lala

4
The hydrogen of nitrobenzene, nitro and azo benzene has been studied sing competitively. A kinetic isotope effect was observed with nirto but not w nitrobenzene. Nitro inhibits nitrobenzene hydrogenation in a competitive whereas azobenzene co-react but at lower rates. Taken together a more det mechanistic undertanding has been obtained. The The selective hydrogenation of nitro-compounds is commonly used to manufacture amines, which are important intermediates for dyes, urethanes agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, often produced on a large industrial s Palladium is one of the best catalysts for the catalytic hydrogenation of nitroarenes, which has substituted the old !champ process "#$ based on % acids. &atalytic hydrogenation gives purer products at lower cost, and ha been investigated in detail "',($. The industrial aspects of these reacti been analysed by )tr*tz "+$ and recently by aumeister et al. " $. The pr review will therefore, be focused on the fundamental aspects of these pro and recent potential applications. oreover nitroso-, azo-, azo y-, hydr compounds are reaction intermediates in the hydrogenation of nitro-compo /)cheme #0, and their reactivity on Pd-based catalysts will also be discu 1idrogenasi selektif nitro-senyawa ini umumnya digunakan untuk memproduks amina, yang merupakan intermediet penting untuk pewarna, urethanes, bahan kimia pertanian dan obat-obatan, sering diproduksi dalam skala industri b Palladium adalah salah satu katalis terbaik untuk hidrogenasi katalitik n yang telah menggantikan proses echamp tua "#$ berdasarkan %e dan asam. 1idrogenasi katalitik memberikan produk yang lebih murni dengan biaya leb rendah, dan dengan demikian, telah diteliti secara rinci "',($. Aspek ind ini telah dianalisis oleh )tr*tz "+$ dan baru-baru ini oleh aumeister et Tin2auan ini karena itu akan, akan difokuskan pada aspek-aspek fundamenta proses ini dan potensi aplikasi baru-baru ini. )elain itu nitroso-, azo-, 1ydrazo-senyawa intermediet reaksi hidrogenasi nitro-senyawa /)kema #0, d reaktivitas mereka pada katalis Pd berbasis 2uga akan dibahas. 2. Hydrogenation of nitrobenzene any authors point out that this reaction is strongly e othermic and ver most metals. The process is usually limited by diffusion. The reactor and have then to be taken into account both the yield and the necessity to de risk of e plosion. ulk chemicals such as aniline are produced by hydroge of nitrobenzene in the gas phase using a fi ed or fluidised bed, or in th phase with slurry reactors "+$. )ince the reaction produces water, the pr support of palladium is carbon due its hydrophobicity. The reaction )chem established by 1aber in #454 "6$ is widely accepted. The first step is an hydrogenolysis of N78 bond giving a nitrosobenzene, usually strongly adso and not observed in the products. 9ndeed the only product of the hydrogen nitrobenzene at :;& on Pd deposited on woven glass fibres was aniline. Th

Upload: ailimillah948

Post on 04-Oct-2015

214 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

kerta

TRANSCRIPT

The hydrogen of nitrobenzene, nitro and azo benzene has been studied singly and competitively. A kinetic isotope effect was observed with nirto but not with nitrobenzene. Nitro inhibits nitrobenzene hydrogenation in a competitive reaction, whereas azobenzene co-react but at lower rates. Taken together a more detailed mechanistic undertanding has been obtained.TheThe selective hydrogenation of nitro-compounds is commonly used to manufacture amines, which are important intermediates for dyes, urethanes, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, often produced on a large industrial scale. Palladium is one of the best catalysts for the catalytic hydrogenation of nitroarenes, which has substituted the old Bchamp process [1] based on Fe and acids. Catalytic hydrogenation gives purer products at lower cost, and has thus, been investigated in detail [2,3]. The industrial aspects of these reactions have been analysed by Strtz [4] and recently by Baumeister et al. [5]. The present review will therefore, be focused on the fundamental aspects of these processes and recent potential applications. Moreover nitroso-, azo-, azoxy-, hydrazo-compounds are reaction intermediates in the hydrogenation of nitro-compounds (Scheme 1), and their reactivity on Pd-based catalysts will also be discussed.

Hidrogenasi selektif nitro-senyawa ini umumnya digunakan untuk memproduksi amina, yang merupakan intermediet penting untuk pewarna, urethanes, bahan kimia pertanian dan obat-obatan, sering diproduksi dalam skala industri besar. Palladium adalah salah satu katalis terbaik untuk hidrogenasi katalitik nitroarenes, yang telah menggantikan proses Bechamp tua [1] berdasarkan Fe dan asam. Hidrogenasi katalitik memberikan produk yang lebih murni dengan biaya lebih rendah, dan dengan demikian, telah diteliti secara rinci [2,3]. Aspek industri reaksi ini telah dianalisis oleh Strtz [4] dan baru-baru ini oleh Baumeister et al. [5]. Tinjauan ini karena itu akan, akan difokuskan pada aspek-aspek fundamental dari proses ini dan potensi aplikasi baru-baru ini. Selain itu nitroso-, azo-, azoxy-, Hydrazo-senyawa intermediet reaksi hidrogenasi nitro-senyawa (Skema 1), dan reaktivitas mereka pada katalis Pd berbasis juga akan dibahas.

2. Hydrogenation of nitrobenzeneMany authors point out that this reaction is strongly exothermic and very fast on most metals. The process is usually limited by diffusion. The reactor and process have then to be taken into account both the yield and the necessity to decrease the risk of explosion. Bulk chemicals such as aniline are produced by hydrogenation of nitrobenzene in the gas phase using a fixed or fluidised bed, or in the liquid phase with slurry reactors [4]. Since the reaction produces water, the preferredsupport of palladium is carbon due its hydrophobicity. The reaction Scheme 1, established by Haber in 1898 [6] is widely accepted. The first step is an hydrogenolysis of NO bond giving a nitrosobenzene, usually strongly adsorbed and not observed in the products. Indeed the only product of the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene at 50C on Pd deposited on woven glass fibres was aniline. The reaction initially followed a zero order for nitrobenzene, therefore, an Eley Rideal mechanism was proposed in which nitrobenzene was adsorbed and hydrogen reacted from the gas phase [7]. The adsorption of the nitro-compound has also been proposed for Pd-containing polymers [8]. The same reaction general scheme is also observed for 1-(4-nitrobenzyl)-1,2,4-triazole in which an arylhydroxylamine ntermediate is formed with a first order kinetics and an enthalpy of reaction _H1 = 65 kcal/mol. Arylhydroxylamine was further hydrogenated to the corresponding amine with a higher activation energy and an enthalpy _H2 = 58 kcal/mol [9].

Banyak penulis menunjukkan bahwa reaksi ini sangat eksotermik dan sangat cepat pada kebanyakan logam . Proses ini biasanya dibatasi oleh difusi . Reaktor dan proses memiliki maka harus diperhitungkan baik hasil dan kebutuhan untuk mengurangi risiko ledakan . Bahan kimia seperti anilin yang diproduksi oleh hidrogenasi nitrobenzena dalam fase gas menggunakan fixed bed atau fluidised , atau dalam fase cair dengan reaktor slurry [ 4 ] . Karena reaksi menghasilkan air, lebih disukaidukungan paladium adalah karbon karena hidrofobik nya . Skema reaksi 1 , yang didirikan oleh Haber pada tahun 1898 [ 6 ] diterima secara luas . Langkah pertama adalah hidrogenolisis dari N - O obligasi memberikan nitrosobenzene , biasanya kuat diserap dan tidak diamati dalam produk . Memang satu-satunya produk dari hidrogenasi nitrobenzena pada 50 C pada Pd diendapkan pada serat kaca tenunan adalah anilin . Reaksi awalnya mengikuti urutan nol untuk nitrobenzena , oleh karena itu, mekanisme Eley Rideal diusulkan di mana nitrobenzene teradsorpsi dan hidrogen bereaksi dari fase gas [ 7 ] . Adsorpsi dari nitro - senyawa juga telah diusulkan untuk Pd mengandung polimer [ 8 ] . Skema umum reaksi yang sama juga diamati untuk 1 - ( 4 - nitrobenzil ) -1,2,4 - triazole di mana sebuah ntermediate arylhydroxylamine dibentuk dengan kinetika orde satu dan entalpi reaksi _H1 = -65 kkal / mol . Arylhydroxylamine selanjutnya dihidrogenasi dengan amina yang sesuai dengan energi aktivasi yang lebih tinggi dan entalpi _H2 = -58 kkal / mol [ 9 ] .

A similar reaction scheme has also been reported for the hydrogenation of nitro-aliphatic compounds with also a zero order rate even at low concentration of substrate [10]. The same reaction general scheme is also observed for 1-(4-nitrobenzyl)-1,2,4-triazole in which an arylhydroxylamine intermediate is formed with a first order kinetics and an enthalpy of reaction _H1 = 65 kcal/mol. Arylhydroxylamine was further hydrogenated to the corresponding amine with a higher activation energy and an enthalpy _H2 = 58 kcal/mol [9]. A similar reaction scheme has also been reported for the hydrogenation of nitro-aliphatic compounds with also a zero order rate even at low concentration of substrate [10]. The sensitivity of the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to the surface structure of palladium has not been reported, and is difficult to establish due to the fast kinetics. Several results however, show a sensitivity to alloy formation. The addition of 0.4% Pt to a solid containing 4% Pd increases the rate by 50%, and the further addition of Fe to the PtPd bimetallic doubles it [4]. In the conditions of the reaction, Fe and Pt were proposed to be reduced to metals by a process catalysed by Pd, and alloys were then most probably formed at least on the surface. The catalytic activity of Pd for the hydrogenation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) is reduced by the addition of Cu and Sn. Upon the addition of Fe a two-fold increase of activity is observed [11]. The formation of highly dispersed PdFe aggregates has been suggested where the Fe atoms next to Pd act as promotors activating the N=O bond. Skema Reaksi serupa juga telah dilaporkan untuk hidrogenasi senyawa nitro - alifatik dengan juga tingkat orde nol bahkan pada konsentrasi rendah dari substrat [ 10 ] . Skema umum reaksi yang sama juga diamati untuk 1 - ( 4 - nitrobenzil ) -1,2,4 - triazole di mana sebuah arylhydroxylamine menengah dibentuk dengan kinetika orde satu dan entalpi reaksi _H1 = -65 kkal / mol . Arylhydroxylamine selanjutnya dihidrogenasi dengan amina yang sesuai dengan energi aktivasi yang lebih tinggi dan entalpi _H2 = -58 kkal / mol [ 9 ] . Skema Reaksi serupa juga telah dilaporkan untuk hidrogenasi senyawa nitro - alifatik dengan juga tingkat orde nol bahkan pada konsentrasi rendah dari substrat [ 10 ] . Sensitivitas hidrogenasi nitrobenzena dengan struktur permukaan paladium belum dilaporkan , dan sulit untuk membangun karena kinetika cepat. Beberapa hasil bagaimanapun , menunjukkan kepekaan terhadap pembentukan alloy . Penambahan 0,4 % Pt menjadi padat yang mengandung 4 % Pd meningkatkan laju sebesar 50 % , dan penambahan lebih lanjut dari Fe ke bimetal Pt - Pd ganda itu [ 4 ] . Dalam kondisi reaksi , Fe dan Pt diusulkan untuk dikurangi menjadi logam dengan proses dikatalisis oleh Pd , dan paduan kemudian paling mungkin terbentuk setidaknya di permukaan . Aktivitas katalitik Pd untuk hidrogenasi 2,4- dinitrotoluene ( DNT ) dikurangi dengan penambahan Cu dan Sn . Setelah penambahan Fe peningkatan dua kali lipat aktivitas yang diamati [ 11 ] . Pembentukan sangat tersebar agregat PdFe telah disarankan dimana atom Fe sebelah Pd bertindak sebagai promotor mengaktifkan N = O obligasi

Actually, according to Bodnar et al. [12] Fe could be oxidised to Fex+ due to the strong oxidising reaction medium and the active site formed of PdFex+ pairs. Polymer protected colloidal NiPd alloys have been recently reported to increase the rate by a factor of 4 [13]. In the case of 2-methyl-2-nitropropane [10] an effect of the preparation was observed suggesting that small particles could be more active. Increasing the pressure of hydrogen from 10 to 20 bar decreased the selectivity to arylhydroxylamine. A further increase to 50 bar decreased all rates, suggesting the possible formation of a palladium hydride phase of low activity. As we will see below poisons also show big effects and allow to selectively control the formation of the different intermediates. The modification of a commercial catalyst is the method usually preferred for this purpose. A large number of solvents can be used, including alcohols, polyalcohols (glycerol, glycol), acetone, ethyl acetate, benzene, water and acidic solutions. Several large scale processes are also reported without any solvent [4,14]. According to Rylander [3] the choice of the solvent depends more on the overall chemistry than on the effect of the solvent on the rate of reduction, as expected for very fast reactions. It has to be pointed out that the solubility of hydrogen depends on the solvent: volatile apolar solvents dissolve hydrogen better [15], and should then be more suited for reactions in which the rate is limited by the supply of hydrogen to the surface. Another important property is the possible adsorption at the Pd surface in competition with the reactant and products leading to changes in selectivity. However, for the hydrogenation of substituted nitrobenzenes the choice of the solvent may be restricted by the solubility of the substrates and then a limited range of solvents is available [5].

Sebenarnya , menurut Bodnar et al . [ 12 ] Fe dapat dioksidasi menjadi Fex + karena media reaksi oksidasi yang kuat dan situs aktif yang terbentuk dari Pd - Fex + pasang . Dilindungi Polymer koloid Ni - Pd paduan telah baru-baru dilaporkan untuk meningkatkan tingkat dengan faktor 4 [ 13 ] . Dalam kasus 2 - metil - 2 - nitropropane [ 10 ] efek persiapan diamati menunjukkan bahwa partikel kecil bisa lebih aktif . Peningkatan tekanan hidrogen dari 10 sampai 20 bar penurunan selektivitas untuk arylhydroxylamine . Peningkatan lebih lanjut untuk 50 bar penurunan semua harga , menunjukkan pembentukan kemungkinan fase hidrida paladium aktivitas rendah . Seperti yang akan kita lihat di bawah racun juga menunjukkan efek yang besar dan memungkinkan untuk selektif mengontrol pembentukan intermediet yang berbeda . Modifikasi katalis komersial adalah metode biasanya disukai untuk tujuan ini . Sejumlah besar pelarut dapat digunakan , termasuk alkohol , polialkohol ( gliserol , glikol ) , aseton , etil asetat , benzena , air dan larutan asam . Beberapa proses skala besar juga dilaporkan tanpa pelarut [ 4,14 ] . Menurut Rylander [ 3 ] pemilihan pelarut lebih tergantung pada kimia secara keseluruhan dari pada efek dari pelarut pada tingkat penurunan , seperti yang diharapkan untuk reaksi yang sangat cepat . Ini harus menunjukkan bahwa kelarutan hidrogen tergantung pada pelarut : pelarut yang mudah menguap apolar melarutkan hidrogen yang lebih baik [ 15 ] , dan kemudian harus lebih cocok untuk reaksi di mana angka ini dibatasi oleh pasokan hidrogen ke permukaan . Properti lain yang penting adalah kemungkinan adsorpsi pada permukaan Pd dalam persaingan dengan reaktan dan produk yang mengarah ke perubahan selektivitas . Namun, untuk hidrogenasi nitrobenzenes diganti pemilihan pelarut dapat dibatasi oleh kelarutan substrat dan kemudian yang terbatas pelarut tersedia [ 5 ] .

Nitrobenzene reduction with iron filings. The older bechamp method for iron oxide pigment production gives anilin as a co-product and is operated by bayer in west virginia nitrobenzene is reduced by reaction with iron filings in the presence of a hydrocliric acid catalyst. The iron is oxidized tio the ferrous or ferric state and the co-pruduct anilin is separated. The yield is 90-95 % of theoritical. This process would hve been replaced much earlier by more economical reduction methods if it had not been possible to obtain valuable iron oxide pigments from the iron oxide sludge. However the increasing demand for aniline has far surpassed the market for iron pigments, so this process is no longer preferred