia4

15/16

have the e>periences and training that ill enable them to respectdiversity and uphold the right of students to their on language"