lahkjkfky /kkjk - gjus&t dhara_010317.pdf · lahkjkfky /kkjk (rqyukred /kez&n'kzu dh...

$: laHkjkFky /kkjk - GJUS&T Dhara_010317.pdf · laHkjkFky /kkjk (rqyukRed /keZ&n'kZu dh =Sekfldh 'kks/k if=dk) ... lkis{krk Hkh mldks cny ugha ldrhA tSls vfgalk ,d 'kk'or lPpkbZ gS]$

laHkjkFky /kkjk(rqyukRed /keZ&n'kZu dh =Sekfldh 'kks/k if=dk)

Refereed Research Journal of

Comparative Religion and Philosophy

xq# tEHks'oj th egkjkt /kkfeZd v/;;u laLFkku (/kkfeZd ladk;)

xq# tEHks'oj foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;]fglkj&125001 (gfj;k.kk)

vad 2] la[;k 2] twykbZ&flrEcj&2016 ISSN: 2395-776X

lajkd

dqyifr] izks- Vads'oj dqekjxq# taHks'oj foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] fglkj (gfj;k.kk)

mi&lajkd

dqylfpo] MkW- vfuy dqekj iqaMhjxq# taHks'oj foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] fglkj (gfj;k.kk)

vf/k"Bkrk /kkfeZd v/;;u ladk;

izkså ujsUÊ dqekj fc'uksbZ

laiknd

MkW- fd'kukjke fc'uksbZv/;k] xq# taHks'oj th egkjkt /kkfeZd v/;;u laLFkku

lgk;d laiknd

dfork jkuh] eqUuh] furs'k dqekj] bUnq ckyk] dfork [kjhaVk] vatq ckyk o lqeu ckyklaikndh; e.My %

1- MkW- f'koukjk;.k mik/;k; (dksVk) 2- izks- fou; JhokLro (fnYyh)3- izks- bUÊnŸk mfu;ky (gksf'k;kjiqj) 4- izks- foHkk mik/;k; (t;iqj)5- izks- fnus'kpaÊ 'kkL=h (gfjkj) 6- izks- v;ks/;knkl oS".ko (y[ku≈)7- Jherh ljkst ckyk (fnYyh) 8- MkW- v'kksd lHkzoky (p.Mhx<+)9- izks- jktsUÊ izlkn feJ (t;iqj) 10- izks- foÿe dqekj (p.Mhx<+)11- izks- bfDrnkj eksgEen [kku (fnYyh) 12- izks- dkejkt rst flag ljko (fnYyh)13- izks- 'k'kh ckyk JhokLro (xksj[kiqj) 14- izks- lqjsUÊ dqekj (jksgrd)15- izks- osn izdk'k 'kkL=h (gfjkj) 16- izks- ujlhjke fc'uksbZ (fglkj)17- fÿ'VkWQ ,efjp (dukMk) 18- izks- fjpMZ bZ- esfuUtj (dukMk)

lykgdkj lfefr %1- MkW- vusdkUr tSu (fnYyh) 2- MkW- ehukkh xqIrk (ouLFkyh)3- izks- tliky dkSj dax (p.Mhx<+) 4- izks- Hkxr flag (dq:ks=)5- izks- eukst n;ky (fglkj) 6- izks- gjegsUÊ flag csnh (ve`rlj)7- izks- Hkheflag (dq:ks=) 8- izks- fouksn fc'uksbZ (fglkj)9- izks- lanhi flag jk.kk (fglkj) 10- MkW- oanuk iwfu;ka (fglkj)11- izks- uhuk Mksxjk (ubZ fnYyh) 12- izks- izHkq cky fla/kq (p.Mhx<+)13- ohUlsaV czxSUl (fons'kh 'kks/kkFkhZ] dukMk) 14- ,ysDlht fjpMZ (fons'kh 'kks/kkFkhZ] dukMk)15- izks- ehjk xkSre (dq:ks=)

laHkjkFky /kkjk & =Sekfldh 'kks/k if=dk

ewY; O;fDrxr & : 500 izfr

LakLFkk & : 800 izfr

okf"kZd lnL;rk 'kqYd & : 4]000

iapo"khZ; lnL;rk 'kqYd & : 8]000

vkthou lnL;rk 'kqYd & : 18]000

ewY; ,oa lnL;rk 'kqYd

vuqÿef.kdkÿålaå fooj.k ys[kd i`å la[;k

1- xq: tEHks'oj kjk izfrikfnr fc'uksbZ /keZ vkSj furs'k dqekj] 'kkyw vkSj 1&5egkohj kjk izfrikfnr tSu /keZ esa vfgalk dk LFkku MkW- fd'kukjke fc'uksb

2- dchj ok.kh dk vk/;kfRed fparu lqeu ckyk] MkW- fd'kukjke fc'uksbZ 6&11

3- ;ksx esa izk.kk;ke dk LFkku o mldk izHkko izkså th-Mh-'kekZ] ,oa lksgu yky 12&15

4- Hkxoku d`".k ds izeq[k mins'k ,oa MkWå eukst n;ky ,oa 16&29O;ogkj esa mudk vuqikyu yhyh flUgk

5- lka[; n'kZu MkWå fd'kukjke fc'uksbZ 30&33vUtq ckyk] bUnq ckyk

6- i;kZoj.k dh leL;k rFkk osnksDr lek/kku eqUuh] MkWå fd'kukjke fc'uksbZ 34&38

7- vdcj dkyhu /kkfeZd lkSgknZ jfoUÊ 39&43

8- pkokZd n'kZu dfork jkuh] MkWå fd'kukjke fc'uksbZ 44&46

9- fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk ds vxznwr&dchj eksgu yky 47&49

10- Hkkjr ds izkphu laLd`r xzUFkksa eas i;kZoj.k lajk.k MkW- ljyk vxzoky 50&82

11- Jhen~ Hkxon~ xhrk esa ekuoh; ewY; MkW- e/kqfydk lqgkx 83&86

12- xq# tkEHkks th dk vykSfdd thou pfj= MkW- (Jherh) vatq jkuh 87&89

13- laLd`r dkO;'kkL= esa vyadkjksa dk ÿfed fodkl lqfe=k nsoh 90&95

14- laLd`r dkO;'kkL= esa dkO; iz;kstu ds eqds'k dqekj 96&101lUnHkZ esa eEeV ,oa vU; vkpk;Z

15- Lokeh foosdkuUn vkSj jk"V™h;rk dfork flU/kq [kjhaVk] 102&104

16. Religion: A remedy for Shalu, Nitesh Kumar and 105-108

Environmental degradation Narsi R. Bishnoi

Sambhrathal Dhara - A Refereed Research Journal of Comparative Religion and Philosophy, July-September 2016 1

xq: tEHks'oj kjk izfrikfnr fc'uksbZ /keZ vkSjegkohj kjk izfrikfnr tSu /keZ esa vfgalk dk LFkku

Sambhrathal Dhara - A Refereed Research Journal of Comparative

Religion and Philosophy, ISSN: 2395-776X/Year-4, Vol-2

furs'k dqekj] 'kkyw vkSj MkW- fd'kukjke fc'uksbZxq: tEHks'oj th egkjkt /kkfeZd v/;;u laLFkku]

i;kZoj.k foKku ,oa vfHk;kaf=dh foHkkxxq: tEHks'oj foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh fo'ofon~;ky;] fglkj (gfj-)

1

,d ftKklq ?kwerk&?kwerk Hkxoku egkohjds ikl igqapkA le; dh vuqdwyrk ns[kdj mlusiz'u fd;k Hkars! lcls izkphu /keZ dkSu&lk gS\Hkxoku us lek/kku dh Hkk"kk esa dgk&^lRos ik.kk .kgarOok] ,l /kEes /kqos f.kb, lkl,*&lalkj dk dksbZHkh izk.kh gUrO; ugha gS] ;g vfgalk /keZ gh /kzqo gS]fuR; vkSj 'kk'or gS] /keZ dh ;g vo/kkj.kk Hkxokuegkohj us nh vkSj muls iwoZorhZ lHkh rhFk±djksa us nhArhFk±dj lR; ds izoDrk gksrs gSaA lR; lnk lR; ghjgrk gSA ÊO;] ks=] dky vkSj Hkko dh vkiskrk dhlkiskrk Hkh mldks cny ugha ldrhA

tSls vfgalk ,d 'kk'or lPpkbZ gS] oSls ghfgalk Hkh ,d fpjUru lR; gSA fgalk Hkh vfgalk vkfnekuoh; ewY;ksa dh rjg yksdthou esa jph&clh gqbZgSA gj ;qx ds egkiq:"k fgalk ds opZLo dks kh.kdjus ds fy, ltx jgs gSaA Hkkjro"kZ esa fgalk dsfojks/k esa mBh vkokt esa egkohj vkSj cqº ekStwn gSa]rks egkRek xka/kh vkSj vkpk;Z rqylh Hkh eq[; gSaAmUgksaus tks n'kZu fn;k] og lEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr dks,d /kkjk esa tksM+us dh 'kfDr j[krk gSA

Hkkjrh; laLœfr v/;kRe iz/kku laLœfr gSAv/;kRe dh vkRek gS vfgalkA vfgalk lc /keks± dklkj gSA ftl /keZ ds lkFk vfgalk dk vuqcU/k ughagksrk] og fdlh dk =k.k ugha dj ldrkA vfgalk'kwU; /keZ izk.k foghu 'kjhj ds leku gSA ;g ckr

lgh gS fd vfgalk dk ekxZ cgqr tfVy gS] ij ;g Hkhmruk gh lp gS fd bl iFk ij c<+s fcuk dksbZ Hkhegku ugha cu ldrkA fo'o dk bfrgkl bl ckrdk lkkh gS fd tks Hkh O;fDr egku~ cus gSa mUgsavfgalk dk vkJ; ysuk gh iM+k gSA

tSu /keZ vfgalk iz/kku /keZ gSA vfgalk dkftruk lwe foospu bl /keZ esa fd;k x;k gS mruklwe foospu vU;= feyuk nqyZHk gS] ij tSu /keZ dhvfgalk vO;kogkfjd gSA ;fn bl vfgalk dk ikyufd;k tk, rks vkneh vius /ku] lEifŸk] lekt ojk"V™ dh jkk ugha dj ldrkA og vius ifjokj dkikyu&ik"ks.k ugha dj ldrkA vius NksVs&cM+slkeftd vkSj jk"V™h; nkf;Roksa dk lE;d~ fuoZguHkh ugha dj ldrkA

vfgalk ds ckjs esa udkjkRed fpUru lkeusvk;k gS] okLrfodrk mlls fcYdqy vyx gSA tSu/keZ dh vfgalk ifjokj ikyu esa dgha ck/kd ughacurhA bl rF; dks lwerk ls le>us dh viskk gSSA

ifjxzg ls ca/ks gq, O;fDr dks ifjxzg dhlqjkk djuh gh iM+rh gSA ifjokj ds Lusg ls ca/ks gq,O;fDr dks vius ifjokj ds ikyu ds fy, vusddk;Z djus gh gksrs gSaA ;fn og vfgalk dh vkM+ esabu ftEesnkfj;ksa dks ugha fuHkkrk gS rks lekt vkSjjk"V™ dh n`f"V esa xgkZ dk ik= curk gS blfy, ftl

Sambhrathal Dhara - A Refereed Research Journal of Comparative Religion and Philosophy, July-September 20162

O;fDr us tks nkf;Ro vks<+ fy;k gS] mldk fuoZgudjuk mldk vko';d dŸkZO; gksrk gSA bl dŸkZO;ikyu dks tSu&/keZ dHkh ugha jksdrkA

bl ckjs esa tSu euhf"k;ksa dk ekuuk gS fdO;fDr dksbZ Hkh dk;Z djs] mlds ihNs mldh nf"VLi"V gksuh pkfg,A og fgalk dks fgalk vkSj vfgalk dksvfgalk le>sA xgLFk dks ,sls vusd dk;Z djus iM+rsgSa] ftuesa fgalk vo';aHkkoh gS] ij dksbZ dk;Z vko';dgksus ek= ls mlls gksus okyh fgalk dks vLohdkj ughafd;k tk ldrkA fgalk vkSj vfgalk dk flºkar dk;Zdh vko';drk ;k vuko';drk ls vuqcaf/kr ugha gSAog loZ= leku :i ls ykxw gksrk gSA

vfg alk]lR;] vLr s;] c z„p;Z vk Sjvifjxzg&;s /keZ ds ikap iz;ksx gSaA vfgalk dk/kkfeZd ewY; gS& vlr~ izo`fŸk dk la;e vkSj lr~izo`fŸk dk fodklA mldk lkekftd ewY; gS&lektO;oLFkk dks Hkax djus okyh ?kVuk ij fu;U=.kAvfgalkRed izfrjks/k ds kjk vU;k;iw.kZ izo`fŸk dksjksdk tk ldrk gSA egkRek xka/kh us vfgalkRedizfrjks/k dh iqjkuh ijEijk dks u;k :i fn;k vkSj ogjktuhfr ds ks= esa Hkh izfrf"Br gqbZA

lekt dh lqO;oLFkk ds fy, ikap vq.kozr vfuok;Z gSa %

1- vfgalk%& vuko';d fgalk dk otZuA

2- lR;%& lekt O;oLFkk dks fNUu&fHkUu djusokys vlR; dk otZuA

3- vLrs;%& O;kolkf;d vkSj vkijkf/kd pksjhdk otZuA

4- cz„p;Z%& dke okluk dk la;eA

5- vifjxzg%& bPNk dk ifjek.k] O;fDrxrLokfeRo dh lhekA

tSu /keZ ds vuqlkj fgalk dks rhu dksfV;ksa esa

foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS%

1- vkjEHktk fgalk%& vkthfodk ds fy, [ksrhvkfn esa gksus okyh fgalk] O;kolkf;d fgalkA

2- izfrjks/ktk fgalk%& vkÿkark ls viuh lqjkkds fy, tkus okyh fgalkA

3- ladYiKk fgalk%& nwljs ij viuk izHkqRoLFkkfir djus ds fy, dh tkus okyh fgalk]lkezkT;oknh vkSj Hkksxoknh eukso`fŸk ls dh tkusokyh fgalkA

vafglk dk fodkl ÿe'k% gksrk gSA mldhlhek&js[kk dks le> dj gh lekt esa vfgalk dhizfr"Bk dj ldrs gSaA lkekftd thou esa vfgalk dsfodkl ds fy, rhljh dksfV dh fgalk&ladYitkfgalk dh otZuk vfuok;Z gSA vfgalk dk iz;ksx os ghyksx dj ldrs gSa] ftudk eukscy vkSj vkRecyfodflr gksrk gS] tks ekSr ds Hk; rFkk viuh lEifŸkdh lqjkk dh fpUrk ls eqDr gks tkrs gSaA

vfgalk dh mi;ksfxrk dsoy eksk&vkjk/kukrd gh lhfer ugha gSA thou ds izR;sd O;ogkj esamldh mi;ksfxrk fufoZokn :i esa flº gSA vfgalkthou dh LokHkkfod ifj.kfr gS vkSj fgalk oSHkkfodifj.kfr gSA vfgalk /keZ vkSj fgalk /keZ ugha gSA rkfRodn`f"V ls fgalk dks /keZ esa ifjxf.kr fd;k gh ugha tkldrkA

ij pwafd yksxksa dks /keZ 'kCn vfr fiz; gS]vr% lekt vkSj jk"V™ dh vfuok;Z vko';drkvksadh iwfrZ ds fy, fd, tkus okys fgalke; dk;Z dksHkh os /keZ 'kCn ls vfHkfgr djuk vHkh"V le>rsgSaA lekt /keZ vkSj jk"V™ /keZ blds ToyUr mnkgj.kgSaA okLro esa lekt ;k jk"V™ dh vfuok;Z vko';drkds :i esa ftl fgalk dks /keZ dgdj vfHkfgr fd;ktkrk gS] og 'kk'or /keZ ugha gSA tgka ^xhrk* vkSj


^euqLe`fr* vkfnxzUFkksa esa vkiºeZ vFkok fo'ks"kifjfLFkfro'k dh xbZ fgalk dks /keZ ekuk x;k gS]mldks lnk mlh :i esa vkj'k% ekuuk vkSj flºdjuk ;qfDr laxr ugha gSA fdlh le; ifjfLFkfro'kdh xbZ fgalk dks /keZ ekuk x;k] og okLro esa /keZugha] rRdkyhu lkekftd ;k jktuSfrd uhfr FkhA/keZ vkSj uhfr ,d ugha gSA /keZ vifjorZu'khy gSvkSj uhfr ifjorZu'khy gSA

ns'k&dky vkfn ds ifjofrZr gksus ij Hkh /keZesa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk] tcfd uhfr esa ns'k&dkyvkfn ds ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk ifjorZu gksrk jgrkgSA vr,o 'kk'or /keZ vfgalk gS] tks lnk izdk'kiq¥tdh rjg tu&tu dk ekxZn'kZu djrh vkbZ gS] djrhgS vkSj djrh jgsxhA

vfgalk dk mn~ns'; fdlh izk.kh dh izk.k&jkkugha] cfYd vkRe&'kqfº gS] ikikpj.kksa ls dyqf"krgksrh gqbZ vkRek dh jkk djuk gSA bl O;kid mn~ns';dks Hkqykdj dqN yksx izk.kjkk dks gh vfgalk ekudjbl ij fo'ks"k cy nsrs gSaA

vfgalk dk vfHkizk; gS& fgalkRed o`fŸk;ksa esaifjorZu vkSj fgald dh vkRek esa vHk;nku dktkxj.kA vHk;nku dk tkxj.k fdlh fgald esa ughagks ldrkA vfgalk dk igyk vk/kkj vkSj igykifj.kke vHk;nku gSA vr,o fdlh rjg ls ,dizk.k cpk nsus dk mruk egŸo ugha gS] ftruk egRofdlh O;fDr esa vfgald o`fŸk txkus dk gSA vfgaldo`fŸk okys O;fDr ls ,d dks ugha] lglzksa izkf.k;ksa dksvHk; feyrk gSA tgka ,d cdjs dh jkk djus dkiz;kl vlQy gksrk gS] ogka fdlh dlkbZ ds dlkbZiuls jkk djus dk iz;Ru lkFkZd vkSj lglzksa cdjksa dsfy, vHk;nku dk izrhd gksus ds dkj.k vfgalk ghegku lk/kuk dk |ksrd gSA

lR; dh efgek vijaikj gSA lR; dk vkpj.kdjus okyk O;fDr fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr dk MVdjeqdkcyk djus dk lkgl j[krk gSA lR; ds vHkkoesa vfgalk fodflr ugha gks ldrhA egkRek xka/kh dsvuqlkj vfgalk ds fy, lR; dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSAvfgalk vkSj lR; ,d gh flDds ds nks igyw gSaAvfgalk dks lk/ku vkSj lR; dks lk/; ekuuk pkfg,Ablfy, vfgalk dks ije /keZ ekuk x;k gSA

tSu /keZ dh Hkkafr gh vfgalk xq: tEHks'oj thkjk izfrikfnr fc'uksbZ /keZ dk Hkh izeq[k rRo gSAxq# egkjkt ds vfgalk ewyd flºkUr dks egkRekxka/kh us Hkh vius vkpj.k dk ewy eU= ekudjLohdkj fd;k FkkA ^[kstM+yh cfynku* tks fo'odh ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa esa ges'kk ds fy, ;kn j[kktk,xk] fc'uksbZ lEiznk; dh vfgalk ds izfr fu"Bkdks mtkxj djrk gSA tks/kiqj ftys ds [kstM+yh xkaoesa 1730 b± esa gjs o`kksa dh jkk djrs gq, 363L=h&iq:"k] cPps rFkk cw<+s fc'uksbZ;ksa us vius izk.kksadh vkgqfr nh FkhA xq: tEHks'oj th dgrs gSa%

^^'kh'k dVkoSa :[k jgSa] rks Hkh lLrks tku**

vfgalk dk tgka rd loky gS] ogka ,dkReokndk fo'ks"k egRo gSA tSun'kZu crkrk gS&^vk;rqysi;klq*(1) bl ikB dks le>s fcuk vfgalk dk Lo:iHkh ugha le>k tk ldrkA vfgalk dk Lo:i crkrsgq, tSun'kZu esa crk;k x;k gS&^gs iq:"k! rw vfgaldcuuk pkgrk gS rks izR;sd vkRek esa ,dRo cqfºLFkkfir djA fcuk ,dRo cqfº ds vfgalk dhokLrfod lhek rd rw igqap gh ugha ldrkA* blfo"k; ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, vkxs dgk x;k gS& ^vjsiq:"k! rw fopkj djA ftls rw ekjuk pkgrk gS] og rwgh gS] ftl ij rw gqdwer djuk pkgrk gS] og rw ghgSA* bl n`f"V ls ;g Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS fdvfgalk dh ifjiw.kZ ;k vkaf'kd lk/kuk ds fy,


vkRekSiE;&cqfº vFkok vkRe&,dy cqfº dsflºkUr dk vuq'khyu djuk vr;Ur vko';d gSAvxj vusdkUrokn ds iz;ksx ds kjk bl flºkUr dks‚n;axe fd;k x;k rks vkxs dk ekxZ fcYdqy lkQvkSj fu"daVd gks tk,xkA

tSu /keZ o fc'uksbZ /keZ nksuksa gh i;kZoj.kh;vfgalk ds leFkZd Hkh gSaA tSu leqnk; ds yksx'kkdkgkjh gksrs gSa rFkk isM+ ikS/kksa dh ifŸk;ksa dks HkhrksM+uk mUgsa pksV igqapkuk le>rs gSaA fryoklh oiksykokl uked xkaoksa esa Hkh i;kZoj.k izsfe;ksa us viusizk.kksa dh vkgqfr nh gS] tgka ij Hkh ;s cfynku gq, gSaogka ij vkt Hkh mudh f'kkkvksa esa o`kksa ds lajk.krFkk thoksa ds laoºZu dks izeq[k flºkUr ekuk gSAmUgksaus fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa /keks± dh fgalk o`fŸkdh fuUnk dh gS%

lq.kjs dkth] lq.kjs eqYyk lq.kjs cdj dlkbZAfd.kjh Fkjih Nkyh jkslks fd.kjh xkMj xkbZA

lqy pqHkh ts dkjd nqgsyh rks gS tk;ks tho u /kkbZAAFks rqdhZ fdLrh nkoksA

[kk;ck [kkt v[kktwaAApj fQj vkoS lgt nqgkoS frjdk khj gykyh

ftlds xyS djn D;ksa lkjks Fks i<+ xq.k jfg;k [kkyhAA(2)

;g lEiw.kZ n`"VkUr eqlyekuksa dh fgalk o`fŸkij n`"VO; gS] funksZ"k thoksa dh gR;k djuk lcls cM+kiki gSA xq: tEHks'oj th dgrs gSa fd tc rqe bufunksZ"k thoksa ij Nqjh pykrs gks rks bUgsa fdruh ihM+kgksrh gksxhA

vki [kqnk can ys[kks ekaxSAjS fcUgh xqUgSa tho D;ksa ekjkSAAFks rd t.kks rd ihM+ u tk.kksAfcu ijpS ckn uqekn xqtkjksAApj fQj vkoS lgt nqgkoSA

frldh khj gykyhAA

frldsa xyS djn D;ksa lkjksAFks i<+ xq.k jfg;k [kkyhAA(3)

xq: tEHks'oj us tho gR;k dks cz„ gR;k dsleku crk;k gSA euq"; ds 'kjhj esa tks vkRek gS] ogcz„ dk va'k gS] blfy, fdlh Hkh izk.kh dks ekjuk]d"V igqapkuk] fueZe vR;kpkj gSA

vfgalk flºkUr oS".ko /keZ ,oa i;kZoj.k nksuksagh n`f"V;ksa ls egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gSA HkfDrewydoS".ko /keZ esa vfgalk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;k gSAvfgalk ds flºkUr dks loksZifj LFkku nsus ds dkj.kgh tSu /keZ dh ,d vyx vkSj fof'k"V igpku cuhgqbZ gSA

oS".ko /keZ us vfgalk ds flºkUr dks lEHor%i'kq gR;k ls fojfr rFkk 'kkdkgkj ds vFkZ esa xzg.kfd;k gSA ;g vkn'kZ fu%lUnsg œf"k ds fy, i'kqvksadh jkk djus rFkk muds cykr~ vigj.k dks jksdusdh ikfFkZo bPNk dk vkn'khZdj.k Fkk] bl izdkjflºkUr ds dkj.k lekt dk LoLFk vk/kkj fufeZrgqvk ftlus lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd ifjos'k dh jpukesa ;ksxnku fn;kA

vfgalk /keZ dk lkjHkwr rRo gSA vfgalk dhvko';drk lnk ls jgh gSA vkt mldh vko';drkvf/kd eglwl dh tk jgh gSA ,slk LokHkkfod HkhgSA fgalk ds fouk'kdkjh dkjukeksa dks ns[kdj euq";?kcjk x;k gSA

vfgalk dk xkSjo gSA mldh tku gS] /keZ esa ls,d vfgalk dks fudky fn;k tk, rks fQj dqN ucpsxkA flQZ vfLFkfIkatj jg tk,xkA /keZ dh vkRekvfgalk gSA vfgalk ugha rks ogka /keZ Hkh ughaA /keZ gSrks mlesa vfgalk jgsxh ghA /keZ ij lcdk vf/kdkjgSA blh rjg vfgalk dk vkpj.k lHkh dj ldrs gSaAog fdlh oxZ ;k O;fDr fo'ks"k ds fy, ugha] oglcds fy, vkpj.kh; gSA


vfgalk ls thou esa ln~Hkkouk vkSj l‚n;rkdk fodkl gksrk gSA ifjokj] lekt] laxBu vkSjjk"V™ ds lnL;ksa dh dVqrk dk Hkh mlls vUr gksrk gS]vfgalk dh tgka iw.kZ izfr"Bk gks] ogka flag vkSj cdjhdk tkfrxr oSjHkko Hkh lekIr gks tkrk gS vkSj nksuksavkil esa fe= cu dj jgrs gSa] ;g vfgalk dh 'kfDrdk mRd"kZ :i gSA vfgalk u flQZ O;fDr ds thouds fy, mi;ksxh gS] cfYd ifjokj] lekt vkSj jk"V™ds fy, Hkh mldh mruh gh mi;ksfxrk gSA mldhmi;ksfxrk dks le>dj euq"; vius thou ds gjLrj ij viuk,a] ,slh viskk j[krs gSaA

lUnHkZ

1- vkpk;Z rqylh] leL;k dk lkxj] vfgalk dhukSdk] i`å 76

2- tEHkxhrk] Lokeh lfPpnkuUn ;ksfxjkt] i`å76

3- tEHkxhrk] Lokeh lfPpnkuUn ;ksfxjkt] i`å74

πππππππ


dchj ok.kh dk vk/;kfRed fparu



lqeu ckyk] MkW- fd'kukjke fc'uksbZxq: tEHks'oj th egkjkt /kkfeZd v/;;u laLFkku]

xq: tEHks'oj foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh fo'ofon~;ky;] fglkj (gfj-)

2lar dchjnkl fuxqZ.kiaFkh larks esa ,d egku

foHkwfr gS ftUgksus yksd /keZ dks viuk /keZ ekuk vkSjml /keZ ds okLrfod laLFkkid FksA lar dchjnklKkuekxhZ 'kk[kk ds ifFkd vkSj lk/kd FksA dchjdh ok.kh cgqeq[kh ok.kh gSA mudh ok.kh dk ewyfo"k; ,d u gksdj vusd gSA dchj e/;;qxhu /kkjkds ,sls dfo Fks ftudh ok.kh ij rRdkyhu fopkj/kkjkvksa dk izHkko iM+kA mudh ok.kh ij iM+s gq, ;gizHkko dchj dks fpard] n'kZfud] /kkfeZd vxz.khlekt lq/kkjd cukrs gSA dchj us ijaijk ls pyh vkjgh Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk dks viuh fopkj/kkjk dkvk/kkj cuk;k vkSj blh fopkj/kkjk ds vk/kkj ij gedchjnkl ds vk/;kfRed fparu ls ifjfpr gksaxsA

lar dchjnkl vk/;kfRed fopkjd FksA osizse ds vk/kkj ij eqfDr vkSj bZ'oj izkfIr ds ik esaFksA mUgksaus vius vk/;kfRed n`f"Vdks.k esa dke]ÿks/k] eksg] ek;k vkfn dks euq"; dk 'k=q crk;krFkk mu ij fot; izkIr djus dk ewyea= Hkh fl[kk;kAv/;kRe ds fo"k; esa dchj us izkphu Hkkjrh; fparu/kkjk dk mi;ksx fd;kA MkWå xksfoan f=xq.kk;r dkdFku gS fd v/;kRe vkSj vuqHkwfr dk xgjk laca/kgSA v/;kRe 'kkL= dk fo"k; Loalaosn; gS dsoyvkfn HkkSfrd ;qfDr;ksa n~okjk mldk fu.kZ; ugha gksldrkA vkfn HkkSfrd 'kkL= esa izk; izR;k ds lkjsvuqHko izkekf.kd ekus tkrs gSaA v/;kRe ks= esa LovuqHko ;k vkReKku dks Hkh egRo fn;k tkrk gSA

^^(1)v/;kRe dk lkj rRo futh vuqHkwfr vuqHko ;kog euksfLFkfr gS ftlds n~okjk lk/kd dksbZ vkuan]larks"k] 'kkafr] lPpkbZ] bZekunkjh] lR;] vfgalk] izse]lekurk] lkoZHkkSfed ,drk ;k ,slh vkn'kZoknhizlUurk izkIr djrk gS ftudks 'kCnksa esa cka/kuk vfrdfBu gSA

czg~e dk Lo:i%

dchj ds vk/;kfRed fparu dk ewy fo"k;czg~e fu:i.k gSA mUgksus cz∫e dh ;FkkFkZ vuqHkwfr dhFkh blfy;s mudk czg~e o.kZu Hkkjrh; ok∑~-e; esalcls fujkyk gSA mUgksus czg~e ds izfr viuh ftKklkdks bl izdkj O;fDr fd;k gS%

yYyk ,ls yho eu ykoSAvuar u tkbZ ije lpq ikoSAv: t≈ rgk izse yho ykoSA

rk≈ vyg yg yfg pj.k lekoA(2)

dchj ds ijerRo dh vfHkO;fDr dksykSfdd 'kCn 'kfDr esa cka/kuk dfBu gSA ,d Lora=n`f"Vk vkSj nk'kZfud fpard gksus ds ukrs dchj usvius erks dks lax`fgr dj rRdkyhu ekU;rkvksa dksijkLr djrs gq, czg~e dks fufoZokn lukru lR; ds:i esa LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;kA czg~e dko.kZu djrs gq, dchj th dgrs gS dh ;fn eSa mlsHkkjh dgq rks cgqr Mj yxrk gS vksj gYdk dgq rksyksxksa dks ;g >wBk yxrk gSA og u rks jke dk vorkj


gS vkSj u gh jko.k dks ekjrk gSA og lc ds vanjfuokl djrk gSA ftl izdkj dLrwjh ukfHk esa gh jgusij Hkh e`x mls taxy&taxy <w°<rk gS] fryksa esa tSlsrsy O;kIr gS] Qwyksa esa tSls xa/k O;kIr jgrh gS mlhizdkj og czg~e lcds ‚n; esa fojkteku gSA

dLrwjh dqaMyh cls] e`x <w°<s cu ekfgA,sls ?kVh ?kVh jke gS] nqfu;k ns[ks ukghA(3)

dchj us vius thou dk y; czg~e Kkudh izkfIr crk;kA muds vuqlkj dsoy xq: dh œikrFkk mlds n~okjk fn;s x, Kku ls czg~e dk lkkkRdkjgks ldrk gSA

lrxq: dh efgek vuar] vuar fd;k mixkj]ykspu vuar m?kkfj;k] vuar fn[kkou gkjA(4)

muds vuqlkj mls dksbZ ns[k ugha ldrkAog fuHkZ; vkSj fujkdkj gSA og uk gh 'kwU; gS vkSj ukgh LFkwy gSA og u gh n`'; gS] u gh vn`'; gS vksj ugh mldk dksbZ jax :i gSA

vy[k fujatu y[kS u dksbZ] fuHkZ;s fujkdkj gS lksbZAlqfu vLFkwy :i ugha js[kk nf"V vnf"V fge;ksa ugh is[kkA(5)

dchj us cz∫e ds ckjs esa tks dqN Hkh dgk gSog mudh LokuqHkwfr dk ifj.kke gSA cz∫e dh ;FkkFkZvfHkO;fDr rks ugha dh tk ldrh] dsoy vuqHkwfrdh tk ldrh gSA mUgksaus cz∫e dks vusd ukeks lsiqdkjk gS tSls ije rRo] vki o vki.k] vkRek]czg~e jczg~e] vfouklh] vyg] jke] f=Hkqou ukFk]j?kqukFk] lrxq: lakbZ] P;are.kh] dsoy] eqjkjh] ek/ko][kkfyd] xksiky] ukjk;.k] lqfu] xxu vkSj f'ko vkfnAbrus vf/kd ukeksa ls vfHkizk; ;g gS fd lalkj dkdksbZ Hkh uke ,slk ugha gS tks ije rRo dk lgh o.kZudjus ds fy, mi;qDr gksA ftl izdkj xwaxk xqM+ dsLokn dks cksydj ugha crk ldrk mlh izdkj dchjus cz∫e dk vuqHko rks fd;k gS ij vfHkO;fDr eu]

ok.kh dh lhekvksa esa cka/k nh gSA fQj Hkh muds tSlkczg~e o.kZu muls iwoZ dksbZ ugha dj ldkA mudsvykok vU; fdlh dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa dksbZ [kklo.kZu ugha feyrkA

dchj us czg~e ds nks Lo:i crk, gSa& O;DrvkSj vO;DrA izk;% cz∫e dk vO;Dr :ivk/;kfRed gh gqvk djrk gSA dchj dk cz∫e :iiw.kZ :i ls vk/;kfRed gS] mUgksaus loZ= vO;Drcz∫e dk gh o.kZu viuh ok.kh esa fd;k gSA dchj dsvO;Dr cz∫e dk o.kZu vk/;kfRed gksrs gq, Hkhvkf/k nSfod cu x;k gSA bldk izeq[k dkj.k dchjdh jgL; Hkkouk rFkk HkfDr HkkoukA dchj dkvO;Dr cz∫e fu:i.k mifu"knksa ds lkFk&lkFk ukFkksavkSj flºksa ls izHkkfor gSA ^MkWå f=xq.kk;r dk dFkugS fd ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd dchj dks thrus Hkhn'kZuksa fd tkudkjh Fkh mu lc esa fu:fir cz∫e ds:i esa vius cz∫e ds varxZr lesVus dk iz;kl fd;kgSA**(6) ^cz∫e dk O;Dr :i vf/kdrj Hkkouk ewydvkSj cqfº ewyd gksus ds dkj.k lxq.k ds djhc gS;gh dkj.k gS fd dchj ok.kh vorkj dk fojks/kdjrh gSA blh vFkZ esa dchj fuxZq.koknh gSA dchj usLokuqHkwfrijd flºkarksa ds vk/kkj ij osn vkSjmifu"knksa esa of.kZr cz∫e fd ijekfFkZd ,oa O;kogkfjdlRrk dks Lohdkj dj tks :i fodflr fd;k mlij dgha&dgha ukFkksa ds SrkSr foyk.kokn dk HkhizHkko ifjyfkr gksrk gSA mudk fuxqZ.k cz∫eokn&fookn dk fo"k; ugha gS] vuqHkwfr dk fo"k; gSA

vkRek dk Lo:i%

^^vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn fosnh dk dFku gSfd dchjnkl fd lkf[k;ksa vkSj inksa dks ns[k dj,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd mUgksaus vkRek fo"k;d fopkjij dkQh tksj fn;k gS**A(7) dchj ok.kh izR;kvuqHko ij vk/kkfjr gSA blesa fdlh dYiuk ,oa


vuqeku fd vko';drk ugha gSA dchj fd vkReklaca/kh ;qfDr;k° fopkjkRed ,oa HkkokRed gSA vkRekdks T;ksfr ds leku ekuk x;k gSA dchj dk v/;kReflºkar ije rRo dh izkfIr dk gSA os vkRek vkSjijekRek esa dksbZ Hksn ugha djrsA mUgksus vkRek dh nksdksfV;k° crkbZ gS Kkuh vkSj vKkuhA Kku 'kjhj esajgrk gqvk Hkh thou Hkolkxj ds pDdj esa iM+ djnq[k Hkksxrk gSA Kku T;ksfr czg~e dk ,d va'k ekukgSA ;g mlh izdkj ugha feV ldrh ftl izdkj dkxtds ≈ij ls L;kgh dk fpUg ugha tkrkA dHkh&dHkhyxrk gS dchj dk czg~e rFkk vkRek ,d gh gSAdqEHk ds :id n~okjk mUgksaus ;g flº fd;k gS fdvkRek 'kjhj cº gksus ds dkj.k czg~e ls fHkUu izrhrgksus yxrh gS] ij ;g vyx ugha gSA

^^ty esa dqEHk dqEHk es ty ckgj Hkhrj ikuhAQwVk dqEHk ty tygh lekuk ;g rF; dg;ks X;kuhA** (8)

dchj th vkRek dks dHkh vej rks dHkhczg~e ds leku ekurs gSa D;ksfd czg~e vkuan Lo:igSA ;g 'kjhj ik°p rRoksa ls feydj cuk gSA deksZ dso'k esa gksus dh otg ls mls tho dgk tkrk gSAblds ≈ij uhps nlksa fn'kkvksa esa ijerRo gh rksO;kIr gSA 'kjhj u"V gks ldrk gS fdUrq ijerRo u"Vugha gks ldrkA tho laca/kh Hkkoksa dks dchj us blizdkj Li"V fd;k gS fd ge viuh lHkh vkdkakkvksadk fuokZ.k dj ldrs gS rFkk tho laca/kh ftKklk dkiw.kZ lek/kku dj ldrs gSaA dchj ds vuqlkj vkRek:ih rRo fo|eku gSA og fuxqZ.k gS] fujadkjh gS] KkrkHkh ogh gS o Ks; Hkh ogh gSA ftl izdkj feV~Vh dksvkdkj nsus ds fy, dqEgkj n~okjk jksanus fÿ;k esavusd ykrsa lguh iM+rh gS mlh izdkj tho dks lalkjesa :i xzg.k djus esa dky vkSj deks± dh mudks;kruk,° lguh iM+rh gSA ekuo thou gh ,d ,slkvolj gS tc og vius okLrfod Lo:i dks izkIr

dj ldrk gSA vkSj bl volj dks ikdj Hkh ;fntho ijekFkZ ds fo"k; esa ugha lksprk vkSj i'kqvksa dsleku dsoy nsg dks ikyus esa yxk jgrk gS rFkk jkeuke ds egRo dks ugha igpkurk rks var esa mls u"Vgksdj feV~Vh esa fey tkuk gh gSA

^^ekVh efyu dqaHkkj dh] ?kuh lSgs fljh ykrAbfr vkslfj psr;k ugha] pwdk vcdh ?kkrAAbfr vkslfj psr;k ugha] ijlq tks ikyh nsgAjke uke tkuk ugha] var ijh eq[k [ksgAA (9)

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa brus vkRefo'okl dslkFk dchj ls igys fdlh us Hkh bl fo"k; dks ughalqy>k;kA dchj dks nk'kZfud u ekuus okyksa dks ;sfopkj djuk gh gksxk dh oks ghjs dh ped dksT;knk le; rd ugha nck ik,axsA vr% dchj dstho dk Lo:i ekSfyd vkSj lR; gSA mlesa 'kadk dsfy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA

ek;k dk Lo:i%

cz∫e vkSj ek;k nks ,slh fLFkfr;k° gS ftudkfparu dchj us lekukUrj fd;k gSA mudh ok.kh esaek;k dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSA ek;k dks bl yksddh bZ'ojh; 'kfDr ekurs gSA ek;k dk Lo:i iSnkgksdj u"V gksus okyk gSA ek;k ds rhu xq.kksa (jt] revkSj lr) dks iz/kku dgk x;k gSA

O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls dchj us ek;k ds nksHksn ekus gSa& vfo|k ek;k vkSj fo|k ek;kA vfo|kek;k ds iqu% nks :i gS&eksVh ek;k o >huh ek;kAeksVh vkSj >huh ek;k dks dchj us Hkje vkSj djedh laKk nh gSA Hkje o dje ek;k ds dkj.k lcviuk Kku [kks cSBrs gSaA Hkze ls vfHkizk; eu dsfodkjksa ls gS] feF;k Kku rFkk vKku mlds i;kZ;okphgSA ek;k ty LFky vkSj vkdk'k lHkh txg QSyhgqbZ gSA ekrk&firk] ifr&iRuh] csVk&csVh othtk&lkyh vkfn lHkh laca/k ek;k tud gksrs gSaA


dchj us ek;k dks egkBxuh dgk gS ftldkyk[k ps"Vk djus ij Hkh ifjR;kx ugha gksrkA ek;k,d ,slh yrk gS tks dkVus ij ygjkrh vkSj lhapusij eqj>k tkrh gSA ;g ,d ,slk isM+ gS ftlesa ,dvksj vkx yxrh gS rks nwljh vkSj gfj;kyh izdV gksrhgSA ek;k ls dchj dk vfHkizk; gS eu ds fodkj]feF;k Kku rFkk vKkurk mlds i;kZ;okph gSaA ek;kdk ;g :i vR;ar >huk gSA fdUrq izcy 'kfDr'kkyhgSA dchj us eksVh ek;k dks deZ :ih ek;k dgk gSAdchj ds vuqlkj dke esa Qal dj euq"; vius deks±ds vuqlkj lnSo nq[k Hkksxrk gS vkSj var esa u"V gkstkrk gSA

dchj ek;k dh eqfDr ds fy, iz;Ru'khygSA ;fn ek;k dk dke tho dks vius Qk°ls eas ysuk gSrks tho dk dke ek;k ls cpuk gSA dchj us ek;kdk fuokj.k nks izdkj ls fd;k gS] igyk&izHkq œik_nwljk&Kku izkfIrA Kkuh O;fDr ek;k ds izfr mnklhugks tkrk gSaA dchj ,sls O;fDr dk lEeku djrs gSaAbZ'oj dh œik ls izkIr Kku ls og ek;k ds cz∫etky dks rksM+ nsrs gSaA

lar Hkkfx mg ikNS ijsAxq: ijlknh ekjgq MjsA

lkdV dh mg fiaM izkb.kge dk≈ MlV~Vh ijs r`[kh MkbZuA

ge frldk cgw tfu;k Hks≈Atc gq, œiky feys xq:ns≈Adgq dchj vc ckgj ijhAlalkjs dS vapyh yjhA(10)

dchj us ek;k dks ftruh O;kid n`f"V lsns[kk] mruh O;kidrk ls fdlh us ugha ns[kkA vktdh lekt O;oLFkk ds os vxznwr FksA os nwjn'khZ FksAdchj us ek;k dks Mk;u] ikfiu] fo'okl?kkfruh]egkBxuh dgk gS tks euq"; dks jke dk uke ysus ls

jksdrh gSA eu vkSj ek;k esa ?kfu"B laca/k gSA eku]vk'kk] ÿks/k] ykHk bR;kfn eu ds lHkh fodkj ek;kds lkFkh gSaA lrr lk/kuk ds n~okjk eu dks ,dkxzdjds Kku dk mn; gksrk gS] rHkh leLr euksfodkjksadk Loeso fouk'k gks tkrk gSA ;g ek;k nhid ykSds leku gS vksj euq"; iraxh ds rqY; gS] ;s Hkze&o'kmles fxjrs gS] blls dksbZ fcjyk gh lk/kq&lar xq:Kku 'kfDr ikdj mnkj ikrk gSA

ek;k nhid uj irax] Hkzfe&Hkzfe efg ijUrAdksbZ ,d xq: Kku rs] mcjs lk/kw larAA (11)

txr dk Lo:i%

;g txr mRifRk ls igys uke jfgr czg~e:i gh Fkk vkSj orZeku dky esa Hkh czg~e gh gSA ,oaizy; dky esa Hkh czg~e :i gh jgsxkA dchj dsvuqlkj ;g lalkj k.k Hkaxqj gS] LoIu ds leku u'ojvkSj Hkze gSA mUgksus bl txr dh mRifr dk dkj.k,d vksadkj dks ekuk gSA dchj ,d uwj ls lkjs txrdh mRifr crkdj lc /keks± esa HkkokRed ,drkiSnk djrs gSaA ;g dchj dk /kkfeZd flºkar gksus dslkFk&lkFk ekuorkoknh flºkar Hkh gSA

^^,d uwj rs lc tx mift;k**A(12)

dchj dh jpukvksa esa uwj 'kCn dk iz;ksxns[kdj dbZ fon~okuksa us mu ij lwQh vkSj bLykehizHkko flº djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA fdUrq dchj usuwj 'kCn dk iz;ksx ml oxZ ds yksxksa dks le>kus dsfy, fd;k gSA lwfQ;ksa esa txr laca/kh nks /kkj.kk;saizpfyr gS&,d oxZ ;g ekurk gS dh fo'o ijekRekdk izfrfcac gS vkSj nwljk oxZ l`f"V dks bZ'oj lsmRiUu vkSj var esa mlh esa foyhu gksuk ekurk gSAdchj dh txr laca/kh /kkj.kk ewyr% LokuqHkwfr ijvk/kkfjr gS] u fd fdlh okn fo'ks"k ijA gk°] mudkn`f"Vdks.k osnkUr ls lokZf/kd izHkkfor gSA txr


laca/kh muds fopkjksa esa tks fofo/krk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS]mlls vusd Hkzkafr;k° QSy ldrh gS] fdUrq ykSfddn`f"V ls tks ckrsa ijLij fojks/kh fn[k iM+rh gS] muesaHkh ijekfFkZd n`f"V ls lkeatL; yk;k tk ldrk gSA

dchj us txr dks LoIu Hkh ekuk gSA blvk/kkj ij fon~okuksa us dchj ij ckSº n'kZu dsLoIuokn dks flº djus dk iz;kl fd;k] fdUrqdchj us vkRek dh lkiskrk esa gh lalkj dks LoIuorekuk gSA tc dchj lalkj dks ^^fo"k dh csy** rFkk^^lsej dk Qwy** dgrs gSa rks bldk vfHkizk; mldhvlkjrk gh flº djrk gSA dchj us txr dhO;kogkfjd lRrk dks Lohdkj djrs gq, bZ'oj dksmldk drkZ ekuk gS&

ftuh czkfge.M jfpvks cgw jpuk cko cju lfl lwjkAikbd iap iqgfe tk dS izxV lks fdm dfg;ksa nwjkA (13)

txr ds Lo:i ds laca/k esa dchj ds dfri;vU; Hkko fp= nsf[k,&

^^HkkbZ crkvks ;g vkdk'k fdlls yxk gqvk gS] tkuusokyk dksbZ HkkX;oku gh gksxkA vkdk'k esa fdrus rkjsgS\ fdl fp=dkj us bls lgh <ax ls fpf=r fd;k gSatks rqe ns[krs gks og ugha gSA ;g in txr vxkspjgSA lk<+s rhu gkFk ds vacj dks igpkuksA tks blvkdk'k dks igpku ysxk mlesa esjk eu yxsxkA**(14)

;g txr vkSj blds lHkh Hkksx >wBs gSaA thobl >wBs txr esa my> x;k gSA mlus ije rRo dksNksM+ fn;k gSA >wBs txr esa >wBk tho vk;k gSA og;gk° fHkUu fHkUu oklukvksa esa Qal x;k gSA mldkmBuk cSBuk Hkh >wB gSA mlds lHkh laca/k >wBs gSAyksx bl >wBs lalkj dh >wBh ckrksa esa Q°ls gq, gSaAdchj dgrs gS fd eSaus viuh bu nks vk°[kksa ls lalkjdks ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k gS ysfdu eq>s izHkq dsflok; dqN Hkh utj ugha v;kA esjs us= mlh izHkq ds

jax esa jax x, gSA laiw.kZ l`f"V ml vykSfdd uVojdh yhyk gSA ml ijekRek us dgus lquus ds fy, bllalkj dh jpuk dh gSA og Lo;a blesa fNik gSAlPpkbZ ij dksbZ Hkh fo'okl ugha djrkA blfy,dchj th dgrs gS fd ;fn rqe bl txr dh laxfrdks R;kx nksxs rks rqe tks Hkh pkgksxs izkIr dj yksxsA

muds vuqlkj ;g txr bZ'oj gS vkSj txresa gh bZ'oj gSA og lcds ‚n; esa lek;k gqvk gSAije rRo ,d T;ksfr gS vkSj T;ksfr ls gh txr cuk gSfQj dkSu vPNk] dkSu cqjk gSA

lHkh leku gSA mls dksbZ ugha turkA xq:fd n;k ls esjk ml ije rRo ls lkkkRdkj gks x;kAbl txr dh mRifr dk dkj.k ,d vksadkj gSA

mit fuit lekbZAuSugq ns[kr bgq txq tkbZAA

ykt u ejgw dggq ?k: esjkAvar fd ckj ugha dNq rsjkAA (15)

ge dg ldrs gS fd dchj ds ;s vk/;kfRedflºkar lar lkfgR; dh ijaijk dks xkSjoe;h cukrsgSA ;g Hkkjrh; laLœfr] feFkdksa dk bfrgkl] mifu"kn~]iqjk.k vkSj osn ds n'kZu dh fdlh u fdlh :i esa iquZO;k[;k] iquZ ewY;kadu vkSj l`tu djrs gSaA euq";dks Hkze ls voxr djkus rFkk mldh ijekRek laca/khftKklk feVkus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA

lanHkZ%

1- dchj fopkj/kkjk i`å-172

2- jkx x≈Mh iwjch ckou v[kjh dchj thmdh] xq: xzaFklkfgc i`å&342

3- dchj ok≥~e;% [kaM 3 lk[kh] MkWå t; nsoo MkWå oklqnso flag i`å&317

4- dchj ok≥~e;% [kaM 3 lk[kh] MkWå t;nso o


MkWå oklqnso flag i`å&2

5- dchj xzaFkkoyh MkWå jkefd'kksj 'kekZ i`å 605

6- dchj dh fopkj/kkjk i`å&115

7- dchj i`å&32

8- dchj fopkj/kkjk i`å&111

9- dchj ok≥~e;% [kaM 3 lk[kh i`å&111] 112

10- xkSaM dchj] xq: xzUFk lkfgc i`å&872

11- dchj ok.kh i`å&143

12- izHkkoh dchj i`å&1349

13- dchj xzaFkkoyh i`å&121

15- dchj xzaFkkoyh i`å&163

16- x≈Mh dchj th i`å&325

πππππππ


;ksx esa izk.kk;ke dk LFkku o mldk izHkko



izkså th-Mh-'kekZ] ,oa lksgu yky];ksx foHkkx iratfy] fo'ofo|ky;] gfjkj (mrjk[k.M)

3;ksx ,oa mlds ik gB;ksx ,oa v"Vkax ;ksx

ds izlax esa foLrkj ls izk.kk;ke dk foospu fd;kx;k gSA ;|fi vU; ;ksxksa esa Hkh izk.kk;ke dks ,dvax ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS rFkkfi gB;ksxdh rks ;g eq[; lk/kuk iºfr gSA gB;ksx esa izk.kk;keeq[; lk/ku ds :i esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA ea=] y; ,oajkt;ksx esa izk.kk;ke ,d lgk;d ds :i esa LohœrgSA izk.k vf/kHkwr rŸo gSA vr% izk.kk;ke iz/kku gB;ksxHkh vkf/kHkkSfrd gksrk gSA ;g gB;ksx] y;;ksx ,oajkt;ksx dk midkjd ekuk tkrk gSA

gB;ksx esa lk/kd dh nhkk ;ksX;rk dkifjp; mldh 'kjhj laifŸk ls yxk;k tkrk gS rFkkjksxeqfDr ,oa LokLFk; o`fº ds fy, dqN fu;eviuk, tkrs gSaA blfy, gB;ksx izk.k 'kfDr dkfoKku gSA

egf"kZ iratfy dh n`f"V es a izk.kk;kevk"Vkafxd ;ksx dk prqFkZ vax gSA(1) fdarq ?ksjaM lfgarkesa izk.kk;ke dk foospu izR;kgkj ds mijkar fd;kx;k gSA(2)

;ksx esa izk.k dks egŸoiw.kZ ekuk gSA thou oe`R;q lc izk.k ij gh fuHkZj gSA izk.k dk vFkZ 'okl]'oklksPNokl] thou] pSrU;] ok;q ≈tkZ ;k 'kfDrgSA thou ds fy, vfr t:jh izk.k ok;q ds fy, ;g'kCn cgqopukRed iz;ksx gksrk gSA vk;ke dk vFkZgS yEckbZ] foLrkj dlko ;k izfrjks/kA bl izdkjizk.kk;ke 'okl iz'oklksa dh O;kfIr&foLrkj ,oafu;a=.k gSA ;ksx esa LFkwy 'kjhj ls ysdj lwe 'kjhj

izk.kk;ke ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA vr% ;ksx fo/kk esaLFkku vkgkj o vkpkj lacaf/kr O;ogkj rFkk 'kkjhfjdLFkwyrk gS tks eksk ekxZ ls larqfyr djus ds cknizk.kk;ke dk vR;ar egŸoiw.kZ LFkku gS tks eksk ekxZdh vkSj ys tkus dk dk;Z djrk gSA

'oklksa ds lHkh izdkj ds dk;Z& laiknu ij;g fu;a=.k gksrk gSA tSls 'olu ftls iwjd dgrsgSaA iz'olu ftls jkspd dgrs gSa vkSj 'oklksa dhjksdFkke ftls dqEHkd dgrs gSaA dqEHkd dh fLFkfresa u 'okl fy;k tkrk gS u 'okl fudkyk tkrk gSAgB;ksx flºkUr esa dqEHkd ,d Lora= O;kid vFkZesa iz;qDr gksrk gSA bl izfÿ;k esa 'okl ls tqM+h rhuksafofo/kksa dk lekos'k gSA

dqEHkd dk vFkZ gS&xkxj] ?kM+k] lqjkjhA ?kM+sdks iw.kZŸkk ok;q ls fjDr dj ikuh ls lh Hkjk tkldrk gS vkSj iw.kZr;k ikuh ls fjDr dj ok;q ls HkhHkjk tk ldrk gSA mlh izdkj dqEHkd dh Hkh nksfLFkfr;ka gSA (iw.kZ 'okl ysus ds ckn dqN k.kksa dsfy, 'okl dk :d tkrkA izFke var% dqaHkd vkSjnwljk ck„ dqaHkdA

gB;ksx iznhfidk esa dqHkad dk gh o.kZufeyrk gSA izk.kk;ke dks iw.kZ] jkspd iwjd o dqaHkdds ,sD; :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA

gB;ksx iznhfidk esa Hkh izk.kk;ke ds ÿe dsckjs esa o.kZu feyrk gSA izk.kk;ke dks ÿe ls ghdjuk pkfg,A ;ksx lk/ku ds fy, ferkgkj] Fke]fu;e o vklu vkfn vaxksa dks xzg.k djus ds ckn


izk.kk;ke djuk pkfg,A gB;ksx esa eq[;r% vklu;e gksus ij gh izk.kk;ke dk izko/kku cryk;k gSA(3)

bl izdkj iz.kk;ke 'okl foKku gSA'kkL=dkjksa us v"Vfo/k ;ksxkadks esa izk.kk;ke dks eq[;Hkh ekuk gS D;ksafd izk.kk;ke dh flfº gksus ds mijkargh izR;kgkjkfn vof'k"V ;ksx vaxks dh flfº gksik;sxhA

tSlk fd ;ksx fpUrkef.kdkj dk er gSA

^^vH;kÿe ls ;ksxh kjk c<+k;k x;kizk.kk;ke gh izR;kgkj] /;ku] /kkj.kk ,oa lekf/k 'kCnksals Hkh fu:fir fd;k x;k gSA(4) blds ckn izk.kk;kebruk vf/kd egŸoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gS fd&

vFkkZr cz„k vkfn nsork Hkh dky (e`R;q)ds Hk; ls izk.kk;ke ds vH;kl esa yxs jgrs vFkkZr~izk.kk;ke e`R;q ls cpkrk gSA blfy, iz.kk;ke dkvH;kl djuk pkfg,A

izR;sd 'okl ysus okyk izk.kh 'okl ds lkFkekufld Lrj ij fcuk ti fd, LokHkkfod :i lsvutkus gh ^^lksge~** ti dk 'okl ysrk gSA blhizdkj izR;sd izk.kh izR;sd iz'okl ls gal% dk tidjrk gSA vt; ea= izR;sd thfor izk.kh dsthoudky esa lrr pyrk gSA blfy, vkRek dkscka/kus okys lkjs ca/kuksa ls og eqDr gks tkrk gSA ogvius mlh 'okl dks R;kx ds :i esa ijekRek dkslefiZr dj nsrk gS vkSj ijekRek ls vk'khokZn :i esathou dk 'okl xzg.k djrk gSA

^^thokRek ds 'kjhj esa izk.k ijekRek dstkxfrd 'okl dk va'k gSA iz.kk;ke ds vH;klkjk O;fDr ds 'okl (fi.M) izk.k dks tkxfrd'okl (cz„k.M izk.k) ls leLojrk esa ykus dk iz;klfd;k tkrk gSA ;g O;f"V dks lef"V esa ,oa lef"Vdks O;f"V djus dh lk/kuk gSA(6)

'kkf.MY;ksifu"kn~ esa ;e&fu;e&vklu vkfnds lkFk izk.kk;ke dh ckr dgh xbZ gS vkSj vH;kl lsukfM+;k° 'kqº gksrh gSA

;ksx dq.MY;qifu"kn~ ds vuqlkj%&gsrq ;a fg fpŸkL; okluk lehj.k%A

r;ks foZu"Vs ,dfLeLrn kofi fou';r%A

vFkkZr~ fpŸk ds gsrq gSa&okluk vkSj izk.kAbuesa ls fdlh ,d ij fu;a=.k gksus ls nksuksa fu;af=rgks tkrs gSaA

fpŸk (eu] cqfº o vgadkj) nks 'kfDr'khyv'oksa kjk [khaps tkus okys jFk ds leku gSA ,d gSizk.k nwljk gS oklukA nksuks esa tks 'kfDr'kkyh gkstkrk gS ogh fpŸk dks viuh vkSj [khaprk gSA ;fnizk.k ('okl) izcy gks rks bPNk,a o'khHkwr gksrh gSAbfUÊ;ksa ij fu;a=.k o fpŸk fLFkj jgrk gSA ;fn oklukizcy gks tkrh gSA rks 'okl (izk.k) vO;ofLFkr]fpŸk (eu) vfLFkj ,oa nq[kh gks tkrk gSA blfy,;ksxh 'olu foKku (izk.kk;ke) ij vf/kdkj izkIrdjrs gSa vkSj 'oklksa ds fu;a=.k rFkk O;oLFkk ls fpŸkdks o'k esa djrh gSA ,oa mldh fujarj gypy dksfLFkj dj nsrs gSaA

eu dh nsk voLFkk,a cryk;h x;h gSa& 'kqºrFkk v'kqºA ^^tc eu oklukvksa ls iw.kZr% eqDrgksrk gS rc 'kqº vkSj tc okluk ;qDr gksrk gS rcv'kqº gksrk gSA** bu voLFkkvksa esa 'kqº voLFkk dsfy, izk.kk;ke dh egŸoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgrh gSA

^^izk.kok;q 'kfDr ds vR;ar lwe :iksa esa lsq,d gSA ,d O;kid 'kfDr tks ekuo 'kjhj esa O;krgS] 'kfDr kjk laikfnr fd;s tkus okys fofo/k dk;ks±ds vuqlkj gB;ksx flºkUr esa ikap eq[; Jsf.k;ksa esaoxhZœr gSA(8)

izk.kk;ke dk ;ksx esa xgjk izHkko gSAgBiznhfidk dk er gS fd&


^^dsoy izk.kk;ke ds kjk gh lHkh izdkj ds eyksadh fuo`fŸk gksrh gSA**(9)

egf"kZ ?ksj.M ds vuqlkj gSa fd&

^îzk.kk;ke dh lk/kuk djus ek= ls euq"; nsork dsleku gks tkrk gSA**(10)

euq egkjkt euqLe`fr esa o.kZ gSa fd&

^^tSls vfXu vkfn esa rikus ls lqo.kZ vkfn/kkrqvksa ds ey fodkj u"V gks tkrs gSa] oSls gh izk.kk;kels bfUÊ;ksa ,oa eu ds nks"k nwj gksrs gSaA**(11)

;ksx n'kZu esa Hkh mYys[k gS fd&

^^rr%kh;rs izdk'kkoj.ke~**A

izk.kk;ke dk laca/k dh 'kjhj ds ukM+h eaMyls gSA ukM+h 'kqfº tc rd ugha gksrh rc rd izk.kk;kedh lk/kuk dR;k.kizn dFk;fi ugha gks ldrhA vr%'kjhjxr laiw.kZ ukM+h tky dk Kku izk.kk;ke lk/kdds fy, visfkr gksrk gSA fiaM esa es<™ esa ≈ij rdukfHk ds uhps ikh ds vkdkj dh dn&;ksfu gS] tgkals lHkh ukfM+;ksa dh mRifŸk crkbZ tkrh gSA eq[;ukfM+;ksa bM+k] fiaxyk ,oa lq"kqEuk dk izk.kk;ke ls?kfU"B laca/k ekuk tkrk gSA

^îzk.k dk laca/k eu ,oa 'kqÿ ls ekuk tkrkgSA dgrs gSa buesa fdlh ,d ij fu;a=.k djus lsvU; nks dk Lo;eso fu;a=.k gks tkrk gSA gB;ksfx;ksadk fo'okl gS fd eu dh 'kfDr;ka izk.k dk vuqlj.kdjrh gSaA vr% izk.k ds fu;a=.k ls eu dk fu;a=.klaHko gSA HkqtnaM ls vkfkIr danqd tSls mNyrk gSoSls gh izk.k viku ls vfkIr tho fu'py ugha jgikrkA izk.kk;ke ds o'k esa tho oke&nfk.k ekxZ ls≈ij&uhps nkSM+rk jgrk gSA tSls jTtqcº ';su mM+tkus ij Hkh [khap fy;k tkrk gS] mlh izdkj x;kgqvk tho Hkh izk.kk;ke ls vkœ"V gksrk gSA**(12)

^îzk.k dk lapkj bM+k vkSj fiaxyk esa lnSo

gksrk jgrk gSA izk.kk;ke ds lrr vH;kl kjk 'kjhj'kqº gksrk gS ,oa izk.k lapkj lq"kqEuk&iFk ls gksusyxrk gSA izk.k dk izokg tc bM+k vkSj fiaxyk dkifjR;kx dj nsrk gS rc oLrqr% ;s nksuksa ukfM+;ka fu"izk.kgks tkrh gSaA vkSj lq"kqEuk esa fLFkr izk.k nsork dqMfyuhds Ng pÿksa dks Hksndj lgkÚkj esa] cz„k.M&izk.k esay; gks tkrh gSA**(13)

^îzk.kk;ke dk laca/k vkSadkj lk/ku ls HkhtksM+k tkrk gSA oLrqr% bls izk.kk;ke dk mikax ghdguk pkfg,A vksadkj lk/ku ,oa vtikt; nksuksa ghizk.kk;ke ls vUrHkqDr gSA gB;ksx ds dqN xzUFkksa esabl iz.ko&lk/ku dks gh uknkuqla/kku dgk x;k gSA**(14)

gB;ksx iznhfidk esa o.kZu feyrk gS fdizk.kk;ke ls ukM+h 'kqfº gksrh gS vkSj varj dh vfXuizTofyr gksrh gS vkSj vusd izdkj ds ukn lqukbZiM+rs gSaA izk.k ok;q tc cz„ja/kz esa fLFkr gks tkrk gS]rc kqÊ?kafVdk] oa'k oh.kk rFkk Hkzejkfn ds ukn dhrjg lwerj ukn lqukbZ iM+rs gSaA uknkuqlDr euÿe'k% bu uknksa dk Hkh ifjR;kx djds var esalekf/k esa yh u gks tkrk gSA(15)

;ksx esa pkj voLFkk,a gksrh gSa&vkjaHk] ?kV]ifjp; vkSj fu"ifr voLFkk gSA rFkk vkHkw"k.kksa dhDo.ku&/ofu tSlk vukg ukn lqukbZ iM+rh gSA?kVkoLFkk esa izk.k e/;e gks tkrk gS vkSj fo".kqxzafFkdk Hksn gksus ls vkuan izkfIr ds lkFk Hksjh&/ofuvfr'kwU; daBja/kz esa lqukbZ iM+rh gSA ifjp;koLFkk esaekny&/ofu Hkzwe/; esa mfRFkr gksrh gS vkSj izk.kegk'kwU; esa py vkrk gSA fu"ifr voLFkk esa :ÊxzafFkdk Hksn gksrk gS vkSj izk.k 'koZ ihB esa izos'k dj tkrkgSA bl voLFkk esa oh.kk dk 'kCn lqukbZ iM+rk gSA(16)

ekuo 'kjhj fÿ;k foKku ds v/;;u ls ;gLi"V fn[krk gS fd ukM+h] vUr%Úko] 'olu]jDrifjlapj.k vkSj ikpu ;s 'kjhj ds izeq[k r= gSaA


blesa ukM+h ra= vkSj vUrÚkoh ra= lcls vf/kdegŸoiw.kZ gSa] ijarq bUgsa Hkh cgqr dqN vU; mi;qDrra=ks ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA

^^mRltZd vaxks ds ijhk.k ls izkjaHk djusij gesa fn[krk gS fd vkU= vkSj okHkkfod) 'okluesa e/;PNnk ds ckjh&ckjh ≈ij&uhps gksus ls vkSjmnjisf'k;ksa ds ladksp ,oa f'kfFkyu gksus ls vkU=vkSj o`Ddksa dks ,d xfr izkIr gksdj gYdk lk enZugksrk gSA izk.kk;ke esa fu%'olu iz'olu vkSj 'okljksdus dh vof/k esa ;g xfr vkSj enZu vf/kd c<+tkrs gSaA vkU= o`Ddksa ds dk;ks± dks fu;af=r djusokyh ukfM+;ka vkSj isf'k;k° Hkh izk.kk;ke ds vH;klls lfÿ; gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj vkU= vkSj isf'k;k°Hkh izk.kk;ke djrs le; gh ugha vfirq fnuHkj dsfy, izk.kk;ke ls ykHkkfUr gksrs gSaA**(17)

izk.kk;ke dk vH;kl lq"kqEuk dh e/;orhZuky vkSj efLr"d ds fuy;] nksuksa esa mPp nkc mRiUudjrk gSA ;s nkc dsUÊ ls laiw.kZ ukM+h ra= dks mŸksftrdjrs gSaA bu dsUÊh; vkSj ifjljh; izsj.kkvksa ds dkj.kekuoh; psruk efr vUrZeq[kh gksus yxrh gS vkSjbfUÊ;krhr vuqHko 'kD; gksus yxrs gSaA tSls&tSlsekuo efr vf/kdkf/kd fueZy gksus yxrh gS oSls&oSls,d ls ,d c<+dj vfUÊ;krhr l`f"V;k° izR;k gksusyxrh gSa vkSj var esa O;fDr vuar ds lkFk ,d gksdjcz„k.M esa foyhu gks tkrk gSA(18)

vr% ;ksx esa izk.kk;ke dk vfr fof'k"V LFkkuekuk tkrk gSA 'kkjhfjd vH;kl ds mijkar ekufldo vk/;kfRed fodkl ds fy, izk.kk;ke vfrvko';d gks tkrk gSA gB;ksx vkSj jkt;ksx ds chpizk.kk;ke lsrq dk dk;Z djrk gSA

lanHkZ

1- ;ksxlw= 2@29

2- ?ksj.M lafgrk 1@10&11

3- vklua dqEHkda fp= eqÊkFO;a dj.ka rFkkA

vFk uknkuqlU/kkue~ vH;klkuqÿeks gBsAgBiznhfidk 1@56

4- gB;ksx iznhfidk i`å 27

5- cz„n;ks∑fi f=n'kk% ioukH;kl rRijk%A

vHkwo=UrdHk;kr~ rLekr~ ioueH;lsr~AAgBiznhfidk 2@39

6- ckyœ".k] foKku dh dlkSVh ij ;ksx (gfjkj%fnO; izdk'ku 2007) i`å 40&41

7- ;efu;ekH;ka la;qDr% iq:"k% izk.kk;ke pjr~sA'kkå miå1@14

8- ckyœ".k] foKku dh dlkSVh ij ;ksx (gfjkj%fnO; izdk'ku 2007) i`å 41

9- ^^izk.kk;keSjso losZ iz'kq";fUr eyk bfrAA**gBiznhfidk 2@38

10- laizo;kfe izk.kk;keL; flfºe~A

;L; lk/u ek=s.k nsorqY;ks HkosUrj%AA ?kjs.Mlafgrk 5@11

11- n·kUrs /ek;eukua /kkrwuka fg ;Fkk eyk%A

rFksfUÊ;k.kka ngkUrs nks"kk% izk.kL; fuxzgkr~AAeuq 6%71

12- foosd okrZM 41&44

13- tkWu oqMjQ] n lisZV ikoj (eÊkl% x.ks'k,aM dEiuh 1950) i`å 215

14- ukFk vkSj lar lkfgR; i`å 286

15- ------ogh------- i`å 286

16- gB;ksx iznhfidk i`å 4@68&75

17- dqoY;uan] izk.kk;ke (iq.ks% v/;k dSoY;/kke yksukokyk 2012) i`å 241

18- -----ogh------ i`å 241


Hkxoku d".k ds izeq[k mins'k ,oaO;ogkj esa mudk vuqikyu



MkWå eukst n;ky] iwoZ Mhu] ,oa ofj"Bre izksQslj] ehfM;k v/;;u ladk;

yhyh flUgk] 'kks/kkFkhZxq: tEHks'oj foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh fo'ofon~;ky;] fglkj (gfj-)

4

Jhen~ Hkxorxhrk esa of.kZr Hkxoku œ".kds ikap izeq[k mins'k gSa& fu"dke deZ] ;ksx] HkfDr]len`f"V ,oa leiZ.k fu"dke deZ vFkkZr gesa fcukfdlh Qy dh bPNk ds viuk deZ djuk pkfg,A;ksx ;kfu viuh bfUÊ;ksa dks o'k esa djrs gq,,dkxzfpr gksdj ijekRek esa /;ku yxkukA HkfDrdk vFkZ gS lq[k&nq[k] ykHk&gkfu dh Hkkouk dkR;kx dj ,d fujkdkj ije czg~e esa eu yxkukAlen`f"V ;kfu fd ijekRek ds cuk;s lHkh izkf.k;ksadks leku n`f"V ls ns[kukA lHkh esa Hkxoku dk va'kns[kukA laiw.kZ leiZ.k dk vFkZ gS fd lHkh phtksa dksHkxoku dk ekuukA mUgs gh lefiZr dj nsukA Lokeh]1990A

'kks/k leL;k% D;k vkt fo'ofo|ky; dsfo|kFkhZ Hkxoku œ".k ds izeq[k mins'kksa ds izfrtkx:d gSa o O;ogkj esa mudk vuqikyu djrs gSa\

o`gn~ mn~ns';% Hkxoku œ".k ds mins'kksadk fo-fo- ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa tkx:drk o O;ogkj esamuds vuqikyu dk v/;;u djukA

fof'k"V mn~ns';%

(i) fo-fo- ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Hkxoku œ".k ds ikapmins'kksa ds izfr tkx:drk dk v/;;u djukA

(ii) Hkxoku œ".k ds izeq[k mins'k ^fu"dke deZ* dsizfr fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa tkx:drk dk ijhk.k djukA

(iii) bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Hkxoku œ".k ds mins'k ;ksx*ds izfr tkx:drk dk v/;;u djukA

(iv) mDr fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Hkxoku œ".k ds mins'k^HkfDr* ds izfr tkx:drk dks Kkr djukA

(v) ;g tkuuk fd mDr fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Hkxoku œ".kds mins'k len`f"V ds izfr fdl gn rdtkx:drk gSA

(vi) ;g ijhk.k djuk fd fo-fo- ds fo|kFkhZHkxoku œ".k ds izeq[k mins'k laiw.kZ leiZ.k*ds izfr fdruh tkx:drk gSA

(vii) ;g v/;;u djuk fd fo-fo- ds fo|kFkhZHkxoku œ".k ds mDr izeq[k mins'kksa dkO;ogkj esa fdl gn rd vuqlj.k o vuqikyudjrs gSaA

lkfgR; lehkk%

Lokeh izHkqikn (1990) us Hkxoku xhrk dsv/;k;&3 'kh"kZd ^deZ;ksx* esa crk;k gS fd izR;sdO;fDr dks izœfr ls vftZr xq.kksa ds vuqlkj foo'kgksdj deZ djuk iM+rk gSA vr% dksbZ Hkh O;fDr,d k.k ds fy, Hkh fcuk deZ fd;s ugha jg ldrkA

LokehizHk qikn (1990) us v/;k;&5 'kh"k Zd^deZ;ksx&œ".kHkkouk Hkkfor deZ* esa O;k[;k fdgS fd eqfDr ds fy, rks deZ dk ifjR;kx rFkk HkfDre;


deZ (deZ;ksx) nksuksa gh mŸke gSA fdUrq bu nksuksa esals deZ ds ifjR;kx ls HkfDr deZ csgrj gSA ldkedeZ (bfUÊ;r`fIr esa yxuk) gh Hko ca/ku dk dkj.kgSA tc rd euq"; 'kkjhfjd lq[k dk Lrj c<+kus dsmn~ns'; ls deZ djrk jgrk gS] rc rd og fofHkUuizdkj ds 'kjhj esa nsgkUrj.k djrs gq, Hkoca/ku dkscuk;s j[krk gSA fu"dke deZ djus ds fy, lPpklaU;klh gksuk vko';d gSA lPpk laU;kl dk vFkZ gSfd euq"; lnk vius dks Hkxoku œ".k dk va'kekudj ;g lksps dh mls vius dk;Z dk Qy Hkksxusdk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gSA pw°fd og Hkxoku œ".kdk gh va'k gS] vr,o mlds dk;Z dk Qy Hkxokuœ".k kjk gh Hkksxk tkuk pkfg,A ;gh okLro esaœ".k Hkkouke`r gSA tks O;fDr Hkkouke`r esa fLFkjgksdj deZ djrk gS] ogh okLro esa laU;klh gSA ,slheukso`fŸk gksus ls euq"; larq"V jgrk gSA ,slk blfy,D;ksafd og okLro esa Hkxoku ds fy, dk;Z dj jgkgksrk gSA bl izdkj og fdlh HkkSfrd oLrq ds fy,vklDr ugha gksrk gSA og Hkxoku dh lsok ls izkIrfnO; lq[k ls ijs fdlh oLrq esa vkuan u ysus dk vknhgks tkrk gSA tks O;fDr œ".k Hkkouke`r esa gksrk gS]og fcuk la;kl xzg.k fd;s gh ;g flfº izkIr djysrk gSA tks O;fDr ;g le> ysrk gS fd lkjh laifŸkHkxoku œ".k dh gS] og fuR; laU;klh ds œf=eoSjkX; ls dgha mŸke gSA ;g euksn'kk ;ksxk:< ;k;ksx dh flºkoLFkk dgykrh gSA

ljk stuh ik aMs (2013) us viuh ys[k^;ksx&;k=k* esa ;ksx dk vFkZ le>k;k gSA ^vkRekijekRek dk va'k gSA eu] cqfº fpŸk vkSj vgadkjdks vkRek esa y; dj nsuk gh ;ksx gSA

bl izdkj] ;ksx vartZxr dh ;k=k gSA blesalk/kd dks vius Hkhrj mrjuk gksrk gSA og HkhrjvkSj Hkhrj mrjrk pyk tkrk gSA fQj ,d fnu og

k.k vkrk gS] tc mldh vkRek izdk'k ls izdkf'krgks mBrh gSA mldk vKku u"V gks tkrk gSA vkRek]'kjhj] cqfº vkSj eu ls ijs gSA bu rhuksa dks vkRek esay; djds gh lk/kd vkRekuqHko dh fLFkfr dks izkIrdj ikrk gSA blh dks Hkxor xhrk esa ^fLFkrizK*dgk x;k gSA vkRekuqHko vius vanj fufgr lO; dkgh lkkkRdkj gSA

izdk'k (2016) us vius 'kks/k i= ^;ksx dsvax%&vklu o izk.kk;ke* esa ;ksx dk vFkZ crk;k gSA;ksx 'kCn osnksa] mifu"knksa] xhrk ,oa iqjk.kksa vkfn esaizkphu dky ls gh iz;qDr gksrk gSA ;ksx n'kZu dsiz.ksrk egf"kZ iratfy ;ksx 'kCn dk vFkZ fp=o`fŸkdk fujks/k ekurs gSaA izek.k] foi;Z] fodYi fuÊk ,oaLe`fŸk ;s iapo`fŸk;k° tc vH;kl ,oa oSjkX;kfn lk/kuksals eu essa y; dks izkIr gks tkrk gS] rc og ;ksx n`"Vk(vkRek) ds Lo:i esa vofLFkr gks tkrk gS] rc og;ksx gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; ok≥~e; esa Hkxor xhrk dkviuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA Hkkjr ds rks vk/kqfud larksaus xhrk ds ;ksx dks fofHkUu vFkks± esa iz;qDr fd;k gSa]vuqdwyrk&izfrdwyrk] flfº&vflfº] lQyrk&foQyrk t;&ijkt; bu leLr Hkkoksa esa vkReLFkjgrs gq, le jgus dks gh ;ksx dgrs gSaA vlax Hkko esan`"Vk cudj vUrj dh fnO; izsj.kk ls izsfjr gksdjdq'kyrkiwoZd deZ djuk gh ;ksx gSA tSukpk;ks± dsvuqlkj] ftu lk/kuksa ls vkRek dh flfº vkSj ekskdh izkfIr gksrh gS] og ;ksx gSA iqu% tSu n'kZu esa eu]ok.kh ,oa 'kjhj dh o`fŸk;ksa dks Hkh ;ksx dgk x;k gSA

vkuanewfŸk (2013) us vius fo'ks"k ys[k ;ksxdk vFkZ* esa crk;k gS fd thokRek dk ijekRek dslkFk ,dkdkj gksuk gh ;ksx gS ijekRek vkSj thokRekD;k gS\ vkdk'k dk pk°n ekuks ijekRek gS vkSjljksoj esa mldh izfrNk;k thokRek gSA thokRek dksijekRek ds lkFk dSls ,dhHkwr fd;k tk,\ tc


vkdk'k dk pk°n ljksoj dk pk°n ds ikl igq°prk gS]rks nksuksa thokRek vkSj ijekRek ,d gks tkrs gSaA ra='kkL= ds vuqlkj ;ksx dh ;gh O;k[;k gSA

j?kksŸke 'kqYd (2013) us ,d vU; v/;;u^HkfDr ls eqfDr* esa HkfDr dk vFkZ crk;k gS fd izseesa ;fn Jºk dk ;ksx gks tk,] rks mls HkfDr dgrs gSaAHkxoku dh dFkk Jko.k] dhrZu] Lej.k] pj.k lsok]vpZu] oanu] nkL; Hkko] l[kkHkko vkSj fuosnd ukedukS&izdkj dh HkfDr crkbZ xbZ gSA xksLokeh rqylhnklus jkepfjr ekul] vj.; dkaM esa 'kcjh dks mins'knsrs gq, Hkxoku Jh jke kjk& izfrikfnr uo/kk HkfDRkdks dqN bl izdkj crk;k gS& larks dk lax] Hkxokudh dFkk] izlaxksa esa jr jguk] xq:in lsok] Hkxokudk xq.kxku] HkxoUuke ti] bfUÊ; fot; l`ft dksHkxoRe; ns[kuk] larks"k vkSj gyghu gksdj Hkxokuij HkjkslkA

'kks/k fof/k% nSo fun'kZu (jSUMe lSEiy) fof/k kjkfglkj fLFkr xq: taHks'oj foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdhfo'ofo|ky; ds 200 fo|kfFkZ;ks a dk losZk.klkkkRdkj lwph kjk fd;k x;k gSA vkadM+ksa dhizœfr tkuus ds fy, dksbZ&oxZ ifjk.k (x2 test) lsirk yxk;k x;k fd vkadM+ksa esa lkekU; forj.k(Normal Distribution) gSA rnuqlkj ifjdYiukifjk.k gsrq dksbZ&oxZ ijhk.k ,oa izlj.k fo'ys"k.k(Anova) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA lkFk&lkFk jSUMelSEiy] lkekU; forj.k o mi&lewgksa dh i`Fkdrk oLora=rk dh ekU;rkvksa ds vk/kkj ij nks mi&lewgksadh fLFkfr esa ,drjQk izlj.k fo'ys"k.k (one-way

Anova) dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;k rkfd 'kks/k dks,d oSKkfud Lo:i iznku fd;k tk ldsA

mŸkjnkrkvksa dh :ijs[kk%

fglkj fLFkr xq: tEHks'oj foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh

fo'ofo|ky; esa 200 fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa 15 ls 20 o"kZ ds20 ls 25 o"kZ ds 60] 25 ls 30 o"kZ ds 70] 30 ls 35o"kZ ds 40 ,oa 35 o"kZ ds vf/kd ds 10 fo|kfFkZ;ksadk p;u nSo fun'kZu fof/k ls fd;k x;kA

o`Ÿk fp= 1 (mez ds vuqlkj)

200 fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa 120 yM+ds rFkk 80yMfd;ksa dk p;u nSo fun'kZu fof/k ls fd;k x;kA

o`Ÿk fp= 2 (fyax ds vuqlkj)

20¯(30 ls 35)

35¯(25 ls 30)

30¯(20 ls 25)

10¯(10 ls 20)

5¯(35 ls vf/kd)

60¯yMds

40¯yM+fd;k°


200 fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa 130 LukrdksŸkj ,oa 70Lukrd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u nSo fun'kZu fof/k lsfd;k x;kA

o`Ÿk fp= 3 ('kSfkd Lrj ds vuqlkj)

65¯LukrdksŸkj

35¯Lukrd

200 fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa foKku ds 120 ,oalkekftd foKku ds 80 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u nSofun'kZu fof/k ls fd;k x;kA

o`Ÿk fp= 4 (fo"k; ds vuqlkj)

vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k%

fglkj fLFkr xq: tEHks'oj foKku ,oaizkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky; ds 200 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij mDr:ijs[kk ds vuqlkj nSo fun'kZu fof/k ls izkFkfedvkadM+ksa dk laxzg.k djus ds ckn fuEufyf[krfo'ys"k.k fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

Hkxoku œ".k ds ik°p izeq[k mins'kksa dsizfr tkx:drk

fp= 1

60¯LukrdksŸkj

40¯lkekftdfoKku

200

160

120

80

40

mŸkjnk

rkv

ksa dh l

a[;k (

200)

(5%) 10

gk° ugha

(95%) 120

tSlk fd fp= 1 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd fo-fo-ds ek= 5&izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ Hkxor xhrk esa of.kZrHkxoku œ".k ds izeq[k ik°pksa mins'kksa ls voxr gS]tcfd 95 izfr'kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bu lHkh izeq[kmins'kksa dk dqN irk gh ugha gSA bruh cM+h la[;k esafo'ofo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vufHkK gksuk laHkor%blfy, gS D;ksafd vf/kdka'k fo|kFkhZ ;k rks viusikB~;ÿe dh i<+kbZ rd lhfer gSa ;k vfrfjDrxfrfof/k;ksa esa lh/kk vius jkstxkj ls tqM+s dk;Zÿeksadh vksj mudk :>ku gS foKku tks ;gk° rd fdlkekftd foKku ds fo|kFkhZ Hkh ;w° rks Hkxoku œ".kdk iwtu œ".k ds izeq[k mins'kksa tSlh egRoiw.kZfcUnqvksa ij viuk /;ku dsfUÊr ugha dj ik;s gSaA

ifjdYiuk ijhk.k (Hypothesis Testing)

ekufy;k fd izeq[k mins'kksa ds tkx:drk,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa mlds izfr ldkjkRedrk esa dksbZlkFkZd varj ugha gSA

gk° ugha dqyf

o10 190 200

fe

100 100

(fo-f

e) -90 90

(fo-f

e)2 8100 8100

(fo-f

e)2 8100 8100

fe

100 100


( )1628181

2

=+−

∴∑e

e

f

ff o

( ) ( )162

2

02 =−

=∴ ∑e

e

f

ffx

df = (r-1) (c-1) = (2-1) (1-1) = 1

fo = voysfor ckjEckjrk

fe = vuqekfur ckjEckjrk

[tgk° df = degree of freedom

r = row, c = colum]

pw°fd df 1 ij 0-05 Lrj ,oa 0-01 Lrj ij

dbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku ÿe'k% 3-8 ,oa 6-6 gS] tksblds x.kuk kjk izkIr eku 162 ls dkQh de gSAvr% izeq[k mins'kksa ds izfr tkx:drk ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksaesa mlds izfr ldkjkRedrk esa cgqr&cgqr lkFkZdvarj gSA ijhk.k ls flº gksrk gS fd fo-fo- dsfo|kFkhZ cgqr gn rd Hkxoku œ".k ds mins'kksa dsizfr tkx:d ugha gS] ldkjkRed ugha gSA

izFke mins'k fu"dke deZ ds izfr tkx:drk

fp=&2

fp= 2 ds vuqlkj 75 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZHkxoku œ".k ds izFke mins'k fu"dke deZ ls voxr

gSa] tcfd 25 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ mlls vufHkK gSaA ;w°rks vf/kdka'k fo|kFkhZ ik°pksa mins'kksa ls voxr ughagS] ijUrq izFke mins'k fu"dke deZ ls rhu pkSFkkbZfo|kFkhZ voxr gSaA ,slk blfy, D;ksafd Hkxoku œ".kds mins'k esa deZ dh gh iz/kkurk gSA blfy, lh/kkdeZ ls tqM+s mins'k vf/kdka'k de ls de tkursvo'; gSaA gk° mldk vuqlj.k o vuqikyu fdrusizfr'kr djrs gSa] ;g rks vxys fp= ls Li"V gkstk;sxkA

pwafd df 1 ij 0-05 Lrj ,oa 0-01 Lrj ij

dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku ÿe'k% 3-8 ,oa 6-6 gS] tksbldk x.kuk kjk izkIr eku 50 ls dkQh de gSAvr% fu"dke deZ ds izfr tkx:drk ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksaesa cgqr lkFkZd lEc/k gSA rkRi;Z ;g fd nksuksa esacgqr vf/kd ldkjkRedrk gSA bl ijhk.k ls ;gflº gksrk gS fd fo-fo- ds fo|kFkhZ de ls deizFke mins'k fu"dke deZ ds izfr tkx:d gSaA

O;kogkfjd thou esa fu"dke deZ dk vuqikyufp=&3

200

160

120

80

40

(75%) 150

gk° ugha

(25%) 50

^fu"dke deZ* ds

izfr tkx:drk

200

160

120

80

40

cgqr vf/kd

192 (96%)

mŸkjnk

rkv

ksa dh l

a[;k (

200)

(1%)

2

(0.5%)

1

(0.5%)

1

(2%)

4

vf/kd lkekU; FkksM+k fcYdqy ugha

tSlk fd fp= 3 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS fd tgk°rd izFke mins'k ^fu"dke deZ* ds vuqikyu dkiz'u gS] rks ek= 4 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ gh vius O;kogkfjdthou esa mldk vuqikyu o vuqlj.k djrs gSaA 'ks"k


96 izfr'kr mldk vuqikyu ugha djrs gSa D;kasfd osldke ;kfu Qyizn deZ esa fo'okl j[krs gSaA vktds foKkfud ,oa vk/kqfud ;qx ds vf/kdka'k fo|kFkhZQy dks dsUÊ ekudj deZ djrs gSaA ftu fo|kfFkZ;ksaus fu"dke deZ dks vuklDr gksdj vfr xgjkbZ ovk/;kfRedrk ls le>k gS] ek= os gh fu"dke deZds ik/kj gSaA ;gk° le>us ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd tcge vklDr gksdj ldke deZ djrs gSa] rks dgha ukdgha gekjs deZ esa Lor% yxu o HkfDr dh deh vkus

yx tkrh gSA ;g deh Qy dh vkSj fn;s /;ku dscjkcj gksrh gSA ftruk vf/kd ge Qy dh vk'kkj[ksaxsa] mruk gh vf/kd gekjs deZ esa deh vk;sxhAfQj ge Qy ls oafpr jg tk;saxsA Hkxoku œ".k usle>k;k gS fd gj lndeZ dk Qy vo'; gh feyrkgSA pkgs og ml tUe esa feys ;k vxys tUe esa]blfy, y; dks dsfUÊr djds gesa fu"dke deZ dhvo/kkj.kk dks xgjkbZ ls le>uk pkfg,A


ekufy;k tk, fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa fu"dke deZ ds vuqikyu esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA

cgqr vf/kd vf/kd lkekU; FkksM+k fcYdqy ugha dqy

fo

2 1 1 4 192 200

fe

40 40 40 40 40

(fo-f

e) -38 -39 -39 -36 152

(fo-f

e)2 1444 1521 1521 1296 23104

(fo-f

e)2 1444 1521 1521 1296 23104

fe

40 40 40 40 40

( )722.15==++++=

−∴∑

40

28886

40

23104

40

1296

40

1521

40

1521

40

14442

e

eo

f

ff

∴ dkbZ oxZ (X2) =

( )4)15()12()1()1(,15.722

2

=−−−−==−

∑ crdff

ff

e

eo

pwafd df 4 ij 0-05 Lrj ,oa 0-01 Lrj

ij dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku ÿe'k% 9-48 ,oa 13-

27 gksrk gS] tks bldk x.kuk kjk izkIr eku lsdkQh de gSa vr% fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa fu"dke deZ ds


fp= 5 ds vuqlkj ;ksx dk O;kogkfjdthou esa 77-5 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ vuqikyu djrs gStcfd 22-5 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ bldk vuqikyu ughadjrs gSaA mlesa lkekU;r% vuqikyu djus okyksa dhizfr'kr vf/kdre 64-5 izfr'kr gS tcfd iw.kZr%vuqikyu dh izfr'kr 3-5 va'kr% vuqikyu dhizfr'kr 2-5 gSA nks&frgkbZ ls Hkh vf/kd fo|kFkhZ;ksakjk ;ksx dk vuqikyu fd;k tkuk blfy, laHkogqvk gS] D;ksafd vktdy ;qokvksa esa LokLF; o ;ksxds izfr orZeku ljdkj kjk fo'ks"k eqfge o vfHk;kupyk;k x;k gSA izkFkfed fo|ky; ls ysdjfo'ofo|ky; Lrj ij fujUrj ;ksx dk foHkkx [kksyktk jgk gS] o fujUrj ;ksx izf'kkd dh fu;qfDr dhtk jgh gSA izkjfEHkd ehfM;k] oSdfYid ehfM;kls ysdj vk/kqfud ehfM;k esa ;ksx dk izpkj izlkjRofjr xfr ls fd;k tkus yxk gSA

vuqikyu esa cgqr lkFkZd varj gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fdfo|kfFkZ;ksa kjk fu"dke deZ dk vuqikyu ugha dscjkcj fd;k gSA

Hkxoku d`".k ds ;ksx ds izfr tkx:drk

fp=&4

200

160

120

80

40

iw.kZr%mŸkjnk

rkv

ksa dh l

a[;k (

200)

(3.5%)

7

(7%)

14

(64.5%)

129

(2.5%)

5

vf/kdka'kr lkekU;r% va'kr fcYdqy ugha

(2.5%)

5

200

160

120

80

40

(90%) 180

gk° ugha

(10%) 20

;ksx ds izfr

tkx:drk

mŸkjnk

rkv

ksa dh l

a[;k (

200)

mDr fp= ;g n'kkZrk gS fd ;ksx ds izfrtkx:drk ds iz'u ij 90 izfr'kr mlds izfrvoxr gSa] tcfd 10 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ blls vufHkKgSA bu 90 izfr'kr esa vf/kdka'k dks ;g ugha irk gSfd ;g Hkxoku œ".k dk mins'k Hkh gSA ijUrqorZeku iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUÊ eksnh ds ;ksx ds izfriz[kj varjkZ"V™h; vfHk;ku ,oa igy ls fuf'pr:i ls mlds izfr tkx:drk esa izO;f'kr o`fº gqbZgSA


ekufy;k tk, fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa ;ksx ds izfrtkx:drk esa dksbZ lkFkZd lEc/k ugha gSA


dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku ÿe'k% 3-8 ,oa 6-6 gS]tks mlds x.kuk kjk izkIr eku 162 ls dkQh degSA vr% fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa ;ksx ds izfr dkQh vf/kd

lkFkZd laca/k gSA blfy, ifjk.k ls ;g flº gksrkgS fd fo-fo- ds fo|kFkhZ cgqr gn rd ;ksx ds izfrtkx:d gSaA

;ksx dk O;kogkfjd thou esa vuqikyu

fp=&5


iw.kZr% vf/kdka'kr% lkekU; va'kr fcYdqy ugha dqy

fo

7 14 129 5 45 200

fe

40 40 40 40 40

(fo-f

e) 33 26 89 -35 5

(fo-f

e)2 1089 676 7921 1225 25

(fo-f

e)2 1089 676 7921 1225

fe

40 40 40 40


ekufy;k tk, fd fo|kFkhZ ,oa O;kogkfjd thou esa ;ksx dk vuqikyu esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA

( )40

1225

40

7921

40

676

40

10892

+++=−

∑e

eo

f

ffdkbZ oxZ (X2) =

775.27240

122579216761089=

+++=

4)15()12()1)(1( =−−=−−= crdf

pw°fd df 4 ij 0-05 Lrj ,oa 0-01 Lrj ij dkbZ oxZ

dk lkj.kh eku ÿe'k% 9-48 ,oa 13-27 gS] tksmlds x.kuk kjk izkIr eku ls dkQh de gSA blfy,fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa fu"dke deZ ds vuqikyu esa cgqr ghlkFkZd varj gSA ;g varj ldkjkRed gS] rHkh rks77-5 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ ;ksx dk O;kogkfjd thou esavuqikyu djrs gSaA

;ksx vuqikyu fp=&6 ds izdkj ds vuqlkj fHkUurk

fp=&6

200

160

120

80

40

vklumŸkjnk

rkv

ksa dh l

a[;k (

200) (70%)

140

(20%)

40(5%)

10(4%)

8

izk.kk;ke /;ku ;ksx jkt;ksx vU;

(1%)

2

;ksx vuqikyu esa fHkUurk


mDr fp= 6 ls Li"V gS fd ^vklu* djus okyksa dhizfr'kr loZf/kd 70 gS] tcfd jkt;ksx* fd U;wureizfr'kr 4 gSA izk.kk;ke 20 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ djrsgSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ;qok dh 'kkjhfjd vH;kl

vklu izk.kk;ke /;ku;ksx jkt;ksx vU; dqy

fo

140 40 10 8 2 200

fe

40 40 40 40 40

(fo-f

e) 100 00 -30 -32 -38

(fo-f

e)2 10000 00 900 1024 1444

(fo-f

e)2 10000 00 900 1024 1444

fe

40 40 40 40 40


ekufy;k tk, fd fo|kFkhZ;ksa dh ;ksx vuqikyu izo`fŸk;ksa esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA

ls tqM+s O;k;ke dks vf/kd ilan djrs gSa] tcfdekufld o vk/;kfRed fodkl ls tqM+s ;ksx dh vksjmudk /;ku mruk ugha gSA

dkbZ oxZ (X2) =( )

40

1444

40

1024

40

900

40

00

40

100002

++++=−

∑e

eo

f

ff

2.33440

144410249000010000=

++++=

441)15()12()1()1( ==−−=−−= xcrdf

pw°fd df 4 ij 0-05 Lrj ,oa 0-01 Lrj ij dkbZ oxZ

dk lkj.kh eku 9-48 ,oa 13-27 gS] tks blds x.kukkjk izkIr eku 334-2 ls dkQh de gSA vr%fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ;ksx dh izo`fr;ksa esa lkFkZd varj gSAblfy, ijhk.k ls ;g flº gksrk gS fd ;ksx dhizo`fr vklu ,oa vU; ;ksx (izk.kk;ke /;ku ojkt;ksx) esa dkQh varj gSA

fp=&7

200

160

120

80

40

gk°mŸkjnk

rkv

ksa dh l

a[;k (

200)

(20%)

40

ugha

(80%)

160HkfDr ds izfr

tkx:drk


fp= 7 ds vuqlkj tgk° rd Hkxoku œ".k ds izeq[kmins'k HkfDr dk iz'u gS] rks Hkxor xhrk esa of.kZrHkfDr ls ek= 20 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ voxr gSa tcfd80 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ blls vufHkK gSaA ,slk blfy,D;ksafd Hkkxor dFkk esa of.kZr HkfDr ds izfr ;qokvksaesa vHkh oknuh; vk/;kfRed vuqHkwfr dh deh gSA

pw°fd df 1 ij 0-05 Lrj ,oa 0-01 Lrj dkbZ

oxZ dk lkj.kh eku ÿe'k% 3-8 ,oa 6-6 gS] tks bldsx.kuk kjk izkIr eku ls dkQh de gSA vr% fo|kfFkZ;ksavkSj HkfDr ds izfr ldkjkRedrk o udkjkRedrk esadkQh lkFkZd varj gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd HkfDr dsizfr tkx:d gSaA

Hkxoku œ".k ds izeq[k mins'k HkfDrdk O;kogkfjd thou esa vuqikyu

fp=&8

mDr fp= 8 ;g n'kkZrk gS fd 70 izfr'krfo|kFkhZ HkfDr dk vuqikyu vius O;kogkfjd thouesa djrs gSa] tcfd 30 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ blds izfrudkjkRed gSaA ;w° rks vf/kdka'k% fo|kFkhZ Hkxor dFkkesa of.kZr Hkxoku œ".k ds mins'k HkfDr ls voxrugha gSa] ijUrq fdlh vU; izdkj dh HkfDr fdlh ufdlh :i esa os 70 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ djrs gSaA vcfdl izdkj dh HkfDr fdl gn rd djrs gSa] ;g rks

vxys fp= ls Li"V gks tk;sxkA


dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku ÿe'k 3-8 ,oa 6-6 gS] tksblds x.kuk kjk izkIr eku ls dkQh de gSA vr%fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj O;kogkfjd thou es HkfDr dsvuqikyu ds izfr ldkjkRedrk o udkjkRedrk esalkFkZd varj gSaA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd fo|kFkhZ HkfDr dsvuqikyu ds izfr vfr ldkjkRed gSaA

Hkxoku œ".k ds mins'k lenf"V ds izfr tkx:drk

fp=&9

200

160

120

80

40

mŸkjnk

rkv

ksa dh l

a[;k (

200)

(10%) 20

gk° ugha

(90%) 180

mDr fp= 10 ls Li"V gS fd 90 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZHkxoku œ".k ds izeq[k mins'k lenf"V Fkk leHkko lsvoxr ugha gSa] tcfd ek= 10 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ gh xhrkesa of.kZr lenf"V ds vFkZ ls voxr gSaA ,slk blfy,]D;ksafd vHkh rd xhrk ds izeq[k mins'k ;qokvksa rdizHkkoh rjhds ls ugha igq°p ik;k gSA


dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku ÿe'k% 3-8 ,oa 6-6 gS] tksblds x.kuk kjk izkIr eku 128 ls dkQh de gSAvr% Hkxoku œ".k ds mins'k len`f"V ds izfrfo|kfFkZ;ksa dh tkx:drk dkQh de gSA

200

160

120

80

40

gk°mŸkjnk

rkv

ksa dh l

a[;k (

200) (70%)

140

ugha

(30%)

60


œ".k ds mins'k len`f"V dk O;kogkfjdthou esa vuqikyu

fp=&10

mDr fp= 10 ls fcYdqy Li"V gS fd tks10 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ blls voxr gSa] muesa 30 izfr'krgh vius O;ogkfjd thou esa len`f"V ;k leHkkodk vuqikyu djrs gSa tcfd ml 10 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZesa 70 izfr'kr bldk vuqikyu djrs gh ugha gSArkRi;Z ;g fd dqy 200 fo|kFkhZ esa ls ek= 3 izfr'kr;kfu fd dqy 6 fo|kFkhZ gh bldk vuqikyu viusO;kogkfjd thou esa djrs gSA ,slk blfy, D;ksafdHkxoku xhrk ds mins'k ds dbZ ik vHkh Hkh ;qokvksard izHkkoh rjhds ls u rks izHkkoh rjhds ls igq°pik;k gS vkSj u fg vfHkHkkodksa o izk/;idksa kjkblds fy, izsfjr fd;k x;k gSA

pw°fd df 1 ij 0-05 Lrj ,oa 0-01 Lrj ijdksbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku ÿe'k% 3-8 ,oa 6-6 gS] tksblds x.kuk kjk izkIr eku 32 ls dkQh de gSAvr% Hkxor dFkk ds mins'k len`f"V dk vuqikyuds izfr fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ldkjkRedrk o udkjkRedrkesa lkFkZd varj gSA rkRi;Z ;g fd len`f"V dsvuqikyu ds izfr fo|kFkhZ vfr udkjkRed gSA

œ".k ds izeq[k mins'k laEiw.kZ ds izfr tkx:drk

fp=&11

200

160

120

80

40

gk°mŸkjnk

rkv

ksa dh l

a[;k (

200)

(5%)

10

ugha

(95%)

120

laiw.kZ lEi.kZ ds izfrtkx:drk

200

160

120

80

40

gk°mŸkjnk

rkv

ksa dh l

a[;k (

200)

(30%)

60

ugha

(70%)

140

len`f"V dk vuqikyu

mDr fp= 11 ls Li"V gS fd 200 fo|kfFkZ;ksa

esa ek= 5 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ gh Hkxor xhrk esa of.kZr

Hkxoku œ".k ds izeq[k mins'k laiw.kZ leiZ.k ls

voxr gS] tcfd 95 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ vufHkK gSaAiqu% mldk dkj.k Hkh ;gh gS fd Hkxor xhrk esa

of.kZr Hkxoku œ".k ds izeq[k mins'k ds dbZ egRiw.kZ

ik vkt rd ;qokvksa esa izHkkoh :i esa u rks igq°p

ik;k gS vkSj uk fg ekrk&firk o f'kkdksa kjk mUgsa

blds fy, iszfjr fd;k x;k gSA


dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku ÿe'k% 3-8 ,oa 6-6 gS tks

blds x.kuk kjk izkIr eku 162 ls dkQh de gSA

^vr% lEiw.kZ* ds izfr fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa tkx:drk ds

lanHkZ esa ldkjkRedrk ,oa udkjkRedrk esa lkFkZd

varj gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd fo|kFkhZ Hkxor dFkk esa

of.kZr Hkxoku œ".k ds mins'k laiw.kZ leiZ.k lsvfr vufHkK gSA

Hkxoku œ".k ds mins'k laiw.kZ leiZ.k*dk O;ogkfjd thou esa vuqikyu


fp=&12

mDr fp= 12 ls fcYdqy Li"V gS fd tks 5izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ xhrk esa of.kZr Hkxoku œ".k ds

izeq[k mins'k laiw.kZ leiZ.k ls voxr gSa mueas ls Hkh

ek= 2 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ gh O;kogkfjd thou esa bldk

vuqikyu djrs gSA ,slk blfy, D;ksafd u rks ;qokvksa

dks fo|ky; egkfo|ky; ;k fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ijblds fy, izsfjr fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj uk fg vfHkHkkod

Lrj ij mUgs mRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA blds vykok

Hkxoku œ".k ds izeq[k mins'kksa dks ;qokvksa rd

vkt Hkh fofHkUu lEcf/kr laxBuksa kjk izHkkohr rjhds

ls igq°pkus dk iz;kl ugha fd;k x;k gSA


dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku ÿe'k% 3-8 ,oa 6-6 gS] tksblds x.kuk kjk izkIr eku ls dkQh de gSA vr%

laiw.kZ leiZ.k ds vuqikyu ds izfr fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa

ldkjkRedrk o udkjkRedrk ds chp lkFkZd varj

gSA rkRi;Z ;g fd fo|kFkhZ Hkxor xhrk esa of.kZr

Hkxoku œ".k ds mins'k laiw.kZ leiZ.k vuqikyu dsizfr vfr udkjkRed gSaA

izkpfyd lkaf[;fd; fo'ys"k.k (Parametric

Statistical Analysis)

t ijhk.k% yM+dk&yM+dh] Lukrd&

Lukrdksrj] lkekftd foKku o foKku ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa

esa varj tkuus gsrq t ijhk.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

ekufy;k tk, yM+dk vkSj yM+dh ds fopkj

es dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA

fofHkUu mez ds vuqlkj yM+dk&yM+dh ds

fuEufyf[kr izkIrkad x1 ,oa x

2 izkIr fd;s x;sA nksuksa

gh fLFkfr esa izkIrkadksa dh la[;k (N=5, N2=5)

ik;h x;hA

200

160

120

80

40

gk°mŸkjnk

rkv

ksa dh l

a[;k (

200)

(2%)

4

ugha

(98%)

196

laiw.kZ lEi.kZ dkvuqikyu

yM+dk (x1) yM+dh (x

2)

24 16

36 24

42 28

24 16

6 4

∑∑ == 88132 21 xx

mDr vkadM+ksa ls yM+dk ,oa yM+dh dk eknu fopyu (Standard Deviation) ÿe'k% 1=19.9

,oa 2=13.2 izkIr fd;k x;k gSA

5

88132 21 ==∴ xx tgk° x

1 = yM+dk dk e/;eku

= 26.4 = 17.6 x2 = yM+dh dk e/;eku

( )5

2.174

5

01.396

5

2.13

5

9.1921.

22

2

2

1

2

21+=

+=

+=−∴

NNES

XX


68.10042.1145

21.570===

82.068.10

88

68.10

6.174.26

.. 21

21 ==−

=−

−=

xxES

xx

df = (N

1-1) + (N

2-1) = (5-1)+(5-1)=4+4 = 8

(i) pw°fd df 8 ij 0-05 Lrj ,oa 0-01 Lrj ij t

dk lkj.kh eku ÿe'k% 2-31 ,oa 3-36 gS] tks x.kukls izkIr eku ls T;knk gSA vr% yM+dk vkSj yM+dhds fopkj esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA rkRi;Z ;g fdHkxoku œ".k ds izeq[k mins'k fu"dke deZ] ;ksx]HkfDr] len`f"V ,oa laiw.kZ leiZ.k varj ugha gSA

(ii) Bhd mlh izdkj Lukrd ,oa LukrdksŸkjfo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fopkj esa Hkh t ijhk.k kjk ik;k x;kfd Lukrd ,oa LukrdksŸkj fo|kFkhZ ds fopkj esa ;ksxdks ysdj FkksM+k lkFkZd varj gSA LukrdksŸkj ds fo|kFkhZizk.kk;ke ,oa /;ku;ksx esa Lukrd fo|kFkhZ ls vuqikyuLrj ij vf/kd :fp j[krs gSa] tcfd tgk° rd fu"dkedeZ] HkfDr] len`f"V ,oa laiw.kZ leiZ.k dk iz'u gS]rks Lukrd ,oa LukrdksŸkj Nk=ksa ds chp dksbZ lkFkZdvarj ugha gSA

(iii) mlh izdkj foKku ,oa lkekftd foKku dsfo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fopkj esa Hkxoku œ".k ds ikap mins'kksads izfr tkx:drk esa FkksM+k lkFkZd varj ik;k x;kAlkekftd foKku ds fo|kFkhZ] foKku ds fo|kFkhZ dhrqyuk esa Hkxoku œ".k ds mins'kksa ls FkksM+k vf/kdvoxr gSaA ijUrq tgk° rd mins'kksa ds vuqikyu dkiz'u gS] rks lkeftd foKku ,oa foKku ds fo|kFkhZ esadksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA

(iv) ,drjQk izlj.k fo'ys"k.k (one-wey

ANOVA) ls irk pyrk gS fd fofHkUu mezksa esa 35o"kZ ls vf/kd ds fo|kFkhZ Hkxoku œ".k ds izeq[k

mins'kksa ds izfr tkx:drk ,oa fÿ;kUo;u nksuksa esa35 o"kZ ls de okys fofHkUu lewgksa ds Nk=ksa dhrqyuk esa FkksM+k vkxs gSaA

fu"d"kZ o lq>ko%

vf/kdk a'k fo|kFkh Z Hkxon~ xhrk dsv/;k;&12 esa of.kZr Hkxoku œ".k ds izeq[k ik°pmins'kksa ls voxr ugha gSA ;|fi izFke mins'k fu"dkedeZ ls dkQh fo|kFkhZ voxr gSa] tSls ;ksx ij orZekuljdkj kjk varjkZ"V™h; ,oa jk"V™h; Lrj ij vfHk;kuo eqfge pykus ds dkj.k vf/kdka'k fo|kFkhZ voxrgSa vkSj bldk dkQh gn rd vuqikyu Hkh djrs gSaAijUrq Hkxon~ xhrk esa fdl :i esa of.kZr gS] bllsfo|kFkhZ FkksM+k de voxr gSA tgk° rFkk vU; izeq[kmins'k ^len`f"V* o laiw.kZ leiZ.k dk iz'u gS] rksbls vf/kdka'k fo|kFkhZ u rks tkurs gSa vkSj uk fgbldk vuqikyu djrs gSaA ;w° rks Hkxor xhrk dkizFke mins'k fu"dke deZ ls vf/kdka'k fo|kFkhZvoxr gSa] ijUrq vius O;kogkfjd thou esa bls drbZugha viukuk pkgrs gSaA mUgs Qy;qDr o ldke deZgh vf/kd ilan gSA oSls rks Hkxoku œ".k us Li"Vfd;k gS fd ;fn deZ dks ;ksx] HkfDr] len`f"V olaiw.kZ leiZ.k ds lkFk fd;k tk,] rks vo'; ghbldk Qy tUe esa ugha] rks vxys tUe esa feysxkAij bl xfr'khy thou es fo|kFkhZ bls Lohdkjus dksrS;kj ugha gSa rFkk ;g ekurs gSa fd bruk /kS;Z fdls gSfd os vxys tUe dk bUrtkj djsaA

lq>ko%

1- O;fDr dks fu"dke deZ gh djuk pkfg,Amls ges'kk vuklDr deZ;ksxh cuus dk iz;kl djukpkfg,A fu"dke deZ o HkfDr ds feyu ls gh mikluk;k lk/kuk gksrh gSA ;fn ge deZ djrs le; ges'kkQy ij /;ku j[krs gSa] rks fuf'pr :i ls ge viuk


deZ Bhd ls ugha dj ik;saxsA eku yhft, vki iwtkdj jgs gSa vkSj bl chp ckj&ckj vkidk /;ku dsykvkSj yM~Mw dh vkSj tkus yxrk gS] rks Hkyk vki Bhdls iwtk dSls dj ik;saxs\ ;k /;ku vkidk iwtk lstqM+s fdlh vn`'; Qy dh vkSj gS] rks fuf'pr :ils vkids deZ esa dksbZ deh o fo?u vk;sxhA blfy,gesa y; fu/kkZfjr djds /;ku (;ksx) vkSj HkfDr dslkFk fu"dke deZ esa foyhu gks tkuk pkfg,A gjdeZ dks gesa ifo=rk ds lkFk Hkxoku dks Hkksx ds:i esa p<+kuk pkfg,] D;ksafd deZ gh iwtk gSA

2- ;ksx ls gesa 'kkjhfjd] ekufld o vk/;kfRed≈tkZ izkIr gksrh gSA ;ksx ls gekjk /;ku l'kDr Hkkols dsfUÊr gksrk gSA blls deZ djus dh kerk] cqfºo ,dkxzrk c<+rh gSA ;ksx ds vusd izdkj gSa] tSls%vklu] izk.kk;ke] jkt;ksx /;ku;ksx] deZ;ksx]HkfDr;ksx] iq:"kksre ;ksx vkfnA mez] O;olk; o:fp ds vuq:i vyx&vyx O;fDr ds fy,vyx&vyx ;ksx vf/kd lkFkZd izHkkoh o mi;ksxhflº gks ldrk gSA

3- HkfDr ds lkFk tc deZ fd;k tkrk gS] rksog Lor% lk/kuk o mikluk dk :i ys ysrh gSAHkfDr izse ,oa Jºk dk gh fefJr :i gSA ;kfulk/kuk izse$Jº$deZA ml ije iFk dk vuqlj.k ovuqikyu djus ls fnO; xq.k mRiUu gksrs gS aAvyx&vyx izdkj dh HkfDr vyx&vyx fLFkfresa vf/kd dkjxj o mi;ksxh flº gksrh gSA

4- gesa lkjs lalkj dks leku n`f"V ls ns[kukpkfg,A ijekRek ds cuk;s lHkh izkf.k;ksa dks leHkkols ns[kuk pkfg,A lHkh esa Hkxoku dk va'k ns[kukpkfg, vkSj lnSo ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd lalkjesa ,d loZO;kih c„k gS] tks loksZPp 'kfDr gSA

5- gesa ;g ekuuk pkfg, dh lHkh phtksa ij

ije c„k dk vf/kdkj gSA lcdqN mUgh dk gSAblfy, mUgs gh lefiZr dj nsuk pkfg,A mln`f"Vdks.k dks viukus ls ge Lor% vuklDr deZ;ksxhcu tk;sxsaA ,oa gees fu"dke deZ dh Hkkouk tkx`rgksus yxsxhA

6- fo|kfFkZ;ksa] ;qokvksa ,oa ge lHkh Hkxor xhrkesa of.kZr Hkxoku œ".k ds izeq[k mins'kksa dks izHkkohrjhds ls le>kus ds fy, fofHkUu /kkfeZd laxBuksa]'kSfkd laLFkkuksa] tulapkj ek/;eksa o lekt dkslfÿ;rk ls dk;Z djuk gksxkA

7- ge lHkh dks viuk&viuk y; fu/kkZfjrdj ;ksx] HkfDr] len`f"V ,oa laiw.kZ leiZ.k ds lkFkfu"dke deZ esa foyhu gks tkuk pkfg,A

lanHkZ%

1- izHkqikn] Lokeh (1990)% Jhen~ Hkxorxhrk;Fkk:i] i`"B 114&183] frh; fgUnhlaLdj.k] HkfDr osnkar cqd V™LV] eqacbZA

2- izdk'k (2016)% ^;ksx ds vax%& vklu oizk.kk;ke] i`"B&30] laHkjkFky /kkjk] vad&4]l[;k&1] tuojh&ekpZ] 2016

3- ikaMs] ljkstuh (2013)% ^;ksx&;k=k*] LrEHk%≈tkZ] nSfud tkxj.k] fglkj laLdj.k] 15&7&13A

4- ewfrZ vkuan (2016)% ^;ksx dk vFkZ*] LrEHk%≈tkZ] nSfud tkxj.k] fglkj laLdj.k]16&10&13A

5- 'kqDy] j|ksRke (2013)% ^HkfDr ls eqfDr*]LraHk% ≈tkZ] nSfud tkxj.k] fglkj laLdj.k12&12&2013A

6- n;ky] eukst (2010)% ehfM;k 'kks/k*] r`rh;laLdj.k] gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh]iapdwykA


lka[; n'kZu



MkWå fd'kukjke fc'uksbZ] vUtq ckyk] bUnq ckyk]xq: tEHks'oj th egkjkt /kkfeZd v/;;u laLFkku

xq# tEHks'oj foKku izkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky; fglkj&125001 (gfj;k.kk)

5lka[; 'kCn leiwoZd ^pfk≥~ [;k¥k~ /kkrq

ls cuk gSA bldk vFkZ gS ^lE;d~ [;kue~* vFkkZr^lE;d~ fopkj* j[kukA(1) nwljs 'kCnkssa esa bldhO;k[;k bl izdkj dh gSA ;g foosdiw.kZ cqfº kjkfy[kk x;k gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZuksa ds fo"k; esa xgjhtkudkjh j[kus okys ftKklqvksa dks ekywe gS fdvukfndky ls vkRek vfo|k ls vkPNkfnr gSA ;ghmldk ca/ku gSA vfo|k ds dkj.k vkRek* dks viusLo:i dk Kku ugha gksrk gSA vius Lo:i dk Kkuugha gksus ls nq%[k dh fuo`fr ugha gks ldrhA vr,oLo:i Kku vFkkZr~ vfo|k ls vkRek dks i`Fkd~ djukvko';d gS lRo&jt reks:ik f=xq.kkfRedk vfo|kf=xq.kkrhr vkRek ls i`Fkd gSA bl izdkj dk Kku]tho dks izkIr djuk gSA blh i`Fkddj.k dks^foosd[;kfr* ;k foosd ;k izœfr iq#"k&foosddgrs gSA(2)

vkfLrd n'kZuksa esa lka[; n'kZu dks vR;Urizkphu ,oa egRoiw.kZ ekuk gSA ;g oSfnd fo'o n'kZudh /kjksgj gSA mifu"knksa esa lka[; n'kZu ds iz.ksrkΩf"k dfiy eqfu rFkk fgj.;xHkZ crk;s x;s gSaA dfiyvkSj fgj.;xHkZ nksuksa gh Ωf"k osndkyhu gS ΩXosndh ,d Ωpk es a dfiy dk uke vk;k gSAc`gnkj.;dksifu"kn~ es ikr¥tya dkI; lw=e~* dgdjdfiy ds Kku dks dkI; dk dfiy lw= crk;k gSAêgkHkkjr* rFkk ^Hkkxoriqjk.k* esa vfXu ds vorkjdfiy dks lka[;'kkL= dk izoŸkZd crk;k gSA(3)

xhrk esa dfiy dks flº Ωf"k dgk gS ^flºkukadfiyks eqfu%*A(4) vkpk;Z 'kadj us dfiy dk rknkRE;fgj.;xHkZ ls fd;k gSA 'osrks'orjksifu"kn~ vkfnmifu"knksa esa dfiy dks gh fgj.;xHkZ dgk x;k gSA

izkphu Hkkjr esa dsoy ,d gh n'kZu Fkk ftlsoSfnd fo'on'kZu dgk tkrk FkkA mlds foyqIr gkstkus ij mlds LFkku ij lka[;;ksx n'kZu dk LFkkulcls egRoiw.kZ gks x;kA 'osrks'orjksifu"kn~ esa lka[;o ;ksx dk egRo lcls T;knk crk;k gS fd lka[;dk Kku bl Hkwyksd esa loZizFke ,oa vxzKku gS vkSjblh Kku ls ekuo eksk dks izkIr dj ldrk gSAegkHkkjr esa crk;k gS fd lka[; ds leku u dksbZKku gS vkSj uk ;ksx ds leku cy gSA(5) dweZiwjk.k esa'kadjkpk;Z us rks lka[;n'kZu dks îz/kkueYy* dhmikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k gSA dweZiwjk.k esa lka[;;ksx*dks Lo;a osn rFkk eksk n'kZu ds uke ls vfHkfgrfd;k x;k gSA

^ônfUr dj.kSosZna lka[; lE;x~ ftkr;%A,rnkgqeZgkizkKk% lka[;a oS ekskn'kZue~AA(6)

bu dFkuksa ls flº gksrk gS fd Hkkjrh;ok≥~e; leLr Kku&foKku] lH;rk vkSj laLœfrdh HkkoHkwfe lka[; n'kZu gSA blh us Hkkjrh; euksfoKkudks fo'ks"k rFkk ;ksx ds kjk n'kZfud :i nsus esaizcy ;ksx fn;k gSA f'kolafgrk esa egknso us dgk gSfd lc 'kkL=ksa dks ns[kdj rFkk foosdiw.kZ fparudjds ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS ;ksx'kkL= lcls mŸke gSA


vkyksD; loZ'kkL=kf.k fopk;Z p iqu% iqu%Abnesda lqfu"iUua ;ksx'kkL= ija ere~AA(7)

lka[;n'kZu ds vkfn izorZd egf"kZdfiydks 48 vorkjksa esa ikapok fo".kq vorkj ekuk x;kgSA dfiy eqfu us vius f'k"; iapf'k[kkpk;Z lsdgyk;k gS fd%&

fuekZ.kfpref/k"Bk; Hkxoku ijef"kZlqj;sftKklekuk; ra=a izksokp vFkkZr l`f"V ds vkfnfo".kq:i Hkxoku us ;ksxcy ls ,d fpŸk dk fuekZ.kdj Lo;a va'k ls mlesa izos'k dfiy ds :i dks/kkj.k dj] egf"kZ dfiy ds :i esa d:.kk ls ;qDrgksdj] ijerRo dh ftKklk djus okys vius fiz;f'k"; ^vklqfj* dks lka[;n'kZu ds rRoksa dk mins'kfn;kA(8)

iqjk.kksa rFkk vU; nk'kZfud xzaFkksa esa crk;k gSfd dfiy ds lkkkr~ f'k"; ^vklqfj* FksA vklqjh dsizFke f'k"; ^i¥pf'k[k* FksA ^;ksxHkk";* esa vkBlw=ksa dk mYys[k gSA foKku fHkkq rFkk okpLifrfeJdk dguk gS fd ;s lw= ^i¥pf'k[k* ds kjk jfpr gSAblds vfrfjDr ^^Hkkerh** vkfn xzaFkksa es Hkh dqN lw=feyrs gSA bl n'kZu dk eq[; fo"k; ;ksxcy gS] ftlls/;ku djds nsgh dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA ,d f'k";vius xq# dk Lo:i /kkj.k djds nwljh nsgh esa vklkuhls izos'k dj ldrk gSA ^,deso n'kZua [;kfrjsoA*(9)

n'kZue~ ;ksxHkk";* (1&4)(10) esa bldk o.kZu foLrkjls gqvk gSA ,d gh n'kZu] [;kfr gh n'kZu ds vk/kkjij ;g fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS fd ykSfdd HkzkfUr nf"V esa[;kfr ;k cqfº dh o`fr gh n'kZu gSA bl izdkjvlqfo/kk ds dkj.k cqfº ofr dks n'kZu vFkkZr ikS:"ks;*pSrU;* ds lkFk ,dkdkj eku fy;k tkrk gSA(11)

vfHkizk; ;g gS fd viqek= rFkk lHkh dj.kksadh viskk lwe ml vfLerk ek= ;k cqfºŸkRo dk,oa mlds vk/;kfRed lwe Hkku ds vuqlj.k iwoZd

dsoy ^vfLe* ;k eSa gw°] bl :i esa gh Hkku gSA(12)

rkRi;Z ;g gS fd O;Dr ;k vO;Dr lRo dksvFkkZr L=h] i'kq vkfn psru rFkk 'k∏;k] vklu vkfnvpsru oLrq dks viuk gh Lo:i ekudj] mudhlEifŸk dks Hkh viuh gh lEifŸk ekudj] yksxvkufUnr gksrs gS] vkSj mudh foifŸk;ksa dks viuh ghfoifŸk le>dj] yksx 'kksd esa iM+s jgrs gS ;s lHkheksgxzLr esa jgrs gSA(13) ^cqfº* ls ijs vFkkZr fHkUu:i dk tk s i q#"k g S mls vius l s vkdkj(Lo:i&lnkfo'kqfº) 'khy (vkSnklhU;) fo|k(pSrU;) vkfn ds kjk fHkUu u ns[kdj eksg ls mlesa(vFkkZr cqfº esa) vkRek cqfº djsA

;ksxHkk"; esa ;K dh iz/kkurk ds fo"k; esacrk;k x;k gS fd ;K djus ls iq.; dh izkfIr gksrh gSfdUrq ;K esa fgalk fu"ks/k ekuk x;k gSA(14)

cqfº dk tks /keZ&v/keZ] Kku&vKku]oSjkX;&voSjkX;] ,s'o;Z&vuS'o;Z] ls vkB Hkko:iksads vfr'k; gSa rFkk o`fr ds 'kkUr] ?kksj vkSj ew<+ ;s rhuvfr'k; (mRdVrk) gSa] buesa ijLij fojks/k gksrk gS]vFkkZr tc /keZ dk mRd"kZ gksrk gS] rc v/keZ dkmRd"kZ ugha gksrk] fdUrq cqfº dk lk/kj.k Hkko ;ko`fr vfr'k; ds lkFk fojks/k ugha djrh] feydjdk;Z djrh gSA(15) ;gk° ;g rkRi;Z gS fd lkeku ns'kvFkkZr vkdk'k esa jgus okys lHkh Jo.k&Kku ;qDrO;fDr ;qDr O;fDr;ksa dks ,d gh ns'kkofPNHk fpNUuJqfrRo gS] vFkkZ lHkh ds Jks=sfUÊ; ,d vkdk'k ghgSA iq:"k vkSj izœfr ds la;ksx ds gsrq ifjR;kx lsnq%[k dk vkR;fUrd fouk'k gks ldrk gSA

foU/;okl ;k foU/;okflu ,d cgqr izflºlka[; ds vkpk;Z FksA foKkufHkkq 16 oha lnh esa cgqrcMs+ foku gq, gSa buds vfrfjDr ok"kZx.;] tSxh"kR;]ckS<q] nsoy vkfn Hkh lka[; ds izflº vkpk;Z FksA


lka[; ds vuqlkj iPphl rRo ,sls Fks ftuds tkuusls nq%[kksa ls iw.kZ fuo`fŸk gks tkrh gSA iq:"k&izœfr(rŸo) egr~ vgadkj] eu] ikap KkusfUÊ;ka] ikapdesZfUÊ;ka ikap rUek=k ikap egkHkwrA

izœfr dk Lo:i%& izœfr] lRo] jt vkSjre bu xq.kksa dks lkE;oLFkk gS ;s rhu xq.k& izœfr dsrhu vk;ke gSA txr ds lHkh inkFkZ ls mRiUu gksrsgSaA vr% buesa rhuksa xq.k jgrs gSaA izœfr ewy rRo gSAfuR; txr ds lHkh inkFkZ vfuR; gSa] txr ds lHkhinkFkZ blesa vpsru voLFkk esa jgrs gSa rFkk l`f"Vdkyds igys ;k izy; ds ckn esa ;s rRo vO;Dr voLFkkesa jgrs gSa bls iz/kku Hkh dgk x;k gSA D;ksafd txr dsewy rRoksa dk ewy dkj.k gSA lr] jt vkSj revlk/kkj.k voLFkk esa izœfr ds xq.k ugha gSA lk/kkj.kvFkZ esa xq.k ÊO;kfJr gksrs gSa rFkk ÊO; ,oa xq.k esa Hksnfd;k tkrk gSA fdUrq lka[; n'kZu esa izœfr dks ÊO;rFkk lr] jt vkSj re izœfr ds Lo:i gSAxq.k&lrxq.k lr gYdk ,oa izdk'kd gksrk gSA bfUÊ;kalr ds dkj.k gh vius fo"k;ksa dks xzg.k djrh gSA lcizdkj ds lq[k] cqfº esa lr xq.kksa ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA

jtksxq.k&jtksxq.k fÿ;k izorZd gSA lr rFkkre nksuksa LoHkko ls fuf"ÿ; gksrs gSa buesa xfr iznkudjus dk dk;Z jtksxq.k gh djrk gSA og nq%[kkRed gSA

reksxq.k& ;g fÿ;k dk vojks/kd gSA ;geksg o vKku dks mRiUu djrk gSA rhuksa xq.k ijLijfojks/kh gksus ij Hkh feydj iq:"k dk iz;kstu flºdjrs gSaA xq.kksa esa ifjorZu nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA (1)izy; voLFkkvksa esa (2) l`f"V voLFkk esaA izy;oLFkkesa ,d xq.k esa] jt] jt esa ,oa re] re:i esa gh cusjgrs gSaA ;g Lo:i dk ifj.kke dgykrk gSA blle; rhuksa xq.kksa dh lkE;koLFkk gksrh gS rhuksa xq.kksadh lkE;koLFkk dks gh izœfr dgk tkrk gSA nwljk

ifj.kke rc gksrk gS tc xq.k vkil esa feyus yxrsgSA tc ,d xq.k izcy gksdj vU; nks xq.kksa dks viuso'k esa dj ysrk gSA rHkh l`f"V vkjaHk gksrh gSA blizdkj ds ifj.kke dks fo:i ifj.kke dgk tkrk gSA

izœfr dh flfº%& lka[; n'kZu esa izœfrds 23 rRo crk;s x, gSaA egr~ vkfn rŸo lhferifj.kke okys dk;ks± dks mRiUu djus okys ,d O;kiddkj.k gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA ;g O;kid dkj.kizœfr gh gSA

1) egr~ vkfn rRo fHkUu&fHkUu gSa fQj Hkhbu lc esa ,d lkekU; /keZ gS tks lcdks ,dlw= esa cka/krk gSA ;g lk/kkj.k (lkekU;) /keZinkFkks± dh f=xq.kkRedrk gSA bl lkekU; /keZdk ewy f=xq.kkRed izœfr jgh gSA

2) ewy izœfr ds xq.kksa esa gh ifj.kke dh'kfDr gSA blfy, bu O;Drksa esa ifj.kke gksrkgSA izœfr ls mRiUu 23 rRoksa dks O;Dr dgkx;k gSA dk;Z dk mRiUu djus dh 'kfDr fdlhdkj.k esa gksrh gSA ,slk dkj.k izœfr gh gSA

3) fofHkUu dk;ks± esa vO;Dr dkj.k ghdYiuk gksrh gSA vr% dkj.k :ih izœfr dkvfLrŸo ekuuk vko';d gSA

4) fo'o ds dk;Z inkFkZ izy; dky esa viusdkj.k esa y; gksdj vO;Dr cu tkrs gSaA bllsflº gksrk gS fd mudk dkj.k vflº gS]vO;Dr gS ;g vO;Dr dkj.k izœfr gh gSA

iq:"k ;k vkRek%& lka[; n'kZu esa nwljk ewy rRoiq#"k gSA iq#"k dh lŸkk Lo;a flº gS iq#"k dk :iizœfr vkSj vO;Dr inkFkks± ls furkar fHkUu gSA iq#"k]'kjhj] eu rFkk cqfº ls fHkUu ,oa Lora= gSA og 'kqºpSrU; :i gSA vr% ;g lnSo Kkrk ds :i esa gh


gksrk gSA og dHkh&dHkh Kku dk fo"k; ugha gksrkAiq#"k vkuan:i ugha gSA D;ksafd lq[k&nq[k vkfn izœfrkjk mRiUu inkFkZ ds gh yk.k gSA og fuf"ÿ; ,oamnklhu gSA og lkkh Hkh cuk jgrk gSA mlesa fdlhizdkj dk fodkj mRiUu ugha gksrkA fdUrq 'kjhj] eu]bafÊ;k°] cqfº vkfn dks gh viuk Lo:i eku ysus dhHkwy ds dkj.k og vius dks drkZ ,oa HkksDrk ekucSBrk gSA iq#"k vfoosd ds dkj.k 'kjhj] eu] bafÊ;ksavkfn dh mikf/k;k° /kkj.k dj ysrk gSA

1- ppkZ la[;k fopkj.kk&vejdks'k (1&5&2)

2- bes lRojtLrekafl xq.kk e;k n`';kA vgarsH;ks∑u;%A rn~O;kikj lk; Hkwrks fuR;ks xq.kfoyk.k vkRe s fr fpUrueA ,"klka[;&'kadjkpk;Z xhrk Hkk";A

3- vfXu% l dfiyks uke lka[; ;ksxizorZd% 1egkHkkjr

4- i¥pe% l dfiyks uke fls'k% dkyfoIyqre~A

izksokpklqj;s lka[;a rRoxzkefofu.kZ;e~A Hkkxor1@3@70

5- ^ukfLr lka[;le Kkua ukfLr ;ksxlea cye~*(egkHkkjr)

6- dweZ iqjk.kA

7- f'kolafgrkA

8- Hkkjrh; n'kZu] mes'kfeJ] i`- 273

9- ;ksx Hkk";&i`- 1&4] 1&25] 1&36] 2&5] 2&6]2&13] 3&31] 1

10- cz„lw=&'kkadjHkk"; dh Vhdk] i`- 2&2&10A;ksxh yksxksa esa riL;k ds dkj.k lwe 'kjhj ;kfpŸk cukus dh 'kfDr gks tkrh gS] ftlds kjkos viuh bPNk ls vusd 'kjhj /kkj.k dj ysrs

gS vkSj viwoZ dk;ks± dks lEiknu djrs gSA blsfuekZ.kdk; dgrs gSa blh izdkj ;ksx'kfDr lsvusd izdkj ds fprksa dk Hkh fuekZ.k ;ksxhyksx dj ysrs gSa vkSj muds kjk Kku dk izpkjdjrs gSaA bls fuekZ.kfpr dgrs gSaA

11- vkfn foºkfHkek Z. k fpŸkef/k"Bk;dk:.;kn~Hkxoku ijef"kZjklqj;s ftKklekuk;rU=a izksokpA ;ksxhHkk";&1&25

12- O;DreO;dra ok lEoekR;R;Rosu vfHkizrhR;rL; lEineuqunfr vkRelEina eUokuLrL;O;kineuq'kkspfr vkReO;kina eU;keku% lloksZ∑izfrcqº%A ;ksxHkkT;&1&36

13- cqfºr% ija iq:"kekdkj'khyfo|kfnfHkfoZHkDri';u~ dq;kZr vkRecqfºaeksgsuA ;ksxHkk";&2&5

14- L;kr~ LoYi% lM~dl% izifjgkj% l izr;oeFkZ%dq'kyL; uk∑id"kkZ;kya dLekr~ dq'kya fg esacgU;nfLr ;k=k;ekokia xr% Loxs Z∑fivid"kZeYia dfj";frA ;ksxHkk";&2&13

15- :ikfr';k o`R;fr'k;k'p ijLijs.k fo:/;UrslkekU;kfu Rofr'k; S% lg i zor Z Ur sA;ksxHkk";&3&13

16- rqY; ns'kJo.k ukesdns'k JqfrRoa losZ"kka HkofrA


i;kZoj.k dh leL;k rFkk osnksDr lek/kku



eqUuh] MkWå fd'kukjke fc'uksbZ]xq: tEHks'oj th egkjkt /kkfeZd v/;;u laLFkku

xq# tEHks'oj foKku izkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] fglkj (gfj;k.kk)

6i;kZoj.k izœfr dh Hkkafr ,d O;kid 'kCn

gSA thou ls tqM+k ;g 'kCn euq"; ds HkkSfrdlkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLœfrd fodkl ij viukfoiqy izHkko j[krk gSA i;kZoj.k dk ladV izk.kh dsthou dk ladV gSA blds larqfyr fodkl ij euq";dh mUufr vk/kkfjr gSA blfy, bldh ifjHkk"kk blizdkj dh tk ldrh gS fd gekjs pkjksa vkSj O;kIrifjos'k gh i;kZoj.k gSA bl ifjos'k esa ty L=ksr]iks[kj pkjxkg] ioZr] dUnjk,a] i'kq&ikh] /kjrh]ok;q] o`k] vkfn lHkh lfEefyr fd;s tkrs gSa ftlseuq"; dk thou izHkkfor gksrk gSA i;kZoj.k ,dfof'k"V okrkoj.k gSA ftlls euq"; xfr'khy fd;stkrs gSa ftls euq"; dk thou izHkkfor gksrk gS] ftlesaog 'okl ysrk gS rFkk LoLFk jgdj vius Hkfo"; dkfuekZ.k djrk gSA rqylhnkl us dgk gS&

fNfr ty ikod xxu lehjkiap rRo ;g cuk ljhjkAA1

;s iaprRo i;kZoj.k dks Li"V djus ds fy,fo'ks"k egRo j[krs gSaA ty] ok;q] xxu] vfXu] Hkwfevkfn lHkh i;kZoj.k ds fof'k"V rRo gS ftuds larqyuij 'kqº i;kZoj.k vk/kkfjr gSA izk.kh ek= iw.kZ :i lsi;kZoj.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA

i;kZoj.k dh jkk oSfnd lek/kku&

vkt ftl i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh leL;k lsleLr fo'o fpfUrr gS] osnksa esa mldk mYys[k ,oa

lek/kku nksuksa gh izkIr gksrs gSA i;kZoj.k pkgs ck· gks;k vkUrfjd] blds ?kVdrRo iap egkHkwr gh gSAvfXu] ty] i`Foh] vkdk'k rFkk ok;q ;s ikapksa rRo ghi;kZoj.k ds vk/kkj gSA ;s nwf"kr gksaxs rks i;kZoj.kHkh nwf"kr gks tk;sxkA ;s 'kqº gksaxs rks i;kZoj.k Hkh'kqº gksxk] u dsoy ck· vfirq vkUrfjd Hkh D;ksafdeu Hkh HkkSfrd gS rFkk bUgh rRoksa ls feydj cuk gSA;s ikap rRo gh O;fDr 'kjhj rFkk leLr fo'o dksfu;fU=r dj jgs gSaA blfy, osn esa buds 'kkfUr ;qDrgksus dh ckr dgh x;h gSA ;tqosZn esa dgk x;k gS fdgekjs fy;s 'kkfUrnk;d ok;q cgs] lw;Z Hkh 'kkfUrizn:i esa risA ckny 'kkfUrnk;d o"kkZ djsaA ,slk ughfd vfro`f"V rFkk vuko`f"V ls gekjk fouk'k djsaAΩXosn dgrk gS fd ioZr Hkh gekjs fy, 'kkfUrnk;dgksA ufn;ka 'kkfUrnk;d ty iznku djsA ,slk ugh fdvkt dh rjg iznw"k.k ;qDr gks tk, osn dsoy buds'kkfUr;qDr gksus dh gh ckr ugha djrk] vfirq bls mik;Hkh cryk;k gSA ;tqosZn esa dgk x;k gS&

gfo";rhfjekvkiks gfo"eka vk fuoklfrgfo";kUnsoks/ojks gfo"eka vLrq lw;ZAA 2

ty ls lw;Z dks gfo nsus dks dgk x;k gSA;K gfo ds kj gh ty rFkk ok;q dks 'kqº fd;k tkldrk gSA ogh ;K lw;Z dks izkIr gksrh gS ftlls'kfDrnk;d o"kkZ gksrh gSA ;fK; vkgqfr tgka ,dvkSj 'kkfUrnk;d ckny mRiUu djrh gS ogha okrkoj.kesa Hkh ek/kq;Z dk lapkj dj nsrh gSA ΩXosn esa fla/kq]


vkS"kf/k] ouLifr] i`Foh] /kkS vkfn lHkh ds e/kq;qDrgksus dh ckr dgh x;h gSA

ΩXosn ds vuqlkj lw;Z egku ijkÿeh gS]ijksidkjh gSA blls f'kkk xzg.k djuh pkfg,A ;glw;Z ty jl dks ihdj es?k ds :i esa ty fcUnqvksadh o"kkZ ls lc vkS"kf/k vkfn inkFkks± dks iq"V djdslcdh jkk djrk gSA vr% bl jkd LokHkko dhjkk djuh pkfg,A ek/kq;Z dk vFkZ dsoy ehBk ghugh vfirq lerk ;qDr gSA ogh ok;q e/kq dgyk,xhtks u ;s lHkh tM+nso vfXu ds ek/;e ls gh viuhxzg.k djrs gSA

bu fnuksa gkse ds U;wu gksus ls ckjEckj ok;qfcxM+ jgh gS] lnk foyk.k jksx mRiUu gks tkrs gSaA;K dk ykHk crykrs gq, egf"kZ fy[krs gSA gkse gouls ok;q gksdj lqn`f"V gksrh gSA blls 'kjhj fujksx vkSjcqfº fo'kqº gksrh gSA fo|k izkfIr gksrh gSA

bl izdkj osnksa esa i;kZoj.k ds ?kVd rRoksa]i`Foh] ty rFkk ok;q vkfn dh 'kqfº ij i;kZIr cyfn;k x;k gSA leLr izk.kh ok;qe.My ls izk.k ok;qi`Foh e.My ls Hkkstu rFkk tye.My ls ty dksxzg.k djrs gSaA bUgh ds mij gekjh thou fuHkZj gSAvkt ;s rhuksa gh e.My nwf"kr gks x;s gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i i;kZoj.k leL;k mRiUu gksus ls thouladVxzLr gksrk tk jgk gSA

1- Hkw 'kqfº%& osnksa esa i`Foh dks ekrk ds :i esa ekukx;k gSA ekrk Hkwfe% iq=snga i`Foh% 4

oSfnd Ωf"k;ksa ds vuqlkj i`Foh gekjh tuuhgS vkSj ge mudh xksn esa viuk thou O;rhr djrsgSaA osn dk Ωf"k Hkwfe dks ekrk ekudj pyrk gS rFkkbls L;ksukæeq[kdj cukus dh dkeuk djrk gSA tM+gksus ij Hkh i`Foh ,slk inkFkZ ugh gS ftldk fd ge

nksgu ek= djrs tk, rFkk cnys esa bldh lqjkk dkiz;Ru u djsaA ;fn gesa i`Foh uk;d egkHkwr dksnks"keqDr j[kuk gS rks ekrk ds leku bldh jkkdjuh gksxh&

fo'oHkjh i`Fohekonkfe kekaHkwfe cz„.kka oko`/kkue~

mt± iq"Va foHkzrheUu Hkkxa?k`raRokfHk fu"khns; HkwfeAA5

bl iFoh esa vikj 'kfDr gSA blesa ouLifr;ka]vkS"kf/k;ka ,oa lHkh izdkj ds thounk;h rRo gSAblfy, bldh iwtk djksA bls iq=or lajk.k iznkudjks rFkk fe=or~ feyksA i`Foh esa viuh rFkk i`Fohds mij QSadh x;h xUnxh us ml xU/k dks lekIr djfn;kA [ksrh esa Mkys x;s jklk;fud [kknksa esa Hkh i`Fohds Lo:i dks cny fn;kA osn ds Ωf"k dgrs gSa fd;fn Hkwfe |kS] vUrfjk] ty] ouLifr vkfn nwf"kr gkstk;saxs rks thou nwHkj gks tk;sxkA blfy, osn bulHkh dh 'kkfUr dh ckr djrk gSA osnksa esa izœfr ijvk/kkfjr thouppkZ dks lq[k] 'kkafr vkSj le`fº dkvk/kkj ekuk x;kA

;L;Hkwfe% izHkk∑Urfjkeqrksnje~fnoa ;'pÿs ew/kkZua rLeS T;s"Bk; cz„.ks ue%AA6

izR;sd euq"; dks izœfr ds vuqlkj thukpkfg,A i;kZoj.k vkSj euq"; ijLij ,d&nwljs dsiwjd gSaA izœfr ds fcuk euq"; ds fcuk izœfr dhdksbZ lkFkZdrk ugha gSA ou ,oa oulEink rFkk leLrizdkj ls tM+ rRoksa ds laca/k esa osnksa esa jkk ,oa'kqºrk dk vkgoku fd;k x;k gS&

f'kykHkwfej'ek ikalq% lkHkwfe% la/kzrk /k`rkArL;S fgj.okls izfFkO;k vdjueAA7

Ωf"k;ksa us i`Foh dks ekrk dk LFkku nsdj


mldh lsok ,oa jkk dh Hkkouk dks lqfuf'pr fd;kAmUgksus dgk i`Foh gekjh ekrk gS vkSj bldh larku gSAtks Hkh izk.k/kkjh bl ij og i`Foh dh larku gS&

bl i`Foh us tks gesa tks xkao] uxj] vj.;lHkk] vkS"kf/k;ka] ouLifr;ka] vUu ds Hk.Mkj vewY;jRu vkfn tks gesa fn;s gSa muds fy, gesa i`Foh dkœrK gksuk pkfg,A

;s xzke ;nj.;a ;k% lHkk vf/kd HkwE;ke~;s laxzkek% lfer;Lrs"kq pk: onse rSAA8

ty 'kqfº%& i;kZoj.k dk nwljk egRoiw.kZrRo gS ikuhA ty dks thou dgk x;k gSA fdUrq ;gty vkt fdruk iznwf"kr gS] ;g lc tkurs gSaA Hkkjrds uxjksa eas izk;% ihus ds ikuh ufn;ksa ls fy;k tkrkgSA fdUrq bUgh ufn;ksa dk dwM+k&dpjk] v/ktys 'ko]eqnkZ i'kq vkfn Mkydj iznwf"kr fd;k tk jgk gSA ns'kdk 50 izfr'kr eRL; mRiknu dh ufn;ksa esa gh gksrkgSA dkj[kkuksa dk ey rFkk fulftZr inkFkZ Hkh ufn;ksaesa Mkyk tkus okyk ey ty iznw"k.k ds izeq[k dkj.kgSA osnksa esa ty ds laca/k esa foLr`r tkudkjh feyrhgSA oSfnd dky esa ty dks 'kqº j[kus ij fo'ks"k/;ku fn;k tkrk FkkA ty dks fnO; nsork ekuk tkrkFkkA ΩXosn vkg~oku fd;k x;k gS fd ty dks 'kqºjgus nks D;ksafd 'kqº ty e`R;q ls jkk djrk gSALoPN ty vkS"kf/k ds leku gksrk gSA vr% LoLFkty euq"; dks fujksx j[krk gSA ;g vk;qo/kZd ,oave`r leku gSA ;g izk.kksa dk jkd gS&

'ka uks nsohjfHk"V;s vkiks HkoUrq ih;rs'ka;ksjfHk lzoUrq u%AA9

ΩXosn esa ;g Hkh izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS fd LoPNty tks fd thounk;h ,oa cynk;h gS] gekjs orZekudks feys Hkfo"; dks Hkh feys vkSj gekjs fy, lc

izdkj ls lq[k vkSj LokLF; iznku djus okyk gksA

oSfnd ;qx ds Ωf"k dq'ky ty&fpfdRldHkh FksA os 'kqº ty ds iz;ksx ls mnj] us= vkSj 'kfDrlaca/kh fpfdRlk fd;k djrs FksA lkSan;ZoºZu ds fy,Hkh ty fpfdRlk dk mYys[k feyrk gSA

vkiks Hknzk orfenk; vklUuXuh "kksekSa foHkzRlk; brk%A

rhozks jlks e/kqipkejaxe vk ;k izk.ksu lg opZlkxer~sAA10

osnksa esa ty dks thou ds fy, ,d vko';drRo fu:fir fd;k x;k gS vkSj bls Hkh nsork ds :iesa lEeku fn;k x;k gSA oLrqr tye.My i;kZoj.kdk ,d izeq[k ?kVd gSA iFoh ij ik, tkus okys leLrty lalk/kuksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA

v) Hkwry ty rFkk

[k) Hkwfexr ty&ok;q iznw"k.k%&

ok;q iznw"k.k dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk Li"V:i ls oSfnd lkfgR; esa] ugh feyrs vr% vk/kqfudi;kZoj.k osnksa ds vuqlkj tc ok;q esa HkkSfrdjlk;fud ,oa tSfod thok.kqvksa dh vlUrqfyrvoLFkk esa lrk ikbZ tkrh gS rks og ok;q iznw"k.k gksrhgSA ok;q thoukFkZ izeq[kre rRo gSA vr% osnksa esa ok;qdh lqjkk bldk egRo vkSj mi;ksxh fo"k;d vusdfopkj ,oa funsZ'k gSA ok;q dks nso :i esa ekudj mlvusdkusd mikf/k;ka nh xbZ gSA

ok;q dh iwtk ge ek:r nso ds :i esa djrsgSA i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dk izeq[k dkj.k ok;q ds vo;oksadk vlarqfyr gksuk gSA blls vkDlhtu dh ek=kde gks jgh gS vkSj vU; xSlksa dh ek=k c<+ jgh gSAok;q 'kqfºdj.k ds fy, osnksa esa ;K dk izko/kku gSftlesa 'kqº xkS ?k`r] lkcqr pkoy] pUnu o ihiy


dh ydM+h o d.Ms dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;gnsorkvksa dks lkkkr~ vkefU=r djus ,oa mudks Hkkstuvkfn ls lar`Ir djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA vkt rks:l ds ijek.kq oSKkfudksa us ;K dh vfXu dk izHkkotkapk vkSj ik;k fd blesa jsfM;ks/kehZ xq.kksa dks u"Vdjus dh fo'ks"k kerk gSA

vkt ok;q iznw"k.k ekuo vfLrRo ds fy,,d cM+k ladV cuk gqvk gSA ge fcuk vUu tydqN le; ds fy, thfor ugha jg ldrsA bl dkj.koSfnd Ωf"k dh n`f"V esa og ok;q u dsoy nsork rqY;gS oju~ thonkrk] fe= o ikyudrkZ Hkh gSA

mrokr firkfl u mr Hkzkrksr u% l[kkl uks thokros œf/kAA11

vFkkZr ok;q gekjk firk] HkkbZ] l[kk vkfnlc dqN gSA og gesa thou ds ;ksX; cuk;s LoPNok;q izk.knkf;uh vkS"kf/k ds leku gSA ftlls gekjkthou LoLFk fujksx jg ldrk gSA blfy, LrqfrdrkZmikld ok;q nsork ls izkFkZuk djrk gS&

okr vk okr Hks"kta 'kEHkq e;ksHkq ‚nsizk.k vk;qf"k rkfj"kr~AA12

ok;q gekjs ‚n; ds 'kkafrnk;d vkS"kf/k dsleku gSA gesa vk;q iznku djus okyh vk;qo/kZd fujksx]iqf"Vdkjd mRre ok;q feyrk jgsA ok;q nsork dsikl 'kqº ok;q dk ve`rdks'k lafpr gSA LrqfrdrkZmikld ok;q nsork esa ml ve`r dh ;kpuk djrk gS&

;nnks okr rs xzgse`rL; fuf/kfgZr%Arrks uks nsfg tholsAA13

gs ok;q nsork! rsjs ?kj esa tks ;g ve`r dkdks"k j[kk gS] mlesa ls gesa thou ds fy, ve`r iznkudjsA i;kZoj.k ds lHkh vax mikax gekjs fy, mikns;gSA muesa ls fdlh ,d ds vHkko esa Hkh gekjk

thou&pÿ py ugh ldrkA vr% lHkh nsork ofoºqrtu Hkh gekjh izkFkZuk lqudj bl /kjk ds ekuoizk.kh dks vHk;nku nsaA bl izdkj gekjh lH;rk ,oalaLœfr ds vkfn xzaFk ΩXosn esa lq[kh ,oa LoLFkthou dh iw.kZrk ds fy, mi;ksxh leLr izkœfrdinkFkks± dks thou ds vfHkUu vax ds :i esa fu:firdjrs gq, mudh ekuoh; lanHkks± esa mikns;rk izfrikfnrdh xbZ gSA i;kZoj.k 'kCn dk mYys[k fd;s fcuk/kjrh ij ekuo ds vfLrRo dh Hkh dYiuk ugha dhtk ldrh gSA vr% os gekjs fy, n`f"V ls mikns; gksusds dkj.k vknj.kh; o oUnuh; gSA i;kZoj.k lajk.k,oa i;kZoj.k larqyu dh blls c<dj mnkr dYiuk]osnksa dks NksM+dj fo'o ds fdlh Hkh lkfgR; esa ns[kusdks ugh feyrhA

lkjka'kr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd osnksa esai;kZoj.k ,oa izœfr ds laca/k esa foLr`r Kku fufgrgSA lkFk gh fufgr gS os lek/kku Hkh ftUgs viukviukdj i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh leL;k ls futkr ik;ktk ldrk gSA ;fn ge vkt ds HkkSfrdoknh ;qx dhœf=erk dks R;kxdj izœfr esa ekSfyd Lo:i ij/;ku ns rFkk mls mfpr lajk.k iznku djsa ,oa iznw"k.keqDr Hkfo"; dh dYiuk dj ldrs gSaA vr% ftruhvko';drk osnksa dks lajfkr djus rFkk Kku ds izkphuL=ksr lajfkr djus dh gS] mruh gh vko';drk osnksaesa fn, x, i;kZoj.k laca/kh vkpj.k dks thou esamrkjus dh gSA

lanHkZ lwph%&

1- jkepfjrekul 123@7

2- ;tq- 6-23

3- ΩXosn 1@4@8

4- vFkoZosn 11@5


5- oSfnd ok≥~e;k i`å505

6- i`Foh lwDr 56@19

7- vFkoZosn 12@1@26

8- i`Foh lqDr 56@19

9- ΩXosn 10@9@4

πππππππ

10- vFkoZosn 3@12@15

11- ΩXosn 10@186@2

12- ogh 10@1861

13- ogh 10@87@1 (44)


vdcj dkyhu /kkfeZd lkSgknZ



jfoUÊ] lgk;d izksQsljIG Govt. P.G. College Tohana (Fatehabad)

7'kks/k vkys[k lkj%&

e/;dky esa /keZ flQZ lkekftd lkaLœfrd:i ls izkHkkfor djrk Fkk cfYd ;g jktuhfrd dksHkh dkQh gn rd izHkkfor djrk Fkk] ftlls 'kkldds n~okjk iz'kklfud dk;ks± dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrkgSaA fnYyh lYrur ds vLFkkf;Ro dk izeq[k dkj.kHkh /kkfeZd vleUo; dks ekuk tk ldrk gS D;ksafdfofHkUu /keks± ds bl eap ij dksbZ ,slk mnkj vkSjlkSgknZiw.kZ dykdkj 'kkld e/;dky esa ekStwn ughFkk tks vdcj dk vxzxkeh fln~/k gks ldsA eqxylkezkT; esa vdcj gh ,slk 'kkld gSa ftlus uk flQZvius eqxy jkT; dks LFkkbZ jktuhfrd bdkbZ esaifjofrZr dj fn;k cfYd mlus fofHkUu /keks± ds yksxksadks mnkj]/kkfeZd lkSgnZiw.kZrk vkSj jk"V™h;rk dk ikBi<+k;kA tSlk fd MkW- jksfeyk Fkkij us crk;k gS fdlezkT; dks fu;fU=r djus ds fy, nks gh mik; laHkoFksA ,d lsuk kjk yksxksa dks nckdj j[kuk rFkk nwljkfofHkUu lEiznk;ks essa viuk fo'okl izdV djuk rFkkmuds lkj laxzg dks Lohdkj djukA vdcj us nwljsmik; dks viukdj u flQZ lezkV v'kksd dhiqujkorhZ dh cfYd laiznkf;d lkSgknZ dks Hkh LFkkfR;oiznku fd;kA

e/;dky esa /keZ thou dk vge~ fgLlk FkkAvkerkSj iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor djrk FkkA 15oha lnhesa Hkkjr esa eqxy jkT; dh LFkkiuk ls ,d u, ;qxdk vkjEHk gqvk rFkk blh nkSjku Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd

O;oLFkk esa eqlyekuks dk mn; ,d izHkko'kkyh rRods :i esa gqvkA vr% bfrgkldkj bl dky dkseqfLye dky dh laKk nsus yxs] ysfdu tc gerRdkyhu le; dks xkSj ls ns[krs gSa rks ;g laKkvuqfpr Bgjrh gSa D;ksafd ;gh le; Fkk tc HkfDrvkSj lwQh larks ds mnHko ls ckSn~f/kd vkSj lkaLœfrdks=ksa esa nksuksa leqnk;kas fgUnq vkSj eqfLye dks ,d nqljsds fudV ykus dh gypy py jgh FkhA nwljh rjQ'kkld ds kjk /keZ dks jktuhfrd fgrksa dh iwfrZ dkgfFk;kj Hkh cuk;k tk jgk FkkA dbZ ckj 'kkld viusLFkkuh; ljnkjksa dks /kkfeZd fj;k;rs ns fn;k djrs Fksrks dbZ ckj mUgsa dqpy fn;k tkrkA bl izdkj mPpo fuEu 'kkldh; leqnk;ksa dh fÿ;k izfrfÿ;k dksHkh /keZ ugh ekuk tk ldrkA vr% nwljs 'kCnksa esa'kkld ds /keZ dks jkT; dk /keZ ugha dgk tk ldrkA

nwljh rjQ jktuSfrd ,dhdj.k dk dk;ZHkh py jgk FkkA dbZ jkT;ksa tSls xqtjkr ekyok ,oad'ehj esa fgUnqvksa dks iz'kklu esa LFkku fn, Fks cs'kdvlfg".kqrk ,oa fgUnw eafnjks dks rksM+s tkus ds mnkgj.kfeyrs FksA bl izdkj lkaLœfrd ,dhdj.k ds nkSj esaeqxyksa dks vius LFkkf;Ro ds fy, ifjfLFkfro'k/kkfeZd uhfr dk p;u djuk vR;Ur vko';d FkkAblh ÿe esa vdcj us cM+h [kwclwjrh ls /keZ ,oajktuhfr nksuksa rRoksa dks feykdj laizHkqrk ds flºkUrdh [kkst dh rFkk bl fln~/kkUr ds vk/kkj ij gh og/keZ fujisk LFkkfir djus esa lQy jgkA


vdcj dh /kkfeZd uhfr dks ysdj fokuksaesa Hkh vleatrk dh fLFkfr gSA izkså vrgj vyh ,oaizkså,-,y- JhokLro tSls fon~okuksa dk ekuuk gS fdvdcj dk mn~ns'; /keZ fujisk jkT; dh LFkkiukdjuk FkkA tcfd izkså vkbZ , [kku dh ekU;rk gSdh vdcj viuh /kkfeZd uhfr ds kjk fofHkUutkfr;ksa oxks± ,oa /keks± ls cus vius vehj oxZ ds chplarqyu LFkkfir djds eqxy jkT; dks LFkkbZ cukukpkgrk FkkA ysfdu dqN Hkh gks vdcj us /kkfeZdlkSgknZiw.kZrk dh uhfr viukdj Hkkjr esa jk"V™h;rkdk 'ka[kukn t:j dj fn;k FkkA vdcj dh bllkSgknZiw.kZ uhfr viukdj Hkkjr esa jk"V™h;rk dk'ka[kukn t:j dj fn;k Fkk vdcj dh bl lkSgknZiw.kZ uhfr dks tkuus ds fy, gesa mldh /kkfeZd uhfrds nks igyqvksa ds chp Hksn djuk vko';d gksxkAmuesa ls ,d dk lEcU/k mldh jkT; laca/kh uhfr;ksals gS vkSj nwljs dk mlds O;fDrRo fopkjksa vkSjfo'oklksa lsA ;n~;fi nksuksa ds chp Hksn dh dksbZLi"V js[kk ugha [khaph tk ldrhA rFkkfi bl ckrdks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, dh O;fDrxr fopkjksa vkSjfo'oklksa ls jkT; lacaf/kr uhfr;k ges'kk fu/kkZfjr ughgksrh FkhA 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa vdcj iw.kZ:i ls ,dlqUuh eqlyekuksa dh rjg thou O;rhr djrk FkkAog mysek oxZ dk lEeku djrk Fkk rFkk ,d lPpseqlyeku dh rjQ ik°pksa le; uekt i<+rk FkkAxn~nh'khu gksus ds nkSjku ml ij cSje [kku rFkk mldsf'kkd vcnqy yrhQ dk izHkko Fkk ftldsifj.kkeLo:i og lqUuh gksrs gq, Hkh mºkj ‚n; dkifjp; nsrk gSaA(1)

1562 ds ckn vdcj us dbZ mnkjoknh uhfr;kviukbZ ftUgsa eqxy lkezkT; dks uohu lSºkfUrdvk/kkj iznku djus dh fnkk esa izFke dne ekuk

tkrk gSA loZizFke 1562 esa vekuoh; nkl izFkk dkscan dj fn;k blds lkFk ckxh xzkeh.kksa dh fL=;akvkSj cPpksa dks xqyke cukus dh eukgh dj nh xbZA

1563 esa eFkqjk rFkk vU; rhFkZLFkyksa esa fgUnqvksals olwy fd;k tkus okyk rhFkZdj] ftlls djksM+ksa dhvkenuh gksrh Fkh lekIr dj fn;k x;k rFkk blhle; esa chjcy] VksMjey] ekuflag vkfn fgUnqvksadks iz'kklu esa mPp in nsdj viuh mnkjrk dkifjp; fn;k ;n~/kfi blls jkT; ds bLyke iz/kkuLo:i esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;k x;kA mijksDrœR;ksa rFkk 1564 esa mysek ds fojks/k ds ckotwntft;k dj dh lekfIr djds og fgUnqvks rFkk xSjeqLyekuksa dh oQknkjh] fu"Bk rFkk lsok dk mi;ksxeqxy lkezkT; ds LFkkf;Ro esa djuk pkgrk FkkA

ftKklq izo`fr gksus ds dkj.k vdcj us Hkkjresa izpfyr vusd /keks± dk 'kkL=h; fof/k ls fufjk.kfd;k Fkk bl dk;Z ds QyLo:i og bl fu"d"kZ ijigqapk fd izR;sd /keZ esa lR; fon~;eku gSa vkSj ;gdguk xyr gSa fd lR; dsoy bLyke /keZ rd ghlhfer gS tks nwljs /keks± dh viskk u;k /keZ gSA 1575esa Qrsgiqj fldjh esa bcknr[kku dh LFkkiuk dkeq[; mn~ns'; lR; dh tk°p djuk rFkk okLrfodrkdk irk yxkuk gS**A(2) 'kq: esa okn fookn dsoylqUuh er rFkk muds vuq;kf;;ksa rd gh lhfer Fkk]ijUrq ckn esa bu fon~okuksa esa bLyke ds flºkarksa dsfo"k; esa xaHkhj erHksn lkeus vkrs gSa e[knwe myeqYd vkSj vCnqy uch bLykeh /keZ'kkL= lEca/khlSºkfUd iz'uksa ij yM+ cSBrs Fks cnk;quh fy[krk gSafd** ,d jkr mysek dh xnZu dh ulsa vkos'k esa ruxbZ vkSj Hk;adj dksykgy epus yxk**A ;g lcns[kdj vdcj dks cM+k nq%[k gqvk rFkk mlusbLyke /keZ ds ckgj Hkh lR; dks tkuus dk iz;kl


fd;k ifj.kkeLo:i 1579 esa bcknr [kkuk dk kjkvU; /keks± ds fy, Hkh [kksy fn;kA fgUnw] tSu] ikjlh]bZlkbZ vkfn /keks± ds fon~okuksa dks bcknr [kkus esacqyk;k x;kA(3)

vdcj ds /kkfeZd lR; dh [kkst ds iz;kldks tkuus ds fy, gesa muds kjk fofHkUu /keks± dslkFk dh xbZ ppkZ dk v/;u djuk iM+sxkA

vdcj vkSj ikjlh /keZ%&

1572&73 esa xqtjkr vfHk;ku ds le; vdcjlwjr x;k vkSj ogk° mlus esgj th jk.kk ds fo"k; esalqukA foalsUV fLeFk ds vuqlkj ml le; vdcj usjk.kk ls HksaV dh FkhA 1578&79 esa tc vdcj dksikjlh /keZ ds xq<+ fln~/kkarks dks le>us dh rhoz bPNkgqbZ] rks esgj th jk.kk mlds njckj esa vk,A vdcjjk.kk ds fopkjksa vkSj ifo= thou ls cgqr izHkkforgqvkA mlus esgj th jk.kk dks uolkjh ds lehi 200ch?kk tehu thou fuokZg ds fy, nhA(4)

vdcj esgj th ds lRlax vkSj izopuksa lsbruk vf/kd izHkkfor gqvk dh ijlh /keZ ds dqNflºkrksa vkSj ijEijkvksa dks viuk fy;k mlus ijfl;kasdh ifo= ^lnjh* (ifo= dqrkZ) vkSj ^dq'rh*(dejcan) /kkj.k dj fy;k rFkk ekpZ 1582 ls mlusikjfl;ksa ds uoo"kZ vkSj pkSng R;ksgkjksa dks eukuk'kq: dj nsrk gSA(5) ysfdu vdcj dk ijlh /keZ dsckgjh vuq"Bkuksa dks viuk fy, tkus dk ;g vFkZ fdog bl /keZ esa nhfkr gks x;k Fkk] lR; rks ;g Fkk fdmlus /kkfeZd leUo; vkSj lfg".kqrk dk okrkoj.kcukus ds fy, rFkk ijlh /keZ ds flºkar vkSj ek=Kku izkfIr ds muds dqN vuq"Bkuksa dks viuk;kA

vdcj vkSj flD[k /keZ%&

vdcj ds 'kklu dky esa flD[kksa ds rhuizeq[k xq: gq, vejnkl (1552&74)] jkenkl

(1574&81) rFkk vtqZunso th (1581&1606)Avdcj us xq: vejnkl ls /keZ ppkZ dh vkSj mudsmins'kksa dks /;kuiwoZd lqukA buds mŸkjkf/kdkjh xq#jkenkl ds izfr Hkh vdcj ds ‚n; esa cM+h Jn~/kkFkhA vdcj us mUgsa thou ;kiu ds fy, Hkwfe nku esanhA blh Hkwfe esa xq# jkenkl us y?kq ljksoj [kqnok;kArc ls ;g LFkku ve`rlj dgykus yxkA

vdcj vkSj tSu /keZ%&

1582 esa vdcj us izflº vkpk;Z gfjfot;lwjh dks Qrsgiqj lhdjh vkus dk fuea=.k fn;kA eqfugfjfot; vU; 67 tSu eqfu;ksa lfgr 7 twu 1583 dksvkxjk igqapsA ogka mudk jktdh; Lokxr fd;k x;kAbu /keZ xq#vksa us vdcj dk tSu /keZ ds flºkarksa]uSfrd fu;eksa] ijEijkvksa rFkk mRloksa dk Kku djk;kAvdcj muds Kku] xEHkhj fpUru] vykSfddO;fDrRo ,oa pfj= ls cgqr izHkkfor gqvkA mlusgfjfot; lwjh dks txrxq#* dh mikf/k nhA gfjfot;ds vfgalk o n;k ds flºkarksa ls izHkkfor gksdj vdcjus vusd dSfn;ksa rFkk fitjksa esa can ifk;ksa dks NksM+fn;k FkkA dqN fnuksa ds fy, lezkV us Lo;a ekalHkk.k djuk can dj fn;kA(6) eqxy lkezkT; ds 6lwcksa esa] tgk° tSu vf/kd la[;k esa Fks] i;qZ"k.kk ioZ esai'kq o/k fuf"kn~/k dj fn;kA 1592 esa vdcj ykgkSjesa ftupUÊ lwjh ds laidZ esa vk,A mudh fon~ork lsizHkkfor gksdj bUgs ;qx iz/kku* dh mikf/k ls uoktkx;kA vdcj dk nku iq.; esa Jºk fn[kkuk] f'kdkj[ksyuk can djuk] ozr j[kuk vkfn /kkfeZd lkSgknZdk gh izrhd FkkA

vdcj vkSj bZlkbZ /keZ%&

flrEcj 1579 esa vdcj us gkth vCnqyk[kka dks viuk jktnwr cuk dj xksvk ds rRdkfyuiqrZxkyh okbljk; ds ikl Hkstk vkSj bZlkbZ iknfj;ksa


dks Qrsgiqj lhdjh vkus ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;kAbl ij xksvk d vf/kdkfj;ksa us rhu iknfj;ksa dk ,df'k"VeaMy Qrsgiqj lhdjh HkstkA bu iknfj;ksa dsuke Fks #MksYQ ,dfook] ,aVksuh ekaljsV] rFkk ›kafllgsujhdostA vdcj us cMs+ lEeku ls budk Lokxrfd;kA bl volj ij mlus iqrZxkyh os'kHkw"kk /kkj.kdhA mlus f'k"V eaMy ds iknfj;ksa ds lkFk cM+hf'k"Vrk vkSj l‚n;rk dk O;ogkj fd;kA bUgksaus bZlkelhg vkSj eqgEen lkgc ds thou] flºkar rFkkfopkjksa dk rqyukRed Lo:i izLrqr fd;k vkSj bZlkdks Js"Brj Bgjk;kA(7) ;s eqgEen lkgc dks ik[kaMhvkSj >wBk rd dg nsrs Fks rFkk ^dqjku* ds izfr xans'kCnksa vkSj vf'k"V Hkk"kk rd dk mi;ksx djrs FksAbLyke ds izfr muds ‚n; esa dksbZ lEeku o Jºkugha FkhA ;s eqlyekuksa dks ^ccZj* vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa dks^nq"V jk"V™* rd dg Mkyrs FksA buds ,sls v'kksHkuh;vkSj vf'k"V O;ogkj ls njckfj;ksa vkSj mysek rhozvlUrks"k mRiu gks x;kA ysfdu vdcj viuh /keZftKklko'k mudk vknj djrk jgkA bZlkbZ;ksa ds/kkfeZd xzUFkksa vkSj ifo= izrhdksa ds izfr viuk lEeku]ln~Hkkouk vkSj fu"Bk izdV djus ds fy, og dHkh&2muds lkeus viuh ixM+h rd mrkj nsrk FkkA

mijksDr bZlkbZ;ksa kjk fd;s x, œR;ksa dksvdcj us vius mnkj vkfFkR; O;fDrRo rFkk lfg".kqrkiw.kZ 'kkgh f'k"Vrk ds ifj.kkeLo:i gh lgu fd;kA

vdcj vkSj fgUnw /keZ%&

bLyke /keZ ds vykok vU; lHkh /keks± esavdcj lokZf/kd fgUnw /keZ ls izHkkfor gqvkA ftldkokLrfod dkj.k mudk fgUnw jkfu;ksa] lHkklnksa] rFkkinkf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkFk ?kfu"V lEidZ es vkuk FkkAmlds njckj esa iz/kku oSn egknso vkSj iz/kku 'kY;

fpfdRld pUÊlsu FksA ogha enqlwnu ljLorh vkSjjkerhFkZ tSls fon~oku mlds njckj dh 'kksHkk c<+krsFksA blds lkFk&2 vdcj lar nk≈n;ky rFkk larlwjnkl ds lkFk /keZ ppkZ esa fgLlk fy;k djrkA

fgUnw /keZ ds flºkarksa dks le>us ds fy,vdcj us iq#"kksŸke vkSj nsoh uked fon~okuksa dkscqyk;kA nsoh jkr ds ,dkar esa vdcj dks fgUnw /keZds xw<+ flºkarksa vorkjokn] deZokn] iwutZUe]ewfrZiwtk] rFkk lw;Z] vfXu] cz„k] egknso] œ".k]jke] egkek;k vkfn izeq[k nsoh nsorkvksa dk jgL;le>krk FkkA vdcj fgUnw ;ksfx;ksa ls Hkh feykFkkA muls ;ksfx;ksa ds fofHkUu lEiznk;ksa] ijEijkvksa]jhfr&fjoktksa] riL;k vkSj mlds izHkko] HkkSfrd'kjhj esa vkRek ds vuqifLFkr jgus dh izfÿ;k]vkRek ds vejRo vkfn ds fo"k; esa Kku vftZrfd;k FkkA f'kojkf= ds fnu o vusd ;ksfx;ksa dslkFk lRlax djrk FkkA 1577 esa og Lo;a vkSjmldh ekrk gehnk ckuks lar foV~Bys'oj dhifo=rk] vykSfdd O;fDrRo] vuqie HkfDr vkSjKku ls izHkkfor gq, FksA chjcy us vdcj dks lw;ZvkSj uk=ksa dh iwtk djus dk ijke'kZ fn;kA mluscrk;k fd lw;Z bZ'oj ds Lo:i dk izdk'k gSA lw;Zfo'o ds leLr fuokfl;ksa dk fgrs"kh gS] lezkVksalajkd gS vkSj os mlds izfrfuf/k gSA vdcj ds lw;Zds bl flºkar dks Lohdkj fd;kA og jk=h dks lw;ZlgL=uke dk ikB djrk FkkA uSjkst , tykyh dsmRlo ds le; lw;Z dh iwtk djus dk ;gh dkj.kcrk;k x;k gSA(8)

,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd nwljs /keks± dh rqyuk esavdcj fgUnw /keZ ls vf/kd izHkkfor gqvk FkkA ogvkRek ds vkokxeu esa fo'okl djus yxk] fgUnw nsohnsorkvksa vkSj vorkjksa esa Jn~/kk j[kus yxk rFkk fganqvksa


ds izeq[k R;ksgkjksa tSls jkk ca/ku] n'kgjk] nhikoyh]clar] gksyh vkfn eukus yxkA

vr% fofHkUu /kekZpk;ks± dh ckr lqudjvdcj bl urhts ij igq°pk fd lHkh /keks± ds ewyflºkar ,d tSls gS rFkk buesa dqN vPNkb;k° ,oacqjkb;k° Hkh gSA bckcr [kku ds okn&fookn ls vdcjdk mysek oxZ ds ckjs esa Hkze.k nwj gks x;k rFkk mlusik;k fd mysek oxZ esa fofHkUu erkUrjksa dks ns[krs g,bLyke dh O;k[;k djus dk vafre vf/kdkj viusgkFk esa ysuk pkfg,A(9)

vr% vdcj us 22 twu 1579 ds fnu Qrsgiqjlhdjh dh izeq[k efLtn dh osnh ij p<+dj mlusQSth kjk jfpr dfork esa ^[kqrck* i<+kA bl izdkjog Lo;a [kqrck i<+dj beke&,&vkfny* cu x;kAblds ifj.kkeLo:i dV~Vj mysek oxZ rFkkvuqnkjoknh eqlyekuksa us lezkV ds dk;Z dM+k fojks/kfd;k] ijUrq vdcj us bldh dksbZ fpark ugha dhA 2flracj 1579 esa QSth rFkk vcqy Qt+y ds firk'ks[k eqckjd us vdcj ds dgus ls ^etgj* vFkok^vHkzkafr vkKk i=* is'k fd;kA blds lkFk gh vdcjus ^'kjk* vFkkZr eqfLye fof/k fo/kkuksa dh O;k[;kdk vf/kdkj Lo;a ys fy;kA

izkså fjtoh dk er gS fd ^etgj* ds kjk vdcjfgUnw eqfLye turk ls lacaf/kr lHkh fo"k;ksa dks viusizR;k fu;a=.k esa ysuk pkgrk FkkA

vr% Li"V :i ls dgk tk ldrk gS fdvdcj etgj dh ?kks"k.kk rRdkyhu jktuhfr rFkk/keZ esa mfpr lkeatL; LFkkfir djus ds fy, dhFkhA bl ?kks"k.kk ls vdcj us viuh mnkjrk rFkklgu'khyrk dk ifjp; fn;k ftldk ifj.kkenhu&,&bykgh dh LFkkiuk esa :i fudykA ftldsflºkarksa us vdcj dks ,d fof'k"V LFkku iznku fd;k

tks lEiznkf;d nk;jksa ls ijs FkkA vdcj ekurk Fkkfd izR;sd dk;Z ds lkFk rknkRE; laHko gSA bu fopkjksaij Li"Vr;k lwfQ;ksa dk izHkko >ydrk gSA ijUrq1582 esa fd;k x;k /kkfeZd lkSgknZ ds dk;Z dk iz;klT;knk lQy ugha gqvkA D;ksafd tc 20 oha lnh dsmrjkn~Z/k esa Hkkjr ds fgUnw eqlyeku /kkfeZd ,drkds fy, iw.kZr% rRij ugha gq, rks 15 oha lnh esa bldhD;k vk'kk dh tk ldrh Fkh\

fu"d"kZ :i ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd viuhjktuhfrd fLFkfr lqn`<+ cukus ds fy, vkerkSj ijvdcj us /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk ;k lqgy&,&dqy dhuhfr dk ikyu fd;kA ftlls rRdkfyu /kkfeZdladqfpr n`f"Vdks.k vkSj /kekZU/krk ds okrkoj.k dkscgqr dqN de dj fn;kA mls mnkjpsrk fganqvksa]eqlyekuksa rFkk vU; fofHkUu oxks± o lEiznk; dsyksxksa dk yxHkx iw.kZ leFkZu vkSj ln~Hkkouk feyh tksmls ^jk"V™h; lezkV* in dk vf/kdkjh cuk nsrh gSA

lanHkZ%&

1- lrh'k pUÊ&e/;dkyhu Hkkjr-II, P-167-68

2- A.L. JhokLro&eqxydkyhu Hkkjr] P-173

3- S.K. Lal- Studies in Medival Indian

History, P-240

4- fLeFk-Akbar:- The great mugal, P-162

5- ,MoMZ rFkk xSjsV&Mugal rule in India P-299-

30

6- jk;pkS/kjh-The Din-a-Ellahi, P-123

7- eSDysxu nh tSlbV~l ,aM nh xzsV eqxy] P-46-48

8- N.C. esgrk-The religious policy of Akbar,

P-67

9. Jh jke xks;y&Hkkjr esa eqxy lkezkT; dkizkjafHkd vfrgkl] P-231


pkokZd n'kZu



dfork jkuh] MkWå fd'kukjke fc'uksbZxq: tEHks'oj th egkjkt /kkfeZd v/;;u laLFkku

xq# tEHks'oj foKku izkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] fglkj (gfj;k.kk)

8pkokZd n'kZu ds ukedj.k ds fo"k; esa

fofHkUu fokuksa dh vyx&vyx /kkjk,a gSA izFkeoxZ ds fokuksa dk er gS fd bl n'kZu ds iz.ksrk ,dpkokZd Ωf"k FksA muds uke ij bl n'kZu dk ukepkokZd iM+kA frh; oxZ ds fokuksa dk er gS fdpk:$okd vFkkZr~ lqUnj ok.kh ,slk vFkZ nsus okykin pkokZd :i esa izflº gks x;k gSA vkuan izkIrdjus ds mins'k dks lqUnj ok.kh dgk gSA r`rh; Js.khds erksa ds fokuksa dk dguk gS fd pkokZd dhO;qRifr laLœr ds ^poZ~* /kkrq ls LFkkfir djrs gSaAftldk vFkZ gS fd [kkukA pkokZd n'kZu [kkus ihusvkSj lq[kh jgus dk n'kZu gSA bl n'kZu dks yksdk;rer Hkh dgrs gSaA bl n'kZu ds iz.ksrk c`gLifr dksekuk gSA ;g ckr egkHkkjr vkSj in~iqjk.k esa Hkh vk;hgSA 'kqÿkpk;Z dh vuqfLFkfr esa nkuoksa dks c`gLifr usbl er dk mins'k fn;k Fkk vr,o buds jfpr lw=ksadks ckgZLiR;lw=* vkSj bl n'kZu dks ckgZLiR;n'kZu*Hkh dgrs gSaA

pkokZd n'kZu ds bfrgkl ds fo"k; esa ;ger izpfyr gS fd fgUnw /keZ ds lcls izkphu xzaFkΩXosn(1) esa bldh ppkZ gqbZ gSA c`gnkj.;d esa;kKoYd~; us viuh L=h eS=s;h dks bl er dk mins'kfn;k gSA 'osrk'osrj mifu"kn~ esa l`f"V dh mRifŸk dsdkj.k ds laca/k esa vusd er fn;s gSaA buesa dqN ertSls ^dkyokn* LoHkkookn] fu;frokn] rFkk;n`PNkokn] HkkSfrdokn ds gh izfriknd gSaA blls

;g Li"V gksrk gS fd bl flºkar ds vusd :i gSaApkokZd n'kZu dk ,d :i ukfLrd dk gSA ;g ,dLora= fopkjdksa dk lEiznk; gSA ;s yksx osn dksizek.k ugha ekurs gSA ;g tM+oknh n'kZu gS tks izR;kdks gh izek.k ekurk gSA 'kjhj ls fHkUu dksbZ vkRekugha gSA psru 'kjhj gh vkRek gSA dke dks loZJs"Biq#"kkFkZ ekuk gSA ;g /keZ vkSj eksk dks ugha ekurkgSA ;g bZ'oj dh lŸkk dks Lohdkj ugha djrkA mudsvuqlkj bZ'oj ,d vuko';d dYiuk ek= gSA l`f"Vjpuk esa bZ'oj dk dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha gSA D;ksafdbZ'oj dh lŸkk gh ugha gSA lŸkk ek= tM+ inkFkks± dhgSA tMrRo gh l`f"V dk miknku dkj.k vkSj fuferdkj.k gSA tM+ ds LoHkko tU; la;ksx ls gh l`f"Vdh mRifŸk gqbZ gSA

HkkX; ij vk/kkfjr bl n'kZu dks dkyokn*Hkh dgrs gSaA euq"; thou dh lHkh ?kVuk,a HkkX; lsizsfjr gksrh gSA ;qfDr] rdZ rFkk dk;Z dkj.kHkko dkLFkku bl er esa ugha gSA 'kadjkpk;Z us rks ;gk° dkydk vFkZ ^LoHkko* ;k ^izœfr* fd;k gSA lHkh dk;Zvius&vius LoHkko esa gh gksrs gSaA fdlh dk;Z dsgksus esa fdlh vU; oLrq dh viskk ugha gksrhAojnjktfeJ(2) dk;Z&dkj.k dh mRifŸk dks ughaekursA tc rd ml dk;Z ds gksus dk le; ughavkrkA blesa fdlh ;qfDr dh rFkk dk;Zdkj.k Hkkodh viskk ugha gSA bl er dk mYys[k bZ'oj œ".kus lka[;&dkfjdk(3) esa] okRL;k;u us dkelw=(4) esa]


xkSMikn us dkfjdk(5) esa mn~;ksrdj us U;k; okfrZd(6)

esa fd;k gSA

^LoHkko* dk vFkZ 'kadjkpk;Z us inkFkkZukaizfr fu;r'kfDr%* vFkkZr~ izR;sd inkFkZ esa fufgr ,dviuh 'kfDr tSls ty esa 'kSR;] vfXu esa m".kRofd;k gSA 'kadjkpk;Z dk dguk gS fd ^dky* HkhLora= ugha gSA ;fn vfXu esa ngu djus dh 'kfDr ugks rks u;k dky vfXu ls fdlh dks tyk ldrk gSblfy, ^dkyokn* dh viskk LoHkkookn es aizxfr'khy fopkj gSA bl er esa ;qfDr dk dksbZ LFkkuugha gSA ;|fi LoHkkookn esa dk;Z&dkj.kHkko dks uekuuk vuqfpr gS euq"; dh fopkj 'kfDr lehfr gSvkSj fdlh oLrq ds lEcU/k esa fopkj djrs&djrsvUr esa rks LoHkko dk 'kj.k ysuk gh iM+rk gSA bldkmYys[k izkphu dky ls gh gks jgk gS HkV~V mRiy(7) uso`gRlafgrk dh Vhdk esa Hkh bldk mYys[k fd;k gSA

fu;frokn&;g ,d izdkj ls ^vkdfLedokn* dkgh Lo:i gSA bl flºkar esa ^œfr* vkSj îq#"kdkj*dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA lHkh ?kVuk,a iwoZ fu;ksftrvkSj os gh gksrh jgrh gSA fdlh ds ikS#"k dh viskkugha gSA

;n`PNkokn&'kadjkpk;Z us ;n`PNkokn dkvkdfLed ?kVukvksa ds lkFk ,sD; LFkkfir fd;k gSAbl er esa Hkh dk;Z dkj.kHkko dks ugha ekurs^veykuUn ljLorh us bldh LoHkkookn ls fHkUuvFkZ esa O;k[;k dh gSA(8)

êgkHkkjr*(9) esa nsgkReokn dk vFkkZr LFkwy'kjhj gh vkRek gSA bl er okys izR;k dks izek.kekurs gSaA vkxe rFkk vuqeku izek.kksa dk LFkku budser esa ugha gSA Hkwrksa ds la?kVu ls pSrU; mRiUu gksrk gSLej.k'kfDr Hkwrks a ds la?kVu mRiUu gksrh gSAôkYehdh; jkek;.k* esa yksdk;rksa dk fooj.k vk;k

gSA euqlafgrk rFkk vU; ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa esa Hkh bl erdk foospu gqvk gSA

bl lEiznk; dk dksbZ ekSfyd xzaFk rks ugha gSijUrq c`gLifr us buds flºkarksa dks ,d lw= esa euk;kgSA vFkkrks rRoa O;k[;kL;ke% i`fFkO;kiLrstksok;qfjfrrRokfu* i`Foh] ty] rst ok;q ls pkj rRo gSArRoleqnk;s 'kjhjsfUÊ; fo"k;laKk] rsH;'apSrU;e~]fd.okfnH;ks en'kfDron~ foKkue~] HkwrkU;so psr;Urs]pSrU;fof'k"V% dk;Z% iq#"k% tycqn~cqºTthrk%]ijyksfduks∑Hkkor] ijyksdkHkko] ej.kesokioxZ%bR;kfn lw= o`gLifr ds kjk cuk;s gSa blesa dqN vkSjlw= Hkh gS tks bl izdkj gS /kwrZizyk;L=;h ndVosufo'ks"kHkkokr] v/kZdkekS a iq#"kkFkks] n.Muhfrjsofo|kA(10)

izR;keso izek.;&izR;k gh ,d ek= izek.kgS] ysfdu ekxksZ∑uqlrZO; lk/kkj.k yksxksa ds ekxZdhvuq'kalk djuh pkfg;sA

pkokZd n'kZu esa LFkwy dks egRo fn;k gSALFkwy:i ls tks inkFkZ lkeus vkrk gS] mls ;s izes;ekurs gSaA blfy, buds flºkUr esa i`Foh] ty] ok;q]rFkk rst ;s pkj inkFkZ lalkj esa izes; ekus tkrs gSaAbUgha ls txr dh mRifr gqbZ gSA buds ,d nwljs er usvkdk'k dks vkoj.k dk vHkko esa eku fy;kA budser esa vkdk'k dks vkoj.k dk vHkko dgrs gSaA ;ggekjs 'kjhj esa ugha jgrkA(11) izk.k vkSj eu ;s mifu"kn~ds vuqlkj HkkSfrd inkFkZ gSA izes;ksa dk Kku izek.kls gksrk gSaA izek.k dh la[;k izes;ksa ds LoHkko ijfuHkZj gSA i`Foh ] ty] ok;q vkSj rst ls pkj izes; gSaAbu pkjksa dk Kku izR;k izek.kksa kjk gksrk gSA izR;kdk vuqHko bafÊ;ksa ds kjk Hkh gks jkdrk gSA blizdkj izR;k izek.k ikap izdkj dk ekuk x;k gSA;FkkFkZ esa loZnk lcls fo'oluh; ,dek= izek.k rks


^izR;k* dks ekuk gSA tc rd fdlh oLrq dk izR;kizek.k ds kjk Kku ugha gksrk] rc rd ml oLrq dslaca/k esa tks Kku gksrk gSA dg lUnsg ls ;qDr gksrk gSAmls dsoy lEHkkfor dg ldrs gSaA

lanHkZ lwph%&

1- ΩXosn 7@89@8

2- dqlqek¥tfycks/kuh i`å 8

3- lka[;dkfjdk i`å 50

4- dkelw= 2@35@37

5- xkSM+ikndkfjdk i`å 8

6- U;ka;okfrZd 4@1@21

7- fgLV™h vkWQ bafM;ufQykWlQh] mes'kfeJHkz.k&1] i`å 203&205

8- Hkkerh dYir:] 2@1@33

9- 'kkafrioZ 2@8&23&29

10- v;ks/;kdk.M&100@38@39

11- flºkUrfcUnq i`å 119

12- NkUnksX;ksifu"kn~ 6@5@1

πππππππ


fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk ds vxznwr&dchj



eksgu yky] lgk;d izksQslj] euhjke xksnkjk

jktdh; efgyk egkfo|ky; HkkSfM+;k [ksM+k (Qrsgkckn)

9e/;dky ds lar dkO; /kkjk ds egku lekt

lq/kkjd ,oa nk'kZfud dfo dchj nkl th gSA tclekt vusd cqjkbZ;ksa ls xzLr Fkk rc lekt esa dchjdk tUe gqvkA ml le; esa gqvk feF;kpkj]va/kfo'okl] :fnokfnrk ,oa ik[kaMokn dk cksykFkk vkSj fgUnw eqLyeku vkil esa yM+kbZ >xM+k djrsjgrs FksA /kkfeZd ik[kaM ije lhek ij gksus ds dkj.k/kkfeZd Bsdsnkj viuh LokFkhZ jksfV;ksa dks /kkfeZd mUeknds pwYgs ij lsadrs FksA lekt esa vR;kf/kd dq:fr;ksavkSj dqizFkk,a QSyh gqbZ Fkh vkSj lekftd fo"kerkfnuksa fnu vxzlj gksrh tk jgh FkhA lekt dh blrqPN izo`fr ds dkj.k lekt dk larqyu fcxM+ x;kFkkA ltx lkekftd psruk ds dfo dchj nkl thFksA ysfdu dchj dks vykSfdd iq:"k izekf.kr djusds fy, dchj iafFk;ksa us vusd iz;kl djrs gq, dchjlEiznk; dks tUe fn;kA ysfdu dchj dk ;g mn~ns';dHkh Hkh ugha Fkk fd os tkrh; ldh.kZrk /kkfeZddeZdkaM vkSj feF;kpkjksa dk fojks/k djrs jgsA

dchj [kM+k cktkj esa] fy, ydqfV;k gkFkAtks ?kj Qwds vkikuk] pys gekjs lkFkAA(1)

lekt dks ckaVus okys fjoktksa ij dchjnklth us rh[ks O;ax~; fd,A tkfr izFkk Hkkjrh; lekt esa,d ,slh lkekftd cqjkbZ cu xbZA ftlds dkj.k lektds yksxksa esa ≈ap&uhp dk HksnHkko djuk iM+k] ijUrqdchjnkl us dHkh Hkh ekuo&ekuo esa dksbZ Hkh HksnHkkougha fd;kA os lkekftd Js"Brk dks u ekurs gq, lalkjesa lHkh euq";ksa dks cjkcj ekurs gq, dgrs gSaA fd

dkgs dks dhtS ikaMs NksM+r fopkjk]Nksrfg rs mitk lalkjk]

ge de yksgw rqe dr nw/k]rqe dr ckeu ge dr lwn]Nksfr&Nksfr djr rqefg tk,]

rks xjHk okl dkgs dks vk,AA(2)

vgadkj dh Hkkouk dk fojks/k djrs gq, dgkgS fd bl vgadkj :ih tM+ us cgqrsjs ?kj u"V fd, gSaA

eSa ckck dk tks/k dgk≈a] viuh ekjh xhan pyk≈aAAbfu vgadkj ?kus ?kj ?kkys] ukpfr dwnfr teiqj pkysAA(3)

uj vkSj ukjh ds HksnHkko dh Hkkouk ds izfrdchjnkl th us rh[kk O;ax; djrs gq, dgk gS fd

tsfr vkSjfr ejank dfgm lc esa :i rqEgkjkAdchj iaxqM+k vyg jke dk gfj xqj ihj gekjkAA(4)

/kkfeZd deZdkaM dk izkFkZuk dky vkSje/;dky esa vR;f/kd egRo jgk gS] ^^v/khuLFkmRiknu ra= ds vUrxZr fir`lŸkkRedrk dks ftu ks=ksaesa neuiw.kZ <ax ls vkjksfir fd;k x;k mu tu tkfr;ksads /kkfeZd vkpkj&fopkj lrgh rkSj ij fir`ra=h;fn[kkbZ nsrs gq, Hkh vUroZLrq esa tutkrh; cus jgsaAbl f/kkRedrk ds dkj.k ,d rks mu vkpkj fopkjksadks xksiuh; cuk, j[kk tkuk t:jh gksxk] nwljstu&tkrh;ksa ds iztuuewyd L=h dsafÊr deZdkaMcnys gq, ekunaM+ksa ds vuqlkj vuSfrd le>s tkrs jgsvkSj tu&tkrh;ksa ds izfr for`".kkRed n`f"Vdks.k dsrgr muds lgt /kkfeZd vkpkj&fopkjksa dks vfr


foœr :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkus yxkA ;g ogh dkyFkk ftldk ihNs mYys[k fd;k x;k gSa] tc tu tkrh;ksadks 'kqÊ dh dksfV esa j[kk tkus yxk] rc vLi`';rkdh laLFkk cyorh gks xbZA lkearh; fLFkfr;ksa esatu&tkrh; yksx ?kksj 'kks"k.k ds f'kdkj gksus yxsA(5)

/kkfeZdrk ds uke ij dchj us O;kIr thofgalk dk fojks/k fd;kA eqlyekuksa vkSj 'kkDrksa esadqckZuh nsus okyksa dks dchjnkl th us QVdkj yxkrsgq, dgk fd fnu esa jkstk j[kus vkSj jkr esa xk; dkguu djus ls Hkyk Hkxoku dSls izlUu gks ldrs gSaAbl lanHkZ esa dchjnkl th dgrs gS fd%&

fnu dks jkstk j[kr gS] jkfr gur gS xk;A;g rks [kwu og canxh] D;ksa dj [kqlh [kksnk;AA(6)

dchj bfrgkl ds eeZK foku gSa euq"; dsthou dks ikuh ds cqycqys dh Hkkafr vkSj vkdk'k esarkjksa dh Hkkafr k.kHkaxqj ekuk gSA tSls cqycqyk vkSjvkdk'k ds rkjs u"V gksrs gSaA mlh izdkj ns[krs ghns[krs euq"; Hkh u'oj gks tkrk gSA ;g lalkj dksdHkh rks gkV yxrk gS dHkh uSgj tSlk izrhr gksrk gSA

ikuh dsjk cqncqnk vl ekuq"k tkrAns[kr gh fNi tk;sxk] T;ksa rkjk ijHkkrAA(7)

tkfr Hksn dh dBksjrk vkSj mldh izfrfÿ;kds 'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr MkW- fosnh th us fy[kk gs fd;fn fuxqZ.kh; larks dh ckr Li"V gks tk,xh fd buokf.k;ksa dks :i nsus esa e/;dkyhu lkekftd LrjHksn dh dBksj dk cM+k gkFk gSA(8)

HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk dks fgUnqvks a ,oe~eqlyekuksa esa dchjnkl ns[kuk pkgrs Fks] muds eu esa;g iz'u Fkk fd os vkil esa feytqy dj ,drk dhHkkouk ds lkFk jgsa vkSj jke vkSj jghe dh ,drk dsckjs esa bZ'oj dks Sr u gksdj vSr crk;kA ysfdu

bl ckjs esa yksxksa dk Hkze gS fd os [kqnk dks fHkUu&fHkUuekurs gSA

csn fdrsc i<+s os dqrqck] os ekSykuk os ikaMsAcsxfj csxfj uke /kjk;s] ,d efV;k ds HkkaMsAA(9)

fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa esa dchjnkl dksbZHksnHkko ugha ekurs bruk gh ugha os fgUnqvksa ds jkevkSj eqlyekuksa ds [kqnk Hkh dksbZ QdZ ugha le>rsA

fgUnw rqjd dh ,d jkg gS lrxq: bgS crkbZAdgS dchj lquks gks larksa jke u dgsm [kksnkbZAA(10)

euq"; ds vkn'kZ dh izfr"Bk ds fy, dchjus dsoy /kekZU/krk ds fy, eqlyeku 'kkldksa dks ghQVdkj ugha yxkbZ cfYd fgUnqvksa dks Hkh tkr ikr]NqvkNqr] fopkj&'kwU;] ≈ap&uhp vkSj dkSjs deZdkaMds fy, Hkh f/kDdkjk blfy, dchjnkl th bllnkpkjh izo`fr ds dkj.k lekt lq/kkjd vkSjU;k;n'khZ ds iFk ij vxzlj djrs gSA dchjfgUnq&eqlyeku] ≈ap&uhp] /kuh&fu/kZu lc yksxksa esa,d gh ijekRek ds n'kZu djrs gSA mudks ;g dSlslgu gks ldrk gS fd /keZ ;k tkfr lEiznk; dsvk/kkj ij caVdj yksx ,d nwljs ls ?k.kk djsa\ ?k.kk dsLFkku ij dchj izse dks LFkku nsrs gq, dgrs gS fd%&

lksag galk ,d leku dk;k ds xqu vkufga vkuAAekVh ,d ldy lalkjk cgq fc/k HkkaMs ?kM+s dqEgkjkAAiapcju nl nqfg, xkb ,d nq/k ns[kksa ifr vkbAA(11)

dgs dchj lalk dfj nwfj f=HkqouukFk jg~;k Hkfj iwfjAArRdky lekt ds lUnHkZ esa dchj us ewfrZ

iwtk ds fojks/k dks ÿkfUrdkjh fopkj izdV djrs gq,dgk dh

tsrh ns[kh vkrek rsrk lkfyxjkeAlk/kw izrfr nso gS ugh ikFkj lwa dkeA(12)

vr% lekt esa dchj us lerk dks LFkkfir


djus ds fy, oS"kE; dks nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;kAos ges'kk gh xq: dh efgek dk xq.kxku djuk] lRlax]nku] ?kS;Z] fglk] d:.kk ,oae ijksidkj dh Hkkoukij cy nsdj fgUnqvksa ,oa eqlyekuksa esa HkkbZpkjs dhHkkouk LFkkfir dj nh gSaA ftl lqekxZ dk dchjnklth us vuqlj.k fd;k mlh ekxZ dks bUgksus turk dksviukus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA okLro esa dchjnklth turk ds lPps iFk&izn'kZd dgykrs gSA blfy, os dHkh Hkh <ksax ,oa ik[kaMksa esa fo'okl ughaj[krsA mUgksaus lekt ds izR;sd O;fDr ds lq/kkj ijcy fn;k fd O;fDr bl lalkj esa 'kqº vkpj.k dhHkkouk Hkj ldrk gSA blfy, lekt esa yksxksa dkvkpj.k 'kqº gksus ls lekt esa lq/kkj dh Hkkouk Lor%gh iuius yxsxhA

lanHkZ xzaFk lwph%&

1- dchj xzUFkkoyh MkW- ';kelqanj nkl i`- 454

2- lka>h laLœfr dh fojklr] MkW- lqHkk"kpUÊ]vk/kkj izdk'ku] iapdwyk] gfj;k.kk] i`- 54

3- dchj ,d iquZewY;kdau la- cynso oa'kh]vk/kkj izdk'ku] iapdwyk gfj;k.kk i`- 120

4- ogh

5- dchj dk L=h n`f"Vdks.k] lsok flag] fueZyifCyds'kUt fnYy] i`- 78

6- dchj okM~e; [kaM 1 jeSuh] MkW- t;nso flag]MkW oklqnso flag fo'ofo|ky; izdk'ku]okjk.klh 2000 i`- 81

7- MkW- jktsUÊ eksgu HkVukxj dchj Hkkjrh; xzaFkfudsru] fnYyh 1985 i`- 62

8- dchj% ckt Hkh diksr Hkh iihgk Hkh]MkW /keZohj Hkkjrh] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh]110002] i`- 25

9- lka>h laLœfr dh fojklr MkW lqHkk"k paUÊ%vk/kkj izdk'ku] iapdwyk (gfj;k.kk) i`- 54

10- ogh

11- dchj ,d iquewZY;kadu] la- cynso oa'kh]vk/kkj izdk'ku iapdwyk] gfj;k.kk i`- 118

12- i`- 119

πππππππ


Hkkjr ds izkphu laLdr xzUFkksa eas i;kZoj.k lajk.k



MkW- ljyk vxzoky

vkLFkk 5&ch&20] ryo.Mh dksVk (jkt-) 324005

10vkt ds bl oSKkfud ;qx esa i;kZoj.k ds

v/;;u] ifj"dj.k ,oa vuqdwyu dk ,d fo'ks"kegRo gSA i;kZoj.k&larqyu fcxM+us ls vusd izdkjdh leL;k,° vkrh gSa & tSls gekjh izkd`frd lEinkds feV tkus dh leL;k vkSj i;kZoj.k&iznw"k.k dhleL;k ftlls i`Foh ij jgus okys lHkh izkf.k;ksa ,oatM+&psru dks Hkkjh gkfu igq°prh gSA vr% i;kZoj.kdks lqjfkr j[kuk euq"; dk ije dŸkZO; gSA blsiznw"k.k ls ugha cpk;k x;k rks ;g euq"; ds vfLrRodks Hkh feVk ldrk gSA

i;kZoj.k D;k gS\ vkb;s bl ij fopkj djsa%

î*vkj laLd`r ,oa ukxjh o.kZekyk dkbDdhlok° O;atu gSA bldk mPpkj.k vks"B; ls gksrkgSA blds mPpkj.k ds fy, fookj] 'okl] ?kks"k vkSjvYiizk.k dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

^j* lŸkkblok° O;atu gSA bldk mPpj.k thHkds vxz Hkkx dks ew/kkZ ds lkFk FkksM+k&lk Li'kZ djkus lsgksrk gSA bldk rkRi;Z rki] osx ,oe~ lksuk gSA

^;* NCchlok° vkj gSA mPpkj.k LFkku rkyqgSA ^;* o.kZ vYiizk.k gSA bldk rkRi;Z ok;q ls gSA

^vk* o.kZekyk dk nwljk Loj gSA ;g ^v*dk nh?kZ:i gSA bldk iz;ksx vuqdEik] n;k] O;kfIr]vof/k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tc ;g fÿ;k ;kla[;kokpd 'kCnksa ds iwoZ yxk;k tkrk gSA rc ;g^lehi* pkjksa vksj vkfn vFkZ crkrk gSA

ô* murhlok° O;atu gSA bldk mPpkj.knkar vkSj vks"B dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk gSA bldkrkRi;Z o:.k] iou] dY;k.k] eaxy] lkxj vkSj o`kls gSA ^j* mi;qZDr o.kZuA

^.k* iUÊgoka O;atu gSA bldk mPpkj.k LFkkuewºk gSA bldk rkRi;Z f'ko ;k ifr dk ?kj gSA

;g lkr Loj vkSj O;atu i;kZoj.k ds ?kVdksadk cks/k djkrs gSa & iFoh] ty] rst] ok;q vkSj vkdk'kik°poka O;atu ô* i;kZoj.k ds dY;k.k dk lwpdvkSj lajkd |ksrd gSA ifj rFkk vkoj.k bu nks'kCnksa ds esy ls cus î;kZoj.k* 'kCn ls vfHkizk; gSa^pkjkas rjQ dk ?ksjk*A

îfj* milxZ gSA bldk vFkZ gSa pkjksa vksjvkPNkfnr ,oa lc fn'kkvksa esa vkSj vkoj.k dk vFkZgS ^?ksjuk*A vFkkZr~ pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjus okyk i;kZoj.kApkjksa vksj dh Hkwfe] ok;q vkSj ikuh gh gekjk i;kZoj.k gSA

ifjHkk"kk % thoks a dh vuqfÿ;kvks a dksizHkkfor djus okyh leLr HkkSfrd rFkk tSfodifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ;ksx dks i;kZoj.k dgk x;k gSA vFkkZr~gekjs fodkl dks izHkkfor djus okys pkjksa vksjfo|eku liw.kZ tM+ vkSj psru inkFkksZa dk lkewfgduke î;kZoj.k* gSA

izd`fr esa tks dqN Hkh n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSlHkh lfEefyr :i esa i;kZoj.k dh jpuk djrs gSaA;gh dkj.k gS fd ekuo thou esa i;kZoj.k ij fopkjvR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA okLro esa thou vkSj i;kZoj.k


vU;ks∑U; vkfJr gSA ekuo dk 'kjhj iaprRoksa ijvk/kkfjr gS vkSj os iapegkHkwr gSaA vkdk'k] ok;q] ty]Hkwfe vkSj vfXu ;s gh i;kZoj.k ds izeq[k ?kVd gSaA

i;kZoj.k ds ?kVdksa ds ikjLifjd O;ogkjkjk izd`fr dk larqyu fujarj cuk jgrk gS fdUrq ;fnfdlh Hkh ?kVd dks lhek ls vf/kd iz;ksx esa fy;ktkrk gS rks i;kZoj.k esa valrqyu gksus yxrk gSA blhizkd`frd vlUrqyu dk uke ^iznw"k.k* gSA

iqjk.kksa ds i¥pyk.k esa dgk x;k gS fdcz„k.M ds LoHkko ls Hkh pkj izdkj ls izy; gksrk gSuSfefŸkd] izkd`frd] fuR; rFkk vkR;kfUrdA(fo".kqiqjk.k 11]364]3)

izfrlxZ fo"k; ij /;ku nsus ls ;gh izrhrgksrk gS fd izy; dk ewydkj.k iznw"k.k gh gSa D;kasfdO;Dr inkFkks± ds xq.kksa esa fodkj gksus ij lxZ&izy;gksrk gS] mDr fodkj dks gh vk/kqfud Hkk"kk esa iznw"k.k*dgk tk ldrk gSA

osnksa] iqjk.kksa jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] Le`fr;ksa]lafgrkvksa vkfn vf/kdka'k izkphu] vkfndkyhu xzUFkksaesa i;kZoj.k&lajk.k dh /kkjk n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSAns[kk tk, rks fo'o ds lHkh /kekZas esa U;wukf/kd i;kZoj.kljak.k ij vko';d tksj Mkyk x;k gSA

ikSjkf.kd ;qx esa i;kZoj.k&lajk.k dh /kkj.kk %

txr~ ds mRifŸk dky ls gh i;kZoj.k&lajk.kdk izknqHkkZo gqvkA ekuo kjk loZizFke 'okl ysdjNksM+rs rFkk eyew= ,oa ilhus dk mRlxZ djrs gh^iznw"k.k* vkjEHk gqvkA vr% iznw"k.k ij bruk fopkjpkgsa vk/kqfud dky dh mit gks fdUrq bldh fLFkfrizd`fr ds vkfn xHkZ ls gSA

vkfnekuo kjk Hkkstu rFkk vkokl vkfndh O;oLFkk esa vUu] ty] ydM+h vkfn dk mi;ksx

djus ls izd`fr esa vlarqyu ,oa nks"k c<+uk vkjEHkgqvkA rHkh ls Ωf"k;ksa euq"; dks iznw"k.k* ds nq"izHkkols cpus ds y, psrk;k gS & ^ge Kku&foKku* dhmUufr es yxs jgsa] mlesa ck/kd u gks*

^la Jqrsu xesefg ek Jqrsu fojkf/kf"k*AvFkoZosn (1@1@4)

izd`fr dh iz'kalk esas dgk x;k gS fd izd`frnsoh ds lkSUn;Z dks ns[kks] mlls izlUurk izkIr djks]tks ewrZ :i esa Hkxoku dk dkO; gS &

nsoL; i'; dkO;e~& lkeosn (4]4]3)

vkSj izd`fr fu;eksa ds vuqlkj viuk thouO;rhr djks %

^ΩrL; izFkk izsr* & 'kqDy ;tqosZn lafgrk (745)

i;kZoj.k ds egŸo dks le>dj gh mldsdksi ls gksus okys Hkh"k.k ifj.kke dh dYiuk dj]fo'o'kkfUr dh Hkkouk j[krs gq, 'kkafr ikB fd;kfd ok;q gekjs fy, lq[k :i gksdj pysA lw;Z lq[k:igksdj ris ,oa vR;Ur xjtus okys itZU; nso (ckny)gekjs lq[k:i gksdj HkyhHkk°fr cjls%

^'ka uks okr% 'kauLrirq lw;ZA'ka u% dfuÿn~ nso% itZU;ks∑fHko"kZrqAA*

& ;tqosZn (36&10)

|qyksd] vUrfjk&yksd vkSj iFoh yksd lq[k'kkfUr nk;d gksa] ty] vkS"kf/k;ka vkSj ouLifŸk;ka'kkfUr nsus okyh gksa] leLr nsork] cz„ vkSj lcdqN'kkfUr izn gksA tks 'kkfUr fo'o esas loZ= QSyh gqbZ gS]izkIr gksA lHkh dks cjkcj 'kkfUr dk vuqHko gks %

^vksÖe~ |kS% 'kkfUrjUrfjka 'kkfUr i`Foh 'kkfUrjki%


'kkfUr 'ks"k/k;% 'kkfUr ouLir;%A

'kkfUrfoZ'os nsok 'kkfUr cz„k 'kkfUr lo±% 'kkfUr%'kkfUr% jso 'kkfUr lk ek 'kkfUrjsf/kAA

i`Foh] ty] ok;q] vkdk'k] pUÊ vkSj lw;Zvkfn ls leLr i`Foh e.My dk i;kZoj.k curk gSAbu i;kZoj.k rRoksa ds lajk.k ds fy, oSfnd fparu esabUgsa nsork ekuk x;k gSA izd`fr ds ftu inkFkksZa lsgekjs 'kjhj dk fuekZ.k vkSj ikyu gks jgk gS] mudklajk.k ru] eu vkSj /ku ls djus dk vkns'k fn;kx;k gSA

dsoy fgUnw /keZ esa gh ugha oju~ bLyke /keZesa Hkh izd`fr dks iwtuh; ekuk x;k gSA bLyke dsvuqlkj izd`fr fojklr esa izkIr gqbZ gSA ftls latksuk olaokjuk izR;sd eqfLye dk dŸkZO; crk;k x;k gSAdqjku dh vk;rksa esa tho gR;k dk fu"ks/k rFkk isM+&ikS/kksa dh jkk djus dh fgnk;r gSaA gtjr vcwcdjus Hkh dgk Fkk]** Qy nsus okys isM+ksa dk dk guu cqjkgS rFkk Qlyksa o tkuojksa dks rckg ugha fd;k tkukpkfg,A dqjvku 'kjhQ esa Hkh vusd LFkyksa ij blizdkj ds ladsr feyrs gSa fd ^^[kqnk rFkk tho dschp vVwV fj'rk gSA** dqjku ;g Hkh ekurk gS fd[kqnk vkdk'k eas jgrk gSA og izse vkSj n;k dkvkxkj gSA

dqjku ;g Hkh ekurk gS fd [kqnk vkdk'k esajgrk gSA fdUrq tc bLykfe;k ns'k jkWdsV NksM+rs gSa rksfoLQksV ls [kqnk dks pksV igq°prh gSA eksgEen lkgcLo;a [ktwj ds o`k ds ikl cSBdj f'kkk fn;k djrsFks mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd ^^[kqnk Lo;a [kwclwjrh dkizrhd gS vkSj cUnk mldk iqtkjh gSA**

bZlkbZ /keZ lnSo ls gh vfgalk dk ik?kj jgkgSA bZlkelhg HkkSfrdoknh fopkj/kkjk ds dV~Vj

fojks/kh Fks] mudh ekU;rk Fkh fd HkkSfrdoknhn`f"Vdks.k ls gh vlarqyu dks c<+kok feyrk gSA osvfgalkoknh Fks vkSj thoksa ds izfr muds eu esa eS=h]d:.kk vkSj n;k ds Hkko lek;s gq, FksA mudks lwyhij p<+kus okyksa ds izfr Hkh muds ‚n; esa n;k dhHkkouk jgh FkhA bZlkelhg dk ewy lans'k FkkA "Live

and Let Live" vFkkZr~ ft;ks vkSj thus nksA ekuoek= ds lkFk izse vkSj lkSgknZ ls jgks] thoksa ij n;kdjks] izd`fr dh iwtk ,oa fgalk ls nwj jgksA

czk„.kdky eaas vk;ksZa us lnSo izd`fr dh iwtkdh FkhA ÊfoM+ksa us Hkh izkd`frd miknkuksa & iq"i]i=] iYyo ,oa pUnu dks ifo= ekuk FkkA mudh^;K* izfÿ;k ds izfr vlhe vkLFkk vkSj fo'oklFkkA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ^;K* djus ls okrkoj.kdk iznw"k.k lekIr gksrk gS vkSj okrkoj.k 'kqº vkSjlqjfHkr jgrk gSA ;K iºfr dks vk;ksZa us Hkh LohdkjkFkkA vkt Hkh vk;Zlekt ds izoZrd vius izR;sdlekjksg] laLdkjksa ,oa ioksZa ij ;K vo'; djrs gSaAbl izdkj i;kZoj.k 'kqfº ds ik°pksa rRo ty] ok;q]vfXu vkSj o`kksa dh fgUnw vkt Hkh iwtk djrs gSaA

cqº vkSj tSu rhFk±djks a ds mins'k Hkhvkpkj&fopkj] jgu&lgu] jhfr fjokt] lR;] vfgalk]vLrs; ,oa cz„p;Z ds vkn'kksZa ij vk/kkfjr gSaA mudkdguk gSa fd izd`fr dh lnSo jkk djuh pkfg,]blls i;kZoj.kh; iznw"k.kksa dks jksdk tk ldsxkA bllslosZHkoUrq lqf[ku% losZ lUrq fujke;k* dh dYiuklkdkj gks ldsxhA

fo'o ds lHkh /kekZoyEch] tks Hkkjr esa jg jgsa gks;k ;gk° jgdj pys x;s gksa] lHkh us ;gk° jgdj thoksa dsegRo dks le>k vkSj vfgalk ds ewyea= dks viuk;k rFkkthou fgalk ds fojks/k esa tedj izpkj Hkh fd;kAegkRekcqº vkSj egkohj Lokeh ds ledkyhu ;wuku ds


izflº nk'kZfud ikbFkkxksjl Hkh tho&fgalk ds izcy fojks/kh FksA NBh 'krkCnh ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa tks flºkUr fodflrgks pqdk Fkk] mldk Hkh mUgksaus vuqdj.k fd;kA vkt Hkhtkok] lqek=k] ckyh vkfn hiksa esa Hkxoku fo".kq dhlokjh x:M+] f'ko dh lokjh cSy rFkk x.ks'k th dhlokjh pwgs dh ijEijk esa izkphu Hkkjr dh laLdfr dslzksr feyrs gSaA bl izdkj bu oU; izkf.k;ksa dks izkphufo'o ds /keksZa esa nsoh&nsorkvksa ds okgu ds :i esa izfrf"Brfd;k x;k gSA

osnksa esa i;kZoj.k %

Ωosn ds o:.k&lwDr dh Ωpk esa dgk x;k gSfd tks o:.k nsork vkdk'k ekxZ ls mM+us okys ifk;ksads LFkku dks ;k ekxZ dk s tkurs gS a os ges acU/ku ls NqM+k;sa %

osnk ohu ineUrfjkA osn uko% leqfÊ;%˚&ΩXosn (90]7)

osnksa ds vuqlkj o:.k us lw;Z dh jpuk dh]vfXu vkSj ty dk fuekZ.k fd;k rFkk ioZrksa ijlkseoYyh dks mRiUu fd;kA o:.k jkf= vkSj fnu dkvf/k"Bkrk gS vkSj tyksa dk fu;eu djrk gSA ok;qmlds vkns'k esa jgdj /ofu djrh gSA pUÊek mlh dsvkns'k dks eku dj izdkf'kr gksrk gSA rkjs o:.k dkvkns'k ekurs gSaSA ufn;k° mlh dh vkKk ls cgrh gSaAleqÊ mlds fu;a=.k esa jgdj osyk dk mYy?kau ughadjrk vkSj es?k mlds vkns'k ls cjldj iFoh dkslhaprs gSaA og vkdk'k esa mM+us okys ifk;ksa dh xfrdks igpkurk gSA mldh nf"V ls dqN Hkh vks>y ughagSA blfy, mi;qZ‰ 'yksd esa o:.k dh vH;FkZuk dhxbZ gSA thou vkSj i;kZoj.k ds fo"k; esa laiw.kZ Kkugksus vkSj thou vkSj i;kZoj.k dk vU;ksU; laca/k gksusds dkj.k oSfnd Ωf"k;ksa us nSoh 'kfDr;ksa ls mudklkfUu/; ,oa lajk.k izkIr djus ds fy, izkFkZuk dh gSA

es?kkega izFkeka cz„.kosrh cz„twrke`f"k"Vqrke~Aiz;ksrka cz„pkfjfHknsZokukeols gqrsAA

&vFkosZn 6]108]2

LokLF; vkSj nh?kkZ;q ds fy, Hkh izkFkZuk dhgS] ^^gs vXus! esjh 'kjhj dks jkk djksA rqe vk;qnkrkgks] vr% esjh vdky e`R;q dks nwj dj iw.kZ vk;q iznkudjks ,oa thus ds fy, lkS o"kZ dh vk;q iznku djsaA

ru;k vXus∑fl rUoa es ikfg Avk;qnkZ vXus∑L;;qxsZ nsfgAA

&(;tqosZn 3]17)

lek fl¥pUrq e:r% la iw"kk la c`gLifr%Ala ek;;fXu fl¥pkrq izt;k p ?kusu p nh?kZek;q%

d.kksrqeA&(vFkoZosn 7] 32] 9)

Ωf"k eqfu;ksa us i;kZoj.k ds lHkh rRoksa dsfy, izkFkZuk,a dh gSA euq"; ds fy, vkstLoh ,oavkn'kZ thou ds fy, fourh dh xbZ gSA gs lqjkjl!rqe vkst dks c<+kus okys gks vr% eq>s vkst iznkudjks

vkstks∑L;kstks es /ksfgA ;tqosZn (19]9)vgfeUÊks u ijkftX;s &ΩXosn (10]48]15)

vkRefo'okl ds fy, izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS]^^gekjk eu Kkue; viwoZ vkSj iwtuh; Hkko okykgksrk gqvk dY;k.ke; ,oa Js"B fopkjksa ls ;qDr gksaA**

rUes eu% f'koladYieLrq& ;tqosZn (34]9]5)

lw;Z ls ifo=rk vkSj dY;k.k ds fy, izkFkZukdh gS fd os vuqKkiwoZd lc vksj ls ifo= djsa %

^nsok lfor% ;ka iquhfg fo'or%A

&;tqosZn(19]43)


leLr ikiksa dks nwj djus okys dY;k.k dhvksj izsfjr djsaA

fo'okfunso lfornZqfjrkfu ijk lqo ;n~HkÊa rUu vklqo%AA&;tqosZn (30]3)

vafglk ds izfr Hkh /kkj.kk miyC/k gSA ΩXosnesa i'kq vkfn dh fgalk dk fu"ks/k fd;k x;k gSA eU=ksaesa :Ê ls izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS fd gekjh xkS ,oa v'oksadh fgalk u djks] ge gfo kjk vkidk vkg~okudjrs gSa

^^ek uks xks"kq ek u v'os"kq jhfj"kq%:Êekfeekrks o/kZgfo"er% ln~fer`Rok egsa**

&;tqosZn (1]114]8)osnksa esa fo'o 'kkfUr dh Hkkouk j[krs gq,

leLr HkkSfrd rRoksa ls 'kkfUr djus dh izkFkZuk dhxbZ gSA

^^'ka uks okrq 'ka uLrirq lw;Z%Avgkfu 'ka HkoUrq u% 'ka jkf= izfr /kh;rka 'kaHkquk uks

O;qPNrAA & vFkosZn (7]69]1)

^cgqr ls inkFkksZa dk /kkjd] cy'kkyh vkSjloZO;kid ijes'oj 'kkfUr nk;d gksA cgqr ls inkFkksZadk /kkjd vkdk'k vkSj i`Foh gesa 'kkfUr nsa] ,oa tksvkxs gksus okyk gks] og Hkh gesa lq[kns%

'kauks fe=% 'ka o:.k% 'ka uks HkoRo;ZekA'ka uks bUÊks c`gLifr 'ka uks fo".kqm:ÿe%AA

& ΩXosn (6]91]9)'ka u% iqjfU/k-----A (3] 35] 2)

'ka uks |kok i`Foh --- 'keUrfjka uks∑LrqAA& ΩXosn (21] 5)

'ka uks ifo=aA & ΩXosn (9)

vFkoZosn ds dqN eU=ksa esa iFoh] i'kqvksa vkfn dhLrqfr ekuo dks lq[k iznku djus ds fopkj ls dh xbZ gSa %&

rsjgosa ea= esa ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gS fd fo'o'kkfUr ds fy, ;K kjk ftruh oLrqvksa dh Lrqfr dhxbZ gSa] mUgsa lIrΩf"k tkurs gSaA

pkSngok eaa= ?kksf"kr djrk gS fd iFoh] jksnlh]LoxZ ty] o`k] ikS/ks lHkh nso iz.ksrk oLrqvksa ds fy,fd;s x;s 'kkfUr ;K mUgsa iznw"k.k (nwf"kr izHkko) lscpk;s j[ksaA

blh izdkj vusd vU; ea= osnksa esa i;kZoj.kdh /kkj.kk dks Li"V djrs gSaA blls flº gksrk gS fdoSfnd Ωf"k;ksa us osnksa esa i;kZoj.k lajk.k dk KkudwV&dwV dj Hkjk gS ,oa i;kZoj.k lajk.k dh/kkj.kk oSfnd dky ls gh pyh vk jgh gSA

lafgrkvksa esa i;kZoj.k

osnksa ds i'pkr~ lafgrkvksa dk le; vkjEHkgqvkA oSfnd ea=ksa dk ,d gh vFkZ fudkyk tkrk Fkk]ijUrq oSfnd lafgrkvksa esa ,d eU= ds vusd HkkovFkok vFkZ miyC/k gksrs gSaA oSfnd lafgrkvksa dsfo"k; esa dgk x;k gS fd ftl izdkj nq/kk: xk;sanw/k nsus ds fy, gk°* Hkjrh gSa] mlh izdkj rhuksa oSfndlafgrk,a viuk viuk Kku&foKku ,oa deZ dk jlikudjkus ds fy, viuk&viuk vfHkizk; izdV djrhgSa ^frL=ksa okp mnhjns xkoksa feefUr|su o%A*

& lkeosn lafgrkA

;gh dkj.k gS fd i;kZoj.k lajk.k ds izfrlafgrkvksa esa vusd /kkj.kk,a feyrh gSaA lnSo fo'o esavfgalk] dY;k.k ,oa lq[k 'kkfUr cuk;s j[kus dsbPNqd Ωf"keqfu;ksa us tM+&psru vkSj iapegkHkwrksa esatks lkeF;Z ik;k gS] mldk dHkh k; u gks] bldsfy, ijefirk ijekRek ls mUgksaus vusd Lrqfr dh gSa&ge yksx pj] taxe euq";] i'kq&ikh vkfnizk.k/kkjh ioZr vkfn LFkku vkSj iks"k.k djus okys


ok] vUu ls lc thoksa dks rIr djus okys ml ijekRekdks Kku vkSj jkk ds fy, Lej.k djrs gSa %

^^reh'kkua* txrLFkq"kLifra f/k;f¥tUoeolsgwegs o;e~A(d) iww"kk uks ;Fkk osnlkel º/ks jfkr ik;qjnC/k%

LoLr;s**ΩXosn 'kk & lafgrk (1]14]89]5)

([k) gs loksZRiknd nso ! lc nq[kksa dks nwj djksvkSj tks dY;k.k ijd lq[ktud gks] mls iznku djks %

^^fo'okfu nso lfornqZfjrkfu ijk lqoA

;nHkÊa rUu vk lqoAA**

&ΩXosn 'kk- lafgrk (111]6]82]5)

tks dHkh fou"V u gksdj] fuR; lqjfkr jgdj] lq[k vkSj dY;k.k ds fy, gS] og nsook.kh dk ifr]ikyd ijekRek gekjk dY;k.k djsa %

^^LofLr u bUÊks oºJok% LofLr iw"kk fo'onsok%ALofLr uLrka;kZs vfj"Vusfe% LofLr u ogLifrnZ/kkrqAA**

lkeosn lafgrk] mŸkj (111]21]3)

mRiknd ijes'oj ds lkeF;Z ds fo"k; esadgk x;k gS tks lkeF;Z lw;Z] i`Foh] ioZrksa] vkS"kf/k;ksa,oa ty esa gSa] blds lc lkeF;ksZa ls vuqxzg djrs gq,o'k esa djus dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA vFkkZr~ izd`frdks fu;e esa fLFkr j[ksa%

^^;k rs /kkekfu fnfo ;k i`fFkO;ka ;k ioZrs"oks"koI;qArsfHkuksZ fo'oS% lqeuk vgsDrU=k tUrlkseizfr gR;k

x`Hkk;AA**&ΩXosn 'kk- lafgrk (1]91]6)

fnfo vkSj i`fFkohLFk inkFkZ gesa lq[k nsaA^^'ka uks∑fgcq/u; 'ka leqÊ%A**

ogh] (718] 'k- 13)^^'ka uks fnO;k ikfFkZok%**

ogh (1]3]25 ea- 7 'k- 11)

pkjksa fn'kk,° 'kkfUr nk;d gksaA /kzqofLFkr ioZr'kkfUrnk;d ,oa ufn;ksa dk ty izokg gekjs fy,lq[ke; gksA

^^'ka u'prlz% izfn'kks HkoUrqA'ka u ioZrk /kzqo;ks HkoUrq 'ka u% flU/ko% 'kau%

flU/kok% 'kau% lURoki%AA**&ΩXosn lafgrk (i` 716 'k 8)

vUrfjk eas mRiUu es?k gesa 'kkfUr nsaA lkxjvkSj vkdk'k gesa 'kkfUr nsaA vfXu&rRo vius O;kiuvkSj rki vkfn xq.kksa ls ;qDr inkFkksZa ls gesa 'kkfUriznku djsaA lw;Z gesa 'kkfUr] lq[knk;d vkSj jksxuk'kddjus okyk gksdj risA ok;q jksx&jfgr gksdj cgsvkSj 'kkfUrnk;d gksA jksxkfn nq%[k tfur ihM+k,° nwjgks] vkSj tks Hkfo"; esa gksus okyk gks] og Hkh gesa lq[kns] vFkkZr~ i;kZoj.k larqyu lnSo cuk jgs%

^^'kefXu jfXufe% djPNa uLrirq lw;Z%A'ka okrks okRojika vi flU/ko%AA

^^'ka uks Hkfo=aA&ΩXosn lafgrk v 3 i`å 333

lw;Z vkSj pUnz] izk.k vkSj viku gesa lq[knsa]gekjk dY;k.k djsa vkSj lsou djus ;ksX; ok;q gesalq[knsa vkSj iqf"Vdkjd izk.k] thou nsus okyk vUuvkSj es?k gekjk dY;k.k djsa%

u LofLr feehrke~ Hkkx% LofLrALofLr iw"kk n|krq u% LofLr |kok ifFkoh lqpsrukAA

ΩXosn lafgrk (4]51]11)

bl izdkj dY;k.k mik;ksa ls jkk djus dh /kkj.kkmiyC/k gksrh gSA blls leLr dk;Z lqxe ,oa mŸke fof/k lsliUu gksrs jgsa] 'kfDr ds dk;Z Hkh HkyhHkkafr pyus okys]lnkpkjh vkSj lq[knk;d gksus dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS%


(d) ;w;a ikr LofLrfHk% lnk u%Aogh v m lw- 35 i`- 713

([k) lqeks uks fo'ok lqiFkkfu lUrq ;w;a ikrLofLrfHk% lnk u%A

ogh (VIII 4]63]6)

(x) 'kkdk xokfHko lzqr;% l¥pj.kkSAA

bu lHkh ea=ksa&lafgrkvksa dk mÌs'; gS fdge lHkh loZFkk ihM+k vkSj ck/kkjfgr lq[kh ,oadygghu] fufoZnu vkSj HkÊjk"V™ esa jgsaA tks lnk izd`frds vuqdwy jgs ,oa ijLij fojks/k Hkko u j[ksaA ,slkdksbZ Hkh dk;Z u gks ftlls i;kZoj.k esa vlarqyumRiUu gksA tks Hkh dk;Z fd;k tk;s og d`f=erkjfgr gksA lafgrkvksa esa blh /kkj.k ds dbZ 'yksd gSaA

tks yksx fuR; /keZ&fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gSavkSj djokrs gS] os gh ,s'o;Z ls clkus vkSj mudh jkkdjus esa leFkZ gksrs gS%

rsfg oLoksolokukLrs vizHkwlegksfeAozrkjkUrs fo'okgkA

&ΩXosn lafgrk (6]90]2)

tks Êksgjfgr gksdj fu;eksa vkSj vUuksa dhjkk djus esa leFkZ gksrs gSa og fu;eksa ds vuqdwypydj le`º gksrs gS

o`rk jkUrs vÊg% ogh (7]67]13)vuq ozrkU;fnrs Ω/kUrks (5]87]5)

;s o;a ;s p LofLr /kkegsA ogh (2]17]5)

o`gRlafgrk ds vusd 'yksd okLrq'kkL= esalfEefyr fd;s gSa] tks o`kksa] dwi ,oa Hkou fuekZ.kij fn'kk funsZ'k iznku djrs gSaA tSls %&

jk=kS d`rofy iwat iznfk.ka Nsn;sfÌok o`Ÿke~A/kU;eqnDizkXonau u xzkg;ks∑U;Fkk ifrr%AA

(o`gRlafgrk 52@119)

vFkkZr~ jkf= esa ok dks cfy nsdj vkSj mldhiwtk djds izkr% dky nfk.kkorZ ls mls dkVus ij;fn iwoZ vkSj mŸkj dh vksj fxjs rks vPNk gSA vU;fn'kk essa fxjks rks mldks ?kj esa yxkuk vPNk ugha gksrkA

o`k izkFkZuk (c`gr~ lafgrk 58@119)

;kfu ewrkfu olfUr rkfu cfya x`ghRokfof/koRiz;qDre~A

vU;= okla ifjdYi;Urq keUrq rs pk∑| ueksLrq rsH;%o`k izHkkrs lfyysu flDRok e/okT;fyIrsu

dqBkjds.kA

iwoksZŸkjL;ka fnf'k lfUr d`R;a iznfk.ka 'ks"kerksfogU;kr~AA

vFkkZr~ ^tks Hkwrx.k bl o`k ij fuokl djrsgSa os esjs kjk fof/kiwoZd nh gqbZ cfy dks xzg.k djdsvU;= (nwljh txg) viuk fuokl LFkku cuk;sa vkSjos esjh bl ?k`"Vrk dks kek djsaA mudks eSa iz.kkedjrk gw°A** ,slk dg dj izkr% dky dks ty lslhapdj] dqYgkM+s esa e/kq vkSj ?kh yxkdj igys iwoZ;k mŸkj dh vksj ls dkVuk vkjEHk djsa vkSj mlsnfk.kkorZ dkVsaA

izl¬kTty 'kks/kukS"k/k;% (cgRlafgrk 53@151)v¥tueqLrks'khjS% ljkst dks'kkrdkeyd pw.kSZ%AA

drdQy lek;q‰S;ksZx% dwis iznkrO;%AAdyq"ka dVqda yo.ka fojla lfyya ok lqxfU/k Hkosr~Arnusu HkoR;ey lqjla lqxfU/k xq.kSj ijSJp iqre~AA

vFkkZr~ vatu (dqVdh ok d`".k dikl)ukxjeksFkk] [kj cu rjksbZ (cM+h rjksbZ) bu lcdkpw.kZ ,oa drdQy (fueZyh dk cht) bu lcdksfeykdj dw,° esa Mkyus ls eSyk] dM+ok] uedhu]Loknjfgr vkSj nqxZU/k ;q‰ bR;kfn lc izdkj dstyfodkj u"V gks tkrs gSaA vkSj Loknq lqxfU/k;q‰


lc izdkj ls ykHkizn ty mRiUu gksrs gSaA

bl izdkj lHkh lafgrkvksa esa lajk.k ds lkFk ghekuo thou ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh izkFkZuk,a dh xbZ gSaA

/keZlw=ksa esa i;kZoj.k

/keZlw=ksa esa Hkwfe 'kqfº] 'kkSp vkSj vfgalk dsizfr /kkj.kk miyC/k gksrh gSA xkSre /keZlw= esa'kkL=fofgr 'kkSp fu;eksa ds ikyu djus dk mYys[kfd;k x;k gSA

vU; ikideksZa vkSj muds izk;f'pr ds fo"k;esa Hkh /kkj.kk,a gSA iki ls fojfŸkr dk /;s; cuk;k x;kgS vkSj fujarj bl ckr ij /;ku dsfUÊr fd;k x;k gSfd izk;f'pr dk Hk; fn[kkdj iki nwj djus dkmik; fd;k tk,A ijyksd dk Hk; euq"; ds vkpj.kdks fujUrj lgh fn'kk dh vksj izsfjr djrk gSA

/keZlw= vkns'k nsrk gS fd ftl dk;Z esa gkfugks] izk.k ladV esa gksa] og dk;Z u djksA euq"; dkthou egRoiw.kZ gSA lHkh izdkj ds mik;ksa ls viuhjkk djuk /keZ gSA

mifu"knksa esa i;kZoj.k

/keZlw=ksa ds i'pkr~ mifu"knksa esa Hkh i;kZoj.kdh /kkj.kk ikbZ xbZ gSA mifu"kn~ dky esa xq: vkSjf'k"; 'kkUr] 'kqº vkSj LoPN okrkoj.k eas fuokldjrs FksA vkRelkkkr~dkj djuk mudk mÌs'; FkkAiznw"k.k jfgr ,sls okrkoj.k dk mYys[k 'osrk'orjmifu"kn~ eas fd;k x;k gSA

^^les'kqpkS 'kdZjk & ckyqdkfroftZrs 'kCn tykJ;kfnfHk%Aeuks∑uqdwys u rq pkihM+us xqgkfuokrJ;.ks iz;kst;srAA

vFkkZr~ lery Hkwfe] ije ifo= vfXu rFkkjsr vkfn ls jfgr vkSj izd`fr dh I;kjh larku ikhvkfn dh e/kqj dqgqd] LoPN ty okyh ufn;ka] izd`fr

kjk fufeZr yrkdqat ,oa fpŸk dks 'kkfUr iznku djusokyh] ns[kus esas lqUnj xqQk,° eu dks foksi nsus okyhok;q ds izokg ls jfgr okrkoj.k esa lk/kd viuseudks ijekRek esa yxk;saA

lnSo 'kkfUr ds vfHkyk"kh Ωf"keqfu;ksa us'kkfUr] vfgalk] jkk vkSj lR; dh /kkj.kk cuk, j[kusds fy, nsoh nsorkvksa ls izkFkZuk ,oa 'kkfUrea= dkmPpkj.k fd;k gS%

^^≈° 'ka uks fe= 'ka o:.k%A(d) 'ka uks HkoRo;ZekA 'ka u bUÊks cgLifr%AA

rSfrjh; mifu"kn~ (1&1)

([k) ≈° HkÊa d.ksZfHk% Jq.kq;ke nsok HkÊai';sekkfHk% ;Zt=k%AA

fLFkjSjaxSaLrq"Vqoka lLruwfHkO;Z'ksefg nsofgra ;nk;q% ≈°'kkfUr! 'kkfUr!**

& ek.Mw- mi- u``- 12

vFkkZr~ gs nso ! ge dkuksa ls dY;k.kdkjdopu lqusa] vk°[kksa ls vPNs n`'; ns[ksaA tc rd gekjhvk;q gksxh rc rd lqn`<+ 'kjhj vo;oksa ls ;qDr gksdjge vius ca/kqvksa dk fgr djrs jgsaA rhu ckj 'kkfUrdk vFkZ gS & O;fDr esa gks jk"V™esa 'kkfUr gks vkSj fo'oesa 'kkfUr gksA

'osrk'oj mifu"kn~ esa :Ê (Hkxoku~ 'kadj) lsizkFkZuk dh xbZ gS fd iq=] ikS= thou vkSj xkS rFkk ?kksM+svkfn vU;ks∑U; 'kjhj/kkfj;ksa dh fgalk er djksa D;ksafdge gfo ds kjk vkidks jkk ds fy, cqykrs gS&

^^ekuLrksds ru;s ek u vk;qf"k] ek uks xks"kq ekuksv'os"kqjhfj"k%

ohjku~ ekuks :Ê Hkkfeuh o?khgZfo"eUr lnfeRokgokegs˚**

'osr- mi- (11]22)


Ωf"k;ksa us vfXunso ls oUnuk dh gS%^^vXus u;lqiFkk jk;s vLeku~ fo'okfu nso ok;qukfu

foku~A

;q;ks/;LeTtq gqjk.kkesuks Hkw;ks"BkUrs ue mfDrafo/kse˚** (bZ'kksokL; mi- i`"B 43 'k- 18)

vFkkZr~ Kku Lo:i ijekReu~ 'kkfUr ds fy,gesa cqjs deksZa ls gVkdj eksk ekxZ ij pyk,aA

deZ djrs gq, lkS o"kZ rd thus dh bPNk Hkhdh xbZ gS%

^^dqoZUusosg dekZf.k ftthfo"ksPNra lek%A**

mifu"knksa esa ;K* dks lokZf/kd egRo fn;kx;k gSA ;K ds fo"k; esa muds fopkj gS%

ukgqreJ/;kgqreklIeku~ rL; fgufLr˚(44)

(eq.M- mi- (1]2]3)

vFkkZr~ tks fu;e&fo:º gou djrk gS] le;ij vfXugks= ugha djrk] mlds yksdksa dk lkr o"kZrd uk'k gksrk gSA

iz'uksifu"kn~ esa izd`fr rRo ds lajk.k dsizfr Hkh vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ fopkj fn;s x;s gSa %

^^lw;ksZ rspkqokZr izk.kks∑UrfjkekRek i`fFkoh'kjhje~A

vLr`rks ukekge;fLe l vkRekua fun/ks |koki`fFkoh';k˚**

(iz'uks- mi- i`"B 137)

vFkkZr~ eSa vius vkidks |kS vkSj i`Fohyksdds vUrxZr tks dqN gS ml lcds lajk.k ds fy,viZ.k djrk gw°

czzk„.k&xzUFkksa esa i;kZoj.k

i;kZoj.k&lajk.k ds izfr czk„.k xzUFkksa esamŸke /kkj.kk miyC/k gksrh gSA muesa izdfr ds iapHkwrksavFkkZr~ iFoh] ty] vkdk'k] ok;q vkSj vfXu dk ijLij

larqyu cuk;s j[kus ds fy, ;K* dks vfuok;Z ekuk gSA

^^l ;Kks∑lkS l vkfnR;**(&'kriFk czk„.k 2]6]13]2)

;K esa ?kh dh vkgqfr;ka nh tkrh gSA ?kh dksrst dgk gSA bl izdkj rst ds kjk rst /kkj.k djrkgSA ?kh dks nsorkvksa dk (ty] ok;q vkSj vfXu) ije/kke ekuk gSA budks bUgha ds fiz; /kke ^;K* kjkcuk;k tkrk gSA vkgqfr;ksa kjk vfXu esa p<+k;s gq,inkFkksZa ls gh nsorkvksa (ty] ok;q] lw;Z) dks izlUu(r`Ir) fd;k tkrk gSA

(d) ^^vkT;su tqgksfrA rstks ok∑ekT;su rsrlSokfLeLr rstksa n~?kkR;kT;su tqgksR;srS nsokuka fiz;

/kke ;nkT;a fiz;s.kkS oSukU/kkEuk le?kZ;kfr˚**('kr- ozk- (2]6]13]2)

([k) ^^vkgqfrfFk% ,oa gqrkn% nsoku izf.kfr**(xksi- ozk- mŸkjHkkxs (1]6)

czkge.k xzUFkksa esa tgk° ,d vksj ^;K* djusls mŸke Qy dh izkfIr djuk crk;k x;k gS] nwljhvksj ^;K* u djus ds Qy Hkh crk;s x;s gS%

^^fudk;s u itZU;kso"kZfRofrA fudkeS oS r=itZU;ks o"kZfr v=Srsu ;Kso itZUrs QyoR;ks oSiP;;Urs ;eSrsu ;Ksu t;Urs rLek|=Srsus ;Ksu cyIr%iztkuka ;ksx kseksHkofr˚**

('kr- ozk 1]10]1]13]6)

vFkkZr~ tgka ^;K* gksrk gS] ogk° bPNk djusds le; o"kkZ gksrh gSA tgk° ;g ^;K* djrs gSa ogk°Qy okys o`k gksrs gSaA tgk° ;g ;K fd;k tkrk gS]ogk° dq'ky&kse jgrh gS vkSj tgk° ;g ;K jpk tkrkgS] ogk° iztk,° ldq'ky jgrh gSA

ml ;qx esa tks iztk ;K esa Hkkx ugha ysrh Fkhmls nfyr vFkok ifrr dgk tkrk FkkA blfy, tksifrr ugha gSa mudks ;K vo'; djuk pkfg,A euq";ksa


ds ihNs i'kq gS] nsorkvksa ds ihNs ikh] vkS"kf/k vkSjouLifr gSA bl izdkj tks dqN Hkh izkI; gS mllcdks ^;K* esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

^^;k oS iztk ;Ks∑uUokeRdk%A ijkewrk oSrk,oesoSr|k bek% iztk vi'kewrkLrk% ;k∑vkothoeuq";kuuq i'koks nsokuuq o;kL;kS"k?k;ks ouLir;s ;fnnad¥pSoeqZ rRjkRoZ ;K∑ vkHkadY;˚

(& 'kr-czk- i`- (4]5]2)

xzUFkdkj dk vfHkizk; bl eU= esa izd`fr dslarqyu ls gS D;ksafd ekuo gh i'kq dk lajk.k ,oalao/kZu dj ldrs gSaA nsoksa dk vfHkizk; iap&rRoksa lsgS vFkkZr~ ty] ok;q vfXu] vkSj vkdk'kA ;fn le;ij o"kkZ u gks rks o`k] ouLifr ,oe~ vkS"kf/k;ksa dkvHkko gks tkrk gS vkSj ou gh tho tUrq rFkk i'kq&ikhdk vk/kkj gSaA

Le`fr;ksa esa i;kZoj.k

Le`frdky esa i;kZoj.k ,oa iznw"k.k&'kqfº dh/kkj.kk mRd`"V :i esa ik;h tkrh gSA ty 'kqfº]ok;q&'kqfº ds fo"k; esa vusd o.kZu miyC/k gSAblds lkFk gh o`k ouLifr lajk.k i'kq lajk.k dh/kkj.kk cuk, j[kus ds fy, n.M vkSj izk;f'prds fo/kku dk o.kZu feyrk gSA

vf=Le`fr esa vf=th f=yksd ds dY;k.k dsfo"k; esa lEiw.kZ iki lUnsgksa dk uk'k djus okyslukru /keZ 'kkL= dk o.kZu djrsA ty 'kqfº dsfo"k; esa dgk x;k gS%

okihdwirMkxkuka nwf"krkuak p 'kksoue~AmºjsR"kV'kra iw.kZ iapxO;su 'kqº;fr˚

(&vf= Le`fr 'k- 226)

vFkkZr~ tyk'k;] ckoM+h dqvk°] rkykc e`rbR;kfn ds Li'kZ ls nwf"kr gks tkrs gSa ;k vfLFk vkSj

peZ ,oa xnZHk&dqŸks chp esa fxjdj ej x, gksa rksmudh 'kqfº N% lkS ?kM+s ty Hkjdj ckgj fudkyusvkSj lEiw.kZ mnd fudkyus ls rFkk iapxO; Mkyus lsgksrh gSA vkxs os dgrs gS%

^^vekuq"kh"kq xksotZeqnD;k ;k e;ksfu"kqAjsr fldRok ty pSu d`PN lkariua pjsr~˚**

vFkkZr~ Hkwfe vkSj ty esa xkS ds vfrfjDroh;Z Mkyus okys euq"; dks d`PN lkariu ozr lsizk;f'pr djuk pkfg,A vkxs fy[kk gS %&

^^;fRicfUr tya r= Luk;Urs foJefUr pArMkxnL; rRloZ izsR;kuUR;k; dYirs ˚**

(egk- vuq- ioZ 99] 18)

blds vfrfjDr ftl rkykc dk euq"; tyihrk gS] Luku djrs gSa vkSj rV ij foJke ysrs gSa oglkjk iq.; ljksoj fuekZ.k djus okys dks ijyksd esavk; gksdj feyrk gSA

Le`fr;ksa ds vuqlkj dwi] ckoM+h] rkykc dsVwV tkus ij tks O;fDr budk mºkj djrk gS vFkkZr~iqufuekZ.k djrk gS] og iw.kZ Qy dks izkIr djrk gSAog laiw.kZ dqyksa dk mkj dj LoxZ yksd esa iwftrgksrk gS tks euq"; iqu% cuokrk gS mls u, cuokus dkQy izkIr gksrk gSA

^^okih dwi rM+kxkfuAifrrkU;qns|Lrq l iwrZQy'uqrs leLe`- 'k- 70

;LrMkx uoa dq;kZRiqjk.ka okfi [kku;srAl losZ dqyeqR; LoxZyksds egh;lh˚

izkd`frd fu;e ls ty ifo=rk ds fo"k; esamYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd fof/kiwoZd vfXu esa NksM+hgqbZ vkgqfr lw;Z dks izkIr gksrh gS vFkkZr~ lw;Z&jf'e;ksals vkgqfr ds /kq,a dk esy gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k o`f"V


gksrh gS vkSj o`f"V ls vUu dh mRifŸk gksrh gS vkSjvUu ls iztk dhA bl izdkj iztkvksa dh mRifŸk dkewy gou gSA blfy, foifŸk (vdky) esa ty fufer;K fd;k tkrk gS%

^^vXukS izLrkgqfr lE;xkfnR;eqifr"BrsAvkfnR;kTtk;rs o`f"Vs jUua rr% iztk% ˚**

euqLefr (3]76)

^^foinh ty gksekfn dEekZf.k˚**

Le`frdky eas iaprRoksa dh 'kqfº ij brukvf/kd /;ku fn;k x;k gS fd fdlh O;fDr ds kjkv'kqfº fd;s tkus ij mls n.M fn;s tkus dkizko/kku FkkA

,d 'yksd izLrqr gS%

^^leqR;`tsÊkt ekxksZa ;LRoes/;eukifnAl kS dk"kkZi.kh n|knes/;a pk'kq 'ks/;a pk'kq 'ks/;sr ˚**

vFkkZr~ LoLFk jgrk gqvk tks O;fDr jktekxZij ey&ew= djns] jktk mls nks dk"kkZi.k ls nf.Mrdjs rFkk mlh ls ml ey&ewy dks lkQ djok,A;fn jksxh] cw<+k] xfHkZ.kh ;k ckyd jktekxZ ij ey&ew=djns rks mls lko/kku djrs gq, fu"ks/k dj nsa rFkk mlLFkku dks LoPN djok ysaA euq us bUgsa vkfFkZd n.Mu nsuk 'kkL=&e;kZnk crykbZ gSA

^^vkiksn~xrks∑Fkok o`ºk xfHkZ.kh cky ,o okAifjHkk"k.kegZfUr rPp'kks/;fefr˚**

&euqLe`fr (IX 28283)

Hkwfe&lajk.k dh /kkj.k cuk, j[kus ds fy, iFoh'kqfº ds mik;ksa dk o.kZu bl izdkj fd;k tkrk gS&

^^laektZuksik¥tusu lsdsuksYys[kusu ;Axoka p ifjoklsu Hkwfe 'kqº;fr ipkfe˚**

euq&Leå (V 124)

vFkkZr~ i`Foh dh 'kqfº ty fNM+dus] cqgkjus]yhius vkSj [kksnus ls gh gks tkrh gS vkSj xk;ksa ds jgusls Hkh gksrh gSA**

euqLefr esa Hkwfe 'kqº j[kus ds fy, bu LFkkuksaij ey&ew= bR;kfn oftZr fd;k gS & chp jkLrs ij ]HkLe ij] xkS'kkyk esa] tksrs gq, [ksr esa] ikuh esa] fpfr(b±V dk HkV~Vk) vkSj crZuksa dk vkok] igkM+ ijiqjkus nso efUnj essa] ckEch ij rFkk tho;qDr fcyksaesaa A pyrs&pyrs vkSj [kM+s gksdj Hkh dHkh ey&ew=dk R;kx u djsaA blds vfrfjDr ok;q] vfXu] czk„.k]lw;Z&ikuh vkSj xk;ksa dks ns[krs gq, ey&ew= dk R;kxdjuk oftZr fd;k x;k gS%

^^uew=aifFk dqohZr u HkLekfu u xks cztsAu Qkyd`"Vs u tys u fpR;ka u p ioZrsAu llRos"kq xosZ"kq u xPNUukfi pfLFkr˚

ogh (IX 45-47)

Le`fr;ksa esa o`k] ouLifr] lajk.k dh /kkj.kkcuk;s j[kus ds fy, n.M ,oa izk;f'pr fo/kku dko.kZu fd;k x;k gSA muds lq[kh&nq[kh vkfn gksus dko.kZu miyC/k gksrk gSA iwoZ&tUe ds dkj.k isM+&ikS/ks vR;kf/kd reksxq.k ls ;qDr vUr'psruk okysrFkk lq[k&nq[k ds vuqHko ls ;qDr gksrs gS %&

^^relk cgq:is.k osf"Vrk% deZ gsrqukAvUr% laKk HkoUR;srs lq[k%nq[k lefUork%˚

euqLe`fr (1,49)

blfy, o`k] yrk vkfn lc ikS/kks a dsQy&Qwy iŸkksa vkSj ydM+h vkfn ds kjk tSlk&tSlkmiHkksx gksrk gks] mudks u"V djus okys vijk/kh dksoSlk gh n.M nsuk pkfg, %

^^ouLirhuka losZ"kkeiqHkksx ;Fkk&;FkkArFkk&rFkk nek dk;ksZa fgalk;kfefr /kkj.kk˚**

ogh (VIII, 285)


;kKoYD; Le`fr esa Hkh o`kksa vkSj vkS"kf/k;ksadks vdkj.k dkVus ij n.M fuf'pr fd;k x;k gSAdks;yksa ls ;qDr Mkyksa okys o`kksa dh 'kk[kk] ruk ;klEiw.kZ o`k dkVus ij ;fn og o`k euq"; dsthfodk&fuokZg dk lk/ku gks rks chl pkyhl vkSjvLlh i.k n.M yxrk gSA blds vfrfjDr /kkfeZdLFkku] 'e'kku] lhek ,oa ifo= LFkku vkSj nsork dsefUnj esa mRiUu gq, o`k vkSj ihiy] oV vkSj iyk'kvkfn o`kksa dh 'kk[kk dkVus ij izFke n.M ls nqxqukn.M nsus dh /kkj.kk miyC/k gSa %

^^izjksfg'kkf[kuka 'kk[kkLdU/k loZ fonkj.ksAmithO;Êqek.ka p fo'rksfxq.kksne%˚

pSR;'e'kku lheklq iq.; LFkkus lqjky;sAtkÊqek.kka fxq.kks neks o`ks p foJrs ˚**

;kKoYD; Le`fr (227&28)

blds lkFk gh [ksrh vkfn ls rFkk oukfn esamRiUu vkS"kf/k;ksa dks fu"iz;kstu u"V djus ij dsoynw/k vkgkj ysdj ,d fnu xk; dk vuqxeu djusdk izko/kku of.kZr gS%

d`f"ktkukeksZ"k/khuka tkrkuka p Lo;a ouaAo`FkkyHks∑uqxPNsokxa fneesda i;ksozr%AA

euq Le`fr (XI 144)

o`k vkSj ouLifr dh Hkk°fr Le`fr;ksa esai'kq&ikh lajk.k dh /kkj.kk dh miyC/k gksrh gSA

euqLe`fr ds vulkj Hk`xq egf"kZ;ksa ls dgrs gSafd Kku ;k vKku ls dh xbZ fgalk ls mRiUu lc ikibu ozrksa ls u"V gksrs gSa]

^^,rSozZrSjiks·a L;knsuks fgalkl eqn~Hkoe~AKkukKku d`ra d`RLua J`.kqrkuk|Hkk.ks **

euq- Le`fr (XI 145)

fcYyh] usoyk] pki (uhyd.B) ikh]esa<+d] dqŸkk] xk;] mYyw vkSj dkSok buesa ls fdlh dksekjus okys 'kwÊ&gR;k ds ozr dks djsaA ektkZj (fcYyh)vkfn dks ekjus okyk rhu jkr nw/k fi, ;k pkj dkslpys vFkok unh esa Luku djsa vFkok o:.k nsork dseU= dk ti djsa %&

^^ektkZjudqykS gRok pk"ka ek.Mwdes.k pA'okxks|ksywd dkdka'p 'kwÊgR;kozra pjsr~˚**

ogh (X 131)

izd`fr esa lgh larqyu cuk;s j[kus ds fy,i'kq ifk;ksa dk lajk.k vR;Ur vko';d gSA blhfy,Le`fr;ksa esa ou esa LoPNUn fuokl djrs e`xksa dh gR;kfu"ks/k dh xbZ gSA ,sls O;fDr dks tks e`x dk f'kdkjdjrs gSa ^vgksjkr* miokl dk n.M crk;k x;k gSAgal] dkSvk] eksj] dkjaMo] lkjl] pki] ekl dks ekjusokys O;fDr dks rhu fnu miokl djds 'kqº gksukgksrk gSA

gM~Mh okys kqÊthoksa rFkk fcuk gM~Mh okysNksVs thoksa dks ekjdj 'kwÊ gR;k djus ij ozr djukvko';d ekuk x;k gSaA blh izdkj ds i'kq ifk;ksads o/k djus ij n.M] izk;f'pr nku vkfn djus dhizcy /kkj.kk Le`fr;ksa esa miyC/k gS%

^^vfLFkerka rq lŸkokuka lglzL; izek.k.ksAiw.kZs pkuL;uLFkuka rq 'kqÊgR;k ozra pjsr~ ˚**

euq Le`å (X 140)

jkek;.k esa i;kZoj.k

Le`fr;ksa ds i'pkr~ ^jkek;.k* esa i;kZoj.kdh /kkj.kk ltho :i esa miyC/k gSA jkek;.k esa /keZ]yksd dY;k.k] izd`fr izse vfgalk ,oa i'kq&ikhlajk.k ds izfr vR;Ur Bksl /kkj.kk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAns'k&/keZ] riksou/keZ dk o.kZu djrs gq, lhrkjke ouesa Jhjke ls dgrh gSa %


^^Do p 'kL= Do p ouaAO;kfoºfeneLekfunsZ'k/keZLrq iwT;rke~˚**

&jkek-dka-vkj- (IX 17,18)

^^fuR;a 'kqfpefr lkSH; pj /keZ riksousA**& ogha-'ka- 32

^^/kesZ.k yHkrs loZ /keZ lkjfena txrA&jkek- dka- vj- ('k 30)

vFkkZr~ ^^'kL= vkSj ou ;s ijLij fojks/kh/keZ gSa blfy, gesa ns'k&/keZ vkSj riksou&/keZ dkvknj djuk pkfg,A 'kL= /kkj.k djus ls ekuo dhcqfº fodkj ;qDr gks tkrh gSA ;fn kk=&/keZ ghvkidks fiz; gS rks v;ks/;k ykSVdj vki bl /keZ dkikyu dfj,xk] bl riksou esa ughaA**

^^blfy, lnSo ifo= efr j[krs gq, vkibl riksou esa /keZ dk vkpj.k dfj, D;ksafd /keZ ghtxr dk lkj gSA**

jkek;.k (okYehfd) esa /keZ ds lkFk gh yksddY;k.k dh Hkkouk Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSA egf"kZ vxLR; usyksd dY;k.k ds fy, vius izcy m|ksx ls euq";ksa dsfuokl djus ds fy, izns'k cuk, FksA fuEu 'yksdn'kZuh; gS%

^^fux`/;a rjlk e`R;qa yksdkuka fgrdkE;;kA**jkek-dk- vj.; (IX 55)

jkek;.k esa izd`fr izse ds 'yksdksa dh izpqjrkyfkr gksrh gSA v'kksd okfVdk (yadk esa ftl LFkkuij lhrkth ,d o"kZ rd jgha Fkh) dks uUnuou ,oafp=jFk ou ls Hkh dgha vf/kd je.kh; vkSjvkuUnnk;h of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA ;g okfVdk vusdyrkvksa ,oa lSdM+ksa izdkj ds lqUnj vkSj v'kksd o`kksals 'kksfHkr o e`xksa vkSj ifk;ksa ls Hkjhiwjh lqxfU/kr]lqlfTtr FkhA

jkek;.k esa izdfr izse ls ;qDr vusd izkdfrdn`';ksa dk lekos'k gSA

egf"kZ lqrh.k Jhjke ye.k vkSj lhrk dkscrkrs gSa %

^^iz'kkUre`x;w;kfu 'kkUrifkx.kkfu p**&jkek- vj.;dka- (VIII 13-16)

vFkkZr~ ^n.Mdkj.; ds ekxZ esa rqEgsa iq"dyQy&Qwy lEiUu ou feysaxs ftuesa lh/ks&lkns e`xvkSj 'kkUrikh fn[kkbZ nsaxsA rM+kx vkSj ljksoj Hkhfn[kkbZ nasxs] ftuesa dey f[kys gksaxs] ty LoPNgksxk vkSj tgk°&rgk° dkj.Mo ikh fdyksyas djrsgksaxsA

blls vkxs Hkh jkek;.k ds vj.;dk.M dsIX ds 2&3] 6&7] 11&13 'yksdksa esa fp=dwV ioZrdh lqUnjrk dk o.kZu gSA tgk° fofo/k ifk;ksa lsifjiw.kZ ioZr] LQfVd tSls LoPN Hkwfe vkSj dsoM+sds iq"i tSlk fn[kkbZ nsus okyk lkSUn;Z ;qDr izns'k]fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds i'kq tSls e`x] O;k?kz] phrs] Hkkyqvksadks fuokl feyrk gSA

^^fofpŸkf'k[kjs ·fLeu~ jrokufLe HkkfefuAA**

;kfu fofo/k izdkj ds iq"iksa dh lqxfU/kokykcgrk ty] dUnjkvksa dh LoPN ok;q ukfldk dksr`Ir djds u izlUu djsxhA fofo/k izdkj ds iq"iksavkSj Qwyksa ls gjs&Hkjs vn~Hkqr f'k[kjksa okys ioZr eudks bruk yqHkkrs&jekrs gS fd ekuo muls izse djusyxrk gSA

jkek;.k esa vfgalk vkSj i'kq&ikh&lajk.kds izfr Hkh vPNh /kkj.kk n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA egf"kZlqrh.k jke dks vius vkJe ds fo"k; esa crkrs gq,ogk° ij e`xksa ds ckgqY; vkSj dksykgy dh ckr dgrsgSa rks jke mxz gksrs gq, mu e`x >q.Mksa dks ekjus ds


fy, dgrs gSa rkafd og ogk° ds vkJe esa lgtrk lsfuokl dj ldsaA jke ds bu opuksa dks lqudj lhrkfujijk/k i'kqvksa ls yksdfuUnk gksus dh ckr dgrhagSA fuEu 'yksd ns[ksa %

^^gU;k fuf'kr/kkjs.k 'kjs.k'kfu opZlkALokLrŸkkfe"k T;sr fda L;kRd`PN™rja rr˚

jkek;.k vj.; dkå (VIII 17-22)vkSj

^^vijk/k fcukgUrq yksdku ohj u dke;sA**^^kf=;k.kak rqohjk.kkaous"kq fujrkReroku~A/kuq"kk dk;esrk onrkZukefHkjk.ke~˚**

lhrk dgrha gS (≈ij) ftUÊsfUÊ; iq:"kksadk dŸkZO; ekuk tkrk gS fd os ou esa fuokl djusokys nq[kh izkf.k;ksa dh jkk djsa**

jkek;.k esa bl izdkj ds vusd o.kZu miyC/k gSa ftuesa izd`fr&izse yfkr gksrk gSA lkFk gh izR;sddk;Z e;kZnk ds vuqlkj laiUu djus dh /kkj.kk miyC/k gksrh gS ftlesa ns'k&/keZ vkSj riksou /keZ esa ck/kk uvk,A ml le; izd`fr ds vuqdwy mls u"V fd;sfcuk dk;Z djus dh dksf'k'k fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

egkHkkjr esa i;kZoj.k

egkHkkjr dky eas o`kksa dh lqjkk ij vR;Ur/;ku fn;k tkrk FkkA egkHkkjr ds vuqlkj %

^ô`kk oS jksI;k% Js;ksfFkZuk lnk iq=oRifjikY;k'piq=kLrs /keZr% Le`rk%˚

egkHkkjr 'kkfUr ioZ (35]6)

vFkkZr~ dY;k.k dh bPNk djus okys euq";ksadks o`kvo'; yxkuk pkfg,A o`kksa dks yxkdjmudh jkk vkSj iks"k.k Lo;a ds iq=or~ djuk mfprgSA o`kksa dk ykyu&ikyu vkSj jkk djus okys dksmudk firk ,oa o`kksa dks iq= dgk x;k gSA

blds lkFk gh tks O;fDr o`knku djrk gS]o`k mls ijyksd esa iq= ds leku ikj djkrk gS %

^ô`kna iq=on~ o`kkLrkj;fUr ij= pA**(vuq'kklu ioZ 21&30)

;qf/kf"Bj us vfgalk dks ckj&ckj /keZ dgkgS] D;ksafd lR; ls gh /keZ fVdk gqvk gS%

^^vfgalk ijeks/keZLrFkkfgalk ija riaAvfgalk ijea lR;a ;rks /keZ% izorZrs **

(&egkHkkjr vuq ioZ 116] 25)

egkHkkjr ;qx easa i'kqvksa ds izfr tu:fpdh /kkj.kk Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ml le; ds jktk vkSjjktdqekj dh vius gkFkksa ls i'kqvksa dh lsok djrsFksA jktk fojkV ds ;gk° jgus ij udqy dh ;g mfDrblh /kkj.kkdks izdV djrh gS%

^^v'ocU/kksa Hkfo";kfe fojkV uìrsjge~A------ desZrRlqfiz; ee˚

(&egkHkkjr fojkV ioZ 3] 2)

vFkkZr~ & ^êSa jktk fojkV ds ?kksM+ksa dk lk/kkd:°xk D;ksafd ;g dke eq>s cgqr fiz; gSA**

vkxs udqy ;g Hkh dgrk gS]^^dq'kyks∑Le;'of'kkk;k risok'ofpfdRlsr~ fiz;k'plrra es∑'ok% dq:jkt ;Fkk ro ˚** ;kfu ?kksM+ksa dksfl[kkus vkSj mudh vkS"kf/k djus esa eSa cgqr prqj gw°A**

vfgalk] dY;k.k] i'kqikh& lajk.k vkSjo`k&ouLifr lajk.k dh /kkj.k cuk, j[kus ds fy,egkHkkjr essa vusd :iksa dh /keZ ds kjk ekxZ iznf'kZrfd;k x;k gSA

osnK iq:"k vfgalk dks gh /keZ dk yk.kekurs gSaA vkReoku~ iq:"kksa dks vfgalk ;qDr dk;Zdjus ds fy, dgk x;k gS] vfgalk dks ije /keZ;K


ijecy ,oa la;e] ijenku] fe= ,oa lq[k vkSj lO;crk;k x;k gS%

^^vfgalk yk.kks /keZ bfr osnfonks fonqA;n flL=a HkosRdeZ rRdq;kZnkReokUujA**

egkHkkjr vuq-ioZ (117&13)

rnsrnqŸkea /keZefgalk yk.k 'kqHke~!;s pjfUr egkRekuks ukdi`"Bs olfUr rs ˚

ogh (116] 72)

vfgalk ijeks ;KLrFkkfgalk ij cye~ Avfgalk ijeks lR;e~ fgalk ijea Jqre~˚**

ogha (117] 37&38)

vFkkZr~ ^ lc ;Kksa esa tks nku fd;k tkrk gS]lc rhFkksZa ds Luku rFkk lc nkuksa ds Qy feydj Hkhvfgalk ds ln`'k ugha gSaaA vfgald euq"; dh riL;kvk; gksrh gSA fgalk&jfgr euq"; lc thoksa dsekrk&firk ds leku gSA blfy, vfgalk ls gksus okysykHkks dk lkS o"kks± esa Hkh o.kZu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA**

;gha ugha] egkHkkjr dky esa i'kq&ifk;ksa dko/k djus ij vkSj Hkkafr&Hkkafr ds o`kksa dks dkVus ijml O;fDr dks tu&lekt ds lek mldk ;g dqdeZcrkrs gq, rhu fnu vkSj rht jkr dsoy ok;qiku djusvkSj vU; dqN u [kkus&ihus ij bl ?kksj vekuqf"kdikideZ ls fuo``fr gksuk crk;k x;k gSA

^^fr;ZX;ksfuo/ka d`Rok Êqekf'NRos r:Ucgwu~Af=jk= ok;qek% LFkkRdeZ p izFk;sUuj%˚

ogh (36] 30)

vkSj] v/keZ ls o`Fkk i'kqvksa dh fgalk djusokyk] ou tykus okyk] ikixzLr iq:"k izk;f'prdjus dk vf/kdkjh gS%

^^o`kn iq=on~o`kkLrkj;fUr ij= pA**ogh 'k- 30

Ωf"k O;kl us bl izdkj ds vusd 'yksdksadh jpuk dh Fkh tks tu leqnk; esa izd`fr&lajk.kds izfr psruk tkxzr djus okys gSa] blls ;g Hkhizrhr gksrk gS fd ml le; euq"; izd`fr ls i;kZIrizse djrs FksA izd`fr ds lajk.k ds fy, lHkhizR;u'khy jgrs Fks] mlds izfr dY;k.k vkSj vfgalkHkko j[krs FksA vk/kqfud dky dh Hkkafr ek= /kuykHk ds fy, gh os gtkjksa yk[kksa o`kksa dh dVkbZ ughadjrs FksA

iqjk.kksa esa i;kZoj.k

Hkkjro"kZ ds lHkh izkphu] vkfndky lsysdj vk/kqfud dky rd fy[ks x;s xzUFkksa esa i;kZoj.klajk.k dh vR;f/kd lkexzh miyC/k gS fdUrq iqjk.kksaesa i;kZoj.k&lajk.k dh /kkj.kk lEiw.kZ :i esa izkIrgksrh gSA /keZ] vfgalk] 'kkfUr iaprRo 'kkfUr]i'kq&ikh ,oa o`k&ouLifr&lajk.k vkSj ;K dh/kkj.kk miyC/k gksrh gSA

ewy iqjk.k 18 gSaA vfXuiqjk.k] dweZ iqjk.k]x:M+ iqjk.k] ukjnh; iqjk.k] in~eiqjk.k] czge iqjk.k]czg~ek.M iqjk.k] czg~eoSorZ iqjk.k] Hkkxor iqjk.k]Hkfo"; iqjk.k] ekdZ.Ms; iqjk.k] eRl; iqjk.k] fo".kqiqjk.k] fyax iqjk.k] okjkg iqjk.k] okeu iqjk.k] f'koiqjk.k] LdUn iqjk.kA

mi&iqjk.k Hkh 18 gh gSaA dweZ iqjk.k esamYys[k gS fd eqfu;ksa us 18 iqjk.kksa dk v/;;u djusds i'pkr~ muds lafkIr laLdj.k :i esa mi iqjk.kcuk, gSA

^^vU;kU;qi iqjk.kfu eqfufHk% dfFkrkfu rqAv"Vkn'k iqjk.kkfu JqRok laksirks ftk%A (dweZiqå

iwoZHkkx (1]16) ;s mi iqjk.k bl izdkj gS%

luRdqekj] u``flag iqjk.k] LdUn iqjk.k]f'ko/keZ iqjk.k] ukjn iqjk.k] dfiy iqjk.k] ekuo iqjk.k]


m'kku iqjk.k] czg~ek.M iqjk.k] o:.k iqjk.k] dkfydkiqjk.k] ekgs'oj iqjk.k] lkEc iqjk.k] lkSj iqjk.k] ijk'kjiqjk.k]ekjhp iqjk.k vkSj HkkxZo iqjk.kA

bl izdkj iqjk.k lkfgR; vfr izkphu rFkkvfr foiqy gSA iqjk.kksa esas i;kZoj.k&lajk.k dh/kkj.kk lEiw.kZ :i ls miyc/k gksrh gSA buesa /keZ]vfgalk] 'kkfUr iaprRo 'kkfUr] i'kq&ikh lajk.k,oa o`k&ouLifr lajk.k ds lkFk gh ;K dh /kkj.kkHkh ikbZ tkrh gSA

Jhen~Hkkoxr iqjk.k esa 'yksd gS%^^; ,oa fol`tsn~ /keZ ikjEi;kZ xrujA

dkeyksHkkn~ Hk;kn~ s"kkr~ l oSukIuksfr 'kksHkue~˚**& Jhen~Hkkxor iqjk.k (10]11)

vFkkZr~ tks euq"; dke] yksHk] Hk; vFkoks"ko'k ijEijkxr /keZ dks NksM+ dj nsrk gSA mldkdeh eaxy ugha gksrkA vfgalk ds fy, dgk x;k gS%

^^vfgalk fujrk Hkw;k|FkkRefu rFkkijs**&in~e iqjk.k (1] 23)

;kfu ekuo dks lnSo vfgalk esa fujr jgukpkfg,A ftl izdkj euq"; dks Lo;a ihM+k gksrh gSoSls gh nwljs dks Hkh ihM+k dk vuqHko gksrk gS] eu esa,slk fopkj j[kuk pkfg,A

^^vfgalkfnij% 'kkUr% lks∑fi cU/k% lqjksŸkeS%Aukjn iqjk.k (1]55)

vFkkZr~ tks vfgalk vkfn /keZ ds xq.kksa esa lnkrRij jgdj 'ke ('kkfUr izHkwfr) dk iw.kZr;k ikyufd;k djrs gSa] mldh nsox.k Hkh iwtk fd;k djrs gSaA

ok;q iqjk.k ,oa eRL; iqjk.k esa mYys[k gS fd,sfgd rFkk ikjykSfdd deksZa dks djus ds fy, bUÊus vU; nsorkvksa ds lkFk tc loZizFke ;K dh izFkkizpfyr dh Fkh] ml le; ;tqosZn ds v/;srk rFkk

gou djusokys Ωf"kx.k i'kqcfy p<+kus dk miÿedj jgs FksA mlh le; ogk° ca/ks gq, i'kqvksa dks ns[kdjΩf"kx.k bUÊ ls dgus yxs fd /keZ dh bPNk ls fd;stkus okys bl ;KdeZ esas i'kqo/k tSls v/keZ deZdjus yxs fd /keZ dh bPNk ls fd;s tkus okys bl;KdeZ esa i'kqo/k tSls v/keZ deZ ugha djuk pkfg,Arc i'kqvksa dh fgalk ;K ls /keZ* dk fouk'k ekukx;k FkkA Ωf"k;ksa us dgk] ^^dgk jktu! osn fofgr/keZ dk vuq"Bku dhft,] fu"iki vkSj fof/kor~ ;Kdhft,A ;Kksa esa fgalk ugha dh tkrhA ;K ÊO; vkSjea=ksa ds kjk liUu gksrk gS vkSj riL;k lHkh thoksa ijleku n`f"V j[kus ls vftZr dh tk ldrh gSA

^^'kkUr;k lq[kle'uqrsA'kkfUrjso izdŸkZO;k dys'kkUuS; ifjR;tsr~˚**

&in~e iqå (1]55)

loZ=sfr ijk 'kkfUrKsZ ;ka∑izfrjFkLrFkkA**&vfXu iqjk- i`- 494 'k- 86

^^iq"i 'kkfUrfoZf'k";rsA**&ogha] i`å 356 'yksd 27

^^ÿrq HkkxanqjkReu% Lo;a'ufryksyqik%Afouk'kk; o;a rs"kka rks; lw;kZfXu ek:rk%A

&ekdZ.Ms; iqå 223 'k- 43] 47

'kkfUr ds fo"k; esa dgk x;k gS fd 'kkfUrHkh ije~ vn~Hkqr lq[k dk lk/ku gksrh gSA blls lq[kdh izkfIr gksrh gSA 'kkfUr dks iw.kZr;k ‚n; esa j[kuk,d fo'ks"k iq.; crk;k x;k gSA

'kkfUr nks izdkj dh gksrh gS & ,d eu dh'kkfUr nwljh izd`fr ds iap&rRoksa dh 'kkfUrA bu iaprRoksa dh 'kkfUr ;K kjk dh tkrh gSA ekdZ.Ma;iqjk.k ls blh fo"k; esa mi;qZDr 'yksd mº`; fd;kx;k gS fd ;K ds fcuk gekjh i`Foh] ty] ok;q] lw;Z]


vkSj vfXu dh r`fIr dk Hkh mik; ugha gSA ;KHkkxnsdj gh euq"; mUgsa r`Ir djrs gSa vFkkZr~ 'kkUr djrsgSaA tks ;KHkkx dks Lo;a [kk tkrs gSa] muds fouk'kFkZ;g rRo nwf"kr gks tkrs gSaA

eRL; iqjk.k esa lHkh izdkj dh 'kkfUr;ksa dko.kZu fd;k x;k gS & vkdk'kh;] i`Foh lEcU/kh]egksRikr vk tkus ij] vfro`f"V ,oa vuko`f"V dsdqvolj ij oS".koh 'kkfUr djus dh /kkj.kkmiyC/k gksrh gSA lkFk gh i;kZoj.k dks 'kqº j[kus dsfy, fuR; fu;e ls gou djus dh /kkj.kk nh xbZ gSftlds djus ls LoxZ dh izkfIr gksrh gSA

(eRL; iqå i` 627] f'ko iqjk.k (11]38)

i'kq&ikh&lajk.k cuk, j[kus ds fy, iqjk.kksa esaujd ds fo'ks"k d"Vksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] tSls%

tks i'kqvksa dks cqjh rjg ls ekjrs gSa ,oa e`x;kdjrs gSa og lc ujd xeu djus okys gksrs gSa vkSj;enwr mudks y; cukdj iki ls ekjrk gS %

--- e`x;k fogkjk vrhFksZ p e`xfUu/ufUr laijsrkyy; Hkwrku ;e iq:'kk b"kqfHkfoZ/;fUrA

(Jhen~Hkkx- iqjk.k 11]24)

tks iq:"k xk; dk o/k djrs gSa] os ik°p dYird ujd dh ?kksj ;krukvksa dks >syrs gSaA

^^;ks gfUr&xkS&Al pkfi ;krKk lokZ HkqDrs dYis"kq i¥plq˚

&ukjn iqjk.k (1&76)

;fn dk"B] ik"kk.k] 'kL= ls xk; dh e`R;qgks tk, rks 'kkL= esa muds fy, fHkUu&fHkUu izk;f'prdjus ds fy, dgk x;k gSA

izk;f'par Le`ra r='kL=s 'kkL=s fux|rsA(ogha i`å 297 'k- 45)

ekal [kkus okys ikh&i'kqvksa dh gR;k djusij nw/k nsus okyh xk; dk nku djuk pkfg,A ekl u[kkus okys i'kqvksa dk o/k djus ij cfN;k dk nkudjus dk o.kZu gS%

^^ÿkO;kokLrq e`xku~ gRok /ksuqa n|kr i;fLouhe~AvÿO;knku ------ dweZ iq- (32]55)

vfLFk;qDr izk.kh dh gR;k djus ij czk„.kdks dqN nku nsuk pkfg,A vfLFk jfgr izk.kh dh fgalkdjus ij izk.kk;ke ls 'kqfº gksus dh miyC/krk gksrh gS %

fdf¥pnso rq foizk; n|knfLFkerk o/ksAvuLFuka pSo fglk;ka izk.kk;kesu ;q/;fr˚**

(dweZ iqjk.k ('k- 56)

ml le; i;kZoj.k lajk.k ds fu;e brusiDds Fks fd ;s dsoy fn[kkus ds fy, gh ugha cuk;sx;s Fks oju~ bu ij dBksjrk ls vey Hkh fd;k tkrkFkk] leLr lekt dks bu fu;eksa ds fo"k; esa KkrFkkA /kkj.kk cuk, j[kus ds fy, izk;f'pr ds :iifk;ksa dk Hkk.k djusokys O;fDr dks 12 fnu dkmiokl ,oa ,d ekl rd xksew= esa iDdk gqvk ;kod[kkdj ml O;fDr dh 'kqfº gksuk ekuk tkrk Fkk %

^^cda pSu cykda p gal dj.Mo rFkkApÿokda Iyo tX/ok kn'kkge Hkkstue~ **

(ogha i`å 383 'ka˚)

diksr fVfVVea pSo 'kqÿaa lkjleso pAmywda ---- p tX/ok∑I;srn~ ozra pjsr~A

(ogh 'k- (12&13)

xkses=;kodkgkjh eklsuSdsu 'kqº;frA(ogha 'yksd (14)

ok ouLifr&lajk.k dh /kkj.kk cuk, j[kusds fy, iqjk.kksa us bl izdkj o.kZu fd;k gS fd tks


dksbZ O;fdr ou esa o`kksa dks yxkrk gS] og O;rhrgq, rFkk vkxs vkus okys leLr fir`&oa'kksa dk mkjdj nsrk gSA blfy, o`kkjksi.k vo'; djuk pkfg,%

^^vrhrkukxrkUloZfUir` 'kkLrq rkj;sr~AdkUrkjs o`kjkih l:rLekn o`kkLrq jkSi;srq

(f'ko iq- (11] 17)

yksd esa iqf"ir rFkk Qfyr o`k euq";ksa dksiw.kZ ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd r`fIr iznku fd;k djrsgSa] blfy, os bl yksd rFkk ijyksd esa /keZ ds iq=dgs tkrs gS %

iqf"irk% Qyor'p riZ;rhgekukuAbg yksds ijs pSo iq=kLrS /keZr% Le`r%˚

& f'ko iqjk.k (11] 29)

tks O;fDr O;FkZ gh o`kksa dks dkVrk gS og^vfli= ou* uked ujd esa tkrk gS%

^^vfli= ou ;kfr o`kPNsnh o`Fko ;%Akqjezdk ekx O;k/kk okgy Tokys ifrrkrs%˚**

&ogha 'k- 18

ouLifr;ksa ds fo"k; Hkh iqjk.kdky esa psrukikbZ tkrh gSA x:M+ iqjk.k ds vuqlkj fo"kHk taxyksads i=ksa dks O;FkZ gh rksM+ Mkyuk Hkh miikrd gSAr`i] xqYeyrk cYyh ds Rod~ dk grkZ ;k guu djusokyk ekuo tM+ vkSj o`k dh ;ksfu esa tkrk gS%

^^fo"kekj.;i=k [kxka lrra----AA** ogha 'k-9^^r`i xqYeyrk cYyh Rodgk p rBrka cztsr~A**

x:M+ iq- mŸkjkbZ [k.M 21-32

osnksa esa i`Foh vkSj Hkwfe dh efgek dk o.kZufd;k x;k gSA Hkwfe dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgk x;k gSfd egku~&leqÊ vkSj feV~Vh ls cuh bl i`Foh dks ghleLr txr~ dks cukus okys ijes'oj us l`f"V dsfufer pqukA bl Hkwfe ds kjk gh xzh"e Ωrq] o"kkZ]

gsear] f'kf'kj vkSj clUr Ωrq,° cuhaA o"kZ vkSj fnujkr cus %

^^;keUoSPNn~?kfo"kk fo'odekZUrj.kkZos jtkflizfo"Vke~A**

^^xzh"eLrs Hkwes o"kkZf.k 'kjºseUr% f'kf'kjks olUr%A

¦ΩroLrs fofgrk gk;uh gksjk=s i`fFkoh uksn`gkrke~˚**

ogha 'k- (36)

lw;Z vkSj pUÊ ftls nksuksa ekik djrs gSaAO;kid ijekRek ftlesa ukuk izdkj dh l`f"V mRiUudjrk gS] ml Hkwfe ij dkyh jkr dk va/kdkj] ykylw;Z dk izdk'k vkSj fnu&jkr ijLij feys gq, gS lnklEcº jgrs gSaA ;g fo'kky i`Foh o"kkZ ds ty ls<+dh gqbZ] dY;k.k vkSj lq[k dkfj.kh yeh dh HkkafrlEiUu gS%

^^;kef'oukofeekrk fo".kq;ZL;ka fopÿesaA**ogha 'yksd (10)

^^;L;ka d`".kkae d:.kka p lfgrs vgksjkps fofgrsHkwE;kef/k o"ksZ.kka Hkwfe% i`fFkoh o`rko`rk lk uks n?kkrq

Hkzn;k fiz;s /kkefu /kkfefuA**ogha- 'k- (53)

;g i`Foh gh lc cgqewY; /ku&laifŸk;ksa dk[ktkuk gSA fiNyh [kkuksa ds Hkhrj ukuk izdkj dscgqewY; inkFkksZa dks /kkj.k djrh gqbZ i`Foh ?kkrq&:i/ku iznku djrh gqbZ leLr lalkj dks vius ≈ijclkrh gS%

^^fo'oaHkjk olq/kkuh izfr"Bk fgj.;okk txrksfuos'kuhA**

vFkoZosn lafgrk (12]1]2]4)

vkxs fy[kk gS] ;g Hkwfe o`k vkSj ukuk izdkj


ds oh;ksZa okyh vkS"kf/k;ksa ,oa ouLifr;ksa dks /kkj.kdjrh gS%

^^ukukoh;kZ vkS"k/kh;ka foHkfrZ ifFkoh u% izFkrka jk/;rkaA**ogha 'k- (2)

blh dkj.k i`Foh gh xkSvksa] ?kksM+ksa vkSj ifk;ksadk fo'ks"k:i ls jgus dk LFkku % ^^xoke'okukaD;l'p fo"BkHkax o/kZ% i`fFkoh uks n/kkrqA**

ogha- 'k- (5)

blh dkj.k i`Foh gh xkSvksa] ?kksM+ksa vkSj ifk;ksadk fo'ks"k:i ls jgus dk LFkku gS% ^^xoke'okukao;l'p fo"BkHkxa o/kZ% i`fFkoh uks n/kkrqA**

ogha- 'k- (5)

osnksa us i`Foh dh efgek ds fo"k; eas vkSj Hkho.kZu fd;k gSA i`Foh gh ,d= gksus ds fy, ,dcgqr cM+k Hkou gSA bldk osx] dEiu ,oe~ lapkyuHkh cgqr cM+k gS D;ksafd i`Foh egku lR;] Hk;dkjhlR;koLFkk] dk;Z djus dk n`<+ ladYi] riL;k] osndk Kku vkSj ;K inkFkZ leLr dks /kkj.k djrh gSAblls ;g i`Foh gekjh xqtjs gq, dkeksa vkSj Hkfo"; esagksus okys dk;ksZa dh Lokfeuh curh gSA bl Hkwfe ijleLr rRoksa (i`Foh] ty] ok;q] vkdk'k ds lkkkRdkjdjus okys eU=Ê"Vk Ωf"kx.k ;K] lr~ vkSj ri dslkFk lEiUu ladj osn okf.k;ksa dk mPpkj.k djrs gS%

^^egr~ l/kLFka egrh cHkwfoFk egku osx jtFkqosZiFkqLVsA**&vFkoZosn lafg (12]1]13]18)

^^lR;a c`greqxza nhkks] riks cz„;K% i`fFkoh/kkj;fUrA

lk uks HkwrL; HkO;L; iY;qa: yksda i`fFkoh u%d`.kksrqA**

&ogha 'k- 1

bldk vfHkizk; ;g gqvk fd gekjh HkwfelR; ij Bgjh gqbZ gS vFkkZr~ izkd`frd fu;eksas ij fVdhgS vkSj izkd`frd fu;eksa ij pyuk gh riL;k gS vkSjizd`fr ds foKku dk Kku gksuk osn dk Kku gS vFkkZr~mldk fÿ;k:i (;K:i) inkFkZ gh leLr i`Fohdks /kkj.k djrs gSaA blls leLr i`Foh dk i;kZoj.kh;larqyu curk gSA

blhfy, gekjh laLdfr esa iFoh dks deZ&Hkwfedgk x;k gSA og Hkwfe ftl /ku dh ge dkeuk djrsgSa mls gesa iznku djrh gS%

^^lk uksHkwfejkfn'krq ;ºua dke;kegsA**&ogha 'k- (40)

Hkwfe ij gh izd`fr rRoksa dk larqyu curkgSA Hkwfe ds fy, dgk x;k gS fd ukuk izdkj lsifo= djus okyh] lc dqN lgu djus okyh]cydkjh&iqf"Vdkjh vUu ds va'k vkfn inkFkksZa dks/kkj.k djus okyh rqe ij gs Hkwfe! ge fuokl djsaA

^^foHk`Xojha i`fFkohek onkfe keka Hkwfe cz„.kkaokr`/kkuke~A

≈tZ iq"V foHkzrheUuHkkxa ?k`ra ykfHk fu"khnse Hkwes&vFk- os- lfgrk (12]1]29)

mi;qZDr 'yksd ,oa o.kZu ls i`Foh dk egRoLi"V gks tkrk gSA izkphu dky esas Hkwfe iznwf"kr gksusds dkj.k ugha FksA ml le; tula[;k cgqr gh deFkhA ml le; yksx d`f=e oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx ughadjrs FksA os izd`fr ls lh/ks laidZ j[krs FksA vFkkZr~ osizkd`frd oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx djrs FksA fQj Hkh mlle; esa Hkwfe lajk.k ds fy, Ωf"k eqfu;ksa us blfo"k; ij xzUFkksa esa dkQh fy[kk gSA

izkphu dky ls gh Hkwfe dks nsoh ekrk ekudjml ij gksus okys vR;kpkj vkSj ikiksa ls cpus ds


fy, i`Foh ls izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS fd i`Foh ij vklhuleLr inkFkZ ifo= jgsa %

^^vipkjs.k ukjk;.kkeqilxZ% iki l¥p;kn~HkofrAla lwp;fUr fnO;kUrfjkHkkSekLr mRikrk%˚**

&o`gRlafgrk (mRik/;k; 'k- 2)^î`fFkoh u% ikfFkZokR;k------A**

e- 10 l~- 53

^^luk fo'ok fnoks olwrs] izkFkZR;k vkf/kA**&lkeosn lafgå mŸkjkfpZ ds (5]19]4)

vkSj i`Foh fdlh izdkj ds iznw"k.k ;k fo"kls nwf"kr u gksA cgqr ls inkFkZ izkIr djkus okyh Hkwfegesa vUu vkSj ty ls 'kkfUrnk;d gks%

^^'ka o% ≈:ph Hkorq Lo/kkfHk%A**&Ωosn lafgrk (VII e ;`- 7141]3]3]35)

osnksa esa of.kZr gS fd i`Foh dh /kwfy vkSji`Foh ij cls ;g leLr yksd Hkh e/kqj xq.k ls ;qDrlq[k] vkjksX; vkSj cy dkjd gksaA izkf.k;ksa ds clusds LFkku :i i`Foh 'kkfUrnk;d gksA

^ê/kquDreqrks"klks e/kqeRikfFkZo jt%A**ΩXosn la- i`- 542

'k uks olqfHk%-----A** ΩXosn la- i`"B 735

izkphudky esa Hkwfe iznwf"kr gksus ds dkj.kugha Fks blfy, Ωf"k;ksa us 'kkSp vkSj ifo=rk ijvf/kd cy fn;k ftls lekt us Lohdkj Hkh fd;kAHkwfe ij fdlh izdkj dk iznw"k.k mRiUu u gksmlds fuokj.k ds fy, mik; ,oa izk;f'pr Hkhcrk,A blds lkFk gh Hkfo"; esa gksus okys mRikrksads fo"k; esa nwjn`f"V j[kus okys Ωf"k;ksa us euq";dks Hkfo";ok.kh :i esa lpsr fd;k gSA

izkphudky esa lnkpkj dk vf/kd egRoFkk blfy, Ωf"k;ksa us lnkpkj ij Hkh cy fn;k gSA

iqjk.kksa esa vkpkj dh efgek dk fo'kn~ o.kZu fd;kx;k gSA cz„k th us ukjn ls dgk%

gs ukjn! vkpkj ls euq"; dks lq[k izkIrgksrk gSA vkpkj cqjs yk.kksa dk uk'k dj nsrk gSA tksiq#"k vkpkj ls ghu gksrk gS og yksd fufUnr gks tkrkgSA vkpkj 'kwU; iq#"k dks loZnk nq%[k gh nq%[k HkksxusiM+rs gSa vkSj og jksxh rFkk NksVh vk;q okyk Hkh gkstkrk gSA tks euq"; bu lnkpkj vkfn ds yk.kksa dksLo;a Jo.k djrk gS ;k nwljksa dks djk;k djrk gS ogvkpkj vkfn dk lEiw.kZ Qy izkIr djrk gSA ogikiksa ls NqVdkjk ikdj ije 'kqº gks tkrk gSA LoxZls mldh P;qfr ugha gksrh] vFkkZr og d"V ugha HkksxrkAin~e iqjk.k esa vkpkj dk loZizFke vax 'kqfº vkSj'kqfprk crk;k gSA 'kqºrk vkSj ifo=rk dsoyO;fDrxr n`f"V ls gh ugha tkuh pkfg,A mlesalkekftd dks lfEefyr djuk vko';d gS%

vkpkjk°YyHkrs vk;qjkpkjkYyHkrs lq[ke~AvkpkjkRLoxsZekska p vkpkjks gY;k.k e~AA**

'k- 2 in~eiqjk.k (iz- [k.M] i`- 37)

[k) ^^vukpkjks fgiq:"kks yksds Hkofr fufUnr%Anq%[kHkkxh p lrra O;kf/krks∑Yik;qjso pAA**^^Jko;sPN™.kq ;kkfi lnkpkjkfn dVaju%A

vkpkjkns% Qya yC/ok ikir~iwrks∑P;qrkSfnfoAAogh i`- 380 'k- 59

blhfy, ge iqjk.kksa esa ;g vkns'k ikrs gSa fdvius 'kjhj ds ey dk R;kx ufn;ksa ds rV ij] leqÊds rhj ij] ;K o`k ds ewy esa] ckx cxhpksa esa Hkze.kds mi;qDr jE; LFkkuksa esa rFkk lkoZtfud ekxZ dsfudV xzke] fuokl LFkku] rhFkZ] twrs gq, Hkw&Hkkxksa esavkSj xk;ksa ds fLFkr gksus ds LFkku esa ugha djuk pkfg,A

d) ^ûnhuka izrhjs iR;q'p lfjrka rFkkA;Ko`kL; ewys p m|kus iq"iokfVdsAA**

i`- 513&in~e iqjk.k izFke [k.M


[k) ^^'kjhjL; eyR;kax u dq;kZTthous rFkkAjE;s jktgFks"kq pA**

ogh 'k&21] i`"B 374

x) ^^xzke olFk rhFkkZuka ks=k.kka psr~ oReZfuAu fo.Hkw=euquq"Bs;a u p œ"Vs u xksoztsAA**

czg~eiqjk.k] frh; [k.M i`- 280

?k) ^^u Qky d`"Vs Hkw Hkkxs u jF;klsoHkwrysAA**LdUn iqjk.k i`"B 459 czge [k.M 540

bl izdkj gesa ml le; dh ukxfjdrk vkSjlkekftdrk dh Hkkouk dk izek.k feyrk gSA LdUniqjk.k ds vuqlkj Jqfr vkSj Le`fr esa tks of.kZr gS] mlhvkpkj dks ekuuk pkfg,A

^^JqfrLe`frE;keqfnr ,os"kq pdeZlqAA**LdUn iqjk.k czg~e [k.M i`- 453 'kyksd 14

f'koiqjk.k ds vuqlkj tks fu;eksa vkSj lnkpkjksaesa rRij djrs gSa ;fn dHkh vKkuo'k fxj tkrs gSa rks,sls yksxksa dks vusd izdkj ds izk;f'prksa kjk xq# ghf'kkk ns fn;k djrs gSa%

^^fu;ekpkj;qDrkDrkuka izeknkRL[kfyrkReuke~Aizk;f'pr xq#% 'kkLrk----AA**

f'koiqjk.k (11] 55)

Jh 'kqdnso th ijhfkr dks dfy;qx esa gksusokys dkj.kksa&mRikrksa ds fo"k; esa crkrs gS--- le;cM+k cyoku gS] T;ksa T;ksa ?kksj dfy;qx vkrk tk;sxk]R;ksa&R;ksa /keZ] lR;] ifo=rk] kek] n;k] vk;q] cy]vkSj Lej.k 'kfDr dk yksi gksrk tk;sxkA ftldsgkFk esa 'kfDr gksxh ogh /keZ vkSj U;k; dh O;oLFkkvius vuqdwy djk ldsxkA

blds vfrfjDr v/keZ vkSj vlR; Hkk"k.k esa:fp j[kus okys gksaxsAx`gLFk gou u djus okys gksaxsA

d) ^^rr'pkuqfnua /keZ% 'kkSpa kekn;%Adkysu cfyuk jktu~ u≥~k;R;knqcZya Le`frAA**Jhen~ Hkkxor iqjk.k kn'k LdU/k i`"B 907

[k) ^^/keZ U;k; O;oLFkk;ka dkj.k cyeso fgA**ogh] 'yksd&2

^^loZ dkyeu`rk/keZ:p;%A**

fo".kq iq- va'k v-A 353- 'k- 32

bl izdkj fu;eksa vkSj vkpkj ds Hkax gksusij le; ij o"kkZ ugha gksxh] lw[kk iM+ tk;sxk] ftllsdHkh dM+kds dh lnhZ rks dHkh ikyk] vk°/kh] xehZvkSj dHkh ck<+ vk tk;sxhA bu mRikrksa ls iztkvR;Ur ihfM+r gksxh vkSj u"V gks tk;sxhA

^^vuko`"V;k fouM+k;fUr nqfeZ---'kfrokrri izko`M+fgeSjU;ksU;r% iztk%AA**

Jhen~ Hkkxor iq- (12] 2] 10)

^^≈"kjk cgqyk Hkwfe% iUFkkuLrLdjko`rkAAcz„ iq- (11] 20] 47)

iqjk.kksa esa vifo= Hkwfe&Hkkx dh 'kqfº dko.kZu vusd izdkj ls fd;k x;k gSA vifo= Hkwfedh feV~Vh ≈ij ls [kksndj vyx dj nsus ls Hkwfeij dk"B] Qw°l vkfn Mkydj tyk nsus ls] xkse;vkfn yhius ls] /kkou vkSj es?k kjk o`f"V gks tkus ijves/; Hkwfe 'kqº gks tkrh gSA cz„iqjk.k ds vuqlkjHkwfe dh 'kqfº nkg&ektZu (cqgkjh yxkuk) vkSj xkSvksads cSBus ls gks tk;k djrh gSA

'kqºrk dk loZizFke vk/kkj dk vax xkse;ls miysiu djuk crk;k x;k gSA xkscj ls fufeZrHkLe vkXus; dgh xbZ gSA

d) ^^[kuuk·‚ukPpSo miys;/kkoukr~AitZU;o"k.kkPpSo Hkwjes/;k fo'kq/;frAA**

ineiqjk.k (1] 8)


[k) ysiknqYys[k ukRlsdkn lektZukfnukA**ogh- 'k- 123

^^xkse;su x`gfuR;a izdq;kZnqiysiue~A**ine~ iqjk.k (1&5)

^^vkXus;eqP;rs HkLe nX/kxkSe;laoee~A**f'koiqjk.k (1&6)

^^;Fkk jfo% Lofdj.kkn'kqfºeius";frAAogh 'k- 45

vkjEHk esa Hkwfe ij pkj gkFk dk e.Micukdj iqjk.kksa esa Hkwfe dk i;kZoj.k 'kqº j[kus dsfy, izkr% vkSj lk;a dky mls xU/kkkrkfn lslqxfU/kr djus ds fy, dgk x;k gSA Hkwfe dh 'kqfºizkœfrd :i ls Hkh gks tkrh gSA f'ko iqjk.k dsvuqlkj lw;Z viuh jf'e;ksa ds kjk vifo=rk dksu"V dj nsrk gSA

iqjk.kdkjksa us Hkwfe 'kqº j[kus ds fy, buLFkkuksa ij ey&ew= bR;kfn djuk oftZr fd;k gS&xkS'kkyk] vfXudqaM] xyh dh jkg] o`kksa dh Nk;k dkLFkku] ioZr f'k[kj] fuokl LFkku] HkLe] 'e'kku vkSjgfj?kklA th.kZ nsoh ds LFkku ij] l.kZ dh ck°oh esarFkk ,sls Hkwxrks± esa ftuesa tUrq fuokl djrs gks ey&ew=esa] vlj Hkwfe ,oa tqrs gq, [ksr esa eyew= djukvuqfpr ekuk x;k gS%

^êw=L; foltZue~A

Nk;k% xks"Bs pSO;kH;% ihFk HkjelqAA

'e'kkus o fo.ew=a u lekpjsrA u xkse;s uegko`k;s∑Fk 'kkySAA

u th.kZnsok;rus oYehds u dnkpuAAr"kkM+xkjd;kys"kq jktekxsZ rFkSo pAAu ks=s u fcys okfi u rhFksZ u prq"iFksA

uks|kus∑ika lehis uxjk'k;sAA**in~e iqjk.k f- [k- i- 85 'k- 30] 31] 32] 33] 34

^^xzkekkol;rhFkkZukaks=k.kka pSooReZfuAAu ew=eeqfr"Bsru œ"Vsu;xks oztsAA**

^û ekxkZnks&ohF;ka lr`.kk;ka lnk∑∑pjsr~AAvfXuiqjk.k&i`- 285 'k- 2

ftl izdkj iqjk.k ;qx ds Ωf"k eqfu;ksa usvius Kku pkqvksa ls vkxkeh le; ds fy, i;kZoj.kiznwf"kr u djus dh psruk nh gSA vkt orZeku le;esa Hkh œfrdkjksa us vusd 'kks/kksa ds fy, Hkwfe ijxanxh u Mkysa] LFkku&LFkku ij u Fkwdsa ,oa lkoZtfudLFkku ij ey&ew= R;kxuk oftZr gSA ?kjksa ds vif'k"VinkFkZ] xank ikuh o ey&ew= fu"iknu ds ;qfDrlaxrmik; djus dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

iqjk.kksa esa ty&lajk.k

vkikSukjkbfr izksDrk vkikS oS ujlwuo%AekdZ.Ms; iqjk.k (44-5)

izœfr ds ik°p rRoksa esa (ty) rRo dkegRo lokZf/kd gS D;ksafd ty gh thou gS] bldsfcuk dksbZ Hkh tho thfor ugha jg ldrkA

ekdZ.Ms; iqjk.k esa dgk x;k gS fd ty dksûkjk* dgrs gSa D;ksafd og uj dh larku gSA ûj*ijekRek dk vkJ; LFky gSA izy;dky esa ukjk* ghml lukru ijekRek dk vkJ; FkkA blfy, tydks lc ifo= inkFkks± esa ifo=e ekuk x;k gSA

f'koiqjk.k dh mek lafgrk esa luRdqekj us^ty* ds nku dks leLr nkuksa esa loZJs"B nku dgkgSA ;g leLr thoksa dks lnSo iw.kZ rÌr djus okyk gSvkSj thoksa dks thounku nsus okyk gS%&

ikih;nku ije nkuk ukeqke lnkAlosZ"kk tho"kq tku riZ.k thou Le`reAA

f'koiqjk.k meklafgrk (2]1)


blh esa vxyk 'yksd gS%

prqfoZ/kkuk Hkwrkuka rMkx% ijke|;%Ansok euq";k xU/kokZ% firjks ukxjkl%A

LFkkojkf.k pHkwrkfu laJ;fr tyk'k;e~AAf'koiqjk.k mek lafgrk (2] 10&13)

vFkkZr blhfy, nso] euq"; xU/koZ] firj]jkkl] LFkkoj izk.kh vkfn lc tyk'k; dks gh vkJecuk;k djrs gSaA lafgrk ds vuqlkj œf=e ;k vœf=ety ds lehi nsork fogkj djus tkr gS%

^ûnh------- fudkZjks.kkUr Hkwfe"kqAjeUrs nsork fuR;------AA**

o``g- la- v- izklk 'k-&8

izkphu dky esa tula[;k vf/kd u gksus dsdkj.k ty iznwf"kr gksus ds dkj.k ugha Fks] fQj Hkhv'kkSp ds dkj.k ty iznwf"kr gks ldrk Fkk blfy,ty esa fdlh izdkj dk fodkj mRiUu u gks] Ωf"keqfu;ksa us euq";ksa ds kjk gksus okys mRikrksa lsty&iznw"k.k ,oa lajk.k ds fo"k; esa o.kZu fd;k gSAf'ko iqjk.k lafgrk] mek] (2] 5] 6) ds vuqlkj tydks vifo= djuk] ljksoj vkSj rhFkZLFky foÿ; djnsuk] rkykc] dwi rFkk fdlh Hkh tyk'k; vkSj jlksadk Hksnu djuk miikrd gSA

ty&lajk.k dh /kkj.kk cuk, j[kus ds fy,iqjk.kksa esa ty ds nwf"kr gksus ij ;krukvksa dk Hk; ,oaiki yxus dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS%&

^^tys&okfi ;LR;tsnsgt eye~AHkzw.k gR;kleiki lizkVuksR;fr nk:.kAA**

ukjn iqjk.k [k- iz- (322] 102)

ckoM+h rFkk dwi dks tks rksM+rs gSa ;k ljksojdks u"V djrs gSa] os izy;&dky rd ujd dh vfXuesa iM+s jgrs gSaA ty LFkkuksa dk esnu ;k u"V gksus ij

ty vHkko ds dkj.k ujd dh vfXu esa iM+us dsleku gSA tyk'k; esa ey dk R;kx djuk Hkzw.k gR;k,oa iki djus ds leku crk;k x;k gSA nkar] gM~Mh]ds'k] uk[kwu vkSj mfPN"V vUu dks tks tks ty esaMky nsrs gSa] e`R;q ds i'pkr~ mUgsa ujd esa nk:.k;kruk nh tkrh gSaA fuEu 'yksd ns[ksa%

^^nUrkLds'ku[kjkU;s R;tUR;e-----Atys ok HkqDr'ks"k p rs"kka ikiQy 'k`.kqAAizklizksrk gyS fHkZUuk vŸkZjko fojkfo.k%A

vR;q".k rSy ikds∑frrI;Urs e`'knk:.kksaAA**ukjn iq- (103)

okeu iqjk.k ds vuqlkj tks iq:"k ty esafo"Bk] dQ vkSj ew= dk foltZu fd;k djrs gSa] mUgsanqxZU/k ls ;qDr ujd esa Mky fn;k tkrk gS%&

^êw='ys"e iqjh"kkf.k ;s#Rl`"Vkfu okfjf.kArs ikR;rs p fo.eq=s nqxZU/ks 'k;'kfjrsAA**

okeu iqjk.k (1] 32)

izkphu dky esa ftudkj.kksa ls ty nwf"kr gksldrk Fkk Ωf"k eqfu;ksa us mUgsa viuh nwj n`f"V lsnq[krs gq,] ty ljak.k ds fy, nwf"kr Hkkouk dks nwjdjus ds fy, lpsr fd;k gS& Qsu jfgr] xU/kjfgr]LoPN vkSj ifo= ty ysdj vkpeu djsa%&

^^vQsukfHkjxU/kkfHkjnfHkLPNkfHkjknjkrAA**dweZ-iq- 330] 38

tks ckoM+h] dwi vkSj rM+kxksa dk fo?oal djnsrs gSa mudh nsg ls peM+s dks i`Fkd~ djds ujd esaMky fn;k tkrk gS%&

^ôkih dwi rMkxka'p Hk≥~DRok fo?oal;fUr;sAA**ok-iq- (1] 23)

czge~ iqjk.k ds vuqlkj ty esa ew= vkSj eSFkqudjuk oftZr fd;k x;k gS ,oa ey&ew= ij fLFkr


gksuk fu"ks/k fd;k x;k gS%

d) ^ûIlqew=a iqjh"ka ok eSFkqu oklekpjsrkA**czgeiqjk.k (2]14)

[k) ^ûkf/kfr"BPNdUew=s----A** vkfXu iqjk.k (1] 2)

Ωf"keqfu;ksa us izkphu dky esa gksus okys tyiznw"k.k ds fo"k; esa o.kZu djus ds lkFk gh efo";rdky esa gkus okys iznw"k.k dk Hkh ladsr fn;k gSAeuq";ksa dh o`fŸk dk Kku ;qxksa ds vk/kkj ij gh tkstkrk gSA œr ;qx lRoxq.k laiUu gksrk gSA =srkjtks&xq.k&:i gksrk gS] kij jtksxq.k vkSj reksxq.k:i ,oa dfy;qx reksxq.k :i gksrk gS%&

^^lRoa œra jtL=srk kija pjtLre%AdfyLre'p foKs;a ;qxofŸk;qZxs"kq pA** fy-iq- (1] 6)

dy;qx esa mRiUu gksus okyh iztk dh cqjh&cqjhHkkouk,a gksrh gSA] nwf"kr v/;;u djrs gSa rFkk nks"k;qDrKku okys gksrs gS%

nqfj"VS/khrs'p nqjkpkjS nqZjkxeS%Auk/kh;Urs rnk osnkUr;tkfr ftkt;%AA**

(265] 4) fyaxiqjk.k

ftkfr yksx u rks osnksa dk v/;;u fd;kdjrs gSa vkSj u ;K djrs gSaA** uk/kh;Urs lnk osnkUr;tkfr ftkt;%AA** ogh (5)

dfy;qx eas tc ,slh voLFkk gksrh gS rkses?kfp=o"khZ vFkkZr dgha&dgha ij lqo`f"V djrs gSa&fp=o"khZ rFkk nsoh ;nk izkgq;Z=k;e~AA

o"kkZ u gksus ls iztk lnSo Hkw[kksa ejus ds Hk;ls vkÿkUr jgrh gS vkSj o"kkZ gksus dh izrhkk djrhjgrh gSA vuko`f"V gksus ij vfr nqf[kr gksrs gq, turkvius izk.k R;kx nsrh gS vFkok og LFkku NksM+ djdgh nwj pys tkrs gSa%&

^^vuko`f"V Hk;kRizk;% iztk% kqne; dkrjkAefu";fr rnk lokZ xxuklDrn`"V;%AA

czg~e iqjk.k (2] 24] 25)

Ωf"k eqfu;ksa us dy;qx ds fo"k; esa tksHkfo";ok.kh dh Fkh og ,dne lR; flº gqbZ gSAizkœfrd rRoksa dks nwf"kr djds ekuo us Hkfo";dks ladV esa Mky fn;k gSA tu la[;k o`fº dsdkj.k ;g ladV mRiUu gqvk gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZu esaik°p ewyHkwr rRoksa esa ok;q ds i'pkr~ ty gh izeq[krRo ekuk x;k gSA ikSjkf.kd dky esa ty dk cgqregRo FkkA i`Foh ds vfrfjDr ioZr] unh] ou vkSjleqÊ vkfn Hkh lEifŸk ds eq[; lk/ku gSA ioZrksa lsufn;ka fudyrh gSa vkSj muls gekjs lHkh dk;Z mlhizdkj gksrs gSa ftl izdkj lafpr /ku ls lHkh dk;Ziw.kZ gksrs gSa%&

^^vFksZH;ks∑fi foo`ºsH;% lEHkwrsH;Lrr%Afÿ;k lokZ% izorZUrs ioZrsH;% bokixkAA**

xq# iqjk.k] i`"B 158

ty lcls vf/kd 'kkUr] dY;k.kdkjd ,oavkS"k/k&:i gSA blfy, ty dks ckj&ckj ueLdkjfd;k x;k gS& os.kq leqÊ dks ueLdkj] lHkh ufn;ksadks ueLdkj%

^^vki%f'kok% f'korek% 'kkUrk% 'kkUrrekLrsœ.oUrq Hkste~A**

^^leqnk; os.kks flU/kwuka ir;s ue%A**

iqjk.kksa esa ty&lajk.k ds fo"k; esa vusdo.kZu miyC/k gksrs gSaA tyk'k;ksa dk fuekZ.k djukvR;f/kd vkuUn nsus okyk gksrk gSA izse ds lkFkI;k≈ yxkdj tynku djus dk o.kZu Hkh feyrk gS%

^îziknkuer% dq;kZ&lqLusgknfuokfjre~AtykJ;fofuekZ.ka egkuUndkj HkosrAA**

f'ko iqjk.k (2] 2)


euq"; dks dwi rFkk ckoM+h dk fuekZ.kvo'; djuk pkfg,A blls bl yksd vkSj ijyksdnksuksa esa fcuk fdlh lansg ds ije vkuUn dh izfIrgksrh gS%&

^^bgyksds ijs okfi lR;au la'k;%ArLekkf'kK dwika';ka p rM+kxkUdkj ;sUuj%AA**

ogh] 'k- 3

^loZ rkj;rs oa'k ;L; 'okrs tyk'k;sAxko% fiofr foizk; lk/ko'p ujk% lnkAA**

ogh- 'k- (6)

vFkkZr ftlds kjk fufeZr >hy ;k ljksoj esa xkS]czk„.k] lk/kq vkSj euq"; lnk ty ihrs gSa] mldk oa'krj tkrk gSA

^^f="kq yksds"kq loZ= iwftrks ;LrMkxoku~A**f'ko iqjk.k] 'k- (7)

blds lkFk gh xzh"edky esa ftldk tyfcuk jksds fLFkr jgrk gS] og fuekZ.k drkZ dHkh ?kksjdfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk ugha djrk gSA

iqjk.kksa esa ok;q&lajk.k

ôk;q* nsok s a dh Hkh vkRek gS vFkk Zr'okl&iz'okl gSA laiw.kZ Hkqou vFkkZr izkf.kek= dk ;ki¥p&egkHkwrksa dk cht:i gSA fnO;'kfDr laiuok;qnsork viuh bPNkuqlkj fopj.k djrk gSA ok;q dkLo:i fdlh dks fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA dsoy ?kks"k ghlqukbZ nsrk gS ,oa 'kCn ls vuqeku fd;k tk ldrk gS%

^^vkRek nsokuka HkqouL; xHkksZ ;Fkk o'ka pfjr nso ,oA?kks"kk bnL; 'kf.kojs u :ia rLeS okrk; gfo"kk fo/kseAA**

rSfr- mifu"kn~ (6] 37)

ok;q 'kkjhfjd xq.kksa dks Hkjrk gSA ?kj esa vejRofuf/k ds leku gSA ;g rhoz osx'kkyh gSA ;g xtZukdjrk gqvk vius ekxZ ls tkrk gSA ;g lkjs Hkqouksa dk

jktk gS vkSj tyksa dk fe= dgk tkrk gSA ok;q dksueLdkj djrs gq, izR;k cz„ dgk x;k gS%&

^^la izsjrs vuq okrL; fo"Bk ,ua xPNfUr leua u ;ks"kk%&rkfHk% lqnkljFka nso bZ;rs∑L; fo'oL; HkqouL; jktkAA**

ΩXosn (10] 168] 2)

^ûeks cz„.ks ueLrs ok;ksA Roeso izR;k cz„kflAA**rSfr- mi- (1&1)

blds fcuk dksbZ Hkh thfor ugha jg ldrkA;fn ty iznwf"kr gks rks u ihus ds dkj.k cp ldrkgS ijUrq dksbZ Hkh iznwf"kr ok;q esa lkal ysus ls ugha cpldrk gS D;ksafd ok;q pkgs tSlh Hkh D;ksa u gks] euq";dks lkal rks ysuh gh iM+rh gSA blfy, cz„k.M dkvf/kdrj Hkkx ok;q gSA

ok;q fdlh Hkh izdkj ls nwf"kr u gks ] mldslajk.k ds fy, Ωf"k;ksa us o.kZu fd;k gS fd ;fneuq"; ds vfou; ls mRikr mRiUu gks rks muds fuokj.kds fy, vFkkZr lajk.k ds fy, jktk 'kkfUr djk,Afopkj ;qDr ok;q dks vUrfjk mRikr dgk tkrk gSAvarfjk mRikr dh 'kkfUr ;K ls gksrh gSA vkgqfr esafn;s x;s inkFkks± dks leLr ok;q ty vkfn inkFkZvkfXu ds kjk izkIr djrs gSa%&

^êuqtkukeipkjknijDrk nsork l`tUR;srkuArRizfr|krk; uì% 'kkfUr jk"V™s iz;q¥tfrAA**

o`gn lafgrk- v] mRikr (258&3)

^îou ifjos"kk%A** enkUrfjk rrAA**ogh] 'yksd (4)

^^'kds; Rok lfe/ka lk/k;k f/k;LRos nsok gfjjnUr;kgqre~AΩXosn lafgrk (6]14]3)

fo".kq/keksZŸkj iqjk.k ds vuqlkj okrkoj.k dks'kqº djus ds fy, /kwi dk /kqvk° djuk pkfg,A tgk°


xqxy/kwi dk okl fd;k tkrk gS ogk° dhM+s] fo"kSystho&tUrq Hkh ugha vkrs ,oa œfe;ksa dk uk'k gkstkrk gS%&

^^/kwiksoklks x`gs gfUr fo"ka LFkkoj t≥~xee~u r= dhVk u fo"kk nqnqZjk u ljhlìk%AA

uk∑U;Pp /kwiks;a ;= ng~;rsA**Jh- fo- ?kks± iq- (2] 26] 16&17)

ekdZ.Ms; iqjk.k ds vuqlkj tks ;KHkkx ughansrs vFkkZr~ i¥prŸoksa ds fufeŸk ;K ugha djrs] ok;qvkfn nso muds fouk'kkFkZ i`Foh dks nwf"kr djrs gSaA

ftl fn'kk esa ok;q py jgh gks ml mjQ'kkSp ugha djuk pkfg,A LdUn iqjk.k ds vuqlkj'kkSp dh nqxZU/k ls okrkoj.k nwf"kr gks tkrk gSA ok;qlajk.k dh /kkj.kk cuk, j[kus ds fy, osn vfXu dkR;kx djus okys dks ujdxkeh crk;k gS] ,oa tks ;Kds fy, dgrk gS] budks dqN Hkh u nks] budks nsus lsD;k ykHk gksrk gS] og ,d lkS tUeksa rd dqŸks dh;ksfu dks Hkksxrk gqvk pk.Mky gksrk gSA%

^^fxfj'k`M~xn/k ikrikR;Urs ;ekfdadjSA**okeu iqjk.k (1&4)

^êk nnLosfr ;ks czw;kUnkokfXuA'kquka ;ks ;ksfu'kra xRok pk.Mkys"kwitk;rsAA**

JhenHkkxor iqå (12&10)

ikSjkf.kd dky esa ok;q&iznw"k.k dh leL;kugha FkhA ml le; Ωf"k eqfu;ksa us Hkfo"; ds fo"k;esa o.kZu fd;k gSA T;ksa&T;ksa dfy;qx dk le; c<+rktk;sxk euq"; /keZ&O;oLFkk ij u pydj izœfr dknksgu djrk jgsxk ftlls dHkh ikyk iM+sxk vkSj dHkhvk°/kh pysxhA bu mRikrksa ls iztk vR;Ur ihfM+rgksdj u"V gks tk;sxh ,oa vf/kd tula[;k gksus ijok;q ds d"V lgus iM+saxsa%&

^^'kfr okrkriiz o`g~ fgeSjU;ksU;r% iztk%A**Jhen~ Hkkxor iq- (12] 10)

^^;Fkk ;Fkk dys?kksj% izpksr fg Hkfo";frA**lkSj iqjk.k (30] 54) (40] 46)

^^ cgqiztkj---- okrs---- Hkfo";fUrAAfo".kq iq- (2&16)

ok;q fdlh izdkj nwf"kr u gks] mlds lajk.kds fy, ,oa ok;q&'kqfº vkSj bZ'oj mikluk ds fy,Ωf"k&eqfu;ksa us ;K dh fof/k viukbZ%&

^^Lokgk ;Ka œ.kksa rusUÊk; tTouksa x`gsA** ΩXosn lafgrk (1] 13] 12)

^^rs izhrk% vLeS b"ke ≈pa fu;PNfUrA**xks- czk- mŸkjek (1&6)

iqjk.kksa esa Hkh ;K dk o.kZu miyC/k gksrk gSAvfXu esa tks vUu dk gou djrk gS] og nso&;Kdgk x;k gS%&

^^vXukS tqgksfr ;PpkUua nso;K bfr Le`r%A**fy- iqjk.k- 'k- 16

?k`r ;qDr gO; ls gou djus dk o.kZu fd;kx;k gSA ?k`r u gks rks ngh&nw/k ls ;qDr inkFkZ kjkdjsaA ;fn budk Hkh vHkko gks rks ty fefJr inkFkZls gh djsaA bu o.kZuksa ls iqjk.kksa esa vfXu gkse djukvfuok;Z yxrk gS%&

^êgk;qºa egko"kZ egkokra egkri% Hkfo";Urs ;qxskh.ks rRd"kk;L; yk.ke~AA**

czg~e iqjk.k (2] 55)

fyax iqjk.k ds vuqlkj lw;Z T;ksfr gS vr%izkr% dky esa lw;Z ds mfnr gksus ij gou djuk pfg,D;ksafd izkr% dky esa lw;Z dh fdj.kksa esa rst gksrk gSAlw;Z dh fdj.kksa dk /kjrh ij iM+us ls ,oa vfXugkse


ds /kq,° ds lEidZ ls mudk rst vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gSftlls œfe;ksa dk uk'k gksrk gS%

^^T;ksfr lw;Z bfr izkr tqZgq;knqfnrs ;r%A**fyax iqjk.k ('k- 35)

ikSjkf.kd dky esa okrkoj.k 'kqº Fkk blfy,Ωf"k&eqfu;ksa us ok;q dh 'kqºrk ds fo"k; esa vf/kdfy[kk gSA lkFk gh mUgksaus Hkfo"; esa tula[;k o`fºgksus ij mRiUu iznw"k.k ds izfr euq"; dks lkopsrdjuk pkgk gSA mUgsa iwokZHkkl Fkk fd dfy;qx esao.kkZJe rFkk vkpkj&fopkj dh izo`fŸk euq"; esa ughajgsxh ,oa og vfXugks= fÿ;kvksa dks Hkh ugha djsxkAlHkh yksx viuh LokFkZ flfº ds fy, ukuk izpkj dsm|ksxksa esa layXu jgus yxsaxs%

^êgk;qºa egko"kZ egkokr egkri% HkfO';Urs Jh.ksrRd"kk;L; yk.ke~AA** czge iqå i`å 251 o"kkZΩrq esa dBksj&uhp vkSj 'kdZjk vFkkZr ?kwfy ls ;qDro"kkZ djus okyh ok;q pysxhA

^ô"kkZlq iq#"kk okrk uhpk% 'kdZjof"kZ%Aczg~e iqjk.k (2] 55)

iqjk.kksa esa ouLifr lajk.k

x:M+iqjk.k ds vuqlkj mn~fetks a (c`kvkS"kf/k) vkSj Qy&ewy dh mRifŸk fojkV~ iq#"k dsjksedwiksa ls crkbZ xbZ gSA cz„k dks Hkh o`kksRifr dkdkj.k crk;k x;k gS%

^ô`kk oh:/k ,o pA ukH;ka iM~dteqehAAdweZ iqjk.k (7] 31)

Jhen~Hkkxor iqjk.k ds vuqlkj N% izdkjdh izkœr l`f"V;ksa ds ckn lkroha iz/kku oSœr l`f"VN% izdkj ds LFkkoj o`kksa dh gksrh gS% ouLifr]vkS"kf/k] yrk] Rodlkj] oh:/k vkSj Êqe%&

^^lIreksa eq[;lxZLrq "kM+fo/kLrj LFkq"kka p ;%AA**Jhen~ Hkkxor iq- (1] 10] 18)

budk lapkj tM+ ls ≈ij dh vksj gksrk gSAbuesa izk;% Kku'kfDr izdV ugha jgrhA ;s Hkhrj ghHkhrj dsoy Li'kZ dk vuqHko djrs gSaA buesa izR;sdxq.k fo'ks"k gS%

^ôuLiR;kS"kf/kyrk Rodlkjk oh:/kks nzek%mRlzksLre% izk;k vUr% Li'kZ fo'ksf"k.kA**

ogh] 'yksd 19

izkphu xzaFkksa esa o`kkfn esa vUr'psruk rFkkmuesa lq[knq[k vkfn ds gksus dk o.kZu miyC/k gksrkgSA iwoZtUe ds dkj.k ikS/ks&isM+ vR;f/kd reksxq.kls ;qDr ,oa vUnj ls psruk;qDr gksus ij Hkh ckgjfdlh ls viuk lq[k&nq%[k izdV djus esa vleFkZgksrs gSaA egkHkkjr 'kkfUrioZ (184] 127)

ikSjkf.kd dky esa o`k&ouLifr&lajk.k ,oalaoºZu dh /kkj.kk cuk, j[kus ds fy, o`k yxkus lsnsoyksdksa dh izkfIr ,oe~ u"V&Hkz"V djus ij ujdksads iki feyus dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA okjksi.k ,oaiq"i&Qy vkSj miou vkfn dk fuekZ.k djus okysyksd esa lq[k ls fuokl djrs gS%

^ô`kkjksi.k iq"i Qykjkekfn fuekZ.k dŸk`Z.kka r=yksds lq[kfuokl fu:i.ke~AA**

fo-/keks±- iqjk.k (267&22)

tks O;fDr vkjke (cxhpk) cuokrk gS ogeuq"; cgqr vf/kd le; rd bUÊ ds uUnuou esafuokl djrk gS%&

^^vkjkea dkj;sn~;Lrq uUnus lqfpaj olsr~AAvfXu iqjk.k (1] 16)

iqjk.kks a es a Hkh o`kjksi.k dh fof/k dkfoLrkjiw.kZ o.kZu feyrk gSA eRl~; iqjk.k (56&1&3)


ds vuqlkj m/kkj dh Hkwfe esa rM+kx fof/k ds lekulHkh lkefxz;k° bdV~Bh djuh pkfg,A iqjksfgr] e.Mi]lkefxz;k° rFkk vkpk;Z Hkh o`kkjksi.k dky esa gksuspkfg,A dgk x;k gS fd tks dksbZ cqfºeku iq:"ko`kkjksi.k djrk gS] og lHkh bPNkvksa dks izkIr djrkgS ,oa blds izHkkoLo:i mls vuUr Qy dh izkfIrgksrh gSA

eRL; iqjk.k ds (59] 19&20) 'yksdksa dsvuqlkj tks dksbZ euq"; blh izdkj ls ,d o`k Hkhmxkrk gS og Hkh LoxZ yksd esa rhl lgL= bUÊ le;rd fuokl djrk gSA o`kksa dh cjkoj la[;k esa viusiwoZtksa ,oa vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa dks ujd ls ikj djokrkgSA og ,slh ije flfº dks izkIr djrk gSA ftllsiqujkxeu dk pDdj lekIr gks tkrk gSA tks dksbZeuq"; bl egkRE; dks lqurk vFkok lqukrk gS ognsorkvksa kjk iwftr gksdj cz„yksd esa 'kksfHkr gksrkgSA (eRL; iqjk.k (56] 19&20)

x#M+iqjk.k ds vuqlkj Ωf"k eqfu;ksa us nw/kokys o`kksa dks dk"B x`g esa yxkuk oftZr fd;k gSAnsoky; ds ikl ftlesa fdlh nsork dk fuokl ekuktkrk gks] ,sls o`kksa dks viuh foiqy le`fº ,oa mUufrdh dkeuk djus okys dks loZFkk oftZr j[kuk pkfg,A

f'ko ds vkJe esa fLFkr o`k] ckx ;k iq"iksadks u"V djuk mRikrd dgk x;k gS%&

^^vkjkePNs fnuksa ;kfUr ;qxkukesdfooa'kfreA'oHkkstu rr% lokZ HkqTtrs ;kruk% ÿekr~AA**

ukx- iq- (1] 125)

iqf"ir m|kuksa dks u"V&Hkz"V djus okys ikihdks bDdhl ;qxi;ZUr dqŸks [kk;k djrs gSaA izR;sdujd esa ,d&,d ;qx jguk gksrk gSA fQj mUgsa ÿe'k%lHkh ujdksa dks Hkksxuk iM+rk gSA

^^f'kokJer:.kka o iq"ikjke fouk'kue~A---- vkJe LFkkukejsnfYydkefiAA**

f'ko iqjkM+ (1&125)

o`kksa ds u"V djus ij izk;f'pr djus dko.kZu Hkh iqjk.kksa esa feyrk gSA Qy nsus okys o`kksa dksdkVus ij ,d lkS Ωpkvksa dk ti djuk pkfg, ,oaiqf"ir o`kksa] o`kksa dks dkVus ij euq"; ?k`rizk'ku ls'kqº gksrk gS%&

d) ^^Qynkuka rq o`kk.kka Nsnus tI;e`d'kre~A**dweZ iqjk.k (32] 57)

[k) ^^vU;s"kka pSo o`kk.kka ljlkuka p loZ'k%Qyiq"iksn~ekuk p ?k`rik'ks fojks/kue~AA**

ogh] (32] 58)

x) ^^Qyiq"iksn~Hkkouk p ?k`rizk'kks fojks/kue~AA**Jh- fo- /keks± iq- (2] 30] 91)

fo".kq /keksZŸkj iqjk.k ds vuqlkj Qy nsusokys o`kksa dk Nsnu djus ij e`dPNre~ dk tidjuk pfg,%&

^^Qynkuka rq o`kk.kkaPNsnus ti;e`d~'kre~A**ogh (2] 30] 60)

iqjk.kksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ds o`kkjksi.kls fofo/k iq.; Qy dh izkfIr dk o.kZu fd;k x;kgSA pUnu vkSj iul o`kksa ds yxkus ls izk; yeh dhizkfIr gksrh gSA pEid* dks lkSHkkX; nsus okyk crk;kx;k gS vkSj ^cdqy* dks dqy o`fº djus okyk ekukx;k gSA ihiy o`k dks lgL= iq=ksa ds leku ekukx;k gS%&

d) fofo/ko`kk.kkekjksi.kL; fofo/kkfu izpqjQykfulaHkforkfuA ;Fkk---- ^pUniu l o`kks ÿe'k% iqjk;yeh iznksA pEidLrq lkSHkkX;n% cdqysu dqyo`fºtk;rsA**


^^fi.Mnku lkeF;Zefi o`kk.kkaeer%AfiIy o`kL;rq lgL= iqHkle% er%AA**

i| iqjk.k l`f"V Lo-] v-] 28

fi.Mnku ds leku o`kksa dk nku ekuk x;kgSA iqjk.kksa esa iq"i o`k yxkus ls vfXu"Vkse ;K dsQy dh izkfIr dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS%&

^^vfXu"VkseeokIuksfr iq"i o`kL; jksiukr~A**fo-/keks± iq- (267] 2)

dfYd iqjk.k esa mYys[k vk;k gS fd ;Kdjus ls LoxZ feyrk gS] fdUrq rkykcksa vkSj okfVdkvksads fuekZ.k ls lalkj ls eqfDr gks tkrh gSA blhfy,tu&dY;k.k ds fy, dwi] rkykc vkSj okfVdk dkfuekZ.k fd;k tkrk FkkA

ouksa dk nksgu u gks lds] muds lajk.k dsizfr œ".k mfDr esa bl izdkj dk o.kZu miyC/k gksrkgS% ^^ou vkSj igkM+ gh gekjs ?kj gSa] blfy, geyksxksa dks fxfjjkt dk ;tu djus dh rS;kjh djuhpkfg,**%&

^^fuR;a oukSdLrku ou'kSy fuokflu%AA**Jhen~Hkkxor iq- (2] 10] 24)

o`kksa dh ekuo lekt dks cM+h nsu gSA o`kthou ds fy, o"kkZ dks vkeaf=r djrs gSaA Hkkjr dhvFkZO;oLFkk o"kkZ ij gh fuHkZj gSA o`k Nk;k vkSjQy nsrs gSa rFkk jSu clsjk gsrq LFkku nsrs gSaA o`kthoek= dh lq[k&lqfo/kk ds fy, Lo;a dks lefiZrdjrs gSaA os tho ek= ds kjk NksM+h xbZ xanh xSl dksLo;a ysdj mUgsa 'kqº ok;q (vkWDlhtu) iznku djrsgSaA rqylh vkSj ihiy tSls isM+ gesa izpqj ek=k esaizk.k&ok;q nsrs gSaA /kwi dh jks'kuh esa isM+&ikS/kksa ds gjinkFkZ kjk ;g nwf"kr ok;q LoPN gksdj fQj 'kqºok;q esa cny tkrh gSA uxjksa ds e/; yxk;s x;s isM+&

ikS/ks uxjksa ds QsQM+s dgs tkrs gSaA Hkksti= ,oa dkxtHkh okksa kjk gh izkIr gksrk gSA orZeku le; esa i;kZoj.kiznw"k.k dk eq[; dkj.k bZ/ku] Hkou fuekZ.k] QuhZpjvkfn ds fy, o`kksa dh vU/kk/kqa/k dVkbZ gh gSA igkM+ksads oU; o`kksa ds dV tkus ls ty dk vHkko gks jgkgSA vuko`f"V ls dgha&dgha gkgkdkj gks jgk gSA ouksads de gksus ls i'kq&ifk;ksa dh tkfr;k° Hkh yqIr gksjgh gSaA tyok;q esa ifjorZu vk jgk gSA

gekjs izkphu laLœr xzUFkksa esa gekjs Ωf"keqfu;ksa us vius nwjxkeh Kku pkqvksa ls ns[kdj o`kksads fo"k; esa tks fy[kk gS og lkFkZd gS D;ksafd orZekuesa HkwxeZ&'kkfL=;ksa ,oa Hkwxksy fo|k&fo'kkjnksa dhoSKkfudrk us bls Li"V dj fn;k gSA

iqjk.kksa esa vkS"kf/k&ouLifr;ksa ds lajk.k dsfy, dgk x;k gS fd ,d r`.k dk Hkh tks rqPN gSfcuk fdlh dk;Z ds Nsnu dHkh ugha djuk pkfg,]D;ksafd r`.k esa Hkh lweosnuk vo'; gksrh gS%

^^r`.kefi foukdk;± NsŸo;a u fotkurkAvfgalk fujrksHkw;k|;kRefu rFkk ijsAA**

ine iqjk.k (1] 23)

[ksrksa esa dk;Z djus okys fdlku Hkwfe dkgy ls Nsnu fd;k djrs gSaA blls vkS"kf/k;k° ,oatM+h&cwfV;k° u"V gksrh gSA ;s nksuksa iki deZ [ksrhdk;Z esa gksrs gSA mudk bl iki ls mºkj ;K vkSjnsorkvksa ds iwtu ls gksrk gS%&

^^Hkwfe fHkRokS"k/khf'NRok gRok dhV fiihfydkuAiqufUr [kyq ;KSu d"kZdk nsoiwtukr~AA**

vfXu iqjk.k (1] 3)

ftl LFkku ij vla[; vkS"kf/k;ka mRiUu gksrhgks] cqfºeku iq:"k dks mlh LFkku esa okl djuk pkfg,%

^^;=kS"k/kkU;'ks"kkf.olsŸkfopj.k%A**ekdsZ.Ms; iq- (32] 19)


ekdsZ.Ms; iqjk.k ds vuqlkj vkS"kf/k;ksa dsmRiUu gksus ij muds kjk ;K fd;k tkrk gS%

^^fu"ikfnrkLokS"k/khiqe;kZiKs;StkZr u%**ekdZ- iq- (1&40)

vkS"kf/k;ks a dks Kku vR;Ur izkphu gS]vk;qosZndky ds fodkl dky ls orZeku esa iqu%vk;qosZfnd vkS"kf/k;ksa dk izpyu gks jgk gSA vr%vko';d gS ouksa ,oa ouLifr;ksa dks iznw"k.k ls cpkdj mudk lajk.k fd;k tk,A

iqjk.kksa esa tho&tUrq&ljak.k

Jhen~ Hkkxor iqjk.k ds vuqlkj vkBoha l`f"VfrFkZd ;ksfu;ksa vFkkZr i'kq&ifk;ksa dh gSA i'kq&ifk;ksadh oSœr l`f"V gS%

^^frj'pke"Ve% lxZ% lks∑"VkfoZ'k f/kks er%A**Jhen~ Hkkxor iq- (3] 10] 20)

^ôSœrklz; ,oSrs----A**ogh] 'k- 26

oSKkfud vUos"k.kksa ds vk/kj ij yxHkx ,dvjc o"kZ iwoZ loZizFke ty esa thou dk izknqHkkZorFkk ipkl djksM+ o"kZ iwoZ ve: naMh; thuks dkfodkl gqvkA os tho gh dkykUrj esa f=iFkxkeh(ty] Fky] uHk) gq,A ipkl djksM+ o"kZ ds lrrla?k"kZ ds ckn yaxwj] cUnj] ou ekuq"k vkSj ekuoh;fodkl esa mDr i'kqvksa dks gh euq"; dk iwoZt gksusdk xkSjo izkIr gqvkA tSfod mRifŸk ÿe esa eRL;loZizFke mn~Hkwr gq,A iqu% esa<+d] mjxi vkfn mHk;pjtho pexknM+ksa dh rjg f>Yyh okys ia[kghu tho]LFkk;h&vLFkk;h ‹kàx okys tho] pkj gkFk&iSjksa ,oanks ls ckjg rd Lru/kkjh thoksa dk fodkl gqvkA

oSfnd dky ls gh i'kqvksa ds lajk.k dh;kstuk,a feyrh gSaA xk;s yeh dk ewy vkSj nsorkvksads fy, gfo nsus okyh dgh xbZ gSa%

^^xkoksa ye;k% lnk ewya xks"kq ikEik u fo|rsAvUueso lnk xkoks nsokuka ije gfo%AA**

egk- vuq- ioZ (51] 28)

ver] czk„.k vkSj xk;sa bu rhuksa dks ,d LFkkuls izdV gqvk ekuk x;k gS] blfy, cz„k vkSj xkS dhlnk fof/kiwoZd iwtk djus ds fy, dgk x;k gS%

^^ve`ra czk„.k xkok bR;srR=;e~ dsdr%A**rLekn~ xks czkg~e.ka fuR; epZ;sr ;Fkkfof/k**

ogh] 'k- (148] 146)

oSfnd] egkHkkjr dky esa rks i'kq lajk.kdks i;kZIr egRo fn;k gh x;k gS] lkFk gh xk;] v'ovkSj nq/kk: cdjh ij Hkh vla[; 'yksd feyrs gSaA

xkS vkSj o`"kHk ekrk&firk rqY; gSaA vr% mulsizkFkZuk gS fd os LoxZ rFkk ,sfgd lq[k iznku djsa ,oaizfr"Bk dks c<+k,°%

^^xkS ;s ekrk xkso`"kHk% firk es fnoa 'keZ txrh esizfr"BkA**

egkHkkjr vuqioZ (75] 7)

i'kqvksa ds lajk.k esa dgk x;k gS fd tksyksx i'kqvksa dk o/k djkrs gSa os lc euq"; uiqaldgqvk djrs gSa%

^î'ko'p ;s cU/k;fUr-----A---- dyksck tk;fUr rs ujk%AA

ogh (133] 38)

xk; ds fo"k; esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gS fd xk;'kkfUrnk;d gSA budh o`fº djuh pkfg,] mudksvUu ?kkl] tykfn ls rÌr ,oa izlUu j[kuk pkfg,**Ajkkdkfj.kh 'kfDr ls izkFkZuk dh gS fd og xk; vkfnpkSik;s i'kq dh jkk djsa ,oa dY;k.kdkfj.kh ifj"kn~lc /ku dh jkk djsa%


^^----- 'kaHkq lUrq xko%A**&ΩXosn lafgrk (7] 35] 12)^^/ksuqftZUor;qr ftUora fo'kksgra jkkfl ls/karexkZok%A**

ogh (8] 35] 18)

lHkh osnksa] lafgrkvksa] euqLe`fr rFkk iqjk.kksavkfn esa i'kq&ikh lajk.k] mUgsa d"V nsus vFkokgR;k djus ij Hkkjh n.M fn;s tkus rFkk izk;f'prLo:i vusd izdkj ds miokl vkfn djus ds fo"k;esa foLr`r o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA xksfgalk oftZr dh xbZgSA i'kq dh fgalk djus okys dks eR;q n.M fn;k tkrk gSA

ikjk'kj ds vuqlkj ftl euq"; us iRFkj vkSjn.M ds izgkj ls xkS ds lhaxksa dks rksM+ fn;k gks og ,dikn ozr djsa vkSj us= dks QksM+us okyk nks ikn œPN™ozr djsa] dku dkVus ij rhu ikn œPN™ ozr djs vkSjleLr 'kjhj HkXu gks tk;s rks iw.kZ prq"ikn ozr djs%

d) ^îk"kk.ksuo naMsu xkoks ;sukfHk?kkfrrk%A ‹ka`x Hkaxs pjsRikn kS iknkS us=okrusAA**

ikjk'kjLe` ('k- 17)

[k) ^^ykaxwys ikn o`PNa™ rq nkS iknkofLFk HktusAf=ikn pSo d.ksZ rq pjsRloZ fuikrusAA**

ogh ('k- 18)

ikSjkf.kd dky esa Hkh tho&tUrq lajk.k dsfo"k; esa blh izdkj o.kZu fd;k x;k gS fd xksgR;kdjus okyk ifrr] œfeHkkk uked ujd esa tkrk gS,oa dhM+ksa dk Hkk.k djrk gS] xkSvksa dh jkg esa vkxyxkus okys ,oa ou esa fujijk/k i'kqvksa dk o/k cz„gR;kds egkiki rqY; crk;k x;k gSA nkuh; i'kqvksa dkspqjkuk mrikrd gS nwljksa dks mrrki nsus okyk deZ ,oatUrqvksa dks ihM+k nsus okys dks oftZr fd;k x;k gS%&

^^xksguks fg irkrks----A** f'koiqjk.k (2] 12)

d) ^^ xkoka ekxsZ ous ;s'pSokfXu iznh;rsA** ogh] ('k- 33)

[k) ^ôus fujijk/kkuka izkf.k.kka pki pkrue~A** ogh ('k- 34)

x) ^^ ijksirkida deZ tUrq ihM+ka p loZnkA**cz„iqjk.k (2] 74)

iqjk.kksa eas izk;f'pr djus dh /kkj.kk HkhmiyC/k gksrh gSA tks mrikrd ls la;qDr gks vkSj xkSdk guu djus okyk gks mls ,d ekl rd Fkuksa dkiku djuk pkfg, ,oa xks"B esa okl djuk pkfg,%&

^^mrikrd la;qDrks xks?uks ;okficsr~Aœrok;ks olnqxks"Bs peZ.kkrsu lao`r%AA**

vfXu iqjk.k (2] 5)

og pkSFks ekl esa fcuk kkj vkSj yo.k dkinkFkZ [kk,A nks ekl rd fu;e bfUÊ;ksa okyk gksdjxkSew= ls gh Luku djs%&

^^prqFkZdkye'uh;knkkjyo.k fere~xksew=s pjsRLukua kS eklkS fu;rsfUÊ;%AA

vfXu iqjk.k (2] 6)

bl izdkj ds izk;f'pr vkSj n.M ds lHkhiqjk.kksa esa vusd 'yksd miyC/k gSaA tSls xkS dk ?kkrdjus okys dks ,d yk[k o"kZ rd egkuhfp ukedujd esa ihM+k nh tkrh gSA xkS dk gj.k djus okykvEcjhd uked ujd essa iM+rk gSA i'kqvksa dh dkeukdjus okys dks xkSvksa ds xks"B esa o;% lqi.kkZ blΩpk dk tki djuk pkfg,%

^^xks?kkrh rq egkohF;k o"kZyka rq ihM;rsA**vfXu- iq- 2] 6

^^vEcjh;s xksLoxZ ‚nÊefPn‚Tt'kldsA**ogh] i`- 16

^î'kqdkeks xoka xks"BsAo;% lqi.kkZ bR;srka tiU;S foUnsrsfJ;e~A**

ogh e&83


blds vfrfjDr vU; thoksa dh gR;k djusij fHkUu&fHkUu izk;f'pr nku djus dh /kkj.kkmiyC/k gksrh gSA esa<+d] udqy] dkd] fo"kSys izk.kh]pwgs ,oa dqŸks dh gR;k djus ij ft dks egkozr dslksygosa va'k dk ikyu djuk pkfg,%

^ê.Mwd udqy dkd nUr'kwda p ewf"kde~A'oku gR;k ft dq;kZr "kksM'kka'k ozr rr%AA**

dweZ iq- (32] 50)

liZ dh gR;k djus ij vkyL; jfgr gksdjrhu jkf= i;ZUr ty ihuk pfg,A fcYyh vFkokusoys dh gR;k djus ij ,d d`PN™ ozr djuk pkfg,AliZ dh gR;k djus ij dkys yksgs dh izfrek dk nkudjuk pkfg,A g°l] cykdk] eksj] okuj dk o/k djusij czk„.k dks xk; dk nku djuk pkfg,%&

^î; ficsr f=jk=a rq'okua gR;k lq;fU=r%AektkZja "kMFk udqya ;kstua ok/ouks czktsr~A

d`PNa kn'kjk=a dq;kZn'oo/ks ftA**dweZ iqjk.k (32] 51)

^^vHkh dk".kkZ;lh n|kr~ liZ gR;k ftks reAiykyHkkja "k.Ma p lSld pSdek"kde~AA**

ogh (32] 57)

^^gRok gal cykdk p"kd cfgZ.keso pAokuj---- p Li'kZ;sn czk„.kk; ueAA**

ogh (32] 57)

gkFkh dk o/k djus ij rIr d`PN™ ozr djusls 'kqfº gksrh gSA dqŸkk] gkFkh] ojkg vFkok eqxsZ dkekal Hkk.k djus ij rIr d`PN™ ozr ls 'kqfº gksrh gS%

^^'okua tX/ok gfLrueso pAojkga dqDdqVa pke rIr d`PN™.k 'kqº ;kfrAA**

ogh (33] 8)

eRL; iqjk.k esa o.kZu gS fd egf"kZ vf= dsvkJe esa tho tUrq ijLij fo:º LoHkko okys gksdjHkh vfo:º LoHkko okys FksA egf"kZ vf= us mlvkJe ds thoksa dh izœfr esa ,slk ifjorZu dj fn;kFkk ftlds izHkko ls ekal [kkus okys tkuoj Hkh nw/krFkk Qy dk vkgkj djrs FksA

ikSjkf.kd dky esa ou&izns'k lqvjksa] liks±]lSadM+ksa O;k/kzksa vkSj fxºksa ls vdh.kZ jgrk Fkk] mulslq'kksfHkr jgrk FkkA LdUn iqjk.k (37] 4)

nsoh Hkkxor iqjk.k ds vuqlkj tks viusHkj.k&iks"k.k ds fy, yksHko'k thoksa dh gR;k djrsgSa] og eTtkdq.M esa ,d o"kZ rd eTtk dk Hkkstudjrs gSa fQj [kjxks'k dk tUe ikdj lkr ckj eNyh]rhu ckj lqvj vkSj lkr ckj eqxsZ dk tUe /kkj.k djrsgSaA nsoh iqjk.k (2] 6] 23] 24)

ekdZ.Ms; iqjk.k ds vuqlkj œfe&dhV]iraxk] i'kq&ikh vkfn lc x`gLFk vkJe ij thoufuokZg djrs gSaA blh vkJe ls mudh r`fIr gksrh gSAblhfy, dgk x;k gS fd 'oku] 'oip vkSj ifk;ksads fy, i`Foh ij vUu mRiUu djsaA

ekdsZ- iq- ('k-&5)

tks leLr Hkwrksa ij n;k j[kus okys ,oafo'okl djus ;ksX; gSa rFkk lc tUrqvksa ij fgalk dklekpj.k djuk R;kx fn;k gS] os euq"; LoxZyksd esaxeu djus okys gksrs gSaA tks i'kq&dhV vkfn lHkhdks ilUn djrs gSa] og viuk dY;k.k lk/ku djrs gSa%

^^loZHkwrn;koUrks fo'okL; loZtUrq"kqAR;Dr fgalz lekpkjkLrs ujk% LoxZxkfeu%AA**

czg~e iqjk.k (2] 9)

^î'kq e`xkLrÌrk;s pkU;slwk~e dhVdk%AA**dweZ iq- ('k- 44)


eRL; iqjk.k esa Ωf"k eqfu;ksa us Hkfo"; esa gksusokyh ?kVukvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA dfy;qx dsvkxeu ij tho&tUrq ,oa i'kq&ikh Hkh kq?kk lsvR;Ur ihfM+r gksdj ioZrh; izns'kksa esa ?kwers jgsaxsAlkjh iztk vUu d"V ls nq[kh gksdj ekal vkgkj esaizo`Ÿk gksxhA e`x 'kwdj] o`"ke vkSj vU; i'kqvksa dks[kkdj thou&fuoZfg djsxhA yksx Hk; vkSj vHk;lHkh thoksa dk Hkk.k djsaxks tks euq"; ufn;ksa vkSjleqÊ ds rV ij jgrs gSa os lc vkgkj fÿ; eNyhekjdj djsaxsA i'kq] ikh] eRL; vkfn typj tUrqdks pkjksa vkSj ls <w°<&<w°< dj ekjdj [kk;k djsaxsA(144] 363&364)

dfy;qx esa xk;sa nw/k ugha fn;k djsaxhA euq";xkS,° vkSj cdfj;ksa dks cspk djsaxsa ,oa xk;sa dy;qx esacdjh dh Hkkafr NksVh vkSj de nw/k nsus okyh gkstk;sxhA

^^xkoks nqX/ka u nqgpUrs lEizkIrs fg dykS;qxsA**Lo- n- iw- (1] 25)

^^khj iznku lEcf/k Hkkfo xks"kq p xkSjoAfo".kq iq- (2] 6] 23)

blh izdkj dk i;kZoj.k lajk.k] Hkwfelajk.k] ouksa dk lajk.k] ty ljak.k] tho&tUrq

rFkk i'kq&ifk;ksa dk lajk.k tSls vkUnksyu vktdsoy Hkkjr esa gh oju~ leLr fo'o esa pyk;s tk jgsgSaA fQj Hkh izœfr dk nksgu py jgk gS vkSj iznw"k.kdh leL;k dj esa ugha vk ik jgh gSA Hkkjr dhizkphu laLœfr ls gh ;g vkUnksyu pyk;k tk jgkgSA gekjs Ωf"k eqfu bl izdkj ds i;kZoj.k lajk.kds fy, vkjEHk ls gh tkx:d FksA rHkh rks Hkkjr dsizkphu dky esa lHkh laLœr ds vkfn xzUFkksa esai;kZoj.k&ljak.k dk fo'kn o.kZu gSA osn] iqjk.k]lafgrk] egkHkkjr] jkek;.k rFkk Le`fr;ksa vkfn lHkhxzUFkksa esa Hkjiwj o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA blds fy, gevius Ωf"k&eqfu;ksa ds izfr vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA ;slHkh xzUFk Hkkjrh; laLœfr] laLdkj esa i;kZoj.k dhvkUrfjd lajpuk dk izek.k gSA lHkh vkfn laLœfrxzUFk vR;Ur o`gn~ foLrkj ls xgu fpUruk dh lkexzhls vksr izksr gSa] ftUgsa laiw.kZ :i ls izLrqr djikukfdlh ,d O;fDr ds fy, laHko ugha gSA bu xzUFkksa esaizR;sd NksVh ls NksVh leL;k ij fopkj djdslek/kku izLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA izLrqr vkys[k esa osnksa]lfgrkvksa] mifu"knksa] czk„.kxzUFkksa] Le`fr;ksa] jkek;.k]egkHkkjr] iqjk.kksa esa ty lajk.k] ok;q lajk.k] ouLifrlajk.k] tho] tUrq ,oa i'kq&ikh lajk.k ds fo"k;esa lkexzh izLrqr dh xbZ gSA

πππππππ


Jhen~ Hkxon~ xhrk esa ekuoh; ewY;



MkW- e/kqfydk lqgkx] fgUnh izk/;kfidk]jk-o-ek- fo|ky;] cjokyk

11vkt ds HkkSfrdoknh ;qx esa izR;sd euq";

rjg&rjg dh fparkvksa] rukoksa] volknksa vkSj ekufldv'kkafr ls xzLr gSA lekt ds izR;sd lEcU/k esa pkgsifr&iRuh] firk&iq=] fe=&'k=q] vkl&iM+ksl] tSlslEcU/kksa esa dM+okgV vkSj njkj iM+rh tk jgh gSA iwjslkekftd thou esa fc[kjko vk jgk gSA ,d euq";nwljs euq"; dh mUufr ns[k dj izlUu ughaA lalkjHkkafr&Hkkafr ds nq%[kksa ls ihfM+r gS vkSj leLr d"Vo ihM+k ds nkSj ls xqtj jgs gSaA

dbZ gtkj bZlk o"kZ iwoZ gq, egkHkkjr ;qº esa;ksxhjkt Jhœ".k vkSj vtqZu dks tks xhrk mins'kfn;k Fkk] og le; ds izokg ls /kwfey gksus dh ctk;vf/kdkf/kd mTToy gksrk tk jgk gSA xhrk mins'kds vkyksd esa izR;sd O;fDr vkt Hkh viuk lghekxZ ns[k ldrk gSA thou ds la?k"kZ esa lgh jkLrkpqu ldrk gSA xhrk mins'k kjk izksRlkgu ik ldrkgS vkSj viuk thou lq[kh cuk ldrk gSA

Jhen~ Hkxon~ xhrk lalkj ds fdlh HkhladVxzLr ekuo dks lgh jkLrk fn[kkdj mlds thoula?k"kZ dks de dj ldrh gSA mls vFkZiw.kZ thouthus ds fy, uohu thou n`f"V iznku djrh gSA tc;ksxhjkt Jh œ".k vtqZu dks vius mins'kksa kjk lghjkg pquus esa en~n dj ldrs gSa rks leLr ekuo tkfrHkh xhrk mins'kksa] kjk vius thou lgh jkg pquldrs gSaA

;ksxh jkt Jh œ".k xhrk mins'kksa kjk lPpsekxZ n'kZd ds :i esa euq"; dks la?k"kZe; thou esa

lgh jkLrk fn[kus ds fy, [kM+s gSA xhrk ds nwljsv/;k; esa 'yksd 38 esa Hkh dgk x;k gSA

lq[k nq%[k les œRok ykHkkykHkkS t;kt;kSArrks ;qºk; ;qTlo uSoa ikieokIL;frAA(1)

lq[k&nq%[k] ykHk&gkfu rFkk gkj&thr dksleku le> dj fQj rw ;qº ds fy, rS;kj gks tkAbl izdkj rw iki dks izkIr ugha gksxk (vFkkZr rq>siki ugha yxsxk)A

xhrk ds nwljs v/;k; esa 'yksd 3 esa mRlkg dksekuoh; ewY; ds :i vewY; crk;k x;k gSA

DySO;a Le xe% ikFkZ uSrŸoP;qii|rsAkqÊa ‚n;nkScZY;a R;ERoksfŸk"B ijUriAA (xhrk 2@3)(2)

gs vtqZu! uaiqldrk dks er izkIr gks rq>s ;g'kksHkk ugha nsrh gs 'k=qvksa dks larki igq°pkus okysvius eu dh rqPN nqcZyrk dks NksM+ dj ;qº ds fy,[kM+k gks tkA

thou la?k"kZ esa lQyrk ikus ds fy, O;fDresa mRlkg gksuk vko';d gS] ;gh ugha oju~ mlesavius lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj vius lkFk dk;Z djus okyksadks Hkh mRlkfgr djus dh lkeF;Z gksuh pkfg,A tcladV iw.kZ fLFkfr esa dksbZ vuq;k;h ;k lg;ksxh viuhdetkjh ls mRlkg NksM+ fujk'k gks tkrk gSA ,dmRlkgh O;fDr mldh okLrfod vkarfjd 'kfDr dkstxk dj vkSj mlds xq.kksa dk c[kku dj mls lkglca/kkrk gSA ;gh dke ;ksxhjkt Jhœ".k vius xhrkmins'k kjk vtqZu ds fy, fd;kA vtqZu dk [kks;kmRlkg nksckjk txk fn;kA


ikjLifjd lg;ksx vkSj leFkZu ds kjklg;ksx dh Hkkouk ij cy fn;k x;k gS&

nsokUHkk;rkusu rs nsok Hkko;Urq o%AijLija Hkko;Ur% Js;% ijeokIL;FkAA (xhrk 3@11)(3)

(rqe yksx) bl ;K ds kjk nsorkvksa dksmUur djks vkSj os nsork rqe yksxksa dks mUur djsaA blizdkj (fuLokFkZ Hkko ls) ,d nwljs dks mUur djrsgq, (rqe yksx) ijedY;k.k dks izkIr gks tkvksxsA

,d cqfºeku O;fDr dh izkekf.kdrk dkirk bl ckr ls irk pyrk gS fd mldh VheikjLifjd leFkZu] lg;ksx vkSj ln~&dkeuk ds lkFkdk;Z djrh gSA lkFk&lkFk dk;Z djus okys lewgksakjk ,d&nwljs dk /;ku j[kus vkSj lq[k&nq%[k esalkFk fuHkus ls lHkh dk dY;k.k lqjfkr jgrk gSAlQyrk ikus ds fy, ;g t:jh gks tkrk gS lHkhO;fDr;ksa ls gesa leFkZu] lg;ksx vkSj vk'khokZn feysa]ftl ge lgt :i esa lQyrk izkIr dj ldsaA fcukikjLifjd lg;ksx vkSj leFkZu ge 'kh?kz lQyrkizkIr ugha dj ldrsA vr% lekt esa ikjLifjdlg;ksx] leFkZu vkSj ln~ dkeuk dh Hkkouk cuhjguh pkfg,A

U;k; dh LFkkiuk ij cy nsrs gq, ;ksxhjktJh œ".k dgrs gSa&

ifj=k.kk; lk/kwuka fouk'kk; p nq"œrke~A

/keZlaLFkkiukFkkZ; laHkokfe ;qxs ;qxsAA (xhrk 4@8)(4)

lk/kq&iq#"kksa (lTtu egkRekvksa) dh jkkdjus okyksa dk fouk'k djus ds fy, vkSj /keZ dhvPNh rjg ls LFkkiuk djus ds fy, eSa ;qx&;qx(izR;sd ;qx) esa izdV gqvk djrk gw°A

,d mŸkjnkf;Ro iw.kZ usr`Ro dk mnn~s';cqjkb;ksa dks lewy u"V djuk vkSj U;k; ;qDr ekxZ dh

jkk djuk gksrk gSA ,d drZO; fu"B usr`Ro dky; lqjkk vkSj lg;ksx iw.kZ okrkoj.k dh jpukdjuk gksrk gSA le;≤ ij vU;k; ;qDr ;k xyrvkpj.kksa ls dksbZ Hkh fLFkfr fcxM+ ldrh gSA vkSjvPNh O;oLFkk Hkh fu"izHkkoh vkSj ;gka rd fdgkfudkjd gks tkrh gSA mlhk.k tc fLFkfr;ka viusiru dh pjelhek ij igqap jgh gksrh gS] ,d lkglhusrk dgha ls izdV gks dj le; ds vuqdqy]izHkkoiw.kZ] fo/kk;d vkSj lfÿ; dne mBkrs gq;s n`<+rkls dgrk gS** eSa vkSj dsoy eSa] vc ;gh bl fLFkfr esacqjkb;ksa vkSj /kwrkZpj.kksa dks nwj d:axk rFkk lghvkpj.kksa dh LFkkiuk d:axkA ;ksxh jkt Jh œ".k us;gh U;k;ekxZ lekt dks lgt esa miyC/k djok;k gS]

mns'; dh Li"Vrk ij cy nsr gq, ;ksxh jktJhœ".k dgrs gS]

JºkokaYyHkrs Kkua rRij% la;rsfUÊ;%AKkau yC/ok ijka 'kkfUrefpjs.kkf/k xPNfrAA (xhrk 4@39)(5)

Jºk;qDr] lk/ku ijk;.k vkSj ftrsfUÊ;(O;fDr) rŸoKku dks izkIr djrk gS rŸoKku dksizkIr dj og fcuk foyEc ds ije'kfDr dks izkIrdjrk gSA

vius eu ij fu;a=.k j[kus okyk JºkokuO;fDr gh lQyrk izkIr dj mlds izfr lefiZr gksrkgSA ,sls O;fDr dks bafÊ;ks kjk tks Kku izkIr gksrk mlij og vPNh rjg ls fopkj djrk gS rFkk mldsfo"k; dks iw.kZ :i ls le> tkrk gSA og viusvUrKkZu ls dk;Z ds dkj.k vkSj mlls ijs Hkh ns[kldrk gSA lekt esa lekurk ds O;ogkj ij ;ksxhjkt Jh œ".k dgrs gS&

loZHkwr LFkekRekua loZHkwrkfu pkRefuAbZkrs ;ksx;qDrkRek loZ= len'kZu%AA (xhrk 6@29)(6)


;ksx ls ;qDr vkRek okyk rFkk lcesa leHkkons[kus okyk] vkRek dks laiwZ.kZ Hkwrksa esa vkSj laiw.kZ Hkwrksadks vkRek esa ns[krk gS&

thou esa lQyrk ikus ds bPNqd O;fDrloksZPp Lrj dh lekurk dk O;ogkj djrk gS] ogvius lg;ksfx;ksa dk mruk gh /;ku j[krk gS ftrukfd viuk mu lHkh ds fy, iz;Ru'khy Kkuh O;fDrdk lcds lkFk leku O;ogkj vV~V ,drk dk fuekZ.kdjrk gS rFkk bl lekurk ds O;ogkj ds kjk oglekt dks ,d ubZ fn'kk iznku djrk gSA

;ksxh jkt Jh œ".k n<+ vkRe fo'okl dksekuoh; ewY;ksa esa ,d egŸoiw.kZ ewY; ekurs gq, dgrs gSa&

eŸk% ijrja ukU;fVdf¥pnfLr /kuat;Aef; loZfena izksra lw=s ef.k x.kk boAA (xhrk 7@7)(7)

gs vtqZu! esjs vfrfjDr vkSj nwljh dksbZ HkhoLrq ugha gSA ;g lEiw.kZ (txr) lwr dh Mksj esa(lwr ds) ef.k;ksa ds leku eq>esa gh fijks;k gqvk gSA

,d vkn'kZ usrk Lohdkj djrk gS ml lscM+k dksbZ ugha gS ftl ij viuk nks"k ;k mŸkjnkf;Rodks Fkksi ldsA mls ;g ekuus esa dksbZ ladksp ughagksrk fd ogh og fu.kkZ;d fcanq gS ;gk° leL;kvksa dklek/kku feyuk gh pkfg,] tgk° fu.kZ;ks dks fy;ktkuk pkfg, vkSj dk;Zokgh dk izkjaHk gksuk gh pkfg,Abl 'yksd ek/;e ls Hkhrj ds n`<+ vkRefo'okl dkscy feyrk gS vkSj fu.kZ;'kfDr iz[kj gks tkrh gSA

dY;k.k dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsrs gq,;ksxhjkt Jh œ".k ds vuqlkj%&

vuU;kf'pUr;Urksa eka ;s tuk% i;ZiklrsArs"kka fuR;kfHk;qDrkuka ;ksxksea ogkX;ge~AA (xhrk 9@22)(8)

tks vuUr Hkko ls fLFkj gq, HkDrtu eq>(ijes'oj) dks fujUrj fparu djrs gq, Hktrs gS

muds ;ksx rFkk kse (dq'ky&eaxy) dk nkf;RoLo;e~ eSa fuHkkrk gw°A ,d vkn'kZ usrk mu lHkhO;fDr;ksa dks igpkurk gS tks laiw.kZ y; ds izfrHkfDrHkko vkSj ,dkxz eu ls layXu gS og mudksigpkurk gh ugha ojuk mudk œry Hkh gksrk gSblfy;s og muds dY;k.k] LokLF;&lEifŸk] izxfr]fodkl rFkk le`fº dk iwjk mŸkjnkf;Ro ys ysrk gSAlQyrk ikus okys O;fDr leku y; dh iwfrZ esa yxsnwljs lgdfeZ;ksa ds fgrksa vkSj lEeku dk iwjk /;kuj[krs gSA

dk;Z ds izfr HkfDr Hkkouk kjk ge dksbZdk;Z fcuk ck/kk ds dj ldrs gS blh lUnHkZ esa ;ksxhjkt Jh œ".k dgrs gS&

i=a iq"ia Qya rks;a ;ks esa HkDr;k iz;PNfrArnga HkDR;qigre'ukfe iz;rkReu%AA (xhrk 9@28)(9)

tks HkDr esjs fy, iŸks] Qwy&Qy] ty(vkfn fdlh lk/kkj.k oLrq) dks Hkh izseiwoZd vfiZrdjrk gS] 'kqº vUr% dj.k okys (ml fu"dke HkDr)ds izse iwoZd vfiZr fd, gq, dks eSa (Lej.k :i esaizdV gksdj) [kkrk gw°A

HkfDr lfgr dq'kyrk ls fd;k x;k dk;ZJs"B vkSj vuqdj.kh; dk;Z gksrk gSA ,slk dk;Z ,dvuqie HksV gksrk gSA blh izdkj HkfDr lfgr dq'kyrkls fd, dk;Z kjk ge loZJs"B mns'; dh izkfIr djldrs gSaA

fu.kZ; dh Lora=rk ds fo"k; esa ;ksxh jktJh œ".k dgrs gS&

bfr rs KkuHkk[;kra x`g;ksn~x`g;rja Hk;kAfoe';Srn'ks"ks.k ;FksPNfl rFkk dq:AA(xhrk 18@63)(10)

bl izdkj ;g xksiuh; ls Hkh vf/kd xksiuh;Kku eq>ls rsjs fy, dgk x;k gS vc bldks lEiw.kZrk


Hkyh Hkkafr fopkj djds rw tSlk pkgrk gS oSlk ghdj] ,d vkn'kZ usrk vius vuq;kf;;ksa dk vPNs lsekxZ djrk gqvk vfUre fu.kZ; vius vuq;kf;;ksa ijNksM+rk gS fd muds fy, D;k mfpr gS D;k vuqfpr gSA

bl izdkj Jhen~Hkxor xhrk ds ek/;e ;ksxhjkt Jh œ".k lEiw.kZ ekuoh; tkfr dks loZJs"Bekuoh; ewY; nsrs gS vkSj gj ifjfLFkfr esa leku Hkkoj[kus ds dkj.k lPps ekxZ n'kZd ds vuq;k;h dHkhiki&iq.; vFkok thr&gkj ds ekufld la?k"kZ lsxzLr gks Hkh tk, rks lPpk ekxZn'kZd mUgsa vkn'kZO;ogkj vkSj opuksa ls izsfjr dj muesa u;s vuq;k;hlnSo mRlkgoºZd deks± esa yxs jgrs gSA bldsifj.kkeLo:i os lQyrk] lq[k rFkk le`fº izkIrdjrs gSaA

lanHkZ%&

1- xhrk&2@38

2- xhrk&2@3

3- ogh&3@11

4- ogh&4@8

5- ogh&4@39

6- ogh&6@29

7- ogh&7@7

8- ogh&9@22

9- ogh&9@28

10- xhrk&18@63

πππππππ


xq# tkEHkks th dk vykSfdd thou pfj=



MkW- (Jherh) vatq jkuhxq: tEHks'oj th egkjkt /kkfeZd v/;;u laLFkku]

xq: tEHks'oj foKku,oa izkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] fglkj

12e/;dky esa vusd lar egkiq#"kksa us tUe

fy;kA bu larksa us vius leUo;okfn O;fDrRo]cgqeq[kh&œfrRo] vkstLoh o xaHkhj ok.kh ds ek/;e lse/;dky esa ,d ubZ psruk iSnk dhA loZizFke buegkiq#"kksa us lPpkbZ dk iFk vkyksfdr fd;kA bUgksausv/;kRe dh NM+h ls lekt esa QSys tkfr&ikfr] ik[kaM]≈°p&uhp ds HksnHkko dks nwj fd;k bu larksa dk ,dek=mn~ns'; yksxksa dks lR; dk ekxZ fn[kkuk FkkA nwljs larns'kdky ,oa ifjokj dh lhekvksa esa vkcº u gksdjlfoHkkSe] lkoZdkfyd /kjkry ij izfrf"Br gksdjtufgrk; yksd ekaxfyd ok.kh esa LFkkbZ ewY;ksa ,oa lR;ksadks mn~?kkfVr djus esa layXu jgs gSaA blfy, rks mudsfo"k; esa ,d ckr pfjrkFkZ gksrh gSA

^^tkfr u iwNks lk/k dh] iwN yhtS KkuA 1

blh e/;dky esa ijefirk ijes'oj ds vorkjxq: tEHks'oj th dk vorj.k gqvk] ijUrq bUgsa gee/;dky esa vorfjr gq, lar egkiq#"kksa dh Js.kh esaugh j[k ldrs D;ksafd ;s lar ugh Fks ;s rks lkkkr~fo".kq Hkxoku ds vorkjFksA tkEHkks th ds fo"k; esafo'ks"k ckr ;g gS fd buds HkDr bUgsa Jhœ".kdh Hkkafr bUgsa iw.kZ czg~e ekurs gSaA D;ksafd iw.kZ czg~eds vorkj ekus tkus okys Hkxoku Jh œ".k dk tUeHkh Hkknks cnh v"Veh dh vk/kh jkr esa gqvk Fkk vkSjxq# tkEHkks th dk tUe Hkh blh Hkknks dh v"Veh dksgqvk FkkA

xq: tkEHkks th ds egku O;fDrRo esa lk/kq];ksxh] lar] /kekZpk;Z] lekt fu;ked] iaFk laLFkkidvkSj egku lekt lq/kkjd tSls egr~ rRoksa dk lekos'kgSA mudk ije y; izR;sd ekuo esa ,slh Kku T;ksfrdks izdkf'kr djuk Fkk ftlls izR;sd euq"; R;kxh]mnkj] ifo=] deZB rFkk lR;kpj.k ds xq.kksa ls lEiUugks lds] os bl fn'kk esa loZnk tkx:d jgsA mudsleLr dk;Zdyki ekuo tkfr ds dY;k.kkFkZ gq,AmUgksaus vius izHkko ls lqIr ekuork dks txk;kA mudsizHkko dk vkyksd u dsoy lk/kkj.k turk esa FkkcfYd jktkvksa vkSj lk/kq lU;kfl;ksa ij Hkh Fkk] tksigys vKku ds in esa pwj Fks rFkk ckn esa muls izHkkforgksdj lgh ekxZ ij pysA

vkykSfdd pfj=%

tkEHkks th tUe ls gh vnHkqr pfj= okys FksAmudk thou pfj= e/;dky esa gq, lHkh lar&egkiq#"kksa ls vyx ,oa vykSfdd FkkA bl vykSfddpfj= ds dkj.k gh os lgt gh vorkjksa dh dksfV esaigqqap tkrs FksA

xq: tkEHkks th ds ckY;dky ls lEcfU/krvusd ?kVuk,° gS tks muds vykSfdd O;fDrRo dksiznf'kZr djrh gSA tkEHkks th dk tc tUe gqvk rksekrk dks izlo ds le; tjk lh Hkh ihM+k ugh gqbZAtUe ds le; nh tkus okyh ?kqV~Vh mUgksaus ugha ihA,d ckj ekrk gk°lk pwYgs ij nw/k j[kdj ckgj pyh


x;h rc tkaHkksth us mQurs gq, nw/k dks mrkjdj tehuij j[k fn;k Fkk vkSj tc ekrk vkbZ rks mlus ns[kkikyus vkSj pwYgs ds chp ckyd ds iSjksa ds fu'kku gSA,d ckj tkaHkksth us 'e'kku lsoh rkaf=d czkg~e.k dksHkh vk'p;Z pfdr dj fn;k FkkA rc ml czkg~e.k usyksgV th ls dgk Fkk fd ;g rks dksbZ ^vxe iq#"k*gSA blh izdkj ,d ckj tkaHkksth us xwxy ls ≈aV HkhmRiUu fd;k FkkA

tkaHkksth tc taxy esa xk;ksa o cdfj;ksa dkspjkrs Fks rks mUgsa vU; euq";ksa dh Hkkfr fdlh ydM+h;k MUMs dh vko';drk ugh iM+rh FkhA muds viusi'kq o ou ds ikh muls bruk T;knk ?kqy&fey x;s Fksfd muls ckrs djrs Fks] tkaHkksth fdlh jsr ds Vhys ijcSBdj mudh ns[k&js[k djrs FksA

fof.k jksVh fof.k ykdM+h] fof.k ikf.k fof.k ikyAijpkS ilq i[ksaLoka] FkY; cSBks izrikyAAgqdeS vkoS gqdeS T;S] gqdEi pjkos ckyA

txY; Fkfy thoka /kS.kh] yfi;ks yhy HkaqokykA 2

tkaHkksth /kjrh ij dHkh ihB ugha yxkrsFks vkSj u gh mudh ihB fdlh dks fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhAlHkh O;fDr;ksa dks muds pkjks rjQ eqLdqjkrk gqvkpsgjk gh fn[kkbZ nsrk FkkA mudh u rks Nk;k iM+rh FkhvkSj u gh iSjksa ds fu'kku gh gksrs FksA vkSj muds 'kjhjls lnSo ifjey dh lqxU/k vkrh FkhA

eksjs Nk;k u ek;k yksgks] u eklw jDr u /kkrA

dgk tkrk gS fd 34 o"kZ rd xq# tkaHkksth us ,d'kCn Hkh ugha dgk FkkA 34 o"kZ dh vk;q esa 'ke'kkurkaf=d dks QVdkjrs gq, izFke ^laon* dk mPpkj.kfd;kA

vks3e~ xq: phUgks xq: phUg iqjksfgr xq: eq[k /keZcjok.khA 3

34 o"kZ rd tc tkaHkksth us tc ,d'kCn ugha dgk rks yksx mUgsa ^xgyk* vkSj xwaxk dgusyxs fdUrq ;g okLrfodrk ugh Fkh] D;kasfd mudhekSukoLFkk ,d ;ksxh dh lk/kukoLFkk FkhA vr% os,d flº iq#"k Fks vkSj flº iq#"k ;k vorkjksa dkekSu jguk ,d vkfndkyhu ijEijk jgh gSA bl izdkjmudk ekSu jguk mudk lk/kuk dky FkkA os ferHkk"khFks vkSj vkReKku dh ckrs djrs FksA os ,d vykSfddiq#"k Fks mudk vkpkj&fopkj lk/kkj.k euq";ksa tSlkugh FkkA vfHkuUnu xzUFk* esa fy[kk x;k gS fd thoueqDr iq#"k yksd/keZ ls ≈ij mBdj 'kkjhfjdvko';drkvksa ls eqDr gks tkrs gSa vkSj bl rjg ls os'kjhj/keh± u jgdj vkRe/keh± gks tkrs gSaA dke&ÿks/kkfn dh rks ckr gh D;k] os rks Hkw[k&I;kl tSls'kkjhfjd /keks± ls Hkh ≈ij gks tkrs gSaA bu yk.kksa ls;qDr gks xq: tkaHkksth FksA bl izdkj ls Hkxoº HkDrds yk.k crkrs gq, dchjnkl th us dgk gS &

dchj gfj dk HkDrk] nwjga rS nhlarA

ru 'okuka eu muequk] tfx :BM+k fQjrAA 4

xq: tkaHkksth dk lHkh ij izHkko brukvf/kd Fkk fd euq"; rks D;k i'kq&ikh Hkh mudhckr ekurs FksA taxy esa tc os i'kqvksa dks pjkus tkrsFks rks lHkh i'kq mudh vkKk dk ikyu djrs FksA osftl Hkh i'kq dks ikuh ihus dh vkKk nsrs Fks ogh ikuhihus ds fy, tkrk Fkk ckfd lHkh mlh LFkku ij cSBsjgrs FksA ;g n`"; jko tks/kkor us Hkh ns[kk Fkk ftlsns[kdj os vk'p;Zpfdr jg x;s FksA 5

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd xq#tkaHkksth /keksZ/kkjd nwjn'kh± ,oa vkykSfdd 'kfDr lslEiUu FksA mUgksaus viuh ok.kh esa ,sls rRoksa dk lekos'kfd;k tks izR;sd euq"; ds fy, vknj.kh; gSA vius


bl vykSfdd O;fDrRo ds dkj.k gh e/;dkyhu laregkRekvksa esa mudk izFke LFkku gSA

lanHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- MkWå Hkkjkt ,oa vfuy Hkkjkt]^^gfj;k.kkds lar dfo furkuUn**]i`å&1

2- Ê"VO;] lqjtu th dFkk ijfla/k

πππππππ

3- (lEikå) œ".kkuUn vkpk;Z] tEHklkxj]lcn&1] i`å&18

4- MkWå ikjlukFk frokjh] dchj xzUFkkoyh] lk/kefgek dh vax lk[kh&26

5- Ê"VO;] dlkSth d`r] dFkk ckyyhyk


laLdr dkO;'kkL= esa vyadkjksadk ÿfed fodkl



lqfe=k nsoh] 'kks/kkFkhZjk"V™h; laLœr laLFkkukUrxZr Hkksiky ifjlj

13jk"V™h; laLœr laLFkku Hkksiky ifjlj

laLœr dkO;'kkL= esa Ng lEiznk; gSaA jllEiznk; ds i'pkr~ vyadkj lEiznk; dk mn~HkogqvkA vyadkj 'kCn dh O;qRifr nks izdkj ls gS&^vyadjksfr bfr vyadkj%* vFkkZr~ 'kksHkk c<kus okykrŸo vyadkj gS bl n`f"V ls vyadkj lk/; :i gStcfd vyafÿ;rs vusu bfr vyadkj%* vFkkZr~ ftulsvyaœr fd;k tkrk gS] og vyadkj gSA bl n`f"V lsvyadkj lk/ku :i gS rFkk lq'kksfHkr djus esa lgk;dgksrs gSaA ;s vyadkj ftl oLrq dks iguk;s tkrs gSamldks vyaœr djrs gSa] ftl izdkj HkkSfrd 'kjhjdks dVd dq.My vkfn vkHkw"k.k vyaœr djrs gSamlh izdkj 'kCn&vFkZ :i 'kjhj okys dkO; dks miekvkfn vyadkj lq'kksfHkr djrs gSaA vyadkjoknh vkpk;ks±us vyadkj dks eq[; rŸo ekuk tcfd vU; vkpk;ks±us vyadkj dks 'kksHkk/kk;d /keZ dgk gSA

vyadkjksa dh la[;k&

vyadkjksa dk loZizFke foospu Hkjreqfu dsukV~;'kkL= esa gS vkSj mlesa pkj vyadkj crk;s x;sgSa& miek] :id] nhid vkSj ;edA vyadkjksa dkfoLr`r vkSj oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k Hkjr ds Hkh dbZ'krkfCn;ksa ckn gqvkA ;g dk;Z Hkkeg us viusdkO;kyadkj xzUFk esa fd;kA bUgksaus 38 vyadkjksa dkfoospu fd;kA Hkkeg ds ckn n.Mh us 37 vyadkjksads Lo:i dk o.kZu fd;kA n.Mh ds ckn vkpk;ks± usvyadkjksa dh la[;k esa i;kZIr o`fº dhA buesa mn~HkV]

okeu] #ÊV] Hkkstjkt] eEeV] #∏∏kd] fo'oukFkvIi;nhfkr vkSj if.Mrjkt txUUkkFk eq[; gSa] ftUgksausvyadkjksa dh ekSfyd :i ls mn~Hkkouk rFkk foospukdhA bl le; rd vyadkjksa dh la[;k 125 rd gksxbZ Fkh rFkk dqN vyadkjksa ds izHksn Hkh dfYir fd;sx;s FksA vyadkjksa dh lcls vf/kd la[;k vIIk;nhfkrus dqoy;kUkUn esa nh gS blesa bUgksaus 123 vFkkZyadkjksadk foospu fd;k gSaA dqN izeq[k vkpk;ks± kjk izLrqrvyadkjksa dh la[;k dk o.kZu bl izdkj gS&1

1- Hkkeg& Hkkeg us 38 vyadkjksa dk foospu fd;kAbuesa nks 'kCnkyadkj rFkk 36 vFkkZyadkj gSa&

(d) 'kCnkyadkj& vuqizkl vkSj ;edA

([k) vFkk Zyadkj&miek] mies;k siek] :id]miek:id] mRizskk] mRizskko;o] nhid]vkksi] vFkkZUrjU;kl] O;frjsd] foHkkouk]fo'ks"kksfDRk] leklksfDr] vfr'k;ksfDr] ;Fkkla[;]LoHkkoksfDr] vig~uqfr] 'ys"k] i;kZ;ksDr]lekfgr] mnkRr] rqY;;ksfxrk] fojks/k] lUnsg]vUkUo;] vizLrqriz'kalk] O;ktLrqfr] fun'kZuk]lgksfDr] ifjo`fRr] vk'kh%] lal`f"V] Hkkfod]jlor~] izs;] ≈tZfLoA

2- n.Mh& n.Mh us 37 vyadkjksa ds Lo:i dk o.kZufd;kA buesa nks 'kCnkyadkj o 35 vFkkZyadkj gSa&

(d) 'kCnkyadkj& ;ed vksj fp=A

([k) vFkkZyadkj&LoHkkoksfDr] miek] :id] nhid]


vkoëfRr] vkksi] vFkkZUrjU;kl] O;frjsd]foHkkouk] leklksfDr] vfr'k;ksfDRk] mRizskk] gsrq]lwe] ys'k] ÿe] jlor~] izs;] ≈tZfLo] i;kZ;ksDr]lekfgr] mnkRr] vig~uqfr] 'ys"k] fo'ks"kksfDRk]rqY;;ksfxrk] fojks/k] vizLrqriz'kalk] O;ktLrqfrfun'kZuk] lgksfDr] ifjo`fRr] vk'kh%] lal`f"V]HkkfodA

3- mn~HkV& mn~HkV us vyadkjksa dh la[;k c<+krsgq, 41 Lohdkj fd,A buesa 4 'kCnkyadkj vkSj37 vFkkZyadkj gSa&

(d) 'kCnkyadkj&iqu#DronkHkkl] vuqi zkl]Nsdkuqizkl vkSj ykVkuqizklA

([k) vFkk Zyadkj&miek] mies;k siek] :id]vUkUo;] nhid] vkksi] vFkk ZUrjU;kl]O;frjsd] foHkkouk] fo'ks"kksfDRk] leklksfDr]vfr'k;ksfDr] ;Fkkla[;] mRizskk] LoHkkoksfDr]jlor~] izs;] ≈tZfLo] lekfgr] i;kZ;ksDr] mnkRr]f'y"V] vig~uqfr] fo'ks"kksfDRk] lUnsg] fojks/k]rqY;;ksfxrk] vizLrqriz'kalk] O;ktLrqfr]fun'kZuk] izfroLrwiek] dkO;fyax] n`"VkUr]lgksfDr] ifjo`fRr] Hkkfod] lal`f"V] ladjA

mn~HkV us izkphu vkpk;ks± ds 34 vyadkjksa dksLohdkj fd;k rFkk 7 vyadkjksa dh dYiukdh &iqu#DronkHkkl] Nsdkuqizkl] ykVkuqizkl]izfroLrwiek] dkO;fyax] n`"VkUr] ladjA

4- okeu& okeu us 31 vyadkjksa dks Lohdkj fd;kftuesa nks 'kCnkyadkj vkSj 29 vFkkZyadkj gSa&

(d) 'kCnkyadkj&vuqizkl vkSj ;edA

([k) vFkkZyadkj&miek] mies;ksiek] vUkUo;]leklksfDr] vizLrqriz'kalk] vig~uqfr] 'ys"k]:id] mRizskk] vfr'k;ksfDRk] lUnsg] fojks/k]

foHkkouk] ifjo`fRr] ÿe] nhid] fun'kZuk]vFkkZUrjU;kl ]O;frjsd] fo'kk"ksfDr] oÿksfDr]O;ktksfDr] O;ktLrqfr] rqY;;ksfxrk] izfroLrwiek]vkksi] lgksfDr] lekfgr] lalf"VA

bu 31 vyadkjksa esa 28 vyadkjksa dks izkphuvkpk;ks± ls xzg.k fd;k rFkk 3 vyadkjksa dhLo;a mn~Hkkouk dh Fkh&ÿe ]oÿksfDr]O;ktksfDrA

5- #ÊV& #nzV us vyadkjksa dk foospu dqqNvf/kd oSKkfud rFkk fo'kn :Ik ls fd;kAmUgk s au s vyadkjk s a d s igys nk s ox Zfd,&'kCnkyadkj vkSj vFkkZyadkjA iqu%vFkkZyadkjksa 4 oxks± esa foHkDr fd;k& okLro]vkSiE;] vfr'k; vkSj 'ys"kA #ÊV dk vyadkjfoospu bl izdkj gSa&

(d) 'kCnkyadkj&oÿksfDRk] vuqizkl] ;ed]ys'k]fp=&5

([k) vFkkZyadkj&1 okLro oxZ&lgksfDr] leqPp;]tkfr (LoHkkoksfDr) ;Fkkla[;] Hkko] i;kZ;]fo"ke] vuqeku] nhid] ifjdj] ifjo`fRr]ifjla[;k] gsrq] dkj.kekyk] O;frjsd] vU;ksU;]mRrj] lkj] lwe] ys'k] volj] ehfyr],dkoyh&23-

2- vkSiE; oxZ& miek] mRizskk] :id] vig~uqfr]la'k;] leklksfDr] er] mRrj] vU;ksfDr] izrhi]vFkkZUrjU;kl] mHk;U;kl] HkzkfUreku~] vkksi]izR;uhd] n`"VkUr] iwoZ] lgksfDr] leqPp;]lkE;] Lej.k&21

3- vfrk; oxZ&iwoZ] fo'ks"k] mRizskk] foHkkouk]rn~xq.k] vf/kd] fojks/k] fo"ke] vlaxfr] fifgr]O;k?kkr] vgsrq&12


4- 'ys"k oxZ&ys'k&1

bl izdkj vkpk;Z :nzV us 62 vyadkjksa dksekU;rk nh ftuesa 31 vyadkjksa dh dYiukLo;a dh rFkk 'ks"k izkphu vkpk;ks± ls xzg.kfd;kA buds vyadkjksa esa dqN dh x.kuk ,dls vf/kd oxZ esa vkbZ gS :ÊV ds LodfYirvyadkj gSa&leqPp; (nks izdkj dk)] Hkko]i;kZ;] fo"ke] vuqeku] ifjdj] ifjla[;k] gsrq]dkj.kekyk] vU;ksU;] mRrj (nks izdkj dk)lkj] ehfyr] ,dkoyh] er] izrhi] mHk;U;kl]HkzkfUreku~] izR;uhd] iwoZ (nks izdkj dk)] lkE;]Lej.k] fo'ks"k] rn~xq.k] fifgr] vlaxfr] O;k?kkr]vgsrq] vf/kd] oÿksfDr] lgksfDr vkSj 'ys"kA

6- Hkkstjkt&Hkkst us rhu oxksZ esa vyadkjksa dkfoHkktu fd;k&'kCnkyadkj] vFkkZyadkj vkSjmHk;kyadkjA bUgksaus izR;sd oxZ esa 24&24vyadkj ekudj 72 vyadkj Lohdkj fd,&

(d) 'kCnkyadkj&tkfr] xfr] jhfr] ofRr] Nk;k] eqnzk]mfDr] ;qfDr] Hkf.kfr] xqEQuk] 'k∏;k] ifBfr];ed] 'ys"k] vuqizkl] fp=] okdksokD;]izgsfydk] xw<+] iz'uksRRkj] v/;s;] JO;] izs;]vfHkUkhfr&24]

([k) vFkkZyadkj &tkfr] foHkkouk] gsrq] vgsrq] lwe]fojks/k] mRRkj] laHko] vU;ksU;] ifjofRRk] fun'kZuk]Hksn (O;frjsd) lekfgr] HkzkfURk] fordZ] ehfyr]Le`fr] Hkko] izR;k] vuqeku] vkxe] mieku]vFkkZifRr] vHkko]&24

(x) mHk;kyadkj&miek] :id] lkE;] la'k;]vig~uqfr] leklksfDRk] lekf/k] mRiz skk]vizLrqriz'kalk] rqY;;ksfxrk] ys'k] lgksfDr]leqPp;] vkksi] vFkkZUrjU;kl] fo'ks"kksfDRk]ifjdj] nhid] ÿe] i;kZ;] vfr'k;ksfDr] 'ys"k]

Hkkfod] lal`f"V&24

Hkkst us Lohd`r 72 vyadkjksa esa 44 izkphuvkpk;ks± ls xzg.k fd, rFkk 28 dh dYiukLo;a dhA HkkstdfYir 28 vyadkj bl izdkjgSa& tkfr] xfr] jhfr] o`fRr] Nk;k] eqnzk] mfDr];qfDr] Hkf.kfr] xqEQuk] 'k∏;k]ifBfr]okdk sokD;] izg sfydk] xw< +] i zuk sRRkj]v/;s;] JO;] izs;] vfHkUkhfr] laHko] fordZ]izR;k] vkxe] mieku] vFkkZifRRk] vHkko vkSjlekf/kA

7- eEeV& eEeV us 68 vyadkjksa dh foospukdh FkhA buesa 6 'kCnkyadkj vkSj 62 vFkkZyadkjgSa&

(d) 'kCnkyadkj &oÿksfDr] vuqizkl] ;ed] 'ys"k]fp=] iqu#DronkHkkl&6

([k) vFkkZyadkj&miek] vuUo;] mies;ksiek]mRizskk] lUnsg] :id] vig~uqfr] 'ys"k]leklk s fDr] vizLr qri z'k alk] fun'k Zuk]vfr'k;ksfDRk] izfroLrwiek] n`"VkUr] nhid]ekyknhid] rqY;;ksfxrk] O;frjsd] vkksi]foHkkouk] fo'ks"kksfDr] ;Fkkla[;] vFkkZUrjU;kl]fojks/k] LoHkkoksfDr] O;ktLrqfr] lgksfDRk]fouksfDr] ifjo`fRr] Hkkfod] dkO;fyax]i;kZ;ksDr] mnkRr] leqPp;] i;kZ;] vuqeku]ifjdj] O;ktksfDRk] ifjla[;k] dkj.kekyk]vU;ksU;] mRRkj] lwe] lkj] vlaxfr] lekf/k]le] fo"ke] vf/kd] izR;uhd] ehfyr] ,dkoyh]Lej.k] HkzkfUreku~] izrhi] lkekU;] fo'ks"k] rn~xq.k]vrn~xq.k] O;k?kkr] lalf"V] ladj&62

vkpk;Z eEeV ds vyadkjksa ds foospu ij n.MhrFkk #ÊV dk izHkko gSA mUgksaus izk;% izkphuvkpk;ks± kjk izfrikfnr vyadkjksa dks Lohdkj


dj fy;k FkkA mUgksaus dsoy rhu u, vyadkjksadh gh mn~Hkkouk dh&fouksfDr] le vkSjvrn~xq.kA

8- #∏;d&jktkud #∏;d dk vkyadkfjdvkpk;ks± esa fof'k"V LFkku gSA bUgksaus vyadkjlw=,oa mldh o`fRRk vyadkjloZLo] fy[kdj 78vyadkjksa dh x.kuk dh FkhA muds oxhZdj.kds vuqlkj vyadkj bl izdkj gSa&

(v) 'kqº vyadkj&

1- 'kCnkyadkj

(d) vFkZiqu#fDr&iqu#DRkonkHkkl]

([k) O;atuiqu#fDRk&Nsdkuqizkl] oëŸ;uqizkl]

(x) LojO;atuiqu#fDRk&;ed

(?k) 'kCnkFkksZHk;iqu#fDr&ykVkuqizkl

(M+) LFkkufo'ks"k.kf'y"Vo.kZuiqu#fDr&fp=

2- vFkkZyadkj

(d) lkn`';fofPNfŸk&miek] vuUo;] mies;ksiek]Lej.k] :id] ifj.kke] HkzkfUreku~] lansg]mYys[k] vig~uqfr] mRizskk] vfr'k;ksfDr]rqY;;ksfxrk] nhid] izfroLrwiek] n`"VkUr]fun'kZuk] O;frjsd] lgksfDrA

([k) fo'ks"k.kfofPNfŸk&leklksfDr] ifjdj] 'ys"kA

(x) E;rkFkZfofPNfŸk&i;kZ;ksDr] O;ktLrqfr] vkksiA

(?k) fojks/kfofPNfŸk&fojks/k] foHkkouk] vfr'k;ksfDr]vlaxfr] fo"ke] fofp=] O;k?kkr]vf/kd] fo'ks"k] vU;ksU;A

(M+) ‹k ` a[kykfofPNfŸk&dkj.kekyk] ,dkoyh]ekyknhid] lkjA

(p) U;k;fofPNfŸk&dkO;fyax] vuqeku] ;Fkkla[;]i;kZ;] ifjofŸk] ifjla[;k] vFkkZifŸk] fodYi]

leqPp;] lekf/k] izR;uhd] izrhi] ehfyr] rn~xq.k]vrn~xq.k] mŸkjA

(N) xw<kFkZijrkfofPNfŸk&lwe] O;ktksfDRk] oÿksfDr]LoHkkoksfDr] Hkkfod] mnkŸk] jlor~] izs;]≈tZfLo] lekfgr] Hkkoksn;] HkkolfU/k]Hkko'kCkyrkA

(c) feJ [k.M&

(d) lalf"V&'kCnkyadkjlalf"V] vFkkZyadkjlal`f"V]mHk;kyadkjlal`f"VA

([k) ladj&ladjA

bu vyadkjksa esa 71 vyadkjksa dk xzg.k #∏;dus izkphu vkpk;ksZa ls fd;k rFkk bu 7 vyadkjksadh mn~Hkkouk Lo;a dh Fkh& ifj.kke] mYys[k]fofp=] Hkko] Hkkoksn;] HkkolfU/k] vkSjHkkokcyrkA

9- fo'oukFk&fo'oukFk dfojkt us 82 vyadkjksadk foospu fd;kA buesa 7 'kCnkyadkj vkSj75 vFkkZyadkj gSa&

(d) 'kCnkyadkj&iqu#DronkHkkl] vuqizkl] ;ed]oÿksfDr] Hkk"kk;ed] 'ys"k vkSj fp=A

([k) vFkkZyadkj&miek] vuUo;] mies;ksiek] Lej.k]:id] ifj.kke] lansg] HkzkfUreku~] mYys[k]vig~uqfr] fu'p;] mRizskk] vfr'k;ksfDRk]rqY;;ksfxrknhid] izfroLrwiek] n`"VkUr]fun'kZuk] O;frjsd] lgksfDRk] fouksfDr]leklksfDr] ifjdj] 'ys"k] vizLrqriz'kalk]O;ktLrqfr] i;kZ;ksDr] vFkkZUrjU;kl] dkO;fyax]vuqeku] gsrq] vuqdwy] vkksi] foHkkouk]fo'ks"kksfDr] fojks/k] vlaxfr] fo"ke] le] fofp=]vf/kd] vU;ksU;] fo'ks"k] O;k?kkr] dkj.kekyk]ekyknhid] ,dkoyh] lkj] ;Fkkla[;] i;kZ;]


ifjo`fŸk] ifjla[;k] mŸkj] vFkkZifŸk] fodYi]leqPp;] lekf/k] izR;uhd] izrhi] ehfyr]lkekU;] rn~xq.k] vrn~xq.k] lwe] O;ktksfDr]LoHkkoksfDr] Hkkfod] mnkŸk] jlor~] izs;]≈tZfLo] lekfgr] Hkkoksn;] HkkolfU/k]Hkko'kcyrkA

bu 75 vyadkjksa ds vfrfjDr fo'oukFk us ladjvkSj lal`f"V dk Hkh foospu fd;k gSA

10- vIi;nhfkr&vyadkjksa dh foospuk djusokys mŸkjorhZ vkpk;ksZa esa vIi;nhfkr dk izeq[kLFkku gSA vyadkjksa ds lEcU/k esa bUgksausfp=ehekalk vkSj dqoy;kuUn] bu nks xzUFkksa dhjpuk dhA dqoy;kuUn dk mithO; xzUFkt;nso kjk jfpr pUnzkyksd gSa bUgksaus us'kCnkyadkjksa ds NksM+dj 123 vFkkZyadkjksa dhfoospuk dhA buds kjk of.kZr vFkkZyadkj gSa&miek] vuUo;] mies;ksiek] izrhi] :id]ifj.kke] mYys[k] Lefr] HkzkfURk] lUnsg] vig~uqfr]mRizskk] vfr'k;ksfDr] rqY;;ksfxrk] nhid]vko`fŸknhid] izfroLrwiek] n`"VkUr] fun'kZuk]O;frjsd] lgksfDr] fouksfDr] leklksfDr] ifjdj]ifjdjkadqj] 'ys"k] vizLrqriz'kalk] izLrqrkadqj]i;kZ;ksDr] O;ktLrqfr] O;ktfuUnk] vkksi] fojks/kkHkkl] foHkkouk] fo'ks"kksfDr] vlaHko] vlaxfr]fo"ke] le] fofp=] vf/kd] vYi] vU;ksU;]fo'ks"k] O;k?kkr] dkj.kekyk] ,dkoyh]ekyknhid] lkj] ;Fkkla[;] i;kZ;] ifjo`fŸk]ifjla[;k] fodYi] leqPp;] dkjdnhid]lekf/k] izR;uhd] vFkkZifŸk] dkO;fyax]vFkkZUrjU;kl] fodLoj] izkS<ksfDr] laHkkouk]feF;k/;oflfr] yfyr] izg"kZ.k] fo"kknu]mYykl] vuqKk] voKk] ys'k] eqnzk] jRukoyh]rn~xq.k] iwoZ:i] vrn~xq.k] vuqxq.k] ehfyr]

lkekU;] mUehfyr] fo'ks"k] mŸkj] lwe] fifgr]O;ktksfDr] xw<ksfDr] foorksfDr] ;qfDr] yksdksfDr]NsdksfDr] oÿksfDr] LoHkkoksfDr] Hkkfod] mnkŸk]vR;qfDr] fu#fDRk] izfr"ks/k] fof/k] gsrq] jlor~]izs;] ≈tZfLo] lekfgr] Hkkoksn;] HkkolfU/k]Hkko"kcyrk] izR;k ]vuqeku] mieku] 'kCn]Lefr] Jqfr] vFkkZifŸk] vuqiyfC/k] laHko] ,sfr·]lal`f"V] vaxkfxHkkoladj] leizk/kkU;ladj]lUn sgladj] ,dokpdku qi zo s'kl adj]ladjladjA

bUgkssaus 17 u, vyadkjksa dh mn~Hkkouk dh Fkh&

izLrqrkadqj] vYi] dkjdnhid] feF;k&/;oflfr] yfyr] vuqKk] eqnzk] jRukoyh] fo'ks"k]xw<ksfDr] foorksfDr] ;qfDr] yksdksfDr] NsdksfDr]fu#fDr] izfr"ks/k vkSj fof/kA

11- if.Mrjkt txUukFk& Ikf.Mrjkt kjk jfprjlxaxk/kj xzUFk dk vyadkj fu:i.k [kf.Mr:i esa izkIr gksrk gSA if.Mrjkt ds bl xzUFkesa miek vyadkj ls mŸkj rd 70 vyadkjksa dhbl izdkj foospuk izkIr gksrh gS&miek]mies;ksiek] vUkUo;] vle] mnkgj.k] Lej.k]:id] ifj.kke] llansg ]HkzkfUreku] mYys[k]vig~uqfr] mRizskk] vfr'k;ksfDr] rqY;;ksfxrk]nhid] izfroLrwiek] n"VkUr] fun'kZuk] O;frjsd]lgksfDr] fouksfDr] leklksfDr] ifjdj] 'ys"k]vizLrqriz'kalk] i;kZ;ksDr] O;ktLrqfr] vkksi]fojks/k] foHkkouk] fo'ks"kksfDr] vlaxfr] fo"ke]le] fofp=] vf/kd] vU;ksU; ]O;k?kkr]dkj.kekyk] ,dkoyh] lkj] dkO;fyax]vFkkZUrjU;kl] vuqeku] ;Fkkla[;] i;kZ;]ifjo`fŸk] ifjla[;k] vFkkZifŸk] fodYi]leqPp;] lekf/k] izR;uhd] izrhi] izks<ksfDr]yfyr] izg"kZ.k] fo"kknu] mYykl] voKk]


vuqKk] frjLdkj] ys'k] rn~xq.k] vrn~xq.k] ehfyr]lkekU;] mŸkjA

if.Mrjkt us bu 70 vyadkjksa ds yk.k ,oamnkgj.k Lojfpr gh fn, gSA bUgksaus fdlh u,vyadkj dh mn~Hkkouk ugha dhA

bl izdkj ukV~;'kkL= ls ysdj jlxaxk/kj i;ZUrvyadkjksa dh ÿfed fodkl'khy ijEijk izkIrgksrh gSA vkt Hkh uohu vyadkjks a dhmn~Hkkouk,W gks jgh gSaA laLœr dkO;'kkL= dhvyadkjkoyh ls laLœr lkfgR; ds lkFk vU;Hkk"kkvksa dk lkfgR; Hkh lq'kksfHkr gqvk gSA

ifjf'k"V

1- ukV~;'kkL= & Hkjreqfu

2- dkO;kyadkj & Hkkeg

3- dkO;kn'kZ & n.Mh

4- dkO;kyadkjlkjlaxzg & mn~HkV

5- dkO;kyadkjlw= & okeu

6- dkO;kyadkj & #nzV

7- ljLorhd.BkHkj.k & Hkkst

8- dkO;izdk'k & eEeV

9- vyadkjlw= (vyadkjloZLOk o`fŸk lfgr)&#∏;d

10- lkfgR;niZ.k & fo'oukFk

11- dqoy;kuUn & if.Mjkt txUUkkFk

12- fp=ehekalk & if.Mrjkt txUUkkFk

13- pUnzkyksd &t;nso

14- vyadkj'kkL= dk bfrgkl&Mk0 œ".kdqekj]lkfgR;Hk.Mkj esjB

πππππππ


laLdr dkO;'kkL= esa dkO; iz;kstuds lUnHkZ esa eEeV ,oa vU; vkpk;Z



eqds'k dqekj] 'kks/kkFkhZjk"V™h; laLœr laLFkkukUrxZr Hkksiky ifjlj

14euq"; fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks djus dss fy, fdlh

fo'ks"k iz;kstu ;k mn~ns'; ls izo`Ÿk gksrk gSA ew[kZeuq"; Hkh fcuk fdlh mn~ns'; ds fdlh dk;Z esa izo`Rrugha gksrkA vr%dkO; dh jpuk ds Hkh iz;kstu gksuspkfg;saA

Hkjreqfu ls ysdj orZeku le; rddkO;'kkfL=;ksa us ;g fopkj fd;k gS fd dkO; dhjpuk ds dkSu ls iz;kstu gks ldrs gaSA bu vkpk;ks± usvusd iz;kstuksa dk fuoZpu fd;k Fkk] ftuesa ls ,d;k vusd iz;kstuksa dks y; djds dfo dkO; dhjpuk dj ldrk gSA vusd ckj dfo fdlh fo'ks"kiz;kstu ds fy, dkO; dh jpuk dj ldrk gS] ijUrqvU; Qy Hkh mldks Lor% izkIr gks ldrs gSaaA

eEeV kjk izfrikfnr dkO; ds iz;kstu&

dkO; ds iz;kstuksa ds lEcU/k esa vkpk;ks± usftl izdkj vius vfHkerksa dks O;Dr fd;k gS] vkpk;ZeEeV mlds e/; fcUnq dgs tk ldrs gSaA eEeV usdkO; dh jpuk ds 6 iz;kstu crk;s gSa1&

(1) ;'k (2) /ku dh izkfIr (3) ykSfdd O;ogkjdk Kku (4) vfu"V dk fuokj.k (5) vkuUn dhizkfIr (6) mins'kA

vU; vkpk;ks± us dkO; ds tks iz;kstuizfrikfnr fd;s Fks] mudks eEeV ds 6 iz;kstuksa esa ghlekfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vU; vkpk;ks± kjk

izfrikfnr dkO; ds iz;kstuksa ij fopkj djus iwoZigys eEeV ds bu 6 iz;kstuksa ij fopkj dj ysukmfpr gksxk&

(1) ;'k&dkO; dh jpuk ls ;'k dh izkfIr gksrhgSA blds mnkgj.k ds :i esa eEeV us dkfynkl vkfndfo;ksa dks izLrqr fd;k gS] ftudk ;'k vius dkO;ksadh jpuk ds dkj.k vkt lglzksa o"kks± ds i'pkr~ Hkhpkjksa fn'kkvksa esa O;kIr gSA

(2) vFkZ&dkO; dh jpuk ls /ku dh izkfIr Hkhgksrh gSA dfo viuh dfork ls jktkvksa vkSj turkdks izHkkfor djds izpqj /ku dks izkIr djrs gSaA bldsmnkgj.k ds :i esa eEeV us /kkod vkfn dfo;ksa dksizLrqr fd;k gS] ftudks dkO; dh jpuk ds dkj.kegkjkt g"kZ ls izpqj /ku izkIr gqvk FkkA

(3) ykSfdd O;ogkj dk Kku & eEeV dk fopkjgS fd dkO;ksa dh jpuk ls rFkk v/;;u ls ykSfddO;ogkj dk Kku Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA dkO;ksa esa vusdizdkj ds pfjrksa rFkk O;Okgkjksa dks izLrqr fd;k tkrkgSA dfo ,oa ikBdksa dks mu O;ogkjksa dk Kku ljyrkls izkIr gks tkrk gSA

(4) vfu"V dk fuokj.k&dkO;ksa dh jpuk lsvfu"V Hkh nwj gksrs gSaA bl lEcU/k esa eEeV us e;wjdfo dk mnkgj.k fn;k gSA egkdfo ck.k dh iRuh ds'kki ls e;wj dfo dq"B jksx ls ihfM+r gks x;s FksA rc


mUgksaus xaxk ds rV ij jg dj Hkxoku lw;Z dh miklukdh rFkk mudh Lrqfr esa ^lw;Z'krd* uked dkO; dhjpuk dhA blls mudk dq"B jksx nwj gks x;kA

(5) vkuUn dh izkfIr& dkO;ksa dh jpuk ds le;rFkk dkO;ksa dh vuqHkwfr ds le; dfo dks vkSj l‚n;ksaadks ,d fo'ks"k vykSfdd vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr gksrhgSA ;g vuqHkwfr jl ds vkLoknu ls mRiUUk gksrh gSAbl vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr ds le; vU; fo"k;ksa ds Kkufrjksfgr gks tkrs gSaA eEeV us bl vkuUn dh vuqHkwfrdks dkO; dk lcls iz/kku iz;kstu crk;k gSA2

(6) mins'k&eEeV ds vuqlkj dkO; dk ,diz;kstu mins'k izkIr djuk Hkh gSA mins'k rhu izdkjds gksrs gSa&izHkqlfEer] lq‚RlfEer] dkUrklfEerA osnvkfn 'kkL= 'kCniz/kku gSaA ;|fi buls Hkh mins'kfeyrs gSa] ijUrq ;s vkns'k :i gh gksrs gSaA vkns'k dhdVqrk gksus ls budks izHkqlfEer dgk x;k gSA bumins'kksa dk vkj'k% ikyu vko';d gksrk gSA iqjk.kvkfn xzUFkksa esa 'kCn dh iz/kkurk gksrh gSA buds mins'kksadk vkj'k% ikyu ugha gksrkA ftl izdkj ,d fe=nwljs fe= dks mfpr dk;Z djus dk ijke'kZ nsrk gS]mlh izdkj iqjk.k vkfn Hkh mfpr dk;Z djus dk ijke'kZnsrs gSaA blfy, muds mins'k dks eEeV us lq‚RlfEerdgk FkkA

rhljs izdkj dk mins'k dkO;ksa kjk izkIrgksrk gSA dkO;ksa esa 'kCn vkSj vFkZ nksuksa dh gh iz/kkurkugha jgrhA buesa 'kCn vkSj vFkZ ds kjk vfHkO;fDrO;aX; dh iz/kkurk jgrh gSA O;aX; vFkZ vfr je.kh;gksus ls ljlrk dk vkiknku djds mins'k nsrk gSaA ;gmins'k ,slk gh gS] tSls fd dksbZ izsfedk vius izseh dsizse ds jl ls ljkcksj djds mfpr ekxZ dh vksj izo`Rrdjrh gSA blhfy;s dkO; ds mins'k dks eEeV usdkUrklfEer mins'k dgk FkkA mnkgj.k ds :i esa

mUgksaus jkek;.k dks izLrqr fd;kA jkek;.k esa vkns'k;k ijke'kZ ds :i esa ;g dgha ugha dgk x;k fdeuq"; dks jke ds leku O;ogkj djuk pkfg, rFkkjko.k ds leku ugha djuk pkfg,A ijUrq bl dkO; esatks O;aX;:i /ofu gS] mlls ikBdksa dks ;g mins'kvo'; fey tkrk gS fd mldks jke ds leku vkpj.kdjuk pkfg,] jko.k ds leku ughaA vr% dkO; dk,d iz;kstu mins'k Hkh gSA

eEeV us dkO; ds iz;kstuksa dk vfroSKkfud:i ls foospu fd;k Fkk eEeV ls igys rFkk eEeVds ckn Hkh dkO;'kkL= ds vkpk;ks± us bl fo"k; ijfopkj fd;k FkkA bu iz;kstuksa dk fu:i.k djrs gq,dfri; izeq[k vkpk;ks± ds er dks Hkh laksi esa tkuysuk pkfg,A

Hkjr&eEeV ls cgqr igys Hkjreqfu us^ukV~;'kkL=* esa ukV~; ds mn~ns';ksa ds :i esa dkO;ds iz;kstuksa dk fu:i.k fd;k FkkA ukV~;'kkL= esa nhxbZ ^ukV~;osn* dh jpuk dh izLrkouk ls ;s iz;kstulqLi"V gks tkrs gSaA Hkjr us ukV~;'kkL= esa mu iz;kstuksadks bl izdkj dgk&

;g ukV~; mRRke] e/;e ,oa v/ke euq";ksa dsdeks± dk vkJ;Hkwr gS] fgrdkjh mins'k nsus okyk gS]/kS;Z] euksfouksn vkSj lq[k vkfn dk iznkrk gS ,oa voljgksus ij nq%[k&ihfM+r rFkk 'kksdlUrIr O;fDr;ksa dksfoJkfUr nsus okyk gSA ;g /keZ] ;'k rFkk vk;q dksc<+krk gS vkSj lalkj dks mins'k nsus okyk gSA3

Hkjr us dkO; (UkkV~;) ds ;s iz;kstu dgs gSa]budk vUrHkkZo eEeV kjk izfrikfnr 6 iz;kstuksa esagks tkrk gSA vusd vkpk;ks± us prqoZxZ (/keZ] vFkZ]dke vkSj eksk) dks dkO; dk iz;kstu izfrikfnrfd;k gSA Hkkeg] dqUrd] jkepUnz&xq.kpUnz vkfnprqoZxZ dks dkO; dk lk/kd ekurs gSaA dqN us prqoZxZ


ds vfrfjDRk izhfr] ;'k vkSj mins'k dks Hkh dkO; dkiz;kstu ekuk gSA dqN vkpk;Z dsoy ;'k dks ghdkO; dk iz/kku iz;kstu ekurs gSaA

Hkkeg& Hkkeg dk er Fkk fd mRRke dkO; dh jpukdjus ls /keZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eksk dh izkfIr gksrh gS]dykvksa esa foyk.krk vkrh gS] ;'k feyrk gS vkSjvkuUn izkIr gksrk gSA4

okeu& okeu kjk dgs x;s dkO;ksa ds iz;kstu dkQhlafkIr gSaA mUgksaus dkO; dh jpuk ds nks iz;kstu ekusgSa& ;'k vkSj vkuUnA os vkuUn dks dkO; dk n`"Viz;kstu vkSj ;'k dks vn`"V iz;kstu dgrs gSaA5 bldhO;k[;k mUgksaus bl izdkj dh gS&

^^dkO; dh jpuk djus ls ;'k izfrf"Brgksrk gS vkSj cqjh dfork djus okyk vidhfrZ dkHkkxh gksrk gSA ;'k ds kjk LoxZ izkIr gksrk gSa rFkkvidhfrZ ujd esa ys tkus okyh gksrh gSA vr% dfoJs"Bksadks pkfg, fd dhfrZ mikftZr djus rFkk vidhfrZ dksnwj djus ds fy, ^dkO;kyadkj* ds lw=ksa dks le>dj mRre jpuk djsaA**6

Hkkst& egkjktk Hkkst us dkO; jpuk ds nks iz;kstuekus gSa&;'k vkSj vkuUn dh izkfIrA mudk dFku gSfd nks"kksa ls jfgr] xq.kksa ls ;qDr] vyadkjksa ls vyaœrrFkk jl ls lEHk`r dkO; dh jpuk djrk gqvk dfodhfrZ vkSj izhfr dks izkIr djrk gSA7

dqUrd&dqUrd us vius xzUFk ^oÿksfDrthfor* esadkO; ds iz;kstuksa dks vf/kd LIk"V fd;k gSA mUgksausdgk gS& ^^Js"B dqy esa mRiUu jktiq= vkfn ds fy,dkO; dh jpuk dh tkrh gSA ;g lqUnj ,oa ljl <axls dgk x;k /keZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eksk dks izkIr djusdk mik; gSA mRre dkO; dk v/;;u djus ls lHkhizdkj ds O;fDr;ksa dk O;ogkj dk Kku gksrk gSA

blls Hkh cM+h ckr ;g gS fd dkO;:ih ve`r ds jlls l‚n;ksa ds ‚n;esa prqoZxZ dh izkfIr ls Hkh Js"BvkuUnkuqHkwfr :i peRdkj mRiUu gksrk gSA**8

dqUrd ds bl dFku ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gSfd os vkuUnkuqHkwfr:i peRdkj dks dkO; dk lclscM+k iz;kstu ekurs FksA

iz;kstu dh n`f"V ls dqUrd us 'kkL= ,oadkO; esa Hkh Hksn fd;k gSA 'kkL= dM+oh vkS"kf/k dsleku gS] tks fd vfo|k:ih jksx dks u"V djrk gSAdkO; izlUurknk;d ve`r ds leku gS] tks fdvfoosd:ih jksx dks nwj djrk gSA9

okXHkV& okXHkV us ^dkO;kuq'kklu* esa dkO;ds iz;kstuksa dk fo'kn foospu fd;k FkkA budk dgukFkk fd izkphu vkpk;Z dkO; ds 6 iz;kstu ekursgSaA&vkuUn] vuFkZ dk fuokj.k] O;ogkj dk Kku]/keZ&vFkZ&dke dk ykHk] dkUrkrqY; mins'k vkSjdhfrZA10 izkphu vkpk;ks± ds eUrO; dks mºr djdsmUgksaus dgk fd bu mn~ns';ksa esa ls dkO; ds igys 5mn~ns'; rks tc vU; lk/kuksa ls Hkh izkIr gks ldrs gSa]rks muds fy, dkO; dh jpuk djus ls D;k ykHk \vr% dkO; dk ,d gh iz;kstu gksuk pkfg, vkSj ogiz;kstu dhfrZ gSA11

:ÊV& :ÊV us prqoZxZ&/keZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj ekskbu pkj iq#"kkFkks± dks dkO; dk iz;kstu izfrikfnrfd;k FkkA12

vfXuiqjk.k& vfXuiqjk.k us pkjksa iq#"kkFkks± dksdkO; dk iz;kstu ugha ekukA bl iqjk.k esa ;g izfrikfnrfd;k gS fd buesa ls f=oxZ (/keZ] vFkZ vkSj dke) ghdkO; (ukV~;) dk iz;kstu gks ldrs gaSA13

ukV~;niZ.k& ^ukV~;niZ.k* ds jpf;rk jkepUnz&xq.kpUnz us Li"V 'kCnksa esa dkO; dks prqoZxZ dk lk/ku


ekukA mUgksaus dkO; ds iz;kstuksa dk LorU= :i ls rkso.kZu ugha fd;k] fdUrq eaxykpj.k esa bldk ladsrfd;k gSA mUgksaus tSuh ok.kh dks prqoZxZ :i Qy izkIrdjkus okyh dgkA14 rnuUrj mUgksaus tSuh ok.kh dksn`'; dkO; ds lkFk lEcfU/kr fd;k FkkA dkO; dskjk /keZ] vFkZ vkSj dke rks izkIr gksrs gh gSa] /keZ dhizkfIRk ds dkj.k eksk Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA15 ukV~;niZ.kdkj/keZ] vFkZ vkSj dke dks leLr ,oa O;Lr :i ls iz/kku Qy ekurs gSa ,oa eksk dks xkS.k Qy dgrs gSaA16

fo'oukFk& fo'oukFk us dkO; ds iz;kstu dslEcU/k esa fo'kn fopkj fd;k gSA mUgksaus prqoZxZ(/keZ] vFkZ ]dke vkSj eksk) dks dkO; dk iz;kstuizfrikfnr fd;k gSaA mudk dFku gS fd dkO; ds tksiz;kstu gaS] os gh dkO;'kkL= ds Hkh gSaA mudk xzUFkHkh dkO; dk vax gSA vr% blds Hkh os gh iz;kstugksaxs] tks dkO; ds gksrs gaSA dkO; ds iz;kstuksa dkmUgksaus fuEu izdkj ls funsZ'k fd;k&

^*dkO; ds kjk vYi cqfº okys euq";ksa dksHkh ljyrk ls prqoZxZ dh izkfIr gks tkrh gSA**17

prqoZxZ dh izkfIr dkO; ls fdl izdkj gksrhgS] bldh O;k[;k fo'oukFk us fuEu izdkj ls dhgS18& dkO; ls /keZ dh izkfIr blfy, gksrh gS] D;ksafdblesa Hkxoku ukjk;.k vkfn ds pj.kkjfoUn dh Lrqfrvkfn ls /keZ izkIr gksrk gSA blds vfrfjDRk &^^,d%'kCn% lqi z; qDr% lE;d~Kkr% Loxs Z yk sd sdke/kqXHkofr** bl izdkj ds osnokD; vkfn dk izek.kfn;k tk ldrk gSA dkO; ls /ku dh izkfIr izflº ghgS] tks fd izR;kflº gSA dke dh izkfIr /ku ds kjkgksrh gSA vFkZ ds kjk mRFkkfir /keZ ds Qy ds izfrvuklfDRk eksk dk dkj.k gSA dkO; easa eksk ds fy,mi;ksxh okD;ksa dk iz;ksx gksus ls Hkh eksk dh izkfIrdh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA

prqoZxZ dh izkfIr osn vkfn 'kkL=ksa ls Hkhgksrh gS] ijUrq os uhjl gksrs gSaA blfy, muds kjkifjiDo cqfº okys O;fDr gh prqoZxZ dks izkIr djldrs gSaA ijUrq dkO;ksa ds ije vkuUnk;d gksus lsdksey cqfº okys euq"; Hkh ljyrk ls prqoZxZ dksizkIr dj ldrs gSaA

bl dFku ls ;g lUnsg mRiUu gksrk gS fd;fn osn vkfn 'kkL=ksa ls ifjiDo cqfº okyksa dks rFkkdkO; ls dksey cqfº okyksa prqoZxZ izkIr gksrk gS rksosnkfn 'kkL=ksa ds gksrs gq, ifjiDo cqfº okys O;fDrdkO;ksa ds izfr iz;Ru D;ksa djsa\ bldk mRrj ;g gSfd tks jksx dM+oh vkS"kf/k ls 'kkUr gks ldrk gks vkSj'osr [kkaM ls Hkh 'kkUr gks ldrk gks rks fdl jksxh dhizo`fRRk 'osr [kkaM dh vksj ugha gksxh \ vr% ifjiDocqfº okys vkSj dksey cqfº okys lHkh O;fDr;ksa dhizo`fRr dkO; dh vkSj gksrh gSA

bl izdkj fo'oukFk izcy 'kCnksa esa prqoZxZdks dkO; dk iz;kstu flº djrs gSaA

txUukFk& if.Mrjkt txUukFk us dkO; dsiz;kstuksa ij fopkj djds Hkh bl fo"k; dk foLrkj lsfoospu ugha fd;kA dkO;&iz;kstuksa ds lEcU/k esamUgksaus dsoy ,d gh iafDr fy[kh Fkh&

^^r= dhfrZijek‡knxq#jktnsorkizlknk|usd&iz;kstudL; dkO;L; *

vFkkZr~ dkO; ds vusd iz;kstu gksrs gSaa&dhfrZ]ije vkg~ykn vkSj xq#] jktk ,oa nsork dh œik vkfnAblesa xq# vkSj nsork dh œik ls vuFkZ dk fuokj.k ,oajktk vkSj nsork dh œik ls /ku dh izkfIr :i iz;kstufy, tk ldrs gSaA vkfn in ds kjk O;ogkj Kku vkSjdkUrklfEer mins'k dk ladsr feyrk gSA

jlxaxk/kj ds bl okD; ls ;g izrhr gksrk gS


fd dkO; ds iz;kstuksa ds izfriknu dh nf"V ls txUukFkeEeV ds vf/kd lehi FksA

dkO; ds iz;kstuksa dh lehkk &

dkO; dh jpuk ds iz;kstuksa ds lEcU/k esa;gka fofHkUUk vkpk;ks± ds tks vfHker fn;s x;s gSa] muesaeEeV dk er lcls vf/kd cqfºxE; ,oa O;kogkfjdgSA blesa lHkh vkpk;ks± ds vfHkerksa dk vUrxzZg.k gkstkrk gSA

≈ij dkO; ds ftu iz;kstuksa dk dFku gS]muesa dkSu&lk iz;kstu lcls iz/kku gS] bl fo"k; ijHkh fopkj djuk pkfg,A dqN vkpk;ks± us ;'k dksdkO; dk iz/kku iz;kstu izfrikfnr fd;k Fkk] ijUrqvf/kdka'k vkpk;Z ije vkg~ykn (l|% ijfuoZfr)dks lc iz;kstuksa esa iz/kku ekurs gSaA eEeV us Hkh bliz;kstu dks lcls eq[; ekuk gSA vkpk;Z vkUkUno/kZuus ^/oU;kyksd* esa l‚n;ksa ds eu dh izlUurk dks ghLFkku&LFkku ij dkO; dk eq[; iz;kstu izfrikfnrfd;k FkkA19

dkO; ds iz;kstuksa ij ,d vkSj n`f"V ls Hkhfopkj djuk vko';d gSA dkO; dk lEcU/k ,dvkSj rks dkO; ds fuekZrk dfo ls gS rFkk nwljh vkSjikBd] Jksrk ;k n`"Vk ls gSA dkO; ds tks 6 iz;kstufn[kk;s x;s gS] muesa ls dqN dk fo'ks"k lEcU/k dfols rFkk dqN dk fo'ks"k lEcU/k ikBd ls gksuk pkfg,A;'k rFkk /ku] ;s nks Qy eq[; :i ls dfo dks izkIrgksrs gSaA O;ogkj dk Kku vkSj eq[; :i ls dkO; dsv/;srk dks feyrs gSa] 'ks"k nks Qy vuFkZ dk fuokj.k,oa ije vkg~ykn dh izkfIr dfo ,oa dkO; dsv/;srk bu nksuksa dks gh miyC/k gksrs gSaA

ifjf'k"V

1- dkO;a ;'kls∑FkZœrs O;ogkjfons f'kosrjkr;sA

l|% ijfuoZŸk;s dkUrklfEer;ksins'k;qtsAA&dkO;izdk'k 1-2

2- ldyiz;kstuekSfyHkwra leuUrjesojlkLoknuleq⁄wra foxfyros|kUrjekuUne~A&dkO;izdk'k 1-2

3- mRrek/kee/;kuka ujk.kka deZlaJ;e~A

fgrksins'ktuua /k`frÿhMklq[kkfnœr~AA

nq%[kkrkZuka JekrkZuka 'kksdkrkZuka rifLouke~A

foJkfUrtuua dkys ukV~;esrn~ Hkfo";frAA

/kE;Z ;'kL;ek;q";a fgra cqfºfoo/kZue~A

Ykksdksins'ktuua ukV~;esrn~ Hkfo";frAAHkjr&ukV~;'kkL= 1-12A

/kekZFkZdkeekskk.kka oSpk.;a dyklq pA

djksfr dhfr± izhfra p lk/kq dkO;fucU/ke~AAHkkeg& dkO;kyadkj 1-12A

4- dkO;a ln~n`"VkFk± izhfrdhfrZgsrqRokr~A&dkO;kyadkjlw= 1-1-5A

5- izfr"Bka dkO;cU/kL; ;'kl% ljf.ka fonq%A

vdhfrZofrZuha Rosoa dqdfoRofoMEcuke~AA

dhfrZ LoxZQykekgqjklalkja foif'pr%A

vdhfrZrq fujkyksdujdksÌs'knwfrdke~AA

rLekRdhfrZeqiknkrqedhfrZa p fucfgZrqe~A

dkO;kyadkjlw=kFkZ% izlk|% dfoiqaxoS%AA&dkO;kyadkjlw= 1-1-5 ij o`fRrA

6- funksZ"ka xq.koRdkO;eyadkjSjyaœre~A


jlkfUora dfo% dqoZu~ dhfrZ izhfra p foUnfrAA&ljLorhd.BkHkj.k 1-2A

7- /kekZfnlk/kuksik;%lqdqekjÿeksfnr%A

dkO;cU/kks∑fHktkrkuka ‚n;kg~ykndkjd%AA

O;ogkjifjLiUnlkSUn;ZO;ogkfjfHk%A

lRdkO;kf/kxeknso uwrukSfpR;ekI;rsAaA

prqoZxZQykLokneI;frÿE; rfºnke~A

dkO;ke`rjlsukUrpeRdkjks foRkU;rsAAoÿksfDRkthfor 1-3-5A

8- dVqdkS"k/koPNkL=efo|kO;kf/kuk'kue~A

vk‡k|ke`ror~ dkO;efoosdxnkige~AoÿksfDrthfor 1-7 dh o`fRrA

9- dkO;e~A izeksnk;uFkZifjgkjk; O;ogkjKkuk;f=oxZQyykHkk; dkUrkrqY;r;ksins'kk; dhrZ;s pA&okXHkV&ÿkO;kuq'kklu&dkO;ekyk la-43(1115) i-) 2A

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11- uuq dkO;su fÿ;rs ljlukeoxeprqoZxsZA

Yk?kq e`nq p uks jlsH;Lrs fg =L;fUr 'kkL=sH;%AA&#ÊV&dkO;yadkj 12-1A

12- f=oxZlk/kua ukV~;e~A & vfXuiqjk.k 338-7A

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15- /keZ&dke&vFkkZ% O;oLrleLrk% lr~ iz/kkuaQya ;=A

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16- prqoZxZQyizkfIr% lq[kknYif/k;kefiA

dkO;knsoAA & lkfgR;niZ.k 1-2 dh o`fRrA

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([k) vFk p jkek;.kegkHkkjrizHk`frfu y;sloZ= izflºO;ogkja yk;rka l‚n;kukuUnkseufl yHkrk a izfr"Bkfefr izdk';rsAA/oU;kyksd 1-1 dh o`fRrA

19- lkfgR;kuq'khyu& jkds'k xqIr] i`- 29A


Lokeh foosdkuUn vkSj jk"V™h;rk



dfork flU/kq [kjhaVk] 'kks/kkFkhZxq: tEHks'oj th egkjkt /kkfeZd v/;;u laLFkku]

xq: tEHks'oj foKku,oa izkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] fglkj

15izLrkouk%& Lokeh foosdkuUn Hkkjrh;

jk"V™h;rk dh ltho izfrek FksA Lokeh th us Hkkjrh;laLœfr ds xkSjo dks igpkudj u dsoy Hkkjr ds;qodksa ds vUnj mRlkg o LQwfrZ iSnk dj fn;k fgUnw /keZ dks ftruk xkSjo Lokeh th us fn;k] 'kk;n gh igysfdlh us bruk lEeku fn;k gSA mudh rstfLork lw;Zds lkeku Fkh] blh rstfLork ds dkj.k LokehfoosdkuUn us jk"V™ ds vUnj vkRelEeku dh HkkoukiSnk dj nhA mudh jk"V™h;rk dh Hkkouk dhtykbZ&T;ksfr ls ;qodksa dks nqckjk Hkkjrh;&xkSjo dkKku gqvkA Lokeh foosdkuUn dk uke dsoy Hkkjr esavfirq fons'kks esa Hkh brus gh lEeku ls fy;k gSA

eq[; 'kCn%& LokfHkeku] izjs.kk] jk"V™&izse] tkxfr

Lokeh foosdkuUn%& Hkkjr ds egkufopkjd Lokeh foosdkuUn dk tUe 12 tuojh1863 dks gqvkA muds firk dk uke fo'oukFk nrFkk] ekrk dk uke Hkoqus'ojh nsoh FkkA cpiu esamudk uke ujsUÊukFk FkkA Lokeh foosdkuUn cpiuls gh izfrek ds /kuh FksA mudh foyk.k cqfº ns[kdjgj dksbZ ea=&eqX/k gks tkrk FkkA muds xq: jkeœ".kijegal ls mudk izFke ifjp; 1881 esa gqvkA xq:jkeœ".k ijegal dks izFke ifjp; ls mUgksaus xq:ugha ekuk] vfirq yEcs le; rd bldk vuqHkofy;kA mUgksaus tc ;g ik;k fd xq: th ds 'kj.k esadbZ yksxksa dk thou iw.kZ;rk cny x;k] mudks viukxq: eku fy;kA

Lokeh foosdkuUn us iwjs Hkkjr dk Hkze.k fd;krFkk uo;qodksa ds vanj vk/;kfRed ÿkafr dk lw=ikrfd;kA jk"V™h; psruk ds os elhgk FksA muds fopkjksls izHkkfor gksdj vusd yksx fons'kksa ls muls feyrsFksA os Hkkjrh; laLœfr ds izeq[k izoDrk Fks mudsdkj.k gh fgUnw /keZ dh jkk gqbZA

Lokeh foosdkuUn vkSj jk"V™h;rk%&LokehfoosdkuUn Hkkjrh; ;qodks dks vkylh] nqcZy vkSjdkepksj ns[krs Fks] rc mudk [kwu [kkSy mBrk FkkA;qodks esa jk"V™h;rk dh Hkkouk Hkjrs gq, mudk lUns'kfo'o izflº gS mBks] tkxks vkSj tc rd rqe viusvfUre /;s; rd ugha igq°p tkvks] rc rd pSu uyksA mBks] tkxks------ fucZyrk ds ml O;keksg ls tkxtkvksA okLro esa dksbZ nqcZy ugha gSA vkRek vuUrloZ'kfDr lEiUu vkSj loZK gSA blfy, mBksa] viusokLrfod Lo:i dks igpuksA rqEgkjs vUnj tks HkxokugS mldh lrk dks ≈°ps Loj esa ?kksf"kr djks] mlsvLohdkj er djksA gekjh tkfr ds ≈ij ?kksj vkyL;]nqcZyrk vkSj O;keksg Nk;k gqvk gSA

Lokeh foosdkuUn ds le; Hkkjr vaxsztks dkxqyke FkkA vaxszt Hkkjrh; ij vR;kpkj djrs Fks fdUrqHkkjrh; vaxzstksa dh lsok djrs FksA bu lcdks ns[kdjfoosdkuUn dks cM+k xqLlk vkrk FkkA foosdkuUn thbl ckr ds f[kykQ Fks fd fgalk dk tckc vafglk lsfn;k tk;A muds vuqlkj vfgalk dk;jrk gSA vfgalk


ls O;fDr dk vkRecy lekIr gks tkrk gS blfy, osvaxsztksa ds izfr Hkkjrh; ;qodksa esa jk"V™h;rk dh HkkoukHkjrs gq, dgrs gS ^^rqEgkjs xky ij ;fn dksbZ ,dFkIiM+ ekjs vkSj ;fn bldk tckc rqe nl FkIiM+ksa esa unks rks rqe iki djrs gksA** Lokeh th [kqn Hkh vkRecyds /kuh Fks rFkk Hkkjrh; ;qodksa esa ,slk gh Hkko Hkjukpkgrs FksA

Lokeh foosdkuUn vkReKku o vkRecy ds/kuh FksA 1898 esa tc dqN uo;qod muls /kkfeZdKku ds fy, muds ikl vk;ssa rc Lokeh th us mudhmez ns[kdj dgk ^^tkvksa] eSnku esa tkdj QqVcky[ksyks]** ns'k dks yksgs ds iqV~Bs vkSj QkSykn tSls Luk;qokys ;qod pkfg,A D;ksafd Lokeh foosdkuUn th ns'kds ;qodks dks etcwr djds fons'kh xqykeh ls NqVdkjkfnykuk pkgrs Fks] blfy, os ;qodksa ds vkRecy dksc<kuk pkgrs FksA mudks Hkkjr o"kZ ls cgqr I;kj FkkAdbZ o"kks± ds ckn Lokeh th tc baXySM ls Hkkjr vk;src fdlh vaxszt us muls iwNk fd bruh 'kkfDr'kkyhns'k esa jgus ds ckn tc vki Hkkjr tk jgs gks dSlkyx jgk gSA mUgksaus mrj fn;k ^^Lons'k NksM+usa ls igyseSa Hkkjr ls dsoy izse djrk Fkk] ijUrq vc rks Hkkjrdk /kwyd.k rd esjs fy, ifo= gS] ogk° dh ok;q rdesjs fy, ikou gS] vc rd Hkkjr esjs fy, iq.;HkwfegS&rhFkZLFkku gSA**

fgUnw laLœfr ds jkd o /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk%&Lokeh foosdkuUn th us Hkkjrh; laLœfr esa u dsoytUe fy;k vfirq mlds xkSjo dh jkk Hkh dh A1893 ds fo'o /keZ lEesyu esa Lokeh th f'kdkxksAmuds ,sfrgkfld Hkk"k.k ls fo'o ds yksxksa dks Hkkjrh;laLœfr ds xkSjo dk Kku gqvk mUgksaus vius Hkk"k.k esadgk! eq>s xoZ gS fd eSa ,d ,sls /keZ ls lcaf/kr gw°]ftlus fo'o dks lfg".kqrk vkSj oSf'od Lohdk;Zrk&

nksuks dk ikB i<+k;kA ge us dsoy oSf'od lfg".kqrkesa fo'okl j[krs gSa cfYd lHkh /keks± dks lR; ekursgSA eq>s xoZ gS fd eSa ,sls jk"V™ ls gw°] ftlus bl /kjk dslHkh /keks± vkSj jk"V™ksa ds mRihfM+rks vkSj 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksadks vkJ; fn;k----- eq>s ,d ,sls /keZ ls lEcfU/krgksus ij xoZ gS ftlus egku ikjlh jk"V™ ds vo'ks"kksadks gksus ij xoZ gS ftlus egku ikjlh jk"V™ ds vo'ks"kksadks ljak.k fn;k vkSj mUgs vkt rd laHkkys gq, gSAbuds bl ,sfrgkfld Hkk"k.k ls fo'o pfdr jg x;krFkk dV~Vj ls dV~Vj bZlkbZ us Hkh mudh iz'kalk dhrFkk vesfjdk dh lHkh v[kckjksa esa mudk o.kZu gqvkAmudh n`f"V esa lHkh /keks± ds izfr lEeku Fkk ,d/kkfeZd egklHkk esa mUgksaus dgk** bZlkbZ dks fgUnw ;kckSº ugha gksuk gS vkSj u gh fgUnw ;k ckSº dks bZlkbZcuuk gS& lk/kqrk] ifo=rk vkSj izR;sd /keZ esa gh vfrmUur pfj= ds uj&ukfj;ksa dk tUe gqvk gS ;fn dksbZ,slk LoIu ns[ks fd dsoy mlh dk /keZ fVdk jgsxkvkSj vU; lkjs /keZ yqIr gks tk;sxs] rks og oLrqr n;kdk ik= gS----- blfy, izR;sd /keZ dh irkdk ijfy[kk gksxk&^^l?k"kZ ugha] lgk;rk fouk'k ugha&xzg.k]erHksn vkSj dyg ugha& leUo; vkSj 'kkfr** blizdkj Lokeh foosdkuUn th us lHkh /keks± ds izfrlEeku dh Hkkouk j[krs FksA muds fo'kky g`n; esalc /keks± ds izfr Jºk FkhA

ekxZjsV Lokeh foosdkuUn dh f'k";k FkhAmuds vuqlkj Lokeh foosdkuUn ds vUnj rhu ckrsizeq[krk ls vkRelkr gSA mudh /kekZuqHkwfr vR;ar xgjhFkh] fopkj u;s o vkd"kZd Fks] os ekuo ds vUnj fufgrifo= vkSj egku Hkkoksa dk tkxj.k djuk pkgrs FksA osekuo dh tUetkr nqcZy vkSj ikih ugha ekurs FksA

foosdkuUn ds ckjs esa LQqV fopkj%&jfoUÊukFk VSxksj ^^;fn vki Hkkjr dks le>uk pkgrs


gSa rks foosdkuUn dk v/;;u dhft, mlesa lc dqNjpukRed gS] udkjkRed dqN Hkh ughaA**

blh izdkj jk sE;k jk syk u s fy[kk g S^^foosdkuUn 'kfDr ds ltho izfrek FksA mudklezkV tSlk Hkko mudk oSf'k"V~; FkkA os ekuks ,dtUe tkr egkjktk FksA

Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk esa tks dksbZ Hkh mudslaidZ esa vk;k] mudh rstfLork ds lEeq[k esa eLrd>qdkus dks ck/; fd;kA os tgk° dgh Hkh x;s] izFkejgs] fgeky;&;k=k ds nkSjku lkeus ls vkrk ,d ;k=hmUgs ns[kdj LrafHkr gks x;k vkSj fpYyk;k&f'koA

Lokeh foosdkuUn us dsoy Hkkjr ds yksxksadks ekxZnf'kZr fd;k vfirq fo'o ds yksxkas dks tksKku fn;k mlls yksxksa dh lHkh Hkzkfr;k° nwj gqbZA fgUnw/keZ dks tks uothou mUgksaus fn;k mlds fy, fgUnw /keZmudk Ω.kh gSA fgUnw /keZ dh fo'kkyrk ls u dsoy[kqn dks izdkf'kr fd;k vfirq fo'o dks izdk'kekufd;kA

fu"d"kZ%& bl izdkj Lokeh foosdkuUn usHkkjr ds yksxksa ds vUnj jk"V™h;rk dh Hkkouk dk tkslapkj fd;k mlls Hkkjrh;ksa ds vius xkSjo dk KkugqvkA mUgksaus fo'o ds yksxksa dh lksbZ gqbZ ekuoh;Hkkouk dks tkxr fd;kA mudk thou ,d ,slk izdk'kLrEHk gS ftlls fo'o izjs.kk ysrk jgsxkA

lUnHkZj lwph%&

1- rstiqat foosdkuUn% MkW v'kksd c=k i`å1

2- ogh i`å 123

3- foosdkuUn lkfgR; V/89

4- foosdkuUn lkfgR; X/51

5- rstiqat foosdkuUn% MkW v'kksd c=k i`å 117

6- ogh i`å 91

7- ogh i`å 62&63

8- foosdkuUn lkfgR; IV/41

9- foosdkuUn lkfgR; 11/16

πππππππ




Shalu1, Nitesh Kumar2 and Narsi R. Bishnoi1

1Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar

University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India2Guru Jambheshwar Ji Maharaj Institute of Religious Studies, Guru Jambheshwar

University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], Tel.: +91 1662263321

16 Religion: A remedy for

Environmental degradation

Introduction

The environment predates man in the

planet earth. It is the creation of the Supreme

power i e. the Almighty God. The creation of the

environment demonstrates the thoughtfulness of

God. Before creating man, the God construct all

things that man needs on the planet earth. It

expresses regulation of the Almighty God. He

formed in the step-wise manner, first the non-living

and then living things. It displayed the scientific

personality of God. He first created light not to

see His creations but for the reason that, light plays

significant role in ecological processes in the planet

earth, to make feeding and other metabolic

activities possible in the planet earth. God created

plants after the creation of the sunlight, as the need

light for photosynthesis, with the purpose that

plants will not starve to death. After that He also

created the animals, He also perhaps did this,

because not only the animals will have food to

eat, but also for those which have to live on land.

That can use plants as their habitat where they

can have food and shelter and multiply to

reproduce. After this, it is the environment into

which God formed man in both sexes, male and

female. Scientifically the environment is defined

as the aggregate of surrounding things, or

influences; surrounding conditions. It has plants

(i.e. flora), animals (i.e. fauna), human beings,

microbes (i.e. microflora) and non-living things (i.e

abiota). They include physical components such

as climate, soils (edaphic workings), the

topography and all other non-living environmental

components, such as atmosphere, geographic

location and the water bodies (Gilpin, 1976 and

Bellamy, 2007).

Today’s crisis

The major suffers for overall

environmental issue are depletion of natural

resources, air pollution, water pollution, ozone layer

depletion, toxic chemicals and oil pollution, loss of

bio-diversity, loss of natural habitat, extinction of

wildlife, nuclear wastes and radiation issues and

so on. The global climate change due to global

warming, environmental pollution due to

automobiles exhaust, industrial waste, excessive

use of natural resources by rising population,

pollution of nature due to ultra violet radiation

falling on earth’s surface through holes in the ozone

layer etc giving rise to health hazards are seen to

be main causes of sufferings. The world leaders

and scientists have concerned themselves about

these issues specially how to protect the

environment and save the humanity from more

serious disaster (Singh Y.K. 2006; Kumar and

Bishnoi, 2016).

Religion is a tool or remedy for Environmental

degradation

Religion is defined as “people’s belief

in the life of the spirit and usually in one or


more gods”, offers an approaching into a various

things:

A. People’s belief implies that religion is a

creation of man.

B. Belief in the life of the spirit implies

that the creation of religion by man is

perhaps made achievable by his spiritual/

religious life form.

C. Belief in one or more gods implies that

through religion, man believes in the

existence of god or gods.

Protection and development of

environment are often expected as two regimes

that cannot operate without conflict. These

conflicts can not be effaced without a life changing

decision. Do the humans of the world want to be

contributors to its destruction or review their

strategies to break the link between development

and demolition? A sustainable society is one that

functions and lives in harmony with earth systems

such that future generations will be able to function

with equal or greater ease and the quality of life

will in no way be diminished. If we imagine this

planet Earth as a society, then why should one not

formulate a strategy for win win state of this blue

creature? Through this, inhabitants look after

stunning relationships with humanity. Fast growth

is attractive merely if it sustains good environment,

and reduces economic disproportion. The human

kind prepared a critical verdict during the course

of the technical revolt or rebellion; that of ignoring

the perennial wisdom of the world’s spiritual

traditions. Scientific investigation and progress

takes the world technological superiority over

nature, which results in satisfaction of craving of

the religiously starving researcher or scientist for

control and the capability to influence the physical

state of our surroundings. The man’s particular

stress was on his civil liberties above requirements,

mainly in the background of ordinary surroundings

that ultimately directs to noticeable dysfunctions

in the shape of environmental and ecological

deprivation which raised grave queries concerning

the feasibility of contemporary world.

The faith or more precisely we can say

religion can dish up as an ethical coverage into

conducting the events and performance of people’s

residing on this planet. For the formulation of policy

for environment protection, necessity is to take in

the perpetual understanding and knowledge of the

sacred and religious ethnicity in their living will help

the entire mankind. The Religion, a remedy for

protection of our surroundings is defensible for the

reason that first of all it made alteration in the

society which is secured inside a eternal moral

humanity. Secondly it can be designed for

protection of all life forms on earth and religion

civilize and personalizes the selection concerning

our environment and strength of faith facilitate us

to create healthier verdict on composite problems.

Source: Modified from Verma (2008) and

Beldon, Russonello & Stewart, Americans &

Biodiversity, New Perspectives 2002 (A good

percentage of 26 have quoted in the above report

that they will protect the environment due to

religious believes)

What amazes in India “this blessed land,

the foundation, the backbone; the life centre is

religion and religion alone. Let others talk of

politics, of the glory of acquisition of immense

wealth poured in by trade, of the power and spread

of commercialism of the glorious fountain of

physical liberty but these the Hindu mind does not


understand. Touch him on spirituality, on religion,

on God, on the soul, on the Infinite, on spiritual

freedom, and we will find that the lowest peasant

in India is better informed on these subjects than

many a so called philosopher in other land.

Hinduism is a way of living according to

one’s understanding of principles of Vedas and

Upnishads. Veda is revealed knowledge. Just as

the knowledge of gravity was revealed to Newton,

similarly many Rishi’s or Seers were awakened to

certain transcendental Eternal Truths which

became the very essence of Hinduism. Hinduism

demonstrates an ecological awareness and great

respect for the natural world. Ancient Hindus felt

the Supreme Being’s presence in everything around

them. Since these divine forces sustained all livingcreatures and organic things on this earth, to please

God, they felt they must live in harmony with His

creation including earth, rivers, forests, sun and air.

Efficiency of human effort comes with

utilization of resources at one’s disposal. This

efficiency plays its role in improvement and

modernization of one’s skills and actions to suit

the appropriate environment. Every human is a

manager within himself and to its surroundings.

The way he behaves and understands these

elements of interaction depends wholly on his

awareness level. It is in this direction that a strategy

need be crafted and executed. The tenets of

Hinduism raise this level of awareness which

transcends the existing boundaries of thinking. The

melodious madrigals of Sanskrit literature have

scientific cum religious description of natural world

and indigenous systems of its restoration and

stabilization. The carbon cycle, the water cycle,

the food chains are some stabilizing tools put in

practice by nature.

Any part of the environment, if annihilated

is against Parmatman with no hope for

resurrection. The Hindu traditions older than the

Himalayas guide us in grappling with man made

catastrophes in the toxic realities of our present

ecological crisis.

This Hindu worldview of ancient Vedic

times became formalized into the Samkhya system

of philosophy that promoted ecology-care in Hindu

attitude. The Hindu beliefs spawned many rituals

that are still followed by traditional Hindus in India.

For example, before the foundation of a building is

dug, a priest is invited to perform the Bhoomi Pooja

in order to worship and appease mother earth and

seek forgiveness for violating her. Certain plants,

trees and rivers were considered sacred, and

worshipped in festivals. In a traditional Hindu

family, to insult or abuse nature is considered a

sacrilegious act. A Hindu mother would severely

scold her child for acts like ripping the limb of a

plant or urinating or spitting on a tree or in any

water body.

Nature, the Foster Mother

Several great ancient epochs of Hinduism,

the Vedic sages and Lord Buddha were indeed

borne by the forest as their foster mother. The

Lord Buddha too sprinkled his advice in the midst

of groves. The palace was not spacious enough

for him. It was the forest which had clasped him

to its breast. The heartland of the Hindu civilization

coexisted with nature. The trees and plants, rivers

and lakes had abundant scope to co-exist with man.

Unlike the present times where humans who by

the force of circumstance, get confined in the

forest, become wild like the tiger or foolish like

the deer, the Hindu saints prospered in the forests

(tapovan) where the solitude did not overwhelm

the intellect of man. Instead it gifted him with power

that drenched future civilizations and continues to

do so till today. A lively exchange prevailed

between them and the forest in all aspects of daily

work, leisure and needs. In this way they could

understand their own life by connecting it with the

greater life all around. They accepted air, light,

food and water with reverence and devotion.

Conclusions

Religious attitude of scholars can

recognize and circulate knowledge and create

awareness that is expected to bring alteration in


environmental performance. It may produce

personality aimed at individual accomplishment

followed by cluster directed action. Religion or faith

mix together with ‘vasudev kutumbakam’ can

proved be a efficient tool for protection and

conservation of our Earth. The behavior of every

individual enthused by religious conviction can

show the way to the growth of feasible and novel

regulatory tools that have the vision of attaining

the environmental conservation and protection at

a comparatively subordinate price. Collectively the

faith of the people worldwide can assist in

diminishing all environmental hazards.

References

• Bellamy, Dictionary of Environment.

Academic (India). Publishers. (2007)

483Pp

• Gilpin, A. Dictionary of Environment

Terms. Rout ledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.

(1976):

• 191Pp.

• Kumar N. and Bishnoi K.R. (2016).

Buddhism and its role in environment

protection. Sambhrathal Dhara-A

Refereed Research Journal of

Comparative Religion and Philosophy. 4,

103-106.

• Singh Y.K. 2006. Book entitled

Environmental Science, New Age

International (P) Ltd., New Delhi.

• Verma, N. (2008). Religion: A savior for

environment with particular emphasis on

Hinduism. http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/

a n n o u n c e / c o n v e n t i o n / p a p e r s /

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