shodhdhara.comshodhdhara.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/48.pdf · 2018-11-25 · 'kks/k /kkjk...

(A peer reviewed Quarterly Research Journal of Humanities & Social Scienceswith Grade 'A' & Impact Factor 5-10)

Year : 2018 Month : MARCH Vol. 1

Chief Editor

Dr. (Smt.) Neelam Mukesh

Editor

Dr. Rajesh Chandra Pandey

Published by : Shakshik Avam Anusandhan Sansthan, Orai (Jalaun) U.P.

48

ISSN : 0975-3664RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696UGC No. : 41386

'kks/k /kkjk II

SHODH-DHARA

'kks/k&/kkjkYear : 2018

MAR 2018Vol.1Quarterly Research Journal

Publisher : Dr. Rajesh Chandra Pandey (General Secretary)Shakshik Avam Anushandhan SansthanOrai (Jalaun) U.P.

Printer : Customer GalleryMauni Mandir, Orai (Jalaun) U.P.

Contribution :One Volume : 250/-Individual Five Year : 2000/- (For Research Scholar)Individual Life Membership : 3000/- (For Teachers & Others)Institutional Five Year : 2500/-Institutional Life Membership : 5000/-

(Duration of Life Membership is 10 year)

Note : All payments relating to this journal shall be made by draft in favoure of the "EditorShodh Dhara", Payble at Orai.

Office : Dr. (Smt.) Neelam MukeshChief Editor, Shodh-Dhara1075, Bank Colony, Jalaun Road, Orai (Jalaun) 285001, U.P.Mobile : 9450109471

: Dr. Rajesh Chandra PandeyEditor, Shodh-Dhara262, Pathakpura, Orai (Jalaun) 285001, U.P..Mobile ; 9415592698, 9198204835Email : [email protected]

MkW- jkts'k pUnz ik.Ms; ¼egklfpo] 'kSf{kd ,oe~ vuqla/kku laLFkku] mjbZ ¼tkykSu½½ eqnzd] izdk'kdvkSj Lokeh }kjk dLVej xSyjh] mjbZ ¼tkykSu½ ls eqfnzr djokdj 'kSf{kd ,oe~ vuqla/kku laLFkku] mjbZ¼tkykSu½ ls izdkf'krA laiknd &MkW- jkts'k pUnz ik.Ms;

Note : * The views expressed in the published articles are their writers own. The agreement ofthe Editorial Board or the Shodh Pratisthan is not necessary.

* Disputes, If any shall be decided by the court at Orai (Jalaun) U.P.

'kks/k /kkjk III

,d u;s ifjorZu dh vksj---lekt fujarj u, ifjorZuksa ls xqtj jgk gSA ifjorZu dgha izhfrdj gS rks dgha

v:fpdkjdA vly esa bu lHkh ifjorZuksa dh i "BHkwfe esa euq"; dh bPNk 'kfDr dh

Hkwfedk izcy gSA euq"; vius vnE; lkgl ls ,d vksj tgka l tu dh Hkwfedk esa [kjk

mrj ldrk gS] ogha fouk'k dk dkj.k Hkh cu ldrk gSA dqy feykdj ,d ckr ;g

ekuuk gksxk fd euq"; dks vius iz;klksa vkSj nkf;Ro dks xaHkhjrk ls la;ksftr djuk

pkfg,] ftlls ifj.kke lq[kn cu ldsaA bUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj fparu dh fojkVrk ds Øe

esa ge Hkh viuh ;k=kk esa fujarj u, iM+koksa dh vksj vxzlj gks jgs gSaA 'kks/k&if=kdkvksa

dh fujarj ubZ mRiUu gksrh /kkjkvksa ds chp 'kks/k&/kkjk dk izokg fdruk izcy gS ;g rks

vc fl) gks pqdk gSA 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ,oa f'k{kd lkfFk;ksa ls ;g vis{kk gS fd viuk lg;ksx

fujarj cuk, j[ksaA ge bl ckr ds fy, iz;kljr~ gSa fd 'kks/k ds fy, {ks=kh; fo"k;ksa dks

Hkh egRo fn;k tk,A blfy, ge 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ls vuqjks/k djrs gSa fd Ñi;k {ks=kh; rF;ksa

dks 'kks/k fo"k; ds :i esa pqudj ml ij lkexzh vo'; Hkstsa] ftlls lwpukvksa dk jk"Vªh;

Lrj ij foLrkj gks ldsA

'kks/k /kkjk dk nwljk fo'ks"kkad tks fd iwoksZRrj Hkkjr ij dsafnzr gS] 'kh?kz gh

ikBdh; izfrfØ;k ds fy, vki lHkh ds gkFkksa esa gksxkA ekpZ 2010 dk vad vkids gkFkksa

esa dqN fcyac ds lkFk lkSairs gq, gesa g"kZ dk vuqHko gks jgk gSA ;g vad vc nks u, fo"k;ksa

¼iqLrdky; foKku ,oa 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk½ dh ekU;rk ds lkFk vkids ikl gSA Hkfo"; esa

dqN vkSj u, fo"k;ksa dks Hkh LohÑr djkdj blesa lfEefyr fd;k tk;xkA ;g vad vius

Hkhrj cgqewY; lkexzh lesVs gSA vk'kk gS ;g vkids fy, laxzg.kh; gksxkA dqy 39 'kksèk

vkys[kksa] 3 fo'ks"k ys[kksa ,oa 2 iqLrd leh{kk ls ;qDr ;g vad vkidh izfrfØ;k dh

izrh{kk esa gS&

laiknd e.My

lEikndh;

bfrgkl lk{kh gS---thou&n'kZu vuUr vkSj jgL;e; gSA thou Hkj gekjs Hkhrj vufxur loky

mBrs jgrs gSa] ;s loky gesa pSu ls cSBus ugha nsrs vkSj ge bu lokyksa ds tckc dhryk'k esa HkVdus yxrs gSaA ;g r; gS fd ge bu lHkh lokyks ds tokc ds vusd ,slsvuqHko izkIr gksrs gSa] tks gesa /khjs&/khjs ifjiDork dh vksj ys tkrs gSaA ;g Hkh r; gSfd ;fn gj loky dk tokc lgh le; ij fey tk, rks thou esa vn~Hkqr ifjorZuvk ldrk gS vkSj thou lgt] ljy gks tk,A bldk eryc ;g ugha fd ge ryk'kcUn dj nsaA leL;k rc vkrh gS tc ge izkI; dks NksM+ vizkI; dh vksj py iM+rsgSa] vFkkZr~ mu lokyksa dh ryk'k cUn dj nsaA leL;k rc vkrh gS tc ge izkI; dksNksM+ vizkI; dh vksj py iM+rs gSa] vFkkZr~ mu lokyksa dh ryk'k dh ftn idM+ ysrsgSa] tks gekjh lkeF;Z ls ckgj gSaA ifj.kker% ge tokc rks ugha ikrs] viuhlq[k&'kkafr vkSj ÅtkZ u"V djus yxrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k ge chp esa gh Fkd tkrs gSavkSj gekjk y{; gels nwj gks tkrk gSA bl loky&tokc dh lrr~ pyus okyhizfØ;k esa lcls egRoiw.kZ gS] Lo;a ls loky djukA loky gS& ge tks dj jgs gSa] oglgh gS ;k ugha\ bl dk tokc tks iwjh bZekunkjh ls nsrk gS] og viuh ÅtkZ dk lghvkSj csgrj mi;ksx ikrk gSA ;g lp gS fd gekjs dk;Z gekjk gh Hkyk ugha djrsAgekjs dk;ksZa dk izdk'k nwljksa ds fy, Hkh ekxZ iz'kLr djrk gSA iwjh fu"Bk ls lghfn'kk esa fd;k x;k dk;Z vuUr laHkkoukvksa ds }kj [kksyrk gSA bl 'kks/k&tuZy dsek/;e ls ge lHkh fo}kuksa ls vis{kk djrs gSa fd gekjs 'kks/k&dk;Z dsoy gekjs fy,gh ugha] lEiw.kZ ekuotkfr ds fy, lq[kn laHkkoukvksa ds }kj [kksyus okys lkfcr gksaA

;g vad vius dysoj esa cgqr lkjs lanHkksZa dks lesVs gSA bl vad esa tks lkexzhladfyr gS] og 'kks/k lanHkksZa dh xq.koDrk dks dsafnzr djrs gq, ladfyr gSA bl vadeas dqy 36 'kks/k vkys[k] 04 fo'ks"k ys[k] 01 iqLrd leh{kk ladfyr gSA vk'kk ,oafo'okl gS fd ;g vad ikBdh; vkLokndrk dh dlkSVh rFkk 'kks/k ds ekinaMksa ij[kjk mrjsxkA vkidh izfrfØ;kvksa dh izrh{kk esa-------

laiknd e.My

'kks/k /kkjk IV

vuqØe Contents 'kh"kZd ys[kd i 0la0

'kks/k vkys[k

✦ fgUnh 1&621- nfD[kuh dh O;kdjf.kd fo'ks"krk,¡ % laKk ds fyax ,oa MkW0 rcLlqe cssxe 1- 5

opu ds izdk'k esa2- /keZohj Hkkjrh ds dkO; esa O;aX;kRedrk MkW0 cythr dqekj JhokLro 6-93- fo'o fgUnh vkSj Hkkjrh; laLd fr MkW0 r "kk 'kekZ 10-134- ledkYkhu fgUnh miU;klksa esa vkfnoklh foe'kZ MkW0 ;'kiky flag jkBkSM+ 14-205- fgUnh lkfgR; esa isze n'kZu dk ,sfrgkfld losZ{k.k veunhi 'kekZ 21-246- ukjh eqfDr la?k"kZ dh izrhd ehjk MkW0 lqeu flag 25-287- lkfgR; esa izrhdksa dh lkFkZdrk MkW0 nhis'k O;kl 29-338- izsepUn vkSj nfyr foe'kZ MkW0 fiadh ikjhd 34-379- orZeku lanHkZ vkSj Hkxorh pj.k oekZ ds lkfgR; esa 'kkbLrk lSQh 38-43

fu:fir lkekftd] lkaLd frd RkRo10- if.Mr dUgS;kyky feJ izHkkdj dk ^O;fDrRo* ,oa MkW0 dkfeuh eV~Vw 44-50

laLej.kkRed ys[kksa dh Hkko lEEkfr% jk"Vªh;rk&lkaLd frdifjos'k esa

11- fgUnh lkfgR; esa ukjh fo"k;d n f"Vdks.k dqekjh iwue pkSgku 51-5412- fVgjh x<+oky dh lkaLd frd i "BHkwfe vk'kqrks"k dqekj 'kekZ 55-62

✦ vaxzsth 63&6613- The Impact of Technology on Matrimonial Dr. Alka Rani Purwar 63-66

Negotiations and Alliance in Girish Karnad,sWedding Album✦ laLd r 67&75

14- izfrHkk&lEiUUk dfri; fonq"kh ukfj;k¡ MkW0 v:f.kek 67-7215- egkdfo ek?k dk iafMr MkW0 lkfo=kh xqIrk 73-75

✦ bfrgkl 76&7916- oSfnd xzUFkksa esa dyk MkW0 lqEcqyk fQjnkSl 76-79

ISSN : 0975-3664 RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC :41386

¼ekufodh ,oa lekt foKku ij dsafnzr ih;j fjO;wM =kSekfld 'kks/k&tuZy ^,* xzsM izkIr½(A peer reviewed Quarterly Research Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences with 'A' Grade)

Year 2018 MAR Vol. 1

'kks/k /kkjk V

✦ fof/k 80&8917- Singal Window For The Protection of International Hemant Khosla 80-83

Trademark Registration18- vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=krk rFkk lwpuk dk vf/kdkj gfj;k.kk nhid jkBh 84-89

lwpuk vk;ksx ds lUnHkZ esa ,d v/;;u✦ j{kk v/;;u 90&100

19- usiky dk laoS/kkfud ladV ,oa Hkkjrh; lqj{kk Jo.k dqekj f=kikBh 90-9520- India's Booming Population : A Serious Threat on Dr. Rajnish Kunwar 96-100

Environment

✦ euksfoKku 101&10921- fofHkUUk lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa MkW0 ftrsUnz flag ifjgkj 101-104

ds lek;kstu dk v/;;u MkW0 uUnyky feJkMkW0 rkjs'k HkkfV;k

22- Achievement Motivation and Gender Differences Deepika Kushwaha 105-109Dr. Taresh Bhatia

✦ jktuhfr foKku 110&13823- laLd fr dh jktuhfr dk lS}kfUrd v/;;u MkW0 jkeeqjkjh fpjokfj;k 110-11624- nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vkradokn% n{ksl ds ifjizs{; esa MkW0 'kSytk vLFkkuk 117-12825- fo'o dh izfrfuf/k la?kkRed O;oLFkk;sa&,d ijh{k.k Jherh nhfIr prqosZnh 129-138

✦ laxhr 139&14126- Xokfy;j vapy dh ,sfrgkfld laxhr ijEijk MkW0 eukst voLFkh 139-141

✦ n'kZu 'kkL=k 142&15927- eqnzk ,oa eqnzk fpfdrlk% ,d fo'ys"k.k MkW0 lat; izdk'k 142-15228- ledkyhu Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud i}fr ,oa mifuos'kokn MkW0 vuqjkx ik.Ms; 153-159

✦ lekt'kkL=k 160&16429- LoPN Hkkjr LoLFk Hkkjr MkW0 vtZqu feJ 160-164

✦ f'k{kk'kkL=k 165&20330- Live and Let Live; Significance of Jainism Dr. Shailja Gupta 165-16931- ch-,M- izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr ;ksxs'k dqekj iky 170-182

vfHko fRRk ,oa ewY;ksa dk v/;;u32- chtd esa vUrfuZfgr Nk=k ,oa f'k{kd ladYiuk MkW0 jRuk xqIrk 183-18633- Self-Concept among Different Modernity Dr. Shaily Gupta 187-192

Students Dr. Taresh Bhatia34- xka/kh n'kZu esa fufgr ewY;ksa dh orZeku f'k{kk esa MkW0 js[kk 'kqDyk 193-199

izklafxdrk MkW0 c tsUnz dqekj flag35- twfu;j gkbZLdwy esa v/;;ujr n f"Vckf/kr ,oa lkekU; MkW0 iz'kkUr 'kqDyk 200-203

ckydksa ds O;fDrRo dk rqyukRed v/;;u

'kks/k /kkjk VI

✦ 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk 204&21136- Psychophysical Effects of Music In Sport and Manish Bhatt 204-211

Exercise : Theory, Research and Application

✦ fo'ks"k 212&23537- lkfgR; vkSj i;kZoj.k ¼'kk;j gjthr flag ds xtyksa MkW0 cyoar clar tsÅjdj 212-216

ds lanHkZ esa---½38- jsfM;ks rFkk Vsyhfotu esa lw{e /ofu xzkgd dk ;ksxnku MkW0 nhid jkBh 217-22339- iq:"k ekufldrk dk izfrjks/k jprh fgUnh fQYesa lanhi lks- yksVyhdj 224-22940- 'kklu vkSj uSfrdrk&,d ifjisz{; uwj Qkfrek vUlkjh 230-235

✦ iqLrd leh{kk 236&23841- laosnuk dh fofo/krk MkW- iz.ko 'kkL=kh 236-238

'kks/k /kkjk VII

lkekU; vuqns'k@lwpuk^'kks/k&/kkjk* 'kSf{kd ,oa vuqla/kku laLFkku] mjbZ] tkykSu }kjk izdkf'kr =kSekfld ¼frekgh½

jk"Vªh; 'kks/k&if=kdk gSA ekufodh ,oa lekt foKku ij dsafnzr ;g if=kdk 'kks/k xfrfof/k;ka dks izksRlkguiznku djsxhA f'k{kk ,oa vuqla/kku dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks izksRlkgu nsus ds mn~ns'; ls xfBr bl laLFkku }kjkv)Zokf"kZd 'kks/k&if=kdk dk izdk'ku jk"Vªh; Lrj ij lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gSAfoLrkj {ks=k % ekufodh ,oa lekt foKku ds fofo/k {ks=kksa] lkfgR;] n'kZu'kkL=k vkfn ls lacafèkr

'kks/k&if=kdkA 'kks/k vkys[k fgUnh] vaxzsth] laLd r ,oa mnwZ esa Lohd r@ izdkf'krgksaxsA

'kks/k vkys[k % 'kks/k vkys[k ls lacaf/kr foLr r tkudkjh vanj ds i "B ij gSAizdk'ku % 'kks/k vkys[k dh izkfIr ds mijkar laiknd }kjk laLrqr ,oa fo"k; fo'ks"kK }kjk

vuqeksfnr gksus ij laiknd e.My dh fu/kkZfjr cSBd esa mls izdk'kukFkZ] Lohd rfd;k tk;xkA bl fLFkfr esa vkys[k ys[kd dks Lohd r i=k ;Fkk'kh?kz izsf"krfd;k tk;xk] ftlesa izdk'ku dh foLr r lwpuk gksxhA fo'ks"kK lfefr ,oalaiknd e.My vkys[k esa la'kks/ku@foLrkj dk iw.kZ vf/kdkjh gksxkA izdk'kugsrq vLohdkj gksus dh fLFkfr esa vkys[k okil izsf"kr ugha fd;k tk;xk] vr%ys[kd vius vkys[k dh ,d izfr vius ikl lqjf{kr j[ksaA

?kks"k.kk% ys[kd dks bl ckr dk ?kks"k.kk i=k vius vkys[k ds lkFk Hkstuk vfuok;Z gksxkfd izsf"kr vkys[k mldk ekSfyd vkys[k gS vkSj mldk izdk'ku dgha vU;=k ughagqvk gSA

fo'ks"k % ys[k ds izdk'ku ds mijkar lokZf/kdkj laiknd e.My ds v/khu gksxkA ys[k dsiw.kZ vFkok vkaf'kd iz;ksx gsrq ys[kd dks laikndh; lgefr fyf[kr :i ls izkIrdjuk vfuok;Z gksxkA

iqLrd leh{kk % 'kks/k&if=kdk esa 'kks/k&vkys[kksa ds vfrfjDr ,d dkWye iqLrd&leh{kk dk HkhgksxkA bl gsrq fdlh v|ru iqLrd dh leh{kk fdlh fo'ks"kK ys[kd@leh{kd}kjk izLrqr dh tk;xhA leh{kk gsrq iqLrd dk p;u laiknd e.My vkSjfo'ks"kK lfefr }kjk fd;k tk;xkA bl laca/k esa mDr lfefr dk fu.kZ; vafregksxkA

'kks/k&laxks"Bh fjiksVZ % 'kks/k&if=kdk esa 'kks/k&laxksf"B;ksa dh fjiksVZ Hkh izdkf'kr dh tk;xhA ekufodh,oa lekt foKku ij dsafnzr ,oa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ;w-th-lh-] lh-,l-vkbZ-vkj- ,oavU; jk"Vªh; laLFkkuksa ds lkStU; vFkok lg;ksx ls laiUu laxksf"B;ksa] ifjppkZ]dk;Z'kkyk vkfn dk izdk'ku fd;k tk;xkA

'kks/k /kkjk VIII

ys[kdh; ,oa lnL;rk lEcU/kh fu;e1. 'kks/k i=k dh Vafdr nks izfr;k¡ ,oa lkW¶V dkWih ¼lh-Mh-½ vo'; HkstsaA

Vad.k fof/k % A4 lkbZt esa 1.25 bap pkjks rjQ NksM+dj rFkk d frnso 10@ukjn esa 14 lkbZtvkWVks yhfMax] ist uEcfjax lfgr] ekbØkslkW¶V oMZ ;k istesdj ds fdlh Hkh otZu esa Vkbidjds Hkstsa ,oa vkokl dk irk] laLFkk dk irk ,oa nwjHkk"k ua vo'; fy[ksaA

2. 'kks/k i=k dh Lohd fr gsrq viuk irk fy[kk iksLVdkMZ layXu djsaA3. 'kks/k i=k esa lanHkZ dk Li"V mYys[k djsa] rFkk lanHkZ esa vadksa dk iz;ksx djsa ,oa mls lqijfLØIV

esa j[ksaA ftldk Øe bl :i esa j[ksa&uke dk vf[kjh 'kCn] 'ks"k uke] lu] iqLrd@ i "B la[;kmnkgj.k& f}osnh] gtkjh izlkn( ^dchj**( jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] ¼1990½ i 0 40

;fn tjuy gS rks&if=kdk@'kks/k 'kh"kZd dk uke] izdk'kd] vad] LFkku dk mYys[k djsaA

4. fVIi.kh vkSj lanHkZ dk mYys[k 'kks/k i=k ds var esa djsaA5. 'kks/k i=k esa lanHkZ dh vuqiyC/krk gksus ij mls Lohd r ugha fd;k tk;xkA6. 'kks/k&i=k ds lkFk bl vk'k; dk ?kks"k.kk i=k vo'; layXu djsa fd ;g 'kks/k&i=k ekSfyd gS

rFkk bls dgha vU;=k izdk'kukFkZ izsf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA7- 5@& dk Mkd fVdV yxk fyQkQk ¼vkokl@i=kkpkj ds irs lfgr½ lkFk esa izsf"kr djsaA8- 'kks/k vkys[k dk lkjka'k dk iSjkxzkQ esa vo'; nsaA9. 'kks/k /kkjk esa mUgha ys[kdksa ds 'kks/k&i=k izdkf'kr fd;s tk;saxs tks blds lnL; gSaA10. 'kks/kkFkhZ lnL;rk gsrq 2000@& /kujkf'k ,oa f'k{kd lnL;rk gsrq 3000@& dk cSad Mªk¶V@

euhvkMZj laiknd 'kks/k /kkjk] mjbZ ds uke ls izsf"kr djsaA11. laLFkkxr lnL;rk ikap o"kZ ds fy, 2500@& rFkk vkthou lnL;rk ¼10 o"kZ½ 5000@& gSA12. lHkh O;fDrxr ,oa laLFkkxr lnL;ksa dks if=kdk lk/kkj.k Mkd }kjk izsf"kr dh tk;sxhA ;fn

dksbZ lnL;@laLFkk if=kdk iathÑr Mkd ls eaxokuk pkgrk gS rks mls iathd r Mkd O;;vyx ls nsuk gksxkA

'kks/k /kkjk 1

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 1-5fgUnh

nfD[kuh dh O;kdjf.kd fo'ks"krk,¡ % laKk dsfyax ,oa opu ds izdk'k esa

MkW0 rcLlqe csxevfrfFk izk/;kid nwjLFk] f'k{kk funs'kky;] ekSykuk vkt+kn us'kuy mnwZ ;wfuoflZVh] gSnjkckn] vka/kz izns'k

¼izkIr % 10 tuojh 2018 ½

AbstractnfD[kuh orZeku [kM+h cksyh dk iwoZorhZ :i gSA ftls fgUnh Hkk"kh gh ugha cfYd mnwZ Hkk"kh Hkh viuh

fojklr le>rs gSaA vusd Hkk"kkvksa ds lfEefyr çHkkoksa ls ;qä nfD[kuh us vius tUe LFkku ls nwj nf{k.kds u, okrkoj.k esa dSls viuk :i fuf'pr fd;k] bldk lgh Kku çkIr djus ds fy, nfD[kuh dk lkfgR;Bksl lkexzh çnku djrk gSA Hkk"kk dh lQyrk vkSj le f) mlds 'kCn&Hk.Mkj dh çpqjrk ij fuHkZj gksrhgSA vFkZ dh fofHkUu O;atdrkvksa dks O;ä djus okyh 'kCnkoyh ls tks Hkk"kk lEiUu gksrh gS] og vfHkO;fädk mruk gh l'kä lkèku cu ldsxhA ,sls gh 'kCn&Hk.Mkj us nfD[kuh Hkk"kk dks le ) fd;k gSA

Figure : 00 References : 12 Table : 00

Key Words : nfD[kuh fgUnh dk Lo:i] nfD[kuh fgUnh dk O;kdjf.kd izHkko

nfD[kuh orZeku [kM+hcksyh dk iwoZorhZ :i gS] ftls fgUnh Hkk"kh gh ugha cfYd mnwZ Hkk"kh Hkhviuh fojklr le>rs gSaA vusd Hkk"kkvksa ds lfEefyr çHkkoksa ls ;qä nfD[kuh us vius tUe LFkkuls nwj nf{k.k ds u, okrkoj.k esa dSls viuk :i fuf'pr fd;k] bldk lgh Kku çkIr djus ds fy,nfD[kuh dk lkfgR; Bksl lkexzh çnku djrk gSA Hkk"kk dh lQyrk vkSj le f) mlds 'kCn&Hk.Mkjdh çpqjrk ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA vFkZ dh fofHkUu O;atdrkvksa dks O;ä djus okyh 'kCnkoyh ls tks Hkk"kklEiUu gksrh gS] og vfHkO;fä vkSj O;ogkj dk mruk gh l'kä lkèku cu ldsxhA ,sls gh'kCn&Hk.Mkj us nfD[kuh Hkk"kk dks le ) fd;k gSA ns[kk tk, rks lkfgfR;d rFkk cksypky dhnfD[kuh esa ç;qä 'kCn fuEu lzksrksa ls vk, gq, gSa&& eè; Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kk rFkk uO; Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kk

ls çkIr 'kCnA& fgUnh dh fofHkUu cksfy;ksa ls çkIr ns'kt 'kCn& laLÑr ls çkIr rRle 'kCn& vjch&Qkjlh ls çkIr rRle rFkk rn~Hko 'kCn& æfoM+ Hkk"kkvksa ls çkIr 'kCn

MkW0 ijekuUn ikapky1 us ,slh Hkk"kk cuus dhçfØ;k dks fuEu js[kkfp=k }kjk le>kus dk ç;kl fd;kgS&

'kks/k /kkjk 2

;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkk"kk n f"Vdks.k ls nfD[kuh dk vè;;u vius vki esa jkspd gSA nfD[kuhdh bu Hkkf"kd fo'ks"krkvksa dks le>us ds fy, O;kdjf.kd dksfV&laKk dks fyax] opu }kjk fo'ysf"krfd;k x;k gSAlaKk& laKk 'kCnksa esa fyax] opu rFkk dkjd ds dkj.k fodkj gksrk gSA nfD[kuh esa laKk 'kCnksa ds :ifgUnh fu;e ds dqN vuq:i ls gSa] ysfdu nfD[kuh dh viuh fo'ks"krk ds lkFkA lkfgfR;d d fr;ksaesa ç;qä dqN mnkgj.k nz"VO; gSa&laKk ewy :iewy:i ,dopu cgqopuvdkjkUr &v¼Qdhj½ &vka¼Qdhjka]eu-32&1½

&v¼taxy½ &,¼taxys]lS-109&7½vkdkjkUr &vk¼yrk½ &vk¡¼yrk¡]fg-uk-210&16½

vafre O;atu ds :i esa iwoZ O;atu$;k¡ dk la;qfädj.kj~ y~ o~ ¼ryok½ &vk dk yksi$;k¡ ¼ryO;k¡]lc-11&23½&vk¼p'ek½ &,¼p'es]dq-129&18½

bdkjkUr &b¼ifr½ &;k¡¼ifr;k¡]fg-uk-86&27½&bZ ¼HkkbZ ½ & bZ dk yksi$;k¡ ¼Hkk;k¡]lS-50&22½& bZ¼vkneh½ & bZ dk yksi] iwoZ O;atu$;k¡¼vknE;k¡]lS-127½u~ y~ o~ O;atu$bZ & bZ dk yksik$;ka¼ijh½ ¼i;k±]lS-]12&9½

mdkjkUr &m¼tarq$va>q½ &oka@ok¡¼tarqoka@va>qok¡]fg-uk]9&15½&m¼xq#½ &m dk yksi$vk¡¼xqjk¡]lc-]1&7½

foÑr :i ,dopu cgqopu&v¼iapHkwr½ &vka$dkjd çR;;¼iapHkwrka dk]eu-41&10½¼Hkksr½ &vk¡$dkjd çR;;¼Hkksrk¡ dw¡]lc-52&11½¼dM+ksj½ &vu~ ¼dM+ksju dsjk][kquk-2½¼euq";½ &vkSa$dkjd çR;;¼euq";kSa dq]fg-uk-10&15½&vk¼jktk½ &vk¡$dkjd çR;;¼jktk¡ dh]dq-63&5½&vk¼ijnk½ &vk dk yksi$la;qfädj.k ;k¡$dkjd fpUg

¼ij|k¡ dw¡]dq-105&19½&bZ ¼>wVh½ & bZ dk yksi$;k¡$dkjd çR;; ¼>wVîk¡ dh]lc-39&13½& bZ ¼Å[kyh½ & bZ dk yksi$b;kSa$dkjd çR;;

¼Å[kfy;kSa dh]fg-uk-230&16½vjch&Q+kjlh opu O;oLFkk%

nfD[kuh esa vjch&Q+kjlh dh opu O;oLFkk lkekU;r;k fgUnh dh opu&O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj

'kks/k /kkjk 3

gSA dqN LFkyksa ij lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk esa vjch&Q+kjlh 'kCnksa dk cgqopu vjch&Q+kjlh O;kdj.k dsfu;ekuqlkj cuk;k tkrk gSA• dqN 'kCnksa ds vkjEHk esa v* dk vkxe gksrk gS vkSj eè; esa Loj ifjorZu djds cgqopu cuk;ktkrk gS& ^voy flíhd vck cdj gS vlgkc* ¼lkgc&vlgkc]Qwy-22&17½

gky vgoky ¼dq-156&17] lc-58&13] Qwy-26&12½eryc erywc ¼dq-76&9½

• dqN 'kCnksa esa çR;; yxkdj cgqopu cuk;k tkrk gS&çR;; ,dopu cgqopu&vk tu t+uk¼lc-186&9½&vkr tqYe tqYekr¼dq-73&9½&vkuk eqrfjc eqrfjckuk¼lS-65&2½&bu ckr ckfru¼lS-150&15] lc-35&3½

fyax O;oLFkk% vo'; bls nfD[kuh dh fo'ks"krk gh dgsaxs fd blesa fayxxr vO;ofLFkr ç;ksx bldsfo'ys"k.k dks dfBu cukrk gSA ;g vfgUnh ys[kdksa dh lkfgfR;Ñfr;ksa d fr;ksa esa vkSj fDy"V :ièkkj.k dj ysrk gSA lkekU; O;ogkj dh L=kh fyax laKk,¡ iqfYayx esa vkSj iqfYayx laKk,¡ L=kh fyax esaç;qä gSaA fuEu mnkgj.kksa ls bl vO;oLFkk dks Li"Vr% ns[kk tk ldrk gS&• iqfYyax 'kCnksa esa L=kh fyax 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx&

esjh :i fdruk gS\ ¼fg-uk-98&7½rsjh firkth ¼fg-uk-100&5½esjh HkrkZ ¼fg-uk-214&28½esjh uke gh vgY;k ¼fg-uk-98&2½L=kh fyax 'kCnksa dk iqfYayx 'kCnksa esa ç;ksx&esjk vk¡[kksa ls ns[krk gw¡ ¼fg-uk-96&4½esjk :g ijokus ds ¼lS-19&7½

• nfD[kuh esa dqN 'kCn ewyr% L=khfyaxokph vFkok iqfYyaxokph gSaA vfèkdka'k 'kCnksa esa çR;;yxkdj vFkok o.kZ&ifjorZu ds }kjk fayax ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gSA

vu&bl çR;; dk mi;ksx iqfYyaxokph 'kCnksa dks L=kh fayx cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS&------ml ekyu lwa uknkuh ¼ekyh&ekyu] Qwy-3½^bZ* çR;; yxkdj iqfaYayx ls L=kh fayx cukus dh çfØ;k fgUnh ls esy [kkrh gS& vis ch gqbZ nhokus dh nhokuh ¼nhokuk&nhokuh]Qwy-62&28½

• vjch&Q+kjlh ds ftu 'kCnksa esa vr* çR;; tqM+rk gS] fgUnh esa os lc L=kh fyaxokph ekus tkrsgSa] fdUrq nfD[kuh esa ,sls dqN 'kCn iqfYayxokph gksrs gSa4&

ftlrs tks ;w lYrur gS lkjk ¼eu-½[kqnk dk ekfjQ+r rq> lwa gS iSnk ¼Qwy-½

'kks/k /kkjk 4

lkfgfR;d nfD[kuh esa vdkjkUr 'kCn iqfYyax vkSj L=khfyax nksuksa gSaA dqN iqfYyax 'kCn blçdkj gSa&Hkaoj¼Qwy-57&10½ inkFkZ¼fg-uk-229&7½ bykt¼lc-102&18] lS-79&9½ 'kSrku¼dq-12&10½dqN vdkjkUr L=khfyax 'kCn bl çdkj gSa& vkx¼lc-53&13½ fgder¼eu-4&3½ uhan¼lS-103&4½

vkdkjkUr esa Hkh iqfYyax vkSj L=khfyax 'kCn gSaAiqfYyax L=khfyax[kqnk¼Qwy-87&4½ 'kek¼dq-62&11] Qwy-53&25½>xM+k¼eu-30&7½ n;k¼eu-50&1½bdkjkUr esa iqfYyax vkSj L=khfyax 'kCn gSaiqfYyax L=khfyaxeksrh¼lc-21&2½ vkjlh¼Qwy-81&32½nsoM+h¼Qwy-41&30½ xksnM+h¼eu-33&13½nfD[kuh lkfgR; dk Hkk"kk dh n f"V ls vè;;u djus ds i'pkr~ ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd

fgUnh ls lacafèkr vusd cksfy;ksa ds :i nfD[kuh esa lfEefyr gks pqds FksA bl çdkj nfD[kuh viusewy Lo:i dks cuk, j[krs gq, Hkh Qkjlh] vjch] ejkBh] rsyqxq] dUuM+ ls dqN laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k]vO;; ysdj lkfgR;&jpuk ds fy, mi;qä curh pyh xbZ A vr% nfD[kuh dh 'kCnkoyh esa Hkkjrh;vkSj vHkkjrh; nksuksa gh çdkj ds 'kCn lekfo"V gSa] tks vius ewy 'kq) :i esa Hkh xzg.k fd, x, FksvkSj fodflr :i esa HkhA

ladsr&lwphQwy- QwyculS- lSQqyeqywd o cnhmy tekydq- dqrqceq'krjhlc- lcjleu- eule>koufg-uk- Jh i#"kksÙke dfo ds fgUnqLrkuh ukVdes-vk- esjktqy vk'kd+huxqy- xqy'kus b'd+buk- b'kkZnukeklwpuk& dks"Bd esa mi;qZä xzaFkksa ds uke ds lkFk igyh la[;k i "B dh rFkk nwljh la[;k ml i "Besa iafä&Øe dks n'kkZrh gSA mnkgj.k& ¼eu-123¼i "B½&23¼iafä½½

lanHkZ1- csxe] MkW- uwjtgk¡( Qwycu ¼bCu fu'kkrh½&laiknd % fefyUn çdk'ku] gSnjkckn&98] çFke laLdj.k&20032- ik.Ms;] jktfd'kksj( lSQqyeqywd o cnhmy teky ¼x+oklh½& laiknd vdc#íhu flíhdh nfD[kuh

lkfgR; çdk'ku lfefr] gSnjkckn] çFke laLdj.k&19553- ok?kzs] foeyk( dqrqceq'krjh ¼eqYyk otgh½&laiknd % ulh#íhu gk'keh] nfD[kuh lkfgR; çdk'ku lfefr]

'kks/k /kkjk 5

gSnjkckn] çFke laLdj.k&19544- 'kekZ] Mk- Jhjke( lcjl ¼eqYyk otgh½&laiknd % nfD[kuh lkfgR; çdk'ku lfefr] gSnjkckn] çFke

laLdj.k&19555- tkQ+j] Mk- l¸;nk( eule>kou ¼'kkg rqjkc½&laiknd % vcqy dyke vkt+kn&v fj;aVy bfULVVîwV]

laLdj.k&19646- 'kkjnk] Jherh ds-( Jh iq#"kksÙke dfo ds fgUnqLrkuh ukVd ¼Jh iq#"kksÙke dfo½& laiknd % nf{k.kkapyh;

lkfgR; lfefr] gSnjkckn&500380] çFke laLdj.k& 1979bZ&iqLrd7- gqlSuh] ed+nwe 'kkg( esjktqy vk'kd+hu % ^cYdkuwjh*

https%@@rekhta-org@ebooks@merajul&ashiqeen&ebooks8- uqljrh] xqy'kus b'd+ % https%@@rekhta-org@ebooks@masnavi&gulshan&e &ishq&

shumara&number&008&ebooks9- ikapky] MkW-ijekuUn( nfD[kuh fgUnh % fodkl vkSj bfrgkl&vyadkj çdk'ku] fnYyh&51] laLdj.k&

1978] i -&3610- 'kekZ] MkW- Jhjke( fgUnh nfD[kuh fgUnh dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl&MkW- Jhjke 'kekZ] fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu]

ç;kx] bykgkckn] çdk'kd&Jh xksikypUæ lg] i -&17311- ogh] i "B 17812- ogh] i "B 181

'kks/k /kkjk 6


/keZohj Hkkjrh ds dkO; esa O;aX;kRedrkMkW0 cythr dqekj JhokLro

vfl0 izks0] fgUnh] ckck lkgc Hkhejko vacsMdj dsanzh; fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ] m0iz0¼izkIr % 17 Qjojh 2018½

AbstractO;aX; }kjk lekt dh foÑfr;ksa dks lq/kkjus dk dk;Z Hkh ;qxksa ls gks jgk gSA izpfyr dqjhfr;ksa]

rRdkyhu lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ,oa jktuSfrd Hkz"Vkpkjksa dks mtkxj djus esa O;aX; dh vge Hkwfedk jgh gSAdfo ds vUrxZu esa foJ a[kfyr ekuo thou ds izfr tks vkØks'k vkSj ihM+k gS] og O;aX; ds ek/;e ls ghifjyf{kr gksrh gSA ekuo thou dh foHkhf"kdkvksa] vlQyrkvksa vkfn dks ikBd ds fy, cks/kxE; cukusvkSj mls ;FkkFkZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa voxr djkus ds fy, dfo izk;% O;aX; dk vkJ; ysrk gSA


Key Words : Hkkjrh ds dkO; esa] O;aX;kRedrk] Hkkjrh ds dkO; esa thou ewY;

ekuo LoHkko rFkk mlds vklikl ds thou vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fujUrj la?k"kZ pyrk jgkgSA pkgs os ifjfLFkfr;ka jktuSfrd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd gksa vFkok oS;fDrdA euq"; ds fy, lnk ;ghLokHkkfod jgk gS fd og bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa O;kIr vlarqyu o folaxfr;ksa dk lkeuk djsA vfHkO;fDrds {ks=k esa ;g la?k"kZ O;aX; ds :i esa O;Dr gqvk gSA

O;aX; }kjk lekt dh foÑfr;ksa dks lq/kkjus dk dk;Z Hkh ;qxksa ls gks jgk gSA izpfyr dqjhfr;ksa]rRdkyhu lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ,oa jktuSfrd Hkz"Vkpkjksa dks mtkxj djus esa O;aX; dh vge Hkwfedk jghgSA dfo ds vUrxZu esa foJ a[kfyr ekuo thou ds izfr tks vkØks'k vkSj ihM+k gS] og O;aX; ds ekè;els gh ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA ekuo thou dh foHkhf"kdkvksa] vlQyrkvksa vkfn dks ikBd ds fy, cks/kxE;cukus vkSj mls ;FkkFkZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa voxr djkus ds fy, dfo izk;% O;aX; dk vkJ; ysrk gSA O;aX;ds }kjk dkO; esa of.kZr rF; dk izHkko lh/ks ikBd ds eeZ ij iM+rk gS vkSj mldh izfrfØ;k Lo:iikBd dh HkkokRed ,oa ekufld fLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA ;gh dkO; dh okLrfod lQyrk gS]ftls /keZohj Hkkjrh us ifjos'kcks/k ds }kjk vfHkO;fDr nh gS( tks lkekftd ifjos'k dh fLFkfr;ksa dksle>dj viuh laosnuk }kjk dkO; esa mdsjk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd /keZohj Hkkjrh dh dfork,a fparuiz/kku gksrh gSaA

ckSf)d vkSj oSKkfud ifjos'k esa fodflr gqbZ u;h dfork ds dfo ^Hkkjrh* dk dkO; ek=kHkkoqdrk ls iw.kZ ugha gS] blfy, dfo bZ'oj] /keZ] nsork vkSj iwtk ds izfr iw.kZr% lefiZr ugha gksrk]cfYd va/kh vkfLrdrk o cqf) ds fnokfy;siu ij dbZ iz'u fpºu mifLFkr djrk gSA fujkdkjijes'oj ds vfLrRo vkSj vkfLrdrk ls mRiUu ladV dh fcMEcuk iw.kZ fLFkfr dk ^Hkkjrh* us cM+kltho fp=k.k fd;k gS&

rqe pyrs gks fcuk pj.k@lqurs gks fcuk Jo.k@ns[krs gks gcuk u;u@nw<+rs gSa rqedkslc lar vkSj lk/kd tu@ikdj ys vkrs rqEgsa@esys esa Bsys ls@gkV esa uqekb'kksa esa

'kks/k /kkjk 7

^rEcw xkM+ djrs gSa@rqEgkjk izn'kZu@Hkksaiw ij dgrs gSa@,d gS vtwckA**1

;gk¡ Hkkjrh th us vU/kh vkfLrdrk dk jkstxkj djus vkSj xk¡B ds v/kwjksa vkSj vk¡[kksa dsvU/kksa dh d:.k foMEcuk dks vfHkO;fDr nh gSA

LokFkhZ vkSj rVLFk eukso fRr ds yksx la?k"kZ ls miyC/k reke lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa dk miHkksx rksdjrs gSa vkSj u gh la?k"kZ dks leFkZu nsrs gSaA vkt dh Dyho ukxfjdrk ij fd;k x;k O;aX; fdruklkFkZd gS&

vfXu ugha Fkh tc@rc geus ugha dgkfd tkvksa vfXu tc vk;h@geus ugha dgk fd vfXu ugha ysaxs geA*2

Lora=krk ds i'pkr ns'k dh jktuhfr nwf"kr gks x;hA vkt usrk dk dk;Z tu dY;k.k ughajgk gSA og viuh dqlhZ cpkus ds fy, nwljksa ls fy[kok;sa Hkk"k.kksa dks xyk QkM+&QkM+ dj i<+us esagh viuh lQyrk le>us yxkA lRrk ds jksx ls ihfM+r usrk lekt&lq/kkj o ns'k dh izxfr dSlsdj ldrk gS\ blhfy, /keZohj Hkkjrh usrkvksa dh chekjh ls fpafrr gSaA ,slh chekjh tks lkjs jk"Vª lsQSy jgh gSA bldk mUewyu djus ds fy;s og LokLF; ea=kky; ls vihy dj jgk gS&

ôs tks mUekn xzLr jksxh ls@eapkas ij tkdj fpYykrs gSa@cdrs gSa@HkhM+ esa HkVdrs gSa@okr]fiRr] dQ ds ckn@pkSFks nks"k vge ls ihfM+r gSa@cLrh&cLrh esa@u;s vge ds vLirky[kqyokvksa@os lc chekj gSa]@Mjks er rjl [kkvksaA*3

vk/kqfud oSKkfud ;qx esa ,d jk"Vª nwljs jk"Vª dks fofHkUu izyksHkuksa] ;kstukvksa o laf/k;ksa ds}kjk xqyke cukus dk "kM+;a=k jprk gSA lfn;ksa ls Hkkjr dks bu fonsf'k;ksa ls la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA dHkh;s O;kikjh cu dj vk;s rks dHkh laLÑfr dk vknku&iznku djus okysA mn~ns'; budk ,d ghjgk&Hkkjr dh ijra=krkA u;s <ax ls xqykeh dks is'k djus okys ;s fons'kh vusdksa ckj ;gk¡ vk pqdsgSa&

^<ax gS u;k@ysfdu ckr ;g iqjkuh gS@?kksM+ksa ij j[k dj ;k FkSyh esa Hkj dj@;k jksVhls <¡d dj ;k fQYxks esa jax dj os@tathjs] dsoy tathjs gh yk;s gSa]@vkSj Hkh igys os dbZ ckjvk;s gSA*4

^Hkkjrh us izfl) ikSjkf.kd pfj=kksa ds ek/;e ls vk/kqfud ekuo dh foÑfr;ksa ij cM+s ekfeZdO;aX; fd;s gSaA lelkef;d ijfLFkfr;ksa] fo?kfVr thou ewY;ksa] foLFkkfir O;fDrRo vkSj euq"; dsizPNUu :i ij ^ck.kHkV~V* o ô gUuyk* ds ek/;e ls O;aX; fd;k gSA ^ck.kHkV~V* esa dfo us vk/kqfudeuq"; dh /ku yksyqirk ,oa eqnzk eatw"kk dh lR;rk] egkjkx o vrhfUnz; lq[k dh vksj ls foeq[krk ijcM+k rh[kk O;aX; fd;k gS&

^lR; gS jktk g"kZo/kZu ds gkFkksa ls@feyk gqvk iku dk lqxfU/kr ,d y?kq chM+k@pkgs ogtwBk gks@ij ml yxk gqvk odZnkj lksuk FkkA*5

vk/kqfud ekuo la?k"kZ ls foeq[k rFkk Hk;Hkhr] pkVqdkj ,oa Nn~eos'kh gks x;k gSA mldkfujkfJr o nksgjk O;fDrRo nwljksa dks /kks[kk nsrk gqvk viuh okLrfodrk dks fNik;s jgrk gS&

êSa tks g¡w u ifr fojkV dk fo'or@nkl u R;] xhr] dforkvksa] dykvksa dk Kkr fdUrq gj

'kks/k /kkjk 8

ne Hk;kØkUr@esjk vKkrokl [kqy u tk;sA*6

vKkrokl ds le; Hk;kØkUr vtqZu dh vkstfLork dk;jrk esa cny x;h FkhA fo[;krxk.Mho 'kk[kk ij Vaxk jgk gS os fo'oLr nkl cus jgsA Bhd ;gh fLFkfr vkt dfo;ksa ,oa cqf)thfo;ksadh gS] tks ew[kksZa ls f?kjs gSa vkSj viuh izflf) ds vkdka{kh gSaA bruk gh ugh 'kklura=k dh fLFkfr HkhdqN ,slh gh gSA mldh izflf) o xq.kxku Hkh blh izdkj gksrk gSA tSls&

^O;kl ;g fy[ksaxs fd@vU;k;h nq;ksZ/ku us tc geyk cksyk Fkk]@fojkV uxjh ij@eSaus Hkhiznf'kZr fd;k Fkk 'kkS;Z!@dSlk yxsxk rqEgsa@rc rqe ;g tkuksxs@fd ;g rks fy[kk;k Fkk eSausgh@ikaoks iM+&iM+ cw<+s O;kl dsA*7

lR; dh egRrk lekt esa fdruh gS\ u;h ih<+h ds fy, mldh D;k mi;ksfxrk gS\ lR; dhvis{kk >wBs ;q)ksa esa fo'okl djus okyh ,oa >wBs /;s; cukdj gkj dj Hkh thrus dk vfHkeku djusokyh u;h ih<+h ij O;aX;&

^nks gedks fQj >wBs ;q)@^nks gedks fQj >wBs /;s;@^gkjsaxs fQj ;g gS r;@fQj mldksekusaxs ge izHkq dh gkj@vius dks ekusaxs fQj vijkt;sA*8

'kklu dh gqdwerA izgfj;ksa dh rVLFkrkA lc dqN jf{kr djus ds ckn Hkh ;q) izseh ns'kksa dsikl cpk gh D;k gS\ izgjh vkns'kksa dk vk¡[ksa cUn dj vkSj foosd 'kwU; gksdj ikyu djrs gSa] ns'k dhlaLÑfr jk[k gks pqdh gS] fQj Hkh ns'k thr dk nkok djrk gSA ckgj ls thrk jk"Vª vUnj ls fdruk[kks[kyk gksrk gSA oSKkfud lagkjd 'kfDr;k¡ D;k eu dk cks> gYdk dj ldrh gSa\ fgalk ds }kjkD;k vius o ijk;ksa dks thrk tk ldrk gSa\

^Hkkys gekjs ;s@<kys gekjh ;s@fujFkZd iM+h jgha@vaxksa ij cks> cuh@j{kd Fks gedsoy@ysfdu j{k.kh; dqN Hkh ugha FkkA*9

fgalk ges'kk va/kh gksrh gSA egkHkkjr dk ;q) Hkh va/kksa dk FkkA vkt Hkh tc nks jk"Vª viuhe;kZnk NksM+dj ;q)k;kstu djrs gSa rc os HkkSfrd laLÑfr dh gksM+ o vga esa va/ks gksrs gSa vkSj va/kh:f<+;ksa dk iks"k.k djrs gSaA fdruk dqN ?kfVr gksrk gS ij os lRrk ds en esa va/ks gksus ds dkj.k ns[kugha ldrs&

^ns[ksaxs dSls os@va/ks gSa dqN Hkh D;k ns[k lds@vc rd@os\*10

vk/kqfud 'kklura=k dh vjktdrk] vO;oLFkk loZfofnr gSA dfo Hkh bl vO;oLFkk esa {kqC/kgSA og bl vjktdrk ij O;aX; djrk gS&

^ge tSls igys Fks] oSls vc Hkh gSa@'kklu cnys@fLFkfr;k¡ fcYdqy oSlh gSa@blls rks igysds gh 'kkld vPNs Fks@vU/ks Fks] ysfdu os 'kklu rks djrs FksA**11

vfUre iafDr;ksa esa ;g Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd gj vkus okyh 'kklu O;oLFkk fiNyh 'kkluO;oLFkk ls ghu gksrh gSA D;ksafd u;k 'kkld 'kklu ugha djrk] iqjkuh O;oLFkk ij nks"kkjksi.k djrkgS o viuh dqlhZ ds fy, fpafrr jgrk gSA mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa va/kk;qx* ds izgfj;ksa dh ihM+k oS;fDrdugha gS] vfirq vk/kqfud Lora=k ns'k ds izR;sd O;fDr dh ihM+k gSA

vk/kqfud 'kklu O;oLFkk dh ,d vkSj leL;k HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn* gS ftls dfo us va/kk;qx* dh

'kks/k /kkjk 9

fuEu iafDr;ksa esa O;aX;kRed vfHkO;fDr nh gS&^ij og lalkj@Lor% esjs va/ksiu ls mitk Fkk@eSaus vius oS;fDrd laosnu ls tks tkuk

Fkk---- dkSjo tks esjh ek¡lyrk ls mits Fks@os gh Fks vfUre lR;A*12

bl izdkj ^va/kk;qx* esa Hkh laØkfUr ;qxhu fLFkfr;ksa ij O;aX; fd;k x;k gSaA ^blds varjkyesa O;aX; dh vUroZrZuh /kkjk izokfgr gS( ftlds ek/;e ls blesa vkxr ewY;ksa dk vkHkkl feyrk gSA**13

oSls rks lEiw.kZ dkO; gh vkt dh folaxfr;ksa vkSj fo?kVu dks vfHkO;fDr nsrk gSA ij bls dbZ LFkyksaij =kklnh dh ukVdh; vfHkO;fDr O;aX; ds }kjk gh gqbZ gS ukVd esa of.kZr nks izgjh =kkln O;aX; dhvfHkO;fDr esa fo'ks"k lQy gq, gSaA

^Hkkjrh* dh jpukvksa esa fpUru'khyrk ds dkj.k dgha&dgha izse laca/kksa esa Hkh O;aX; dhvfHkO;qfDr gqbZ gSA ;s O;aX; izse esa foNksg dh fLFkfr vkus ls vf/kd ekfeZd cu x;s gSaA dfo dh fiz;kdk ân; bruk dksey gS fd og i=k esa fy[ks gkl dks lg ugha ikrhA fdUrq dkseyrk ds lkFk ghmlds ân; dh dBksjrk O;aX; }kjk&

^D;k ;s lc lkFkZd gSa\@pkjksa fn'kkvksa ls mRrj dks@mM+&mM+ dj tkrs gq,@fx)ks dks D;krqe cqykrs gks\@¼tSls cqykrs Fks] HkVdh gqbZ xk;ksa dks½\15

foxr~ nks egk;q)ksa ls =kLr O;fDr vc ;q) ij fo'okl ugha djrkA ^duqfiz;k* ds ek/;e lsjk/kk us d ".k ds ;q) o bfrgkl fuekZ.k dh vekuqf"kd ?kVukvksa ij rh[kk O;aX; fd;k gS&

^deZ] Lo/keZ] fu.kZ;] nkf;Ro@eSus Hkh xyh&xyh lqus gSa ;s 'kCn@vtqZu us buesa pkgs dqNHkh ik;k gks@eSa bUgsa lqu dj dqN Hkh ugha ikrh fiz;A*16

nwljh iafDr dk xyh&xyh* O;aX; dh lVhd vfHkO;fDr djrk gSA jk/kk dk duq ls ;g iz'ufd ^lkFkZdrk D;k gS\* vius esa ,d O;aX; fNik;s gq, gSA ;g ,slk lkFkZd O;aX; gS] fd ftldh vFkZ/ofu cgqr nwj rd tkrh gSA

Hkkjrh }kjk duqfiz;k* esa vfHkO;Dr O;aX; rh[ks] pqVhys ,oa l'kDr gSa] ftldk dkj.k jk/kk dkmuls vufHkKrk O;Dr djuk gSA jk/kk dh Hkksyh] Hkkoqd ,oa lgt fLFkfr us O;aX;ksa dks ekfeZd cukfn;k gSA*

lanHkZ1- Hkkjrh( /keZohj /keZ;qx* 4 fnlEcj 1966] i 0 102- Hkkjrh( /keZohj ^lkr xhro"kZ i 0 53- ogh] i 0 46 4- ogha] i 0485- ogha] i 0 50 6- ogh] i 0 51 7- ogh] i 0 38- ogh 9- ogh10- Hkkjrh] /keZohj] va/kk;qx] i 0 1411- ogh 12- ogh] i 0 5713- ogh 14- ogh15- ogh 16- Hkkjrh] /keZohj] duqfiz;k] i 0 12

'kks/k /kkjk 10


fo'o fgUnh vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfrMkW0 r "kk 'kekZ

,lksf'k,sV izksQslj] f'k{kk] Lokeh Jh Lo:ikuan ljLorh egkfo|ky;] gqMdks] fHkykbZ] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 Qjojh 2018½

AbstractdqN yksx Hkk"kk dks laLd fr ls lai Dr dj nsrs gSaA laLd fr dh ifjHkk"kk lqxe ugha gSA fdarq lkekU;r%

mls fdlh tu&leqnk; dh ijEijkvksa] :f<+;kas] fo'oklksa vksj thou i)fr;ksa dk ;ksx dg ldrs gSaA bln f"V ls ,d LFkku ij clus okys yksxksa dh laLd fr ,d gqvk djrh gSA Hkkjr ls tks yksx fons'k tkrs gSa]os lc ds lc Hkkjrh; le>s tkrs gSaA fcuk ifjp; fn;s Hkh fonsf'k;ksa dks gesa Hkkjrh; le> ysus esa dksbZmy>u ugha gksrhA dkj.k dh lkaLd frd n f"V ls ge ,d gSa] laLd fr lcdh ,d gS vksj og gS& Hkkjrh;laLd fr*A


Key Words : fgUnh dk oSf'od :i] Hkk"kk vkSj laLd fr] Hkk"kk vkSj laizs"k.k

Hkk"kk vksj laLd fr dk ijLij ?kfu"B laca/k gSA Hkk"kk fopkj] fofue; dk lk/ku gh ugha cfYdog gesa lkspuk Hkh fl[kkrh gSA gekjs lkjs cqf)] oSHko] dyk] lkfgR;] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftdvksj lkaLd frd ljksdkj Hkk"kk ls fufeZr gq, gSaA Hkk"kk laLd fr dh nsu gS vksj laLd fr dh vfHkO;fDrHkk"kk ds ek/;e ls gksrh gSA gekjs Hkko] fopkj] vuqHkwfr;k¡] vk'kk,a] vkdka{kk,a] g"kZ&fo"kkn vkfn Hkk"kkds ek/;e ls gh O;Dr gksrs gSaA

loZizFke tktZ vczkge fxz;lZu us bl ns'k esa Hkk"kkvksa vksj cksfy;ksa dk ,d oSKkfud losZ{k.kfd;kA bl losZ{k.k ds ifj.kke mudh iqLrd fyafXofLVd losZ vkWQ bafM;k esa izdkf'kr gSaA bllosZ{k.k esa Hkkjr] vQxkfuLrku] ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k] E;kaekj vksj Jhyadk dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kFkkA bl losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa ml le; 179 Hkk"kk;sa vksj 544 cksfy;k¡ FkhA

Hkk"kk dk fuekZ.k lekt esa gksrk gS vksj laLd fr Hkh lekt fo'ks"k esa tUe ysrh gS] iyrh vksjiuirh gSA bl izdkj lekt] Hkk"kk vkSj laLd fr ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj gaSA fdlh Hkk"kk dk cksyk tkukml lekt dh O;oLFkk] ijaijk vksj laLd fr ds fu;eksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lekt vksj laLd fr yqIrgksrh gS rks Hkk"kk Hkh yqIr gksus yxrh gSA ySfVu] xzhd] laLd r tSlh izkphu egku Hkk"kk;sa lekt lsdVrs gh lhfer gks xbZ vksj vkt Hkh ;g izfØ;k tkjh gSA

Hkk"kk] /keZ] laLd fr vksj jk"Vªh;rk ;s pkj ,sls rRo gaS] tks euq"; tkfr dks ijLij feykrs HkhgSa vksj vyx Hkh djrs gSaA Hkk"kk gh ,dek=k og lk/ku gS] tks vU; i'kqvksa ls euq"; dks i Fkd djrhgSa vksj mls euq"; cukrh gSA lkfgR;] Kku&foKku] dyk lHkh {ks+=kksa essa euq"; dh leLr miyfC/k;ksadk ,dek=k vk/kkj Hkk"kk gh gSA LoHkkor% Hkk"kk dk euq"; ds thou esa cM+k egRo gS] tSlk nUMh usdgk gS] euq"; ds leLr fØ;k&dyki Hkk"kk ds }kjk gh fu"iUu gksrs gSa&

'kks/k /kkjk 11

bneU/kre% d Rlua tk;sr Hkqou=k;e~] ;fn 'kCnkâ;a T;ksfrjklalkja u nhI;rsAA1

vFkkZr~ ;g f=kHkqou ?kksj va/kdkj esa fueXu gks tkrk ;fn l f"V ds vkjaHk ls 'kCn dh Hkk"kk dh T;ksfruk tyrh gksrhA

blh dks fo[;kr nk'kZfud O;kdj.k HkrZ gfj us Hkh dgk&vFkZizo fRrrRokuka 'kCnksa ,o fucUèkue~A2

vFkkZr O;ogkj esa izo fRr ds lk/ku gh 'kCn gSaAdgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd tks Hkh YkkSfdd O;ogkj lEiUu gksrk gS] og Hkk"kk ds }kjk gksrk

gSA euq"; izse vkSj >xM+k nksuksa Hkk"kk ds }kjk gh djrk gSA bl rjg Hkk"kk esy vkSj fojks/k nksuksa dkdkj.k gSA nwj ns'k esa tc dHkh gesa viuh Hkk"kk cksyus okyk dksbZ fey tkrk gS] rks fdruh izlUurkgksrh gS vkSj mlds izfr fdruh vkReh;rk dk cks/k gksrk gSA tc rd ge yksxksa dh Hkk"kk ugha le>rs(mlds izfr vkd "V ugha gksrsA

dqN yksx Hkk"kk dks laLd fr ls lai Dr dj nsrs gSaA laLd fr dh ifjHkk"kk lqxe ugha gSA fdarqlkekU;r% mls fdlh tu&leqnk; dh ijEijkvksa] :f<+;kas] fo'oklksa vksj thou i)fr;ksa dk ;ksx dgldrs gSaA bl n f"V ls ,d LFkku ij clus okys yksxksa dh laLd fr ,d gqvk djrh gSA Hkkjr ls tksyksx fons'k tkrs gSa] os lc ds lc Hkkjrh; le>s tkrs gSaA fcuk ifjp; fn;s Hkh fonsf'k;ksa dks gesaHkkjrh; le> ysus esa dksbZ my>u ugha gksrhA dkj.k dh lkaLd frd n f"V ls ge ,d gSa] laLd frlcdh ,d gS vkSj og gS& ^Hkkjrh; laLd fr*A

Hkk"kk gekjs lEizs"k.k dk egRoiw.kZ ek/;e vkSj Hkko cks/k dk vU;re lk/ku gSA Hkk"kk ds lgkjsO;fDr u dsoy vius fopkj O;Dr djrk gS] cfYd mls nwljs rd lEiszf"kr Hkh djrk gSA

lkekU;r% ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa esa fofHkUu dk;ksZa ds fy, iz;qDr fof'k"V Hkk"kk dk;kZy;hu Hkk"kkdgh tkrh gSA bls dkedkth Hkk"kk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldh leqUur laKk jktHkk"kk gS] fdarq jk"Vª dsleLr ljdkjh dkedkt ds fy, iz;qDr Hkk"kk dks gh jktHkk"kk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ;|fi lafo/kkuus Lokra=k;ksRrj Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk ds :i esa fgUnh dks viuk;k] ijarq okLrfodrk ;g gS fd fganhvius vkjaHk ls gh fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa dk;kZy;h Hkk"kk ds :i esa izpfyr jgh gSA

izkphu dky ls ckjgoha lnh rd lHkh Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa laLd r Hkk"kk izfrf"Br jgh gSAchp&chp esa dHkh&dHkh dqN vksj Hkk"kk :iksa ds Hkh O;kid iz;ksx gq;s gSaA lezkV v'kksd us ckS) /keZdks jktkJ; fn;kA muds jkT; esa ikfy dk vknj FkkA ikfy e/;ns'kh; Hkk"kk jgh gS] fdarq jktdktdh ,oa tuHkk"kk 'kkSjlsuh jgh gSA e/;izns'k esa izpfyr dkedkth tuHkk"kk dk ;g :i ewyr% fganhdk vkfn:i gSA

ckjgoha lnh ds ckn rqdksZa vkSj vQxkuksa ds vkxeu ls iz'kkldh; dkedkt esa Qkjlh dkiz;ksx gksrk jgk] ysfdu lgHkk"kk ds :i esa fganh dkss Lohd fr izkIr gqbZ] D;ksafd vf/kdka'k ljdkjhdeZpkjh Hkkjrh; Fks] vkSSj mu lHkh ds fy, Qkjlh dk iz;ksx ljy ugha FkkA

eqxyksa dh izeq[k njckjh Hkk"kk Qkjlh Fkh] ysfdu fganh lgHkk"kk ds :i esa izpfyr FkhA'ksj'kkg lwjh ls ysdj ckn rd ds flDdksa ij izk;%Qkjlh ds lkFk fganh dk iz;ksx feyrk gSA jktLFkkuds jktiwrksa ds fofHkUu fj;klrksa esa fganh dk iz;ksx ckjgoha lnh ls gksrk vk;k gSA ejkBk 'kkldksa us

'kks/k /kkjk 12

Hkh jktdkt dh Hkk"kk ds :i esa fganh dks viuk;k FkkA f'kokth egkjkt us fganh jktdks"k cuok;kFkkA

bZLV bafM;k daiuh ljdkj dk vkf/kiR; gks tkus ij vaxszt 'kklu dky ds vkjafHkd fnuksaesa jktuSfrd] iz'kklfud] /kkfeZd rFkk O;kolkf;d LokFkZiwfrZ ds fy, vaxzstksa us fganh dks viuk;k rkfdns'kh iz'kkldksa] iztk] O;kikjh] fdlku] etnwj vkfn ls mudh utnhdh c<+s rFkk mudk fo'okl izkIrgks] ijarq lu~ 1835 esa ykWMZfofy;e csafVd ds dky esa ykWMZ eSdkys us vaxzsth dks Hkkjr dh iz'kklfudHkk"kk ds :i esa O;ogkj ds fy, fo/ks;d ikfjr fd;kA ;gk¡ ls mPp Lrj ij vaxzsth vkSj fuEu Lrjij ns'kh Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx gksus yxkA

Lora=krk la?k"kZ ds nkSjku ;g ckr Hkh eglwl dh x;h fd vaxzsth 'kklu ds lkFk gh iz'kklfudHkk"kk vaxzsth dks fu"dkflr djuk vko';d gSA Lora=krk] Lo'kklu ds lkFk LoHkk"kk dh izfr"Bkvko';d gSA lu~ 1909 bZ- esa egkRek xka/kh us viuh iqLrd ^fgUn Lojkt vkSj gkse:y* esa bl ckrdh ppkZ Hkh dhA lu~ 1925 esa dkuiqj ds dkaxzsl vf/kos'ku esa dkaxzsl dh egklfefr vkSj dk;Zdkfj.khdk dke fganh esa djus dk izLrko blh n f"V ls ikfjr gqvkA bl lc dk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd Hkkjrds Lora=k gksus ij fganh dks jktHkk"kk cuk;k x;kA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 343 esa la?k dh ljdkjh Hkk"kknsoukxjh fganh dks cuk;k x;kA vkjaHk esa dqN le; ds fy, vksj rRi'pkr~ ve;kZn le; rd vaxzsthdk lgHkk"kk ds :i esa iz;qfDr dk izko/kku fd;k x;kA ysfdu vkt n'kk ;g gS fd vaxzsth iz/kku Hkk"kkcu x;h gS vksj fganh lgHkk"kkA bl fLFkfr dks cnyus ds fy, vko';d gS fd fganh ds iz;ksx ds izfrvkLFkkiwoZd iz;kl gksus pkfg,A

gekjh fpark dk izeq[k fo"k; gS fd fdl izdkj jk"VªHkk"kk fgUnh] ekr Hkk"kk vkSj gekjh /kuhHkkjrh; laLd fr dks gekjs ns'k vkSj fons'kksa esa Hkh v{kq..k j[kk tk;s] mldk lao/kZu gks vkSj mls ubZih<+h rd igqapk;k tk;sA vxj lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gS rks Hkk"kk mldk ek/;eA vesfjdkesa fo'o fgUnh lfefr] fo'o fgUnh U;kl] fgUnh ;w-,l-,- fgUnh fodkl eaMy vkfn vusd Lo;alsohlaLFkk;sa gSa] tks fgUnh dks ubZ ih<+h rd igaqpkus ds fy, vFkd~ iz;Ru djrh gSaA bu laLFkkvksa ds }kjkeafnjksa esa 'kfuokj] jfookj dFkk;sa pykbZ tkrh gSa( tgk¡ cPps Hkk"kk ds lkFk&lkFk vU; lkaLd frddk;ZØeksaa ls Hkh tqM+s jgrs gSaA fonsf'k;ksa esa Hkkjr ds /keZ] laLd fr] ;ksx] /;ku] vk;qosZn vksj T;ksfr"kfo|k dks le>us dh ftKklk gS vksj os bu phtksa dks Hkkjr dh ewy Hkk"kk esa gh le>uk pkgrs gSaAdbZ ihf<+;ksa ls fons'kksa esa cl pqds Hkkjrh; viuh laLd fr dh Hkk"kk dks lajf{kr j[kus dk lnSo iz;Rudjrs jgrs gSaA muds jkstxkj dh Hkk"kk pkgs tks Hkh gks ysfdu ?kj dh Hkk"kk fganh ;k ekr Hkk"kk gh gksrhgSA

Hkkjrh; laLd fr ds izpkj vksj izlkj dk lokZf/kd Js; mu lkglh ,oa mRlkgh Hkkjrokfl;ksadks tkrk gS] ftUgksaaus le;≤ ij fons'k xeu djds fofHkUu ns'kksa esa Hkkjrh; mifuos'kksa dh LFkkiukdhA Hkkjr ls lqnwj mu mifuos'kksa esa Hkkjrh; laLd fr] lH;rk vksj /keZ izpkj dks n f"V esa j[kdj dbZdsUnz LFkkfir fd;s vksj vius laidZ esa vkus okys fonsf'k;ks ds eu esaa Hkkjrh; laLd fr vksj lH;rkds izfr fo'ks"k vkd"kZ.k tkx r fd;kA cjlksa igys lezkV v'kksd us ckS) /keZ ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy,

'kks/k /kkjk 13

vius iq=k&iq=kh dks yadk Hkstk vkSj vius HkkbZ ,oa vU; nwrksa dks felz] lhfj;k] vQxkfuLrku]b.Mksusf'k;k vkfn ns'kksa esa HkstkA bl rjg Hkkjrh; laLd fr bu ns'kkasa esa igq¡ph vkSj iqf"ir iYyforgksrh jghA blh izdkj gekjh laLd fr] Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj /keZ fo'o ds dksus&dksus esa igq¡p x;kA

loZfofnr gS fd ekWjh'kl] fQth] f=kfunkn] lwjhuke vkfn ns'kksa esa tc Hkkjrh; vkthfodkdekus x;s rks os vius /kkfeZd xzaFkksa ds lkFk&lkFk viuh ijaijk;sa] jhfr&fjokt vksj laLd fr dks Hkhys x;sA bl lanHkZ esa ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fons'kksa esa tkus okys Hkkjrh; ogk¡ dsoy 'kkjhfjd :iesa ugha tkrs] vius Hkksfrd lkeku ds lkFk os vius eu dh xBjh esa pqipki viuh laLd fr] thou ewY;vksj iajijk;sa cka/k ds ys tkrs gSa vksj fons'kh /kjrh ij cM+s ;Ru ls bl /kjksgj ds j{k.k vkSj lao/kZuesa tqVs jgrs gSaA

^olq/kSo dqVqEcde* Hkkjrh; laLd fr dk ewyea=k gS vksj og fnu nwj ugha fd bl egkea=k dhxw¡t fo'o ds gj Nksj esa xw¡tsxhA

lanHkZ1- n.Mh] dkO;kn'kZ] 14A2- Hkr Zgjh] okD;inh; czãdk.M] 10A3- 'kekZ] vkpk;Z nsosUnzukFk( jk"VªHkk"kk fgUnh leL;k;sa vkSj lek/kku] yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn] 20084- JhokLro] johUnzukFk( fgUnh Hkk"kk lajpuk ds fofo/k vk;ke] jk/kkd ".k izdk'ku izk- fy-] nfj;kxat] ubZ

fnYyh] 20135- ik/kk] 'kf'k( lkaLd frd /kjksgj ds laokgd&izoklh Hkkjrh;]6. https://vishwahindijan.blogspot.com

'kks/k /kkjk 14

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; ,MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 14-20fgUnh

ledkyhu fgUnh miU;klksa esa vkfnoklh foe'kZ;'kiky flag jkBkSM+

'kks/kkFkhZ] fgUnh foHkkx] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj] jktLFkku¼izkIr % 12 tuojh 2018 ½

Abstract1980 ls iwoZ jfpr tutkrh; thou ij dsfUnzr fgUnh miU;kl vkfnokfl;ksa ds u R;ksa] xhrksa]

ioZ&mRlo] vkeksn&izeksn] vkfn ds jax ,oa Nfo;ksa ls rFkkdfFkr lH; lekt dks ifjfpr djokrs gSa] fdUrqmudh ihM+k] osnuk] O;Fkk] la?k"kksZa] iz'uksa dks ok.kh ugha nsrs gSaA tcfd vkfnoklh thou ls tqM+s ijorhZmiU;klksa dk mís'; fLFkj LFkku ij xfreku le; esa thrs gq, vkfnokfl;ksa ds lexz igyqvksa dks mn~?kkfVrdjuk jgk gSA MkW- ch-ds- dyklok ds vuqlkj& Þvkfnoklh thou dsfUnzr miU;klksa esa vkfnokfl;ksa dstfVy thou fp=k dks vafdr djus ds fy, ys[kd dgha eksVh js[kk,a [khaprk gS] dgha iryh] dgha vodk'kksadks Hkjus ds fy, nks&pkj fcanq viuh rwfydk ls tM+ nsrk gSA


Key Words : fgUnh miU;kl vkSj vkfnoklh thou] miU;kl vkSj yksd thou

fgUnh miU;kl ys[ku dh ijEijk yxHkx lok lkS lky iqjkuh gSA bDdhloha lnh rdvkrs&vkrs fgUnh miU;kl ;k=kk dbZ eksM+ksa ls gksdj xqtjh gSA blesa le;≤ ij dFkkud ,oaf'kYi laca/kh vusd iz;ksx gq, gSaA bls foMEcuk gh dgk tk,xk fd vktknh ls igys rFkkdfFkr lH;lekt dh eq[;/kkjk ls nwj taxyksa] igkfM+;ksa] danjkvksa vkfn esa cls vkfnoklh lekt dks lkfgR; esaleqfpr LFkku ugha feykA *lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k^ dgk tkrk gS] ijUrq nqHkkZX;o'k bl niZ.k esavkfnoklh lekt cgqr de] /kqa/kyk vkSj fod r :Ik esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa vkfnokfl;ksadks vlqj] nkuo] jk{kl] vlH;] ccZj ,oa dkeqdrkiw.kZ fn[kkdj yacs le; rd gkf'k, ij j[kk x;kgSA dqN ys[kdksa us vkfnoklh lekt dks euksjatu dh oLrq ekudj fpf=kr fd;k gSA

1980 ls iwoZ jfpr tutkrh; thou ij dsfUnzr fgUnh miU;kl vkfnokfl;ksa ds u R;ksa] xhrksa]ioZ&mRlo] vkeksn&izeksn] vkfn ds jax ,oa Nfo;ksa ls rFkkdfFkr lH; lekt dks ifjfpr djokrs gSa]fdUrq mudh ihM+k] osnuk] O;Fkk] la?k"kksZa] iz'uksa dks ok.kh ugha nsrs gSaA tcfd vkfnoklh thou ls tqM+sijorhZ miU;klksa dk mís'; fLFkj LFkku ij xfreku le; esa thrs gq, vkfnokfl;ksa ds lexz igyqvksadks mn~?kkfVr djuk jgk gSA MkW- ch-ds- dyklok ds vuqlkj& Þvkfnoklh thou dsfUnzr miU;klksaesa vkfnokfl;ksa ds tfVy thou fp=k dks vafdr djus ds fy, ys[kd dgha eksVh js[kk,a [khaprk gS]dgha iryh] dgha vodk'kksa dks Hkjus ds fy, nks&pkj fcanq viuh rwfydk ls tM+ nsrk gSA

vusd ioksZa] mRloksa] ijEijkvksa] fo'oklksa] O;Fkk ds voljksa] xhrksa] la?k"kksZa] izd fr ds jaxksa]iqjkus&u, thou ewY;ksa vkfn ls fyiVk gqvk vkfnokfl;ksa dk thou vfHkO;fDr ds ,d u;s ek/;edh vis{kk djrk gSA ,sls vkfnoklh thou laca/kh miU;kl fy[kus okyksa esa lcls igyk uke txUukFkizlkn prqosZnh dk fy;k tkrk gS] ftUgksaus lu~ 1899 esa clar ekyrh^ miU;kl fy[kk tks eqaxsj ftys

'kks/k /kkjk 15

ds ey;iqj vapy ds eYykg vkfnoklh thou ij vk/kkfjr gSAÞ1 blh Øe esa cztuanu lgk; dk^vj.;ckyk^ ¼1904½] o ankouyky oekZ dk dpukj^ ¼1947½] nsosUnz lR;kFkhZ dk jFk ds ifg;s ¼1952½];ksxsUnz flUgk dk ôuy{eh^ ¼1956½] jkaxs; jk?ko dk ^dc rd iqdk:a^ ¼1957½] jktsUnz voLFkh dk^lwjt dh fdj.k Nk¡o rd^ ¼1950½] 'kkuh dk ^lkai vkSj lh<+h^ ¼1960½ vkfn izeq[k miU;kl gSaAxksiky jk; ds vuqlkj Þvktknh ds ckn vkfnokfl;ksa ds thou dk fp=k.k djus okys izFkemiU;kldkj nsosUnz lR;kFkhZ gSa ftUgksaus jFk ds ifg;s^ esa e/;izns'k ds xksaM tutkfr ds thou ;FkkFkZdk izkekf.kd vkSj laosnuk flafpr vadu fd;k gSAÞ2

bl izdkj Lora=krk ls igys ,oa ckn esa Hkh fgUnh miU;klksa esa vkfnoklh thou dk fp=k.kfNViqV :Ik esa gksrk jgk] fdUrq ledkyhu miU;klksa esa vkfnoklh thou dk fp=k.k izeq[krk ls gksusyxk gS ftuesa vkfnoklh miU;kldkjksa ds vfrfjDr xSj&vkfnoklh miU;kldkjksa us Hkh lgHkkfxrkdhA bUgksaus u dsoy vkfnoklh thou dks utnhd ls ns[kk&ij[kk gS] vfirq ft;k Hkh gSA njvlyÞmÙkj vk/kqfud le; esa gkf'k;kd r vfLerkvksa ds foe'kZ dsafnzr gksus ls tgk¡ muds vf/kdkjksa dhyM+kbZ dks lcy jktuhfrd eap feyk gS] ogha mudk misf{kr thou o Ùkkar izpfyr&izpkfjr /kkj.kkvksa,oa feFkdksa ds izHkko ls eqDr izkekf.kd vkSj l'kDr lkfgfR;d :Ik esa ntZ gqvk gSA vfLerk foe'kZdk ;g laf'y"V izHkko vkfnokfl;ksa ds thou ij ,dkxz mu fgUnh miU;klksa esa vfuok;Zr% ns[kus dksfeyrk gS ftlesa gkf'k, ds yksxksa dk bfrgkl ,oa ;FkkFkZ u;s rsoj] u;h varnZ f"V ,oa u;h Hkk"kk&Hkafxekds lkFk lkeus vk;k gSAÞ3

vkfnokfl;ksa ij dsfUnzr fgUnh miU;klksa esa eS=ks;h iq"ik dk vYek dcwrjh^] j.ksUnz dk Xykscyxk¡o ds nsork^] jkds'k dqekj flag dk îBkj ij dksgjk^] ^tks bfrgkl esa ugha gS^] rsftanj dk ^dkykiknjh^] eueksgu ikBd dk xxu ?kVk ?kgjkuh^] latho dk taxy tgk¡ 'kq: gksrk gS^] /kkj^] ik¡o rysdh nwc^] ^lko/kku! uhps vkx gS^] lksgu 'kekZ dk êh.kk ?kkVh^] iqUuh flag dk ^lgjkuk^] Hkxokunkleksjoky dk ^jsr^] Jo.k dqekj xksLokeh dk ^gLr{ksi^] Jhizdk'k feJ dk ^tgk¡ ck¡l Qwyrs gSa^]^:ifrYyh dh dFkk^] gfjjke eh.kk dk */kw.kh ris rhj*] eaxy flag eaMk dk *NSyk lUnq*] egqvk ekthdk *ejax xksM+k uhydaB gqvk* vkfn mYys[kuh; gSaA vkt fgUnh esa vkfnoklh thou ls lacaf/krmPpdksfV ds miU;klksa dh jpuk gks jgh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt dk izcq) oxZ vkfnoklh lekt ,oa mulstqM+s fofHkUu eqíksa ls ifjfpr gks jgk gSA vkfnoklh miU;klksa dk bfrgkl mruk iqjkuk ugha gS

ftruk ge ekurs gSaA oLrqr% Lora=krk ds ckn dfri; fo}kuksa us miU;kl fo/kk esa vkfnoklhfoe'kZ dks [kkstus dh dksf'k'k dh gS ftldk ifj.kke vkfnoklh dsfUnzr fgUnh miU;kl ekuk tkldrk gSA bl izdkj vkfnoklh thou ij dsfUnzr miU;kl ys[ku dh ijEijk Øe'k% vxzlj gSA

jkds'k dqekj flag dk miU;kl îBkj ij dksgjk^ >kj[k.M ds eq.Mk vkfnokfl;ksa ds 'kks"k.ko tupsruk ij vk/kkfjr gSA bldk dFkk{ks=k gS iykew dk xtyhBksjh] tks NksVk ukxiqj dk iBkj {ks=kgSA miU;kl ik¡p [k.Mksa esa foHkkftr gSA igys [k.M taxy ;gk¡ ls 'kq: gksrk gS esa dFkkuk;d lathodh cjdkdkuk ls xtyhBksjh] jaxsuh ds ?kj igq¡pus dh dFkk of.kZr gSA latho vkSj jaxsuh dh dFkk blesalkFk&lkFk pyrh gSA nwljs [k.M ^Bgfj;s] vkxs taxy gS^ esa latho ds jaxsuh ds ?kj vkljk feyusls ysdj cukldk¡Bk ls ykSVrs gq, Hkkyw ds geys ls ?kk;y gksus vkSj Qknj czwuks ds lans'k & ;kn j[kkslatho] ;fn rqEgsa bUnz/kuq"k pkfg, rks igys ewlyk/kkj ckfj'k Hkh lguh gh gksxh^4 ds lkFk lekIr gksrk

'kks/k /kkjk 16

gSA rhljk [k.M ^dksgjs esa vdsys^] pkSFkk [k.M ^dksgjs ds fo#)^ vkSj ik¡pok o vafre [k.M gS ^;gvar ugha A miU;kl esa eq.Mk vkfnokfl;ksa ds lkaLd frd thou dk cgqr gh lw{e o ltho fp=k.kfd;k x;k gS] ftlds rgr eq.Mkvksa dh os'kHkw"kk] muds jgu&lgu] mudh /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa] utjmrkjus tSls va/kfo'okl] gafM+;k dh fdaonafr;k¡ rFkk eq.Mk lekt dh ijEijkvksa] R;ksgkjksa] yksddFkkvksarFkk yksdxhrksa vkfn dk fp=kkRed o.kZu mYys[kuh; gSA bl izdkj ^iBkj ij dksgjk^ vkfnoklhtuthou ij vkSiU;kfld ys[ku dk ,d lQy lkFkZd iz;kl gSA lqjsUnz nqcs ds 'kCnksa esa&Þ;gmiU;kl b/kj ds miU;klksa esa ehy dk iRFkj gSA >kj[k.M+ gh ugha] ns'k ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa clsouiq=kksa dk ;g thoar nLrkost gSAÞ5

^tks bfrgkl esa ugha gS^ miU;kl esa jkds'k dqekj flag us Lok/khurk laxzke esa laFkkyvkfnokfl;ksa ds ;ksxnku dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA miU;kl esa bl rF; dks fo'ks"k :Ik esa mtkxj fd;kx;k gS fd laFkky vkfnoklh lekt cgqr tkx:d FkkA og u dsoy vaxzsth 'kklu dh okLrfodrkdks le>rk Fkk] cfYd muds 'kks"k.k vkSj LokFkZijd uhfr;ksa dh Hkh mls xgjh tkudkjh FkhA ;ghdkj.k gS fd viuh vfLerk] Lok;Ùkrk vkSj laLd fr dh j{kk gsrq fl)kas] fcjlk vkfn yksduk;dksa dhvxqokbZ esa laFkky vkfnoklh lekt Lok/khurk la?k"kZ esa dwn iM+kA miU;kl dk izeq[k ik=k gkfly eqjewHkh ,slk gh tuuk;d gS] tks vkfnoklh lekt dks ,dtqV djds mldh eqfDr ds fy, lfØ; Hkwfedkvnk djrk gSA miU;kl dk dFkkud fonzksgh laFkky ;qok eqjew vkSj mjk¡o ;qorh ykyh dh jksekafVdHkkoHkwfe ij vk/kkfjr gSA blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd ys[kd us eqjew vkSj ykyh dh izsedFkk dksyksdthou vkSj yksdjax dk :Ik nsus ds lkFk&lkFk laFkky fonzksg ds lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd lanHkZdks vks>y ugha gksus fn;k gSA

eueksgu ikBd us ^xxu ?kVk ?kgjkuh^ miU;kl esa 'kksf"kr vkSj la?k"kZ'khy thou thus okyhmjk¡o tutkfr dk fp=k.k fd;k gS] tks Hkkjr dh vktknh ds lkB o"kZ ckn Hkh nklrk esa thou O;rhrdj jgh gSA 'kks"k.k] vHkkoxzLrrk] fiNM+kiu] Hkw[k tSlh dbZ leL;kvksa ls mjk¡o tutkfr f?kjh gqbZ gSAjk;cgknqj tSls lkearh yksx mUgsa dsoy lius fn[kkrs gSaA lksukjke tSls mudh gh fcjknjh ds yksxmUgsa vktkn djkus dk iz;kl Hkh djrs gSaA jk;cgknqj ds }kjk tcju dCtk fd;s x;s vius [ksr fnungkM+s dkVrs gSaA tks lkeUr ds lkeus [kM+s gksus ls Mjrs Fks] ogh i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ ds dkj.k tkx fr vkusls vius gd ekaxrs gSaA iS: xquh dk fopkj gS&Þtaxy NksVk gksrk tk jgk gS vkSj bfrgkl cM+k ls cM+kAij jkst bfrgkl esa u,&u, v/;k; tksM+rh ;g nqfu;k iBkj ij cls bl taxy dks] taxy esa clsxk¡oksa dks D;k ns jgh gSAÞ6 mjk¡o vkfnokfl;ksa dh ftanxh ds vrhr] orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; dks lesVrhbl dFkk ds lanHkZ esa ohjsUnz ;kno dk dFku /;krO; gS&Þ>kj[k.M ds iykew {ks=k dk vkfnoklh thouo la?k"kZ bl miU;kl esa viuh laiw.kZrk ds lkFk mifLFkr gSA mjk¡o tutkfr dh bl la?k"kZ xkFkk esavkfnoklh thou dk lkSUn;Z] 'kkS;Z] foo'krk] ljyrk] dq:irk] vHkko o cnyko dh psruk ,d lkFkmifLFkr gSA ;g lewps izkarj rFkk vkfnoklh lekt ds O;fDrRokUrj.k dh vkSiU;kfld xkFkk gSAÞ7

j.ksUnz ds Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork^ miU;kl esa ty] taxy] tehu dh leL;k ds cjvDl vlqjvkfnokfl;ksa ds vfLrRo] vkRelEeku rFkk vfLerk ds loky dks izeq[krk ls mBk;k x;k gSA blmiU;kl esa Hkkjr ds vlqj vkfnokfl;ksa dks gh ugha] cfYd lewps fo'o ds vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa dhO;Fkk&dFkk dks lesVus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ouksa ij vkfJr jgus okyh vkfne tutkfr;k¡

'kks/k /kkjk 17

vkfndky ls ysdj vkt rd vU; thou thrh jgh gSa fdUrq nsork^ dgykus okys uxjokfl;ksa ¼oSfnddky ds nsojkt banz ls ysdj vk/kqfud dky ds Xykscy xkao ds O;kikfj;ksa½ us mudk yxkrkj nksgu]'kks"k.k vkSj mRihM+u fd;k gSA lH;rk vkSj fodkl ds uke ij bUgksaus izd fr dks jkSank gS vkSj izkd frdthou thus okys fujhg ekuo leqnk;ksa ds lkFk fgald] ccZj] vf'k"V vkSj v'yhy NsM+NkM+ dh gSAmudh vkLFkk ds lkFk f[kyokM+ fd;k gS] mudh ijEijkvksa dks rksM+k gS] muds thou lk/kuksa vkSj

lalk/kuksa dks rgl&ugl fd;k gS vkSj mUgsa foLFkkfir 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dh fLFkfr esa yk iVdk gSArsftanj d r ^dkyk iknjh^ miU;kl e/;izns'k ds nqxZ uked vkfnoklh {ks=k dh var;kZ=kk dk vuwBkvkSj izkekf.kd mÙkj vk/kqfud lk{; gSA blesa vkfnokfl;ksa dh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa esa/keZ ds gLr{ksi dks tk¡pus ds Øe esa e/;izns'k ds xgu vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa ?kfVr gksrh ?kVukvksa vkSjtaxyksa ds ikj lkal ysrs thou dk laosnu'khy ,oa lw{e vkadyu gSA miU;kl dk ik=k tsEl egkRekxka/kh dh rLohj ns[kdj dgrk gS& Þfnl iwvj vksYM eSu gSt+ fcde xkWM vkWQ vkWy djIV xouZesaVvkWfQlstAÞ8 miU;kl esa ,d rjQ lq[k] in&izfr"Bk vkSj izHkqin ds led{k ntkZ izkIr vfHktu gSa]nwljh rjQ Hkw[ks] vlgk; /kkfeZd izrkM+uk ds f'kdkj yksx gSaA tsEl tks Lo;a /kekZpkjh gS] dk mudsi{k esa [kM+k gksuk ewY;oku vkn'kksZa dh LFkkiuk dk izLFkku fcanq gSA dgk tk ldrk gS fd ÞIyklh ;kcDlj dh yM+kb;ksa ls dgha vf/kd tfVy vkSj fu.kkZ;d bl ;q) dh ifj.kfr;ksa dks le>us dh ps"Vkfdlh bfrgkldkj us ugha] igyh ckj fgUnh esa rsftanj us dh gSAÞ9

latho ds ^/kkj^ miU;kl esa >kj[k.M ds ckalxM+k] laFkky] ijxuk vkSj NksVk ukxiqj dsdks;yk vapy esa dke djus okyh laFkky tutkfr dk thou la?k"kZ fpf=kr gSA miU;kl esa iwathoknhO;oLFkk vkSj 'kks"k.k ra=k] ekfQ;k fxjksgksa ds vkrad] jk"Vªh; laifÙk dh ywV] esgurd'k vkfnoklh yksxksadh n;uh; vkSj vfHk'kIr ftanxh dks mtkxj fd;k x;k gSA vkfnoklh lekt esa izpfyr ijaijkvksa]jhfr&fjoktksa ,oa dqfRlr ekU;rkvksa dk mYys[k Hkh miU;kl esa gqvk gSA miU;kl dh ik=k eSuk viukifr gksrs gq, Hkh vU; iq#"k ¼eaxj½ ds lkFk jgrh gS] ftlds pyrs eSuk dk vkfnoklh lekt Jk)djrk gS& Þpcwrjs ij laFkkyksa dh ijEijk ds vuqlkj dqyVk eSuk dk Jk) gks jgk FkkAÞ10 miU;klesa ,d vkSj ccZj dqizFkk feyrh gS fd vks>k }kjk fdlh ukjh dks Mk;u ?kksf"kr djus ij vkfnoklhml ukjh dks iRFkj ekj&ekj dj tku ls ekj nsrs gSaA

latho ds miU;kl taxy tgk¡ 'kq: gksrk gS^ esa pEikj.k {ks=k dh Fkk: tutkfr ds yksxksa dhn;uh; fLFkfr] Mkdw leL;k] iqfyl iz'kklu esa QSys Hkz"Vkpkj rFkk vke turk ds 'kks"k.k dks fn[kk;kx;k gSA fcgkj dk pEikj.k {ks=k feuh pacy^ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl {ks=k esa jgus okys esa Fkk:leqnk; ds yksxksa dk tehankj 'kks"k.k djrs gSaA Mkdw mUgsa gfFk;kj vkSj lg;ksx izkIr djus ds lk/kuds :i esa bLrseky djrs gSa vkSj iqfyl bUgsa Mkdqvksa ls feyk gqvk ekudj mudh [kkst&[k+cj ikusds fy, bu ij vR;kpkj djrh gSA blh lansg ds vk/kkj ij iqfyl tc vkfnoklh ;qorh eykjh dksidM+rh gS rc og viuh etcwjh crkrh gS& Þgkfde ! gekjk dlwj cl bruk gS fd ge xjhc gSa] vkSjrtkr gSaAÞ11 latho vkxs fy[krs gSa fd eykjh dh ;kpuk dk izHkko iqfyl iz'kklu ij ugha iM+kAÞlglk lqn'kZu flag dk pkSM+k gkFk mlds eq¡g ij iM+k vkSj og [kkV ij lh/ks tk HkgjkbZA izse izdk'kus lh/ks jkbQy rku yh] cksy jaMh] dqfr;k-----A cksy----- ugha rks bZ jkbQy rsjs isV esa Mky nsaxsAÞ12 bldFku ls Li"V gS fd iqfyl vkfnokfl;ksa ds lkFk ccZjrkiw.kZ vkpj.k djrh gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 18

Hkxokunkl eksjoky dk jsr^ miU;kl datj tutkfr ds ml thou dks mn~?kkfVr djrk gStgk¡ dkeqdrk gS] tqxqIlk gS rks LrC/k djus okyh ijEijk,¡ vkSj ca/ku Hkh gSaA datj tutkfr lH;lekt dh n f"V esa vLi ';] ?k f.kr vkSj ifrr gSA bl tkfr dk viuk ,d bfrgkl ,oa laLd fr gSA;g L=kh iz/kku laLd fr okyh tutkfr gSA os';ko fÙk bl tkfr dk is'kk gS] ij mlds dkuwu rFkkfjokt Hkh gSa ftuls og ca/kh gSA bl tkfr dh L=kh iwjh rjg Lora=k gS] ysfdu mldh ftUnxh nwljksads fy, eqëhHkj jsr dh rjg gSA nsg dks viuh egRokdka{kk dh iwfrZ ds fy, lh<+h cukdj Hkh vktlH; lekt dh vkSjrsa tks dqN ugha ik ldrh] mls miU;kl dh ukf;dk #fDe.kh ikrh gSA og vui<+gS] ijUrq eqjyh tSlk ?kk?k jktuhfrK mldk 'kks"k.k ugha dj ikrkA miU;kl esa oS|th ,sls pfj=k gSatks datj tkfr dh fL=k;ksa dks ml nyny ls ckgj fudkyus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA xkSjryc gS fddatj tkfr dh L=kh Hkys gh os';k dk O;olk; djrh gS ijUrq 'kksf"kr dnkfi ugha gSA

gfjjke eh.kk dk /kw.kh ris rhj^ miU;kl lu 1913 esa jktLFkku ds ckalokM+k ftys ds ekux<+ioZr ij gq, vkfnoklh fonzksg ,oa cfynku dh ?kVuk ij vk/kkfjr gSA blesa vaxzsth o fj;klrh QkStksals yM+rs gq, djhc 1500 vkfnoklh yM+kdw 'kghn gq, FksA fofHkUu izdkj ds 'kks"k.k ls rax vkdjxksfoUn xq# ds usr Ro esa eq[;r% Hkhy vkfnokfl;ksa us ;g yM+kbZ yM+h FkhA blesa vkfnokfl;ksa dsvf/kdkj vkSj nslh fj;klrksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys 'kks"k.k dk ftØ rFkk vfgalkoknh o vk/;kfRedfopkjksa ds ek/;e ls vkfnoklh lekt dks lq/kkjus dk iz;kl Hkh n f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA

Jhizdk'k feJ dk ^tgk¡ ck¡l Qwyrs gSa^ miU;kl mÙkj&iwoZ dh fetks tutkfr dks dsUnz esaj[kdj mldh vfLerk] Lora=krk o vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ds iz'uksa dks izeq[krk ls mBkrk gSA miU;kl esafetksje dh laLd fr] Hkk"kk] Hkwxksy] thoup;kZ] [kku&iku] izd fr&igkM+ o Ik'kq&if{k;ksa dk thoar olkFkZd fp=k.k miU;kl dks ewY;oku cukrk gSA lekt dh vkarfjd 'kfDr o nqcZyrkvksa dks dFkk&lw=kesa fijksrk ;g miU;kl vius dF; dh ekSfydrk ds dkj.k viuh vyx igpku cukrk gSA

Jhizdk'k feJ dk ^:ifrYyh dh dFkk^ miU;kl es?kky; esa clusokyh [kklh tutkfr dslkaLd frd tuthou ij vk/kkfjr gSA mÙkj&iwoZ ds bl tutkrh; lekt esa QSys va/kfo'okl] tM+rkvkSj muds fiNM+s jgus ds dkj.kksa ij iSuh utj Mkyus ds Øe esa ys[kd dFkk ds ewy rarq dks [kkstrsgq, FkksM+k ihNs gVdj ns[kuk 'kq: djrk gSA og ns[krk gS fd ,d rjQ vaxzstksa dk Hkkjr esa vkuk]oSKkfud n f"V ls fodkl ds lkFk tutkfr;ksa dks vius /keZ dh rjQ vkd "V djuk vkSj nwljh rjQfgUnwoknh fopkj/kkjk }kjk bUgsa viuh rjQ [khapuk ,slh izo fÙk;k¡ gSa] tks bu tutkfr;ksa dh laLd frdks detksj djus esa eq[; Hkwfedk vnk dj jgh gSaA miU;kl ds ek/;e ls ;g csgn t:jh ckr lkeusvkrh gS fd bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa ds ckjs esa tks ekU;rk gS fd os xjhcksa dh vkfFkZd enn djds gh /keZvaxhdkj dh ckr djrh gSa] xyr gSA okLro esa os lÙkk/kh'kksa dh rjg lHkh gFkdaMs viukrh gSaA

eS=ks;h iq"ik dk ^vYek dcwrjh^ miU;kl cqUnsy[k.M dh dcwrjk uked rFkkdfFkr vijk/khtutkfr ds lkekftd vkpj.k dks ysdj fy[kk x;k gSA ;g tkfr vius ewy LFkku ls foLFkkfir gSAizLrqr miU;kl esa nks lektksa dk o.kZu gS& ,d gS lqlaLd r lekt vkSj nwljk gS ^dcwrjk lekt^tks pksjh djus ds fy, dq[;kr gSA dcwrjk fL=k;k¡ egqvk dh 'kjkc cukdj csprh gSaA miU;kl dkizkjEHk ealkjke vkSj dneckbZ ds lEcU/kksa ls gksrk gSA dneckbZ dk fookg eaMsjk [kqnZ ds taxfy;k lsgksrk gSA taxfy;k vius gquj ds dkj.k e'kgwj gSA mldh lgk;rk ls ealkjke] yYywyky dh izkphu

'kks/k /kkjk 19

vVkjh esa fLFkr guqeku dh lksus dh ewfrZ pqjkrs gSaA pksjh dk bYtke yYywyky ds dkdk ij yxk;ktkrk gSA /khjs&/khjs jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku ds ykyp esa taxfy;k ealkjke dk xqyke cu tkrk gSAysf[kdk us lH; lekt vkSj vijk/kh le>s tkus okyksa dh thou i)fr vkSj mudh fopkj/kkjk dksO;aX;iw.kZ n f"V ls vkeus&lkeus izLrqr fd;k gSA taxfy;k dk ealkjke ls iz'u gS&Þekfyd tks prqjkbZge viuh ftUnxh cpkus ds fy, vey esa ykrs gSa] vki yksxksa esa ogh pkysa vius lxs&lEcfU/k;ksa dks[kRe djus ds fy, bLrseky gksrh gSaA os fQj Hkh tsy ugha tkrsA pksjh gh lcls cM+k xqukg gSAÞ13

oLrqr% vYek dcwrjh^ vijk/kh ekuh tkusokyh] ,d fo'ks"k tutkfr dh ftthfo"kk] jksVh dh fpark vkSjthus ds la?k"kZ esa dqVrs&fiVrs] ca/krs&ejrs] vfojr yxs jgus okyksa dh ,slh O;Fkk&dFkk gS] tks vktknhdh vk/kh lnh ds ckn dk Hkh ;FkkFkZ gSAÞ14

Jo.k dqekj xksLokeh dk gLr{ksi^ miU;kl vusd izdkj ds d"Vksa dks >syrs] izkd frd ifjos'kls rknkRE; LFkkfir djds fu'Ny thou thus okys lriqM+k] cqUnsy[k.M] c?ksy[kaM vkSj egknso dhigkfM+;ksa dks viuk vkJ;LFky ,oa deZLFky cukdj thou&;kiu djus okys vkfnokfl;ksa ds thouij vk/kkfjr gSA Lora=krk izkfIr ds ckn ns'k esa fodkl ds fy, tks ;kstuk,¡ cuha] muesa vkfnoklh {ks=kij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k x;k] ij foMacuk ;g gqbZ fd fodkl ds uke ij dsoy vkfFkZd ywV ephAmiU;kldkj us u flQZ ouoklh ifjos'k dk xgjkbZ ls v/;;u fd;k gS] cfYd ogka dk ifjos'k mldhvkRek esa jpk&clk gSA blfy, vkfnoklh thou&txr ds lp dks iwjh iz[kjrk ds lkFk O;Dr djusesa miU;kl lQy jgk gSA

eaxy flag eqaMk dk ^NSyk lUnq^ miU;kl NSyk lUnq vkSj cqUnh ds izse&izlaxksa ds ek/;e lseq.Mk lekt dh [kwfc;ksa&[kkfe;ksa] ijaijkvksa] jhfr&fjoktksa dk izkekf.kd fp=k is'k djrk gSA ,dvkfnoklh dye ls mdsjh xbZ eq.Mk lekt dh ;g rLohj mu leLr ekuoh; igyqvksa dks mtkxjdjrh gS tks ekuo O;fDrRo dks xfjek iznku djrs gSaA taxy ds ;s fuoklh lHkh eguh; xq.kksa ls HkjiwjgSaA buesa vkfFkZd foiUurk gS] lkekftd fiNM+kiu gS] ij ekuoh; psruk dk dksbZ vHkko ugha gSA eaxyflag eq.Mk us taxyokfl;ksa dh ftanxh ls tqM+s reke lq[k&nq[k] mrkj&p<+ko] mUeqDr] uSlfxZd thourFkk mlds lkFk gh mu ij gksus okys lkearh mRihM+uksa dk eeZLi'khZ ,oa ân;xzkgh fp=k.k fd;k gSAdg ldrs gSa fd ^NSyk lUnq eq.Mk lekt dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLd frd thou ds ;FkkFkZ dkvkbZuk gSAÞ

iqUuh flag dk ^lgjkuk^ miU;kl jktLFkku dh lgfj;k tutkfr ds thou vkSj leL;kvksaij dsfUnzr gSA blesa jktLFkku vkSj e/;izns'k dh lhek ij dwuks unh ds vklikl ';ksiqj] f'koiqjh]'kkgkckn] vkfn bykdksa esa cls lgjkuksa dh dFkk of.kZr gSA jktLFkku esa lgfj;k eq[; :Ik ls ckjkaftys dh fd'kuxat o 'kkgkckn rglhyksa eas fuokl djrs gSaA 'kkgkckn jktLFkku ds nf{k.kh iwoZ Nksjij fLFkr gSA vO;ofLFkr] fiNM+s vkSj vxe taxyksa okys bl bykds dks jktLFkku dk dkykikuh Hkhdgk tkrk gS] tks miU;kl esa fpf=kr gSA lgfj;k vkfnokfl;ksa dks Hkwfeghu cuk;s j[kus dh dqfRlrekufldrk] muds 'kks"k.k vkSj izfrjks/k dks mtkxj djus okys bl miU;kl ds laca/k esa MkW- 'kf'kdykjk; dk dFku gS&Þlgjkuk ewyr% vkfnoklh thou ds eq[; vax&taxy] ty] tehu rFkk vkSjrksa dhleL;kvksa dks muds ikjaifjd] lkeqnkf;d ,oa lkaLd frd :Ik esa ij[krk gS rFkk muds thou la?k"kZdh thoarrk dks cjdjkj j[krs gq, fodkl dh vksj mUeq[krrk dks Hkh bafxr djrk gSAÞ15

'kks/k /kkjk 20

dgk tk ldrk gS fd ledkyhu fgUnh miU;klksa esa gkf'k, ij ftUnxh thus okysvkfnokfl;ksa dks dsUnz esa ykus dh egRoiw.kZ igy gqbZ gS] lkFk gh vkfnoklh lekt dh folaxfr;ksa]fod fr;ksa rFkk dVq ;FkkFkZ dks O;kid /kjkry ij vfHkO;fDr feyh gSA ledkyhu miU;kldkjksa }kjkjfpr ;g vkfnoklh lkfgR; blfy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ vkSj izklafxd gS] D;ksafd tkus&vutkus vkfnokfl;ksads izfr cjrh tkus okyh mis{kk dks js[kkafdr dj ;g eq[;/kkjk dks vkfnokfl;ksa ds izfr laosnu'khycukus esa l{ke fl) gks jgk gSA ledkyhu miU;kl lkfgR; vkfnoklh lekt ds lkekftd] vkfFkZdvkSj jktuSfrd ifjizs{; esa ,d ,slh e'kky gS] ftlds vkyksd esa vkfnoklh lekt viuh n'kk vkSjfn'kk dks fu/kkZfjr dj jgk gSA vkfnoklh miU;kl ys[ku dh ;g psruk cgqeq[kh] ;FkkFkZoknh rFkkO;kid gSA fo'okl gS fd vc os fnu nwj ugha] tc ledkyhu vkfnoklh lkfgR; ds izHkko ls eq[;/kkjk dh ekufldrk esa lq/kkj gksxk vkSj eq[;/kkjk dh ekufldrk cnysxh rks vkfnokfl;ksa ds fnu Hkhvo'; gh lq/kjsaxsA

lanHkZ1- dyklok] MkW- ch-ds-( fgUnh vkfnoklh thou dsfUnzr miU;klksa dk leh{kkRed v/;;u] 'kkfUr izdk'ku]

vgenkckn] 2009] i -la- 642- nosjs] MkW- f'kokth( MkW- e/kq [kjkVs] ledkyhu fgUnh miU;klksa esa vkfnoklh foe'kZ] laiknd&fo|k izdk'ku]

dkuqij] iz-la- 2013] i -la- 1293- vgen] MkW- ,e- Qhjkst( ok³~e;] vkfnoklh fo'ks"kkad&1] laiknd& vyhx<+] i -la- 1824- flag] jkds'k dqekj( iBkj ij dksgjk] i -la- 1865- leh{kk] tqykbZ&flrEcj] 2004] i -la- 416- ikBd] eueksgu( xxu ?kVk ?kgjkuh] i -la- 1697- vkykspuk] tqykbZ&flrEcj] 2001] i -la- 878- dkyk] rsftanj] iknjh] us'kuy isijcSDl] fnYyh] iz-la- 2005] i -la- 99- ogh10- latho] /kkj] jk/kkd ".k izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] iz-la- 1990] i -la- 5511- latho] taxy tgk¡ 'kq: gksrk gS] jk/kkd ".k izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] iz-la- 2000] i -la- 19612- ogh13- iq"ik] eS=ks;h( vYek dcwrjh] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i -la- 1714- jk.kkor] MkW- Å"kk dhfrZ( ik.Ms;] MkW- lrh'k( nwcs] MkW- 'khryk izlkn( vkfnoklh dsfUnzr fganh lkfgR;]

laiknd& vrqy izdk'ku] dkuiqj] iz-la- 2012] i -la- 9015- ogh

'kks/k /kkjk 21


fgUnh lkfgR; esa izse n'kZu dk ,sfrgkfld losZ{k.kveunhi 'kekZ

'kks/kkFkhZ] Hkk"kk foKku ,oa iatkch dks'kdkjh foHkkx] iatkch fo'ofo|ky;] ifV;kyk] iatkc¼izkIr % 15 tuojh 2018 ½

Abstracttc ge fgUnh lkfgR; esa izse n'kZu dk ,sfrgkfld losZ{k.k djrs gSa rks gesa irk pyrk gS fd le;

ds lkFk&lkFk izse dk :i cnyrk pyk x;kA vkfndky esa ohjjl dh iz/kkurk ds dkj.k izse xkS.k Fkk] HkfDrdky esa izse bZ'ojh; izse ds :i esa gekjs le{k vkrk gSA jhfrdky esa izse J axkfjdrk ds :i esa vkrk gSvkSj vk/kqfud ;qx esa tks izse dk Lo:i gS og LokFkZ :ih izse ds :i esa gS tks vkt ge ns[k jgs gSaA


Key Words : izse n'kZu] vkfndky] HkfDrdky] jhfrdky] vk/kqfud dkyA

euq"; ds thou esa izse dk izxk<+ laca/k gSA izse ds fcuk euq"; thou dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dhtk ldrhA izse ,d ,slh vuqHkwfr gS ftlds }kjk euq"; eu mRlkg vkSj meax ls Hkj tkrk gSA gekjsthou esa izse Qwy esa lqxU/k dh rjg lek;k gqvk gSA tSls&tSls euq"; lH; gksrk x;k izse dh Hkkoukmlesa mruh gh fodflr gksrh xbZAizse dk vFkZ % ^îzse** 'kCn ,d Hkkookpd laKk gSA izser~* laKk dh O;qRifÙk bl izdkj gS&izh ¼izlUu;k r Ir djuk½$d¾fiz; $ blfup~ izR;; ¾ izseu~A izseu~ dk izFke foHkfDr ,d opu dk :i gSîzse*A bl 'kCn dk vFkZ dbZ :iksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA okpLiR; dks'kdkj us izse* 'kCn dk iz;ksxlkSgknZ] Lusg ,oa g"kZ ds vFkZ esa fd;k gSA1 ^vej dks'k* esa izseu] fiz;rk] Lusg vkSj mRdV vfHkyk"kkîzse* ds lekukFkZd 'kCnksa ds :i esa iz;qDr gq, gSaAizse dh ifjHkk"kk,a % Hkkjrh; vkSj ik'pkR; fo}kuksa us îzse* dh ifjHkk"kk viuh cqf) ds vuq:i nhgS tks fuEufyf[kr gS vkSj ftlls gesa îzse* dk :i Li"V gksrk gSAHkkjrh; fo}kuksa }kjk nh xbZ ifjHkk"kk,a% MkW- uxsUnz ds vuqlkj&^îzse euq";ksa ds ân;ksa esa O;kIr gksdjv'kksd o {k dks fodflr djus okys clUr ds leku eu dks vkuafnr djrk gSA**2

vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy ds erkuqlkj&^îfjp; izse dk izoÙkZd gS fcuk ifjp; ds izse ugha gksldrkA**3

eqa'kh izsepan ds vuqlkj] ^îzse vkSj okluk esa mruk gh varj gS ftruk dapu vkSj dk¡p esaAizse dh lhek ^HkfDr* ls feyrh gS vkSj muesa dsoy ek=kk dk Hksn gSaA HkfDr esa lEeku dk vkSj izseesa lsokHkko dk vf/kD; gksrk gSA izse ds fy, /keZ dh fofHkUurk dk dksbZ cU/ku ugha gSA**4

MkW- nsojkt ds vuqlkj] ^^mPp dksfV dk izse laHkor% izsfe;ksa ds v/;kfRed /kjkry dks HkhÅ¡pk mBk nsrk gSA izse ds lHkh :i thou xfr dks rhoz djus okys gksrs gSaA ;fn izsfe;ksa dk O;fDrRolqlaLd r gks rks os izse }kjk fu'p; gh ekufld] vkxs pydj vk/;kfRed foLrkj dk vuqHko djrsgSaA**5

'kks/k /kkjk 22

Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa ds ckn ge ik'pkR; fo}kuksa }kjk nh xbZ ifjHkk"kkvksa dks js[kkafdr djrs gSa&tsjksYM ds vuqlkj] ^^fdlh ls izse djuk ekuo&LoHkko dh ,d ljl vko';drk gSA**6

yksaxQsyksa ds vuqlkj] ^îzse vkRe leiZ.k dk uke gS] mls [kjhnk ugha tk ldrkA**7

lj MCY;w VsEiy ds vuqlkj] ^îzse gh thou dk loZJs"B vkuUn gSA**8

fofy;e 'ksDlih;j ds vuqlkj] îzse 'kjhj dh vk¡[kksa ls ugha foosd dh vk¡[kksa ls ns[krk gSAizse va/kk gksrk gS vkSj izseh mu [kwclwjr vijk/kksa dks ugha ns[k ikrs&ftUgsa os Loa; djrs gSaA**9

vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; vkSj ik'pkR; fo}kuksa }kjk nh xbZ ifjHkk"kk,a iw.kZ :i lslkFkZd gSaA og izse dks ,d ân; ls tqM+h Hkkouk ekurs gSaA ftlesa n;k gS HkfDr gSA izse djus okykeuq"; vius pfj=k ls ugha fxjrk vkSj izse esa okluk dk Hkko ugha gksrk izse ,d ,slk Hkko gS tks euq";dks vkuafnr djrk gSA izse esa dqN Hkh ikus dk Hkko ugha gksrk izse rks vkRe leiZ.k dk uke gSA Hkkjrh;vkSj ik'pkR; fo}kuksa }kjk nh xbZ ifjHkk"kkvksa ls gesa izse dk :i Li"V gks tkrk gSAn'kZu % n'kZu 'kCn laLd r ds ^n 'k** /kkrq ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ ns[kuk vFkok tkuuk gSA tSls ;fngekjs le{k ,d xqykc gks rks ge viuh bfUnz;ksa ls ml xqykc ds Qwy dks ns[krs vFkok tkurs gSaA;gk¡ xqykc dks ns[kus vFkok tkuus dk vFkZ xqykc ds lkj rRoksa dk Kku ogha oju~ ;gk¡ tkuus dkvFkZ ek=k mldh bfUnz;kuqHkwfr dk gksuk gSA ij n'kZu'kkL=k dk laca/k ek=k ,slh tkudkjh vFkok Kkuls ugha cfYd ;gk¡ n'kZu dk vFkZ rRo Kku ls gSA vr% iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd rRo fdls dgrs gSa bldkD;k vFkZ gS\ n'kZu'kkL=k esa rRo dk vFkZ ije rRo vFkkZr~ loksZPp inkFkZ (Ultimate Reality) lsle>k tkrk gSA bl n f"V ls ns[kus ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd n'kZu'kkL=k og foKku gS tks ijekfFkZdrRoksa dh [kkst vkSj foospuk djrk gSA

vaxzsth esa n'kZu'kkL=k dks Philosophy dgk tkrk gS tks Philos rFkk Sophia uked ;wukuh'kCnksa ds esy ls cuk gSA 'Philos' dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ vuqjkx vFkok izse gksrk gS rFkk 'Sophia' dk vFkZKku gSA vr% 'Philosophy' 'kCn dk vFkZ Kkukuqjkx vFkok Kku ds izfr izse 'Love for Wisdom'dgk tk,xkA

Prof. Weber us cgqr Bhd dgk gS fd] ^^lEiw.kZ izd fr esa fufgr :i dh [kkst ,oa oLrqvksadh lkoZHkkSe O;k[;k gh n'kZu gSA**10

n'kZu'kkL=k dh mRifÙk ij fopkj djus ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd ije rRo vFkok loksZPp laKkdh [kkst+ vFkok mlds izfr Kkukuqjkx ds ifj.kke Lo:i gh n'kZu dh mRifÙk gqbZ gSA vr% dksbZ HkhO;fDr pkgs og xf.krK gks] euksoSKkfud ;k rRo'kkL=kh gks ;fn og lR; dh [kkst ds izfr lrr~iz;Ru'khy gS vFkok mlds izfr vuqjkx j[krk gS rks og nk'kZfud dgk tk ldrk gSA lp iwNk tk,rks lEiw.kZ fo'o ;k izd fr dh leqfpr] rdZiw.kZ ,oa O;ofLFkr O;k[;k gh n'kZu gSA gj ,d O;fDr dkdksbZ u dksbZ n'kZu vo'; gksrk gS ysfdu ftKklq O;fDr gh ,d vPNk nk'kZfud gks ldrk gSA euq";ftruk ftKklq gksxk mruk gh og nk'kZfud fpUru ds vf/kd fudV gksxkAfgUnh lkfgR; esa izse n'kZu dk ,sfrgkfld losZ{k.k % lkfgR; esa izkjaHk ls gh izse dk ,d fof'k"V LFkkujgk gSA tc dksbZ jpukdkj izse dks bruk vf/kd egRo nsrk gS rks og mlds laca/k esa ,d n f"Vdks.kHkh j[krk gSA fgUnh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa vkfndky ls ysdj vk/kqfud dky rd jpukdkjksa ds izse

'kks/k /kkjk 23

n'kZu esa fofHkUurk jgh gSA ftlds izeq[k fcUnqvksa dk fuEu Hkkxksa esa fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSAvkfndky esa izse n'kZu% fgUnh lkfgR; ds vkfndky dk dfo jkT;kfJr FkkA blfy, mls viuh lkspdks vfHkO;Dr djus dk vf/kdkj ugha FkkA mu fnuksa dfo jktkvksa dh >wBh iz'kalkvksa ds xhr xk;kdjrs FksA ftl dkj.k og vius ân; dh ckr ugha dj ikrs FksA ^^pkj.k lkfgR; esa ukjh ,d izsj.kkL=kksr ds :i esa of.kZr gS ,d vksj ukjh ;gk¡ ;q)ksa dk dkj.k cuh gqbZ gS ogk¡ nwljh vkSj foykflrkdk dkj.k HkhA**11 ,slh fLFkfr esa pkj.k dfo lPNark izse ds ckjs esa dSls lksp ldrs FksA dfo;ksa dkmn~s'; vius dkO; esa ukjh dh 'kkjhfjd lqUnjrk dk o.kZu djuk Fkk u fd vkfRed n f"V ls izse dhvfHkO;fDr djukA jktkvksa ds fy, ukjh dsoy ,d oLrq Fkh ftldh izkfIr ds fy, vla[; ukxfjdksadks ;q) esa /kdsyk tk ldrk FkkA blfy, dfo;ksa dk izse n'kZu lTtk u gksdj cukoVh FkkAHkfDrdky esa izse n'kZu % HkfDrdky dk dfo vkfndky ds dfo;ksa dh Hkkafr jkT;kfJr ugha FkkA ;sdfo Hkxoku dh mikluk ds fy, vius ân; dh Hkkouk dks izdV fd;k djrs FksA blfy, buds dkO;esa izse dk HkkSfrd n f"Vdks.k miyC/k ugha gksrkA blfy, bl dky ds izse n'kZu dks ,d egku~ vkn'kZdh izkfIr ds fy, vxzlj gksrs ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl dky esa izse dk vkyacu ukjh u gksdj Lo;aHkxoku FkkA pkgs lxq.k dfo gks ;k fuxqZ.k nksuksa us Hkxoku dh izkfIr ds fy, izse dks vko';d ekukgSA ^^d ".kdkO;/kkjk ds jpukdkjksa us izse ds mRd "V vkSj mUeqDr :i dk fp=k.k fd;k gSA ;g izselkekftd fof/k&fu"ks/k] yksd osn vkSj 'kkL=k ds vuq'kklu dks vLohdkj djrs gq, ftl ykSfddLo:i dks vaxhjl djrk gS ogh mRd "Vrk vkSj xgurk dks viukdj vykSfdd gks tkrk gSA**12

^^lwQher dk es:n.M izse gS] L=kh iq:"k izse dks bZ'oj] euq"; izse dk iqy ekudj izLrqr fd;kgqvk lwQh izsek[;ku dkO; fgUnh HkfDr lkfgR; dh vuU; foHkwfr gSA**13 vr% bldh lEiw.kZ lk/kukesa gh blds n'kZu gksrs gSaA ^^izse gh og ek/;e gS tks ijekRek dh vuqHkwfr ds }kjk ^^vuygd** dkslkFkZd djrk gSA izse dh Le fr tkxzr gksus ij lwQh lk/kd ijekRek ds fojg esa fody gks tkrk gSA**14

lwQh larksa us ykSfdd izse ds ek/;e ls gh vykSfdd izse dh vfHkO;atuk dh gSA dchj bR;kfn larksausHkh viuh vkRek dks iRuh ekudj Hkxoku~ dks mldk ifr Lohdkj fd;k gSA dgus dk vk'k; brukgh gS fd pkgs HkfDrdky ds dfo;ksa dk izse n'kZu vkn'kZRed gS fQj Hkh bu dfo;ksa us ykSfdd izseds izrhdksa dk iz;ksx djds ekuoh; izse ds egRo dks Lohdkj fd;k gSAjhfrdky esa izse n'kZu % jhfrdky dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkfndky ds lkFk lekurk j[krh gSA ;gh dkj.kgS fd jhfrdky dk dfo Hkh jkT;kfJr xzg.k djds viuh lksp dks lkeUrksa jktkvksa ds le{k fxjohj[k nsrs gSA lkeUrksa vkSj jktkvksa ds fy, ukjh ek=k Hkksx dh oLrq FkhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd jhfrdkydk dfo J axkj o.kZu ds varxZr la;ksx J axkj dks gh vf/kd egRo nsrk gSA

^^jhfrdkyhu dfork esa J axkfjd o.kZuksa ds volj ij dgha dgha rks v'yhyrk viuh pjelhek ij igq¡p xbZ gSA ,sls izlax vkSj fp=k.k os gS ;gka dke'kkL=k ds vk/kkj ij ;k oklukRed :iesa 'kkL=kh; vk/kkj ds cgkus jfr] foijhr jfr vkfn dk uXu vkSj lh/kk fp=k.k gqvk gSA**15 J axkj dsla;ksx i{k vkSj fo;ksx i{k nksuksa dk foospu gSA dfo;ksa us la;ksx i{kksa dk o.kZu djrs le; lHkh izdkjdh ukf;dkvksa ds lkSUn;Z o.kZu ij Hkh fo'ks"k rRyhurk dk Hkko izdV fd;k gSA ukf;dkvksa ds izsee;;k J axkfjd gko Hkkoksa ,oa fof'k"V eqnzkvksa dk vadu djrs le; mUgksaus u[kf'k[k&lkSUn;Z o.kZu dk

'kks/k /kkjk 24

fuokZg Hkh mfpr fd;k gSA**16 jhfrdky dk dfo ukjh ds vkReh; Lo:i dh vogsyuk dj mlds flQZ'kkjhfjd :i dks gh mtkxj dj ik;k gS ftl dkj.k mldk izse n'kZu Hkksxoknh gks x;k gSAvk/kqfud ;qx esa izse n'kZu % jhfrdky ds dfo;ksa dks lkearh jktkvksa dk izfrfuf/k ekuk tk ldrkgS] Hkkjrh; tuekul~ dk ughaA Hkkjrh; turk esa vk/kqfud dky rd izse ds izfr vkn'kZ lksp ghfo|eku jgh ijUrq vkèkqfud ;qx esa vaxzstksa us tc Hkkjr dk uohuhdj.k 'kq: fd;k rks Hkkjrh;rk dsewY;ksa esa laØe.k dh izfØ;k izkjaEHk gqbZ ftl ls gekjh ijaijkxr ekU;rkvksa ;s cnyko vkuk LoHkkfodFkkA 20oha 'krkCnh ds var vkSj 21oha 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk rd vkrs&vkrs ckt+kjokn ds QyLo:i mithmiHkksDrkoknh eukso fÙk;ksa ds dkj.k vkt dk ;qok vR;kf/kd Hkksxoknh gqvk gSA ftl dkj.k mlds euesa ik'pkR; laLd fr ds izfr vkdZ"k.k esa o f) gqbZ gSA blfy, vkt ds;qokvksa ls fdlh ,d izfr lEiZ.kdh mEehn djuk dfBu dk;Z gks x;k gSA ^d ".kk lksorh dk miU;kl ^lwjteq[kh va/ksjs ds** ,d ,slkmiU;kl gS ftlesa laHkksx dks u, vankt esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA jfrdk gj u, iq:"k ls u, vankt esackr djrh gSA**17

vkt dk ys[kd lkaLd frd ifjos'k esa vkus okys bu cnykoksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, mudsizfr viuh lksp fu;fer dj ;qokvksa ds n f"Vdks.k izLrqr djus ds fy, vius izse n'kZu dh vfHkO;fDrHkh djrk gS vkSj u;h lksp ds ek/;e ls ;qokvksa ds eu esa mB jgs miHkksDrkoknh fopkjksa dk mn?kkVuHkh djrk gSAfu"d"kZ % vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd izse dk Lo:i le; ds lkFk&lkFk cnyrk tk jgk gSA vkfndkyesa ohj jl dh iz/kkurk ds dkj.k izse xkSu Fkk] HkfDrdky esa izse bZ'ojh; izse ds :i esa gekjs le{kvkrk gSA jhfrdky esa izse J axkfjd :i esa vkrk gS tks dsoy ukjh ds u[kf'k[k otZu rd lhferFkkAbl izdkj vk/kqfud ;qx esa tks izse dk Lo:i gekjs lkeus vkrk gS og LokFkZ :ih izse ds :i esa gSAvkt izse ij HkkSfrdrk Hkwe.Myhdj.k dk ,slk xgjk izHkko iM+k gS fd izse viuk vfLrRo [kks pqdkgS vkSj vius fod r :i esa gekjs lkeus vk jgk gSA

lanHkZ1- okpLiR; dks'k] i - 45402- uxsUnz] Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k dh ijEijk] i - 3133- 'kqDy] vkpk;Z jkepUnz( fpUrkef.k] i - 77 4- eqa'kh izsepan] jaxHkwfe] i - 155- nsojkt] laLd fr dk nk'kZfud foospu] i -396- m) r] 'kkafr Hkkj}kt] fgUnh miU;kl% izse vkSj thou] i - 21&227- ogh] i - 21&22 8- ogh] i - 22 9- ogh] i - 2210- m) r] d ".k eqjkjh izlkn oekZ] ik'pR; n'kZu nZdkZr ls dkUV rd] i - 211- ik.Ms;] jkeltu( fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] i - 5412- tkWtZ] MkW- ,e-( HkfDr vkUnksyu vkSj lkfgR;] i - 33613- ik.Ms;] jkeltu( fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] i - 171 14- ogh15- ik.Ms;] jkeltu( fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] i - 24316- ogh17- nsoh] fu'kk( fgUnh lkfgR; dk vk/kqfud dky] i - 122

'kks/k /kkjk 25


ukjh eqfDr la?k"kZ dh izrhd ehjkMkW0 lqeu flag

,lksfl,V izksQslj] fgUnh foHkkx] n;kuUn xYlZ ¼ih-th-½ dkyst] dkuiqj] m0iz0¼izkIr % 11 tuojh 2018 ½

Abstractehjk ,d ,slh fonzksfg.kh Fkh] tks fu;fr ds izgkjksa] ikfjokfjd Dys'kksa] lkekftd izrkM+ukvksa }kjk

misf{kr o frjLd r gksdj Hkh lq[k&nq%[k esa leHkko ls lgrh gq;h izk.kk?kkrh fojksf/k;ksa ds chp vkRefo'okliwoZd vfopy d ".k HkfDr djrs gq, thou&;kiu djrh gSA d ".k izse ds fy;s mUgksaus yksd&ykt]lkekftd e;kZnkvksa dh ykSg J a[kyk;sa rksM+dj Qsad nh vkSj vius iSjksa esa 'khy ds ?kqa?k:] ân; esa fxj/kjdks ikus ds fy, vayd r dkO; ds lgt Lojksa esa os vius fiz; dks [kkstrh&iqdkjrh fQjhA blhfy, muesaykSfdd la?k"kZ dh Tokyk vkRe'kfDr esa 'khryk vkSj&fojg&foxfyr izk.kksa dh vlhe d:.kk ,d lkFkfn[kkbZ nsrh gSA


Key Words : ehjk dk dkO; vkSj L=kh laosnuk]L=kh eqfDr vkSj ehjk dk lkfgR;

vkt lkfgR; rFkk lkekftd laXkBuksa ds lkFk&lkFk jktuhfr esa Hkh L=kh eqn~ns izeq[k gSaAmUuhloha 'kRkkCnh ls gh tc Hkkjrh; uotkxj.k dky esa lkekftd cnyko dk okrkoj.k fufeZr gksusyxk rks blds ifj.kke Hkh fn[kkbZ nsus yxsA L=kh eqfDr dh vkdka{kk le; dh igpku cu x;h FkhAjktuhfr vkSj lekt ds /kjkry ij ;s eqfDr la?k"kZ dHkh ijLij lg;ksxh rks dHkh }a}kRed fLFkfr;k¡Hkh cuk jgs FksA ukjh eqfDr ds fy, pyk;s tk jgs lkekftd vkUnksyu dsUnz esa FksA nks 'krkfCn;ksa dhyEch ;k=kk esa ,sls gypy Hkjs okrkoj.k ls xqtjrs gq, vkt Hkh L=kh iz'u gekjs lkeus eq[; lkekftdfpark vkSj ljksdkjksa ds :i esa ekStwn gSa] tks fopkj.kh; fo"k; gSaA

vkt L=kh ftl vf/kdkj dh ckr dj jgh gS] og cjlksa igys ehjk us dgh FkhA ehjk dhNksVh&lh ftUnxh vius vki esa lkeUrh /kkjk ds fo:) [kM+h ,d cgknqj L=kh dh =kkln xkFkk gS]ftlus fuHkhZd gksdj rRdkyhu lkekftd fonwzirkvksa dk lkearh ewY;ksa dk] iq:"k lRrkRed lektdh ijaijkvksa dk [kaMu dj viuh Lora=k lRrk dk;e dhA bl lUnHkZ esa jef.kdk xqIrk ds dFkuvoyksduh; gSa&**mUuhloha lnh ls igys vius vrhr esa ge >k¡ds rks fiNys ik¡p gtkj o"kksaZ dsbfrgkl esa *ehjk* dks NksM+dj 'kCn dks viuh igpku ls jks'ku djus okyh] 'kCn ds ukn ls viusfu.kZ; dks xqaftr djus okyh] 'kCn ds Lojksa ls vius ladYi dks xhrksa esa cnyus okyh fdlh vU; L=khdk uke fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rkA**1

HkfDr vkUnksyu dsoy yksd tkxj.k gh ugha] cfYd ;g lkearh ewY;ksa ds fu"ks/k dk Hkh dkO;gSA ;g Hkksxoknh] 'kjhj lq[koknh thou 'kSyh ekun.Mksa dh vkykspuk gSA ukjh ds lUnHkZ esa ehjk dkn f"Vdks.k vU; HkDr dfo;ksa ls ,dne vyx gSA ehjk dk thou la?k"kZ vkSj dkO; lalkj ml dky

'kks/k /kkjk 26

ds vU; HkDr dfo;ksa dh L=kh lEcU/kh ekU;rkvksa dk izfrdkj Hkh gS vkSj izR;qRrj HkhA Mk0 eSaustjik.Ms; dk fopkj vR;Ur izklafxd gS&**mudh ¼ehjk½ dfork esa ,d vksj lkaerh lekt esa L=kh dhijk/khurk vkSj ;kruk dh vfHkO;fDr gS rks nwljh vksj ml O;oLFkk ds ca/kuksa dk iwjh rjg fu"ksèk vkSjmlls LorU=krk ds fy, nhokuxh dh gn rd la?k"kZ Hkh gSA**2

;g la?k"kZ lkekftd n f"V ls 'kksf"kr] ihfM+r vkSj viekfur ukjh tkfr ds nq%[k dk izdk'kuHkh gSA fdlh Hkh egku mn~ns'; dh izkfIr dks ysdj pyus esa vusd ck/kk;sa mifLFkr gksrh gS vkSj osck/kk;sa Hkh vius ifjtuksa }kjk mRiUUk dh tkrh gSA la?k"kZ ds ewy esa ;fn U;k;] /keZ] yksdfgr dhHkkouk;sa fufgr gSa rks os la?k"kZ lnSo lQy gksrs gSaA ehjk ds thou dk la?k"kZ Hkh ,slk gh FkkA ehjk usfuHkZ;] fu}ZU} gksdj Hkzked ;qx /keZ vkSj yksdHk; dk lkeuk iwjh fu"Bk ls fd;k &

**Hktu djL;ka lrh u gksL;ka] eu eksº;ks /k.k ukehA**dchj ,oa tk;lh tSls HkDr dfo tgk¡ lrhRo dk vkn'kZ j[k jgs Fks] ogha ehjk dqy dh jhfr

vkSj yksd dh :f<+ ds vuqlkj lrh ugha gqbZA 'kjhj lkgp;Z rks jktk ds lkFk Fkk] fdUrq d ".k ds lkFkmudh vfouk'kh] v{k; vkRe lkgp;Z Fkk] ogk¡ dSlk oS/kO; vkSj dSlk foNksg &

*Egkjks lk¡ojks cztoklh] tx lqgk.k feF;k jks lt.kh gksok¡ gk¡ feV T;k'kh]cju dj~;ka vfouk'kh Egkjks dkM+ O;kM+.kk [kk'khAA**

ehjk jkt?kjus ls tqM+h gqbZ Fkh] fookg ds igys Hkh vkSj fookg ds ckn HkhA ml le; dk lekt:f<+;ksa vkSj ijEijkvksa esa tdM+k gqvk tkfrokn ds nk;js esa c ) FkkA lekt dk mPp oxZ Øwj]vR;kpkjh vkSj foyklh FkkA o.kZ&O;oLFkk dk mxz :i lekt esa O;kIr FkkA ,slh fojks/kh ?kqVuHkjhladh.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ehjk us vius ckyiu ls gh ftl d ".k ds lkFk ykS yxk yh] mlus rks }kij;qx esa gh [kqyh lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa esa ukjh&Lokra=«; dh LFkkiuk dj nh Fkh] **ehjk dks u lekt dkHk; Fkk vkSj u gh ifjokj dh fparkA lkaerh&lkekftd otZukvksa ds izfr yksdfpr esa Lokra=; dhrhozrk ,oa vkosxh Økafr&psruk dh vfHkO;fDr] lkaerh O;oLFkk] ftlus yksd&lekt izokgh thou dksckf/kr izHkkfor dj j[kk Fkk] mlds izfr O;fDr&Lokra=; dk fonzksg ehjk ds Lojksa esa eq[k gqvkA**3

;g lc gksrs gq, Hkh dgha&dgha ehjk ds ;gk¡ ukjh gksus ds dkj.k vcyk gksus dk vglkl HkhgS] fQj Hkh ehjk us dgha le>kSrk ugha fd;k vkSj u gh lkearoknh O;oLFkk dks Lohdkj fd;k &**jktk :B;kW uxjh R;kxk] gfj :B~;kW d.k tk.kkA jk.kk Hkstk fc[kjk I;kM+k] pj.kke r ih tk.kkAA**

ehjk ds in esa lEiw.kZ ukjh tkfr dh lkekftd osnuk Hkh gSA mudh jpuk ukjh ij iq:"kksads U;k;ghu rFkk laosnu'kwU; vkf/kiR; ds fo:} fonzksg Hkh gSA ehjk ds nnZ esa lkaofj;k d ".k ds fo;ksxdk gh nnZ ugha gS] ;g na'k Hkh gS fd ukjh dks vius fodkl dh lqfo/kk ugha gSA ukjh ds drZO; rkslqfuf'pr Fks ysfdu vf/kdkjksa dh ckr djuk csekuh FkkA ehjk dk nnZ muds bl in esa ns[kk tkldrk gS & **gsyh EgkWlw gfj fcu] jº;ksa u tk;A

lklq yM+s] Egkjh u.kn f[ktkos] jk.kk jº;k fjlk;AAigjks Hkh jk[;ks pkSdh fcNk;kS] rkyk fn;s tM+k;AiwoZ tUe dh izhfr iqjk.kh] lks D;w¡ NksM+h tk;AA4

'kks/k /kkjk 27

ehjk dk ;g izfrjks/k ;|fi HkfDRk ds vkoj.k esa gksus ds dkj.k HkfDr jl ls ljkcksj gS] viusfxfj/kj ukxj lkaofj;k] izHkq tksxh vkfn dks fuosfnr gSA fdUrq muds Hkhrj ls ehjk ds vkRe fuosnudks] muds eu&efLr"d dh NViVkgV dks lekt dh fu;a=kd lRRkkvksa ds izfr xgjh for i.kk ,oala?k"kZ 'kfDr dks [kkstuk eqf'dy ugha gSA ftl yksd ykt] dqy&dkfu dks NksM+us ds fy, mUgsafèkDdkjk x;k] izrkM+uk nh x;h] ogha muds la?k"kZ ,oa eqfDr dh ladYi 'kfDr cu x;h &

**Egkjk¡ jh fxj/kj xksiky nwljk .kkW dw;kWA nwljk .kkW dw;kW lk/kkW ldy yksd tw;kWAAHkk;k NkM~;k¡ cU/kk NkWM+] NkWM+;kW lxk lw;kWA lk/kkW fBd cSB&cSB yksd ykt [kw;kWAA**bu fLFkfr;ksa ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, /kkjk ds fo:) rSjus dh 'kfDr gksuh pkfg,A ehjk ds

O;fDRkRo dh lcls cM+h igpku ;g gS fd mUgksaus thou dh =kklnh dks g¡lrs&g¡lrs LohdkjkA dghaHkh fdlh ds Hkh lkeus ?kqVus ugha VsdsA ehjk ds ;s in muesa vkRe fo'okl vkSj vkRe&/kS;Z dks mtkxjdjrs gS & **ekbZ lk¡ojs jax jkphA

lkft flaxkj] ckW/k ix ?kqW?k: yksd ykt rft ukphAxbZ dqefr] ybZ lk/kdks laxr] Hkxr :i HkbZ lkWphAA**

ehjk dk ;g izse lgt ,oa mRdV gSA ;g lh/kk izR;{k izse fuosnu ân; dh iqdkj gS] tksfu}ZU} ,oa fuHkZ; gSA ;g iwjh ladYi 'kfDr ,oa vVwV vkLFkk] vnE; ftthfo"kk dk thou la?k"kZ gSAehjk ds le{k ikfjokfjd] lkekftd thou ,oa lk{kr~ HkkSfrd thou dh pqukSfr;kW ,oa na'k gS] ftldsfo:} ehjk us [kqyk fonzksg fd;k &

**yksd ykt dqy dkfu txr dh] ng cgk; tl ikuhA** mudk ;g la?k"kZ pkSrjQk gSAD;ksafd muds fojks/k esa jk.kk dh jktlRrk] uSfrdrk] fllksfn;k dqy dh e;kZnk ,oa 'khy gSA iq:"kdh izHkqlRrk gS vkSj lkearh lekt dh yksd:f<+] yksd&ykt ,oa iwjk ra=k gS] fQj Hkh ehjk us dghagkj ugha ekuhA lk/kq laxr dh rki ,oa d ".k&feyu dh vkl ls mUgkssaus iwjs ra=k dks dB?kjs esa [kM+kdj fn;k & **lr laxfr ek Kku lq.kS Nh nqjtu yksxkW uS nhBhA

ehjk ds izHkq fxfj/kj ukxj nqjtu tyksuk vWxhBhAAL=kh dk foznksg lekt ds ml fod r lksp ls gS] tks L=kh dks mlds vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr j[krk

gSA dHkh&dHkh ,slk yxrk gS fd L=kh ds izfri{k esa ges'kk iq:"k gh D;ksa vkrs gSa\ okLro esa L=kh dkizfrjks/k iq:"k ls ugha *O;oLFkk* ls gSA og ml O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ykuk pkgrh gS] tks L=kh ds vfLrRodks lhfer nk;js esa o) djrh gSA ;g O;oLFkk fir &lRrkRed O;oLFkk gS vkSj nqHkkZX;o'k iq:"k mlO;oLFkk dk izfrfuf/k djrk gSA ehjk dks Hkh f'kdk;r O;oLFkk ls gh Fkh&**oLrqr% ehjk gekjslEkdkyhu vkSj py jgs L=kh&foe'kZ dh Hkkxhnkj gSA vius ml izfrjks/k rFkk fonzksg ds ukrs] tks mUgksausÅij yxk;h x;h ikcafn;ks ds f[kykQ fd;k] os L=kh&foe'kZ esa blfy, gekjs lkFk gS fd lkearhtdM+canh ds chp viuh izse&fiiklk dh mUgksaus fu"daB vfHkO;fDr nhA muds fonzksg dk lEcU/k gSyksd] jkt&ifjokj rFkk lEcfU/k;ksa }kjk mUgsa nh x;h] ;kruk ls] mu ij Fkksih x;h ikcfUn;ksa ls ftUgsaehjk us vekU; fd;kA**5

ehjk ds inksa esa vke vkSjr dh ykpkjh fcfEcr gksrh rks gS] fdUrq mu inksa dh fo'ks"krk ;g

'kks/k /kkjk 28

gS fd muesa ehjk dk vkRefo'okl Hkh izrhfdr gSA bu inksa ls lkQ tkfgj gksrk gS fd gj dky] gjns'k] gj voLFkk esa L=kh ykpkj] foo'k vkSj lrk;h x;h gSA MkW0 f'kodqekj feJ us fy[kk gSfd&**mudh dfork ukjh ds vareZu dh ml ?kqVu vkSj rM+i dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS] gekjh ijEijkvkSj osn rFkk /keZ'kkL=k fofgr gekjs fof/k&fo/kkuksa ds pyrs tks lfn;ksa ls ukjh ds vUreZu esameM+rh&?kqeM+rh jgh gS vkSj ftls <ksuk ukjh dh fu;fr cu x;k gS] ;k eku fy;k x;k gSA ehjk ds;gk¡ ij lwj dh xksfi;ksa dh Hkk¡fr ;g rM+i vkSj ;g ?kqVu lekt rFkk yksd ds mu vkn'kksaZ]jhfr&fjoktksa] ekU;rkvksa vkSj e;kZnkvksa dh iksy [kksyrs gq, HkfDr ds vkoj.k esa gh ewrZ gqbZ gS] ftldsrgr~ ukjh lfn;ksa ls xhyh ydM+h dh rjg /kqa/kokus vkSj tyus dks gh vius ukjhRo dh lkFkZdrk ekurhjgh gSA bl izdkj ns[kk tk;s rks ehjk us ,d rjg ls lEiw.kZ ukjh tkfr esa vc rd ds vufHkO;DRkvkSj vudgs dks dgk gS] izR;{k Hkh vkSj ijks{k HkhA**6

bl rjg ehjk ,d ,slh fonzksfg.kh Fkh] tks fu;fr ds izgkjksa] ikfjokfjd Dys'kksa] lkekftdizrkM+ukvksa }kjk misf{kr o frjLd r gksdj Hkh lq[k&nq%[k esa leHkko ls lgrh gq;h izk.kk?kkrhfojksf/k;ksa ds chp vkRefo'okl iwoZd vfopy d ".k HkfDr djrs gq, thou&;kiu djrh gSA d ".k izseds fy;s mUgksaus yksd&ykt] lkekftd e;kZnkvksa dh ykSg J a[kyk;sa rksM+dj Qsad nh vkSj vius iSjksaesa 'khy ds ?kqa?k:] ân; esa fxj/kj dks ikus ds fy, vayd r dkO; ds lgt Lojksa esa os vius fiz; dks[kkstrh&iqdkjrh fQjhA blhfy, muesa ykSfdd la?k"kZ dh Tokyk vkRe'kfDr esa 'khryk vkSj&fojg&foxfyr izk.kksa dh vlhe d:.kk ,d lkFk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ;gh L=kh&vfLrRo] L=kh ds LoRo ds[kwclwjr igyw gSaA **e/;dky ls gh L=kh&Lora=krk dk fcxqy ctkus okyh L=kh lar] vk/kqfudrk dsL=kh&eqfDr la?k"kZ dk cht&oiu djus okyh ehjk :<+ ekU;rkvksa vkSj th.kZ :f<+;ksa ds izfr izfrjksèkdj fo'o& ekuork dk vy[k txkus okyh egku ekuoh gSA**7

ehjk dk vkosx] vkRe /kS;Z] vkRe fo'okl orZeku ukjh leqnk; ds le{k ,d felky gSAorZeku L=kh foe'kZ dks mlds y{; rd igq¡pkuk gS rks gesa ehjk dh dfork ls eqBHksM+ djuh gh iM+sxhAD;ksafd vkt ge ftl L=kh eqfDRk dh ckr djrs gaS] mlds cht ehjk dh dfork esa ekStwn gSa vkSj vktehjk dk Hkh iquikZB L=kh eqfDr ds vkbus esa gh izklafxd gSA ehjk dk le; vkSj vkt dk le; Hkysgh leku u gks ysfdu ehjk ds fopkj vkt ds le; vkSj L=kh ds fy, lkFkZd gaS] vkSj thou fodklesasa lgk;rk djrs gSaA D;ksafd mudk fonzksg ,d fodYi&foghu O;oLFkk esa viuh eqfDr ¼LorU=krk½ dsfy, fodYi dh [kkst dk la?k"kZ gSA

lUnHkZ1- xqIrk] jef.kdk( L=kh foe'kZ& dye vkSj dqnky ds cgkus& i 0 572- ik.Ms;] MkW0 eSaustj( HkfDr vkUnksyu ,oa lwjnkl dk dkO;& i 0 273- oa'kh] cynso la0( lar ehjk ckbZ vkSj mudh inkoyh& i 0 214- cztjRunkl ehjk&ek/kqjh la0& in la[;k & 1065- feJ] f'kodqekj( HkfDr vkUnksyu vkSj HkfDr dkO; & i 0 2556- ogha &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ** i 0& 1247- orZeku lkfgR;& ekpZ &2012& i 0&38

'kks/k /kkjk 29


lkfgR; esa izrhdksa dh lkFkZdrkMkW0 nhis'k O;kl

vflLVsaV izksQslj] fgUnh foHkkx] Jherh vkseorh egkfo|ky; dksVjk] mjbZ] mRrj izns'k¼izkIr % 14 Qjojh 2018 ½

Abstractekuo thou dh laosxtU; vuqHkwfr;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr esa lkfgR; dks lcls ljy ek/;e ekuk x;k

gSA dHkh ekuo dh ;g vuqHkwfr;ka vR;Ur rhoz gks tkrh gSA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i vJq/kkjk fudy iM+rhgS] ij blls Hkh vfHkO;fDr ugha gks ikrhA ;g ,d dq'ky lkfgR;dkj ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og fdlizdkj ls ân; ds Hkkoksa vuqHkwfr;ksa dks Hkk"kk ls J axkfjr djrk gSA fdUrq izk;% Hkk"kk Hkh laosxtU; vuqHkwfr;ksadks O;Dr djus esa leFkZ ugha gksrhA rc ys[kd bu vuqHkwfr;ksa dks O;Dr djus ds fy;s vU; ,slh dykRed;qfDr;ksa dh lgk;rk ysrk gS( tks fd mldh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks Li"Vrk iwoZd O;Dr dj ldsA bl izdkj ys[kdizrhdksa ds ek/;e ls gh viuh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks O;Dr djus esa lQy gksrk gSA


Key Words : izrhd vkSj lkfgR;] izrhd dh lkFkZdrk] lkfgR; esa izrhd dh mi;ksfxrk

euq"; vius vUnj ckgj tks ns[krk gS mlh dks O;Dr djus ds fy;s 'kCnksa dks x<+rk gS vkSjmUgha 'kCnksa ds }kjk Hkk"kk dk tUe gksrk gS] ubZ vuqHkwfr;k¡ gh u;s 'kCnksa dks tUe nsrh gSaA fdUrq 'kCnksadk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gS] fdruk iqjkuk bldk fu'p; djuk dfBu gSA izkphu dky ls gh euq";us vius vuqHkoksa vkSj vuqHkwfr;ksa dks O;Dr djus ds fy;s 'kCnksa dk ek/;e fy;k] rc ls gh 'kCnksa dkbfrgkl vkjEHk gks x;kA ckgjh txr rFkk O;kikfj;ksa ds fy;s ftu 'kCnksa dks cuk;k x;k Fkk] mu ij'kh?kz gh lkoZtfud ,oa yksd 'kCnksa ds :i esa lHkh yksd lEifRr cu x;sA izkjEHk ls lHkh 'kCn izrhdFks] fdUrq loZ lkekU; cks/k dks izkIr gksdj ogh 'kCn lHkh dh lEifRr cu x;sA tSls&tSls lH;rkvkSj laLÑfr dk mRFkku gksrk x;k] mlh izdkj euq"; ds thou {ks=k dh dfBurk ,oa O;kidrk us'kCnksa ds fodkl esa Hkh lgk;rk iznku dh vkSj 'kCn lEifRr esa o f) gksrh x;hA ftl izdkjvko';drk,a c<+rh x;ha] mlh izdkj u;s ,oa iqjkus nksuksa izdkj ds 'kCnksa us mu vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZdhA iqjkus 'kCnksa us vius Hkkj dks lgu djrs gq;s fodkl dk;Z fd;k rFkk u;s 'kCnksa u;h vFkZ&nhfIrdk izlkj fd;kA blh izdkj tSls euq"; ds thou dk foLrkj gksrk x;k] mlh izdkj 'kCnksa dk HkhfoLrkj gksrk x;kA

blds vk/kkj ij ;g iz'u mifLFkr gksrk gS fd D;k Hkk"kk ds lHkh 'kCn izrhd gaSA gka lHkh'kCn izrhd gSa ijUrq ifjp; ds lk¡ps esa fudyrs jgus ls mUgha izrhdkRed 'kCnksa us viuh izrhd 'kfDrdks tks fo'ks"k gksrh gS] lkekU; cuk yh gSA fQj Hkh 'kCn lkekU; vFkZ ds LFkku ij viuk fo'ks"k&iz;ksxtU; vFkZ dks O;Dr djrk gSA tks 'kCn fo'ks"k&iz;ksxtU; dks O;Dr djrk gSA tks 'kCn fo'ks"kvFkZ dks O;Dr djrs gSa] vusd vFkZ&o.kksZa ds ifjokj dk gh ,d lnL; gksrk gSA rc bl vFkZ dks O;Drdjus okys 'kCnksa dks ge ijEijkxr izrhd* dgrs gSa( fdUrq tc 'kCn fdlh u;s vFkZ dks O;Dr djrk

'kks/k /kkjk 30

gS rc og uohu izrhd dgykrk gS og ;k rks furkUr gh u;k gksrk gS vFkok u;s ifjos'k ls lacaf/krgksrk gSA vkt ekuo gj {ks=k esa fodkljr gS u;s vkfo"dkj gks jgs gSaA ekuo lEidksZa dk foLrkj gksrktk jgk gS] og vuqHkwfr;ksa ,oa vuqHkoksa dks u;s 'kCnksa ds iztuu ds lkFk&lkFk fodkl djrs gq;s thou,oa Hkkoksa ds ifjos'k dk cM+s gh osx ls izpkj dj jgk gSA fQj lkfgR; u;s ifjos'k ls fdl izdkj nwjjg ldrk gSA

ekuo thou dh laosxtU; vuqHkwfr;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr esa lkfgR; dks lcls ljy ek/;e ekukx;k gSA dHkh ekuo dh ;g vuqHkwfr;ka vR;Ur rhoz gks tkrh gSA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i vJq/kkjk fudyiM+rh gS] ij blls Hkh vfHkO;fDr ugha gks ikrhA ;g ,d dq'ky lkfgR;dkj ij fuHkZj djrk gS fdog fdl izdkj ls ân; ds Hkkoksa vuqHkwfr;ksa dks Hkk"kk ls J axkfjr djrk gSA fdUrq izk;% Hkk"kk HkhlaosxtU; vuqHkwfr;ksa dks O;Dr djus esa leFkZ ugha gksrhA rc ys[kd bu vuqHkwfr;ksa dks O;Dr djusds fy;s vU; ,slh dykRed ;qfDr;ksa dh lgk;rk ysrk gS( tks fd mldh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks Li"Vrk iwoZdO;Dr dj ldsA bl izdkj ys[kd izrhdksa ds ek/;e ls gh viuh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks O;Dr djus esa lQygksrk gSA

izrhd ;kstuk dk bfrgkl cgqr izkphu gSA _Xosn esa Hkh izrhdksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA _Xosnesa tc dfo us izÑfr dh egkurk vkSj fodjkyrk dk o.kZu djuk pkgk] rc mlus ,sls eU=kksa dkmPpkj.k fd;k tks ,d igsyh ds leku FksA mu ea=kksa dh Hkk"kk dwV FkhA ml Hkk"kk ls gh izrhdksa dkvkfn :i ekuk x;kA vkt Hkh og eU=k my>s gq;s tku iM+rs gSa vkSj dksbZ Hkh fo}ku Vhdkdkj mudkvFkZ Li"V ugha dj ikrk gSA _Xosn ds izFke e.My esa ,d dwV 'yksd gS ^vU/kdkj jtuh us lqUnjf'k'kq dks tUe fn;k tks vkdk'k esa fopj.k dj jgk gSA Li"V :i ls ;gka ij dfo ds mfnr gksus dkladsr gSA**1

mifu"knksa esa Hkh izrhdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ij mUgsa nk'kZfud fl)kUrksa dks Li"V djusds fy;s fd;k x;k gSA ^o gnkj.;d mifu"kn esa vLoRFk dk o {k ds izrhd :i esa iz;ksx gqvk gS] tksfpjUrj gS] ftldh 'kk[kk;sa v/kkseq[kh gS vkSj ewy m/oZeq[kh gSA bl izrhd dk vfHkizk; czãk ls gS tksbl l f"V esa fofHkUu :iksa esa fo|eku gSA

egkdkO; ;qx esa egkHkkjr dh izrhd fUk;kstuk loZJs"B gSA buesa izrhdksa dh la[;k vkB gtkjlkS crk;h x;h gSaA ;s izrhd vyadkjksa ds :i esa iz;qDr gq;s gSaA budk lkSUn;Z miekvksa vkSj :idksads ek/;e ls fu[kj mBk gSA ;g ijEijk vU; vusd iqjk.kksa esa v{kq..k jgh gS] ftlesa Jhen~Hkkxordk uke izeq[k gSA Hkkxor esa vusdkusd nk'kZfud fl)kUr izrhdksa ds ek/;e ls izLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA2

viHkza'k rFkk fgUnh dh izkjfEHkd cksfy;ksa ls izrhdksa dh Hkk"kk la/;k Hkk"kk* dh laKk ls vfHkfgrfd;k x;k gSA fl)ksa us ftudh la[;k pkSjklh gSA ^otz;ku* lEiznk; dh fofp=k lk/kuk&i)fr dhvfHkO;fDr esa vusd izrhdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA3

ljgik us thou dks ,d va/ksjh jkr ekuk gS vkSj e R;q dks ,d pwgk tks fujUrj gekjs thoudks u"V djrk jgrk gSA /khjs&/khjs bu izrhdksa us myVokfl;ksa dk :i ys fy;k] ftuesa ijLijfojks/kh yxus okys izrhdksa }kjk xEHkhj vkSj nk'kZfud Hkko&Hkwfe dks Li"V fd;k x;kA oSls ns[kus esa;g myVokfl;k¡ fujFkZd lh yxrh gSa fdUrq O;k[;k djus ij budk vFkZ&lkSUn;Z lkdkj gks mBrkgSA4

'kks/k /kkjk 31

ukFk ;ksfx;ksa o lar dfo;ksa us Hkh vius dkO; esa izrhdksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA larksa us viuh lw{evkSj jgLe;h ^ckfu;kas* dks izrhdkRed Hkk"kk ds :i esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA ij tc dchjnkl thviuh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks O;Dr u dj lds rc og Hkh izrhdksa dk lEcy ysdj vxzlj gq;s vkSj^myVokfl;ksa* ds :i esa bl izdkj dh iafDr;k¡ gSa&

leanj ykxh vkfx] ufn;k tfy dksbyk HkbZAns[kh dchjk tkfx] iaNh #[kk pf<+ xbZA**

;gka ij leanj vkx] ufn;k¡] dksbyk] iaNh] la[k 'kCnksa esa izrhdksa dh xw<+ 'kfDr dks of.kZrfd;k x;k gSA

lwQh dfo;ksa us Hkh ftudk izHkko vusd ijorhZ fgUnh dfo;ksa ij n f"V&xkspj gksrk gS] viuh^gky* dh n'kk esa jgL;e;h fLFkfr dk Li"Vhdj.k djus ds fy;s izrhdksa dk lgkjk fy;k gSA lwjnkl*esa vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy fy[krs gSa fd jgL;ekxksaZ dks ^gky* dh n'kk esa ftl vk/;kfRed Kku dhmiyfC/k gksrh gS] mls nwljksa rd igq¡pkus ds ;ksX; cukus ds fy;s ml Kku ;k rF; dks O;aftr djusds mi;qDr ikfFkZd txr dk dqN vuwBk :i fo/kku lkeus ykrk gSA lwfQ;ksa esa blh ijEijk dk fuokZg^'kjkc* I;ky* vkfn ds :idks esa feyrk gS] tks ,d izdkj ls izrhd gks x;s gaSA fuxqZf.k;ksa dh ckfu;ksaes aosnkUr vkfn dh ckrksa dks ysdj igsyh ds <ax ds :id cka/kus dh tks izo fRr ik;h tkrh gS] og Hkhblh #f<+ dk fuokZg gSA5

fgUnh ds lxq.k HkfDr /kkjk ds dfo;ksa us Hkh izrhdksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA rqylh] lwj ds dkO;esa ;g iw.kZ :i ls fo|eku gSA ij lwj dh jpukvksa esa rqylh ls Hkh vf/kd izrhdkRedrk gSA rqylhlrlbZ* esa izrhdksa dk eqDr :i ls iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ogha ij fou; if=kdk esa Hkh izrhdksa dk vHkkougha gSA lEHkor% rqylh us Hkh lwj dh izrhd ijEijk dk ikyu fd;kA lwj dh izrhd ;kstuk fo|kifrdh izrhd ;kstuk ls gh izHkkfor gSA blh izdkj HkfDr vkSj J axkj dh vfHkO;atuk esa xw<+ izo fRr dsdkj.k gh bu dfo;ksa us izrhd ;kstuk dk lgkjk fy;k] ftlesa vFkZ dh xksiurk dks mn~ns'; cukdj;'k izkIr djus dh ykylk esa izrhd iz;ksx dks izksgRlkgu fn;kA

jhfrdky esa izrhd ;kstuk us nks #i xzg.k fd;s ,d rks dfo&ifjikVh* dk vkSj nwljk :id;kstuk* dkA bu nksuksa :iksa esa dykRedrk dh ykylk dh izcy izsj.kk FkhA dfo ifjikVh ls muekU;rkvksa dk cks/k gksrk gS] ftUgsa ijEijk ls dfotu lR; ekurs vk;s gaSA dfo;ksa us ,sls izrhdksa dkiz;ksx HkkokuqHkwfr dks vf/kd Li"V djus ds fy;s fd;k gS] tks viuh fo'ks"krk ds dkj.k fd;k Hkkoukds ewrZ Lo:i dh Hkkafr Lohd r gks x;sA pkrd izse dh vuU;rk dk] gal uhj&{khj fooj.k dk] vkSjty&fojfgr ehu izse dh n <+rk dk izrhd gSA ;s lHkh rRo lEcU/kh Hkkoukvksa ds izfrfuf/k cu x;sA6

vius xq.kksa ds dkj.k izkÑfr dh vusd oLrq;sa lkSUn;Z dk vieku cudj dfo;ksa dh ys[kuhdk vkHkw"k.k cu x;hA ehu] e x vkSj dey u;uksa ds vieku cus( Hkzej vkSj O;ky dky ds'kksa dh 'kksHkkds izrhd cus vkSj ean] xEHkhj xfr us xt dk LFkku ys fy;kA bu miekuksa dk iz;ksx izkphu le;ls vkt rd lkfgR; esa ckjEckj gksrk pyk vk;k gSA vkSj lkSUn;Z dh vfHkO;fDr dks LFkk;h :i iznkudjus dh ps"Vk dh x;h gSA

vk/kqfud ;qx esa izrhd ;kstuk dks Nk;kokn vkSj jgL;okn esa mRiknu ns[kk x;kA jgL;oknesa nk'kZfud Hkko/kkjk dh vfHkO;fDr ds fy;s izrhdksa dk lacy fy;k x;kA bu oknksa ds dfo;ksa us

'kks/k /kkjk 32

izÑfr dks gh izrhdksa dk ek/;e cuk;k dfo;ksa us Qwyksa dh ØkfUr esa vlhe fpjUru 'kfDr dh eqLdkudks lq[kn :i esa ns[kk vkSj ygjksa ds vkoZru&izR;korZu esa izÑfr ds QSys gq;s gkFkksa ds n'kZu fd;s(Nk;kokn esa izrhdksa dk fodkl dky ekuk tk ldrk gS ;gk¡ iUr vkSj izlkn ds izrhdksa dks nsf[k;sA

^^Å"kk dk Fkk ml esa vkokl] eqdqy eq[k esa e nqy fodklApkanuh dk LoHkko esa Hkkl] fopkjksa esa cPpks dh lkalA**&izlkn^^'kf'keq[k ij ?kwa?kV mlds] vapy esa nhi fNik;sA&iarthou dh xks/kwyh esa] dkSrwgy ls rqe vk;sA**iz;ksxokn vkSj vfHkO;atuokn esa >ksiM+h fu/kZu dk izrhd cuh vkSj egy iwathifr;ksa ds izrhd

gq;sA ijEijkxr 'kkL=kh; izrhdksa dk LFkku uohu izrhdksa us ys fy;k] tks vius O;atuk {ks=k esa vf/kdO;kid cusA dHkh&dHkh mudh O;atuk dsoy izrhdkRed gksrh gSA vdsyk jguk ?k .kk dk lwpdle>k tkrk gS vkSj eksVk gksuk rqf"V dksA bl izdkj fgUnh lkfgR; esa izrhd ;kstuk dbZ esM+ ys pqdhgS vkSj vkt og ewrZ ls vewrZ dh vksj mUeq[k gks jgh gSA7

bl izdkj ls ge dg ldrs gSa fd ;fn ge vius ân; ds Hkkoksa] euksosxksa o vuqHkwfr;ksa dks;fn ekfeZdrk iznku djuk pkgrs gSa ;k mUgsa ;Fkk rF; :i esa izLrqr djuk pkgrs gSa rc rks mudsfy;s izrhdksa dk lgkjk ysuk vfr vko';d gks tkrk gSA oSls rks oLrq dks Li"V djus ds fy;s oizHkkoiw.kZ cukus ds fy;s vyadkj Hkh gS] ij dfo ds fy;s mrus lgk;d fl) ugha gks ikrs fdUrq ftlizdkj izrhd fdlh Hkh cM+s&ls&cM+s o xw<+&ls&xw<+ ekufld jgL; dks cM+h ljyrk ds lkFk O;Drdj ldrk gS] tcfd vyadkj dkO; dks lkSUn;Z iznku djrk gS] mlds xw<+ vFkZ dks mtkxj ughaAblhfy, fo'o ds izeq[k lkfgR;dkjksa us izrhdksa dks Li"V #i ls viuk;kA

xkxj esa lkxj Hkjus dk dk;Z Hkh dfo;ksa us izrhdksa ds ek/;e ls gh fd;k gSA fcgkjh us Hkhblh :i dks of.kZr fd;k gS&

^ufga ijkx ufga e/kqj e/kq] ufg fodkl bfga dkyAvyh&dyh gh lks fo/;ksa] vkxs dkSu gokyAA*

vusd LFkku ij dgk x;k fd izrhd lkfgR; ds lkSUn;Z esa o f) djrs gSa] D;ksafd buesa ,dvn~Hkqr yk{kf.kdrk vkSj O;atdrk gksrh gSA ,sls gh izrhdksa dks ek/;e cukdj izlkn us yTtk lxZesa fy[kk gS&

ykyh cu ljy diksyksa esa] vk¡[kkas esa vatu lh yxrhAdqafpr vydksa lh ?kqa?kjkyh] eu dh ejksj cu dj txrhA8

ftl izdkj diksyksa dh ykyh vk¡[kksa esa vatu yxkus ij yTtk Hkko dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS]mlh izdkj ?kqa?kjkyh vydksa&lh eu dh ejksj ls vkSj vf/kd yTtk Hkko dh Li"Vrk vkrh gSA

ân; ds ewy vkSj fuLiUn Hkkoksa dks izrhd gh ok.kh iznku djrs gSA izrhdksa ds izlaxkas esa vUrjgks ldrk gS] fdUrq muds vFkZ lnSo Li"V djrs gSaA

lanHkZ1- 'kekZ] fp=kk( dkek;uh esa izrhd fo/kku] i 0 612- 'kekZ] fp=kk( dkek;uh esa izrhd fo/kku] i 0 293- f}osnh] MkW0 jkevo/k( lkfgR; fl)kUr] i 0 151

'kks/k /kkjk 33

4- oekZ] MkW0 jkedqekj( fgUnh lkfgR; esa izrhd ;kstuk fgUnh vuq'khyu o"kZ&13 i 0 3865- fgUnh vuq'khyu] o"kZ 13] i 0386 ¼fgUnh lkfgR; ea izrhd ;kstuk½6- fgUnh vuq'khyu] o"kZ 13] i 387 ¼fgUnh lkfgR; esa izrhd ;kstuk½7- ogh8- 'kqDy] vkpk;Z jkepUnz( lwjnkl] i 0 699- fgUnh vuq'khyu] o"kZ&13] vad 1&2] i 0 38710- ogh] i 0 38811- dkek;uh] i 0 4612- csck] lh-,e-( gsfjVst vkWo flEcksfyTe] i 0 212

'kks/k /kkjk 34


izsepUn vkSj nfyr foe'kZ MkW0 fiadh ikjhd

fgUnh foHkkx] ouLFkyh fo|kihB] jktLFkku¼izkIr % 02 Qjojh 2018 ½

AbstractvNwr tkfr dks ysdj izsepUn ds tks fopkj gSa] os muds miU;kl vkSj dgkuh esa Hkh fdlh u fdlh

:i esa izfrfcfEcr gq, gSaA lsoklnu] deZHkwfe] jaxHkwfe] xksnku vkfn miU;klksa esa izsepUn us cgqr gh ckjhdhds lkFk nfyr leL;k dks mBk;k gSA tgk¡ lsoklnu miU;kl esa nfyr ds lkFk jgus ij jgus okys dksHkh nfyr eku fy;k tkrk gSA ogha deZHkwfe esa vNwrksa ds efUnj izos'k dh leL;k dks mBk;k gS rks xksnkuesa fuEu tkfr dk fdl rjhds ls 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k gksrk gS bldks c[kwch O;k[;kf;r fd;k x;k gSA blhizdkj izsepUn dh dgkfu;ksa dk ,d fgLlk lEiw.kZ :i ls nfyr thou ij vk/kkfjr gSA


Key Words : izsepan dh laosnuk] izsepan ds lkfgR; esa nfyr fparu

bDdhloha 'krkCnh ds vkjEHk ds iwokZij le; esa fgUnh lkfgR; esa nfyr foe'kZ ,d etcwrvkanksyu ds :i esa mHkjk vkSj fodflr gqvkA vk/kqfud dky ds vkjEHk esa tgk¡ Lokeh n;kuUn vkSjLokeh foosdkuUn us nfyr foe'kZ ,oa xk¡/kh ds vNwrks)kj ds jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu us nfyr foe'kZ dks,d jk"Vªh; iz'u cuk;k vkSj LojkT; ds fy, nfyr eqfDr dks vfuok;Z ?kksf"kr fd;kA

ogha nwljh rjQ izsepUn xk¡/khth ds Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa vkus ls iwoZ gh vNwrks)kj dhvko';drk vuqHko dj jgs Fks vkSj Lokeh foosdkuUn ds fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gks jgs FksA mUgksaus fy[kkgS&^^gekjs lekt esa vHkh Å¡p&uhp dk fopkj cuk gqvk gSA pekj vc Hkh vNwr gS vkSj Mkseks dksLi'kZ djuk rks gekjs fy, ?kksj ikrd gSA euq"; dh vkRek dh Js"Brk mldk xkSjo ge Hkwy cSBs gSaAgekjh n f"V LFkwy gks xbZ gSA og 'kjhj ds Hkhrj izos'k ugha dj ldrh gSaA mls vkfRed lekurk]ifo=krk vkSj O;kidrk fn[kykbZ ugha nsrhA^^1

izsepUn us ,d vkykspukRed ys[k rFkk D;k ge okLro esa jk"Vªoknh gSa^] esa] /kkfeZd iqjksfgrksadh HkRlZuk djrs gq, fy[krs gSa &^^vxj geesa bruh 'kfDr gksrh rks viuk lkjk thou fgUnw tkfr dksiqjksfgrksa] iqtkfj;ksa] iaMkas vkSj /keksZithoh dhVk.kqvksa ls eqDr djkus esa viZ.k dj nsrsA fgUnw&tkfr dklcls ?k f.kr dks<+] lcls yTtktud dyad ;gha <+dsiaFkh ny gS] tks ,d fo'kky tksad dh Hkk¡frmldk [kwu pwl jgk gS vkSj gekjh jk"Vªh;rk ds ekxZ esa ;gh lcls cM+h ck/kk gSA jk"Vªh;rk dh igyh'krZ gSa & lekt esa lkE;&Hkko dk n <+ gksukA*^2

vk/kqfud fgUnh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa vkSj og Hkh ijk/khu Hkkjr esa] izsepUn igys ,slsdFkkdkj gSa( ftUgksaus nfyrksa ds gtkjksa o"kksaZ ls pyh vkbZ ;kruk] neu rFkk Øwj ekuoh; HksnHkko ,oavieku dk na'k] vuqHko fd;k fQj Hkh viuh euq";rk dks ejus ugha fn;kA

'kks/k /kkjk 35

izsepUn dk fparu fujUrj fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gksrk jgkA gekjs lekt dh :X.kkoLFkkdks ysdj izsepUn 'kq: ls gh O;fFkr FksA lekt esa fL=k;ksa vkSj vNwrksa dh voLFkk dks ysdj mudkeu ges'kk æfor jgk gSA izsepUn us ges'kk gh nfyrksa dk leFkZu fd;k vkSj ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd uoEcj1932 esa dk'kh ds lukru/kehZ usrkvksa ds vNwrksa ds efUnj izos'k ds fo:) tqywl fudkys tkus ijizsepUn fy[krs gSa & ^fQj D;ksa u /keZ dk lalkj esa àkl gks] D;ksa u :l okys /keZ dks vQhe dk u'kkle>as] D;ksa u fxjts <k;sa tk,a vkSj /keZ dks dyafdr djus okys bu LraEHkksa dk lekt ls cfg"dkjfd;k tk,A**3

izsepUn vNwr leL;k ds vkfFkZd i{k dks ges'kk dsUæ esa j[krs gSaA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd vNwrleL;k dks gy djus ds fy, gesa muds vkfFkZd Lrj dks Åij mBkuk gh gksxkA dksbZ Hkh o.kZ ;k oxZtc rd vkfFkZd n f"V ls vkRefuHkZj ugha gks tkrk rc rd mudh vU; leL;kvksa dk dksbZ gy ughafudy tkrkA dsoy eafnj izos'k ls gfjtuksa dh leL;k dk gy ugha gksxk] ,slk izsepUn dk n <+fo'okl FkkA

vNwr tkfr dks ysdj izsepUn ds tks fopkj gSa] os muds miU;kl vkSj dgkuh esa Hkh fdlhu fdlh :i esa izfrfcfEcr gq, gSaA lsoklnu] deZHkwfe] jaxHkwfe] xksnku vkfn miU;klksa esa izsepUn uscgqr gh ckjhdh ds lkFk nfyr leL;k dks mBk;k gSA tgk¡ lsoklnu miU;kl esa nfyr ds lkFk jgusij jgus okys dks Hkh nfyr eku fy;k tkrk gSA ogha deZHkwfe esa vNwrksa ds efUnj izos'k dh leL;kdks mBk;k gS rks xksnku esa fuEu tkfr dk fdl rjhds ls 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k gksrk gS bldks c[kwchO;k[;kf;r fd;k x;k gSA blh izdkj izsepUn dh dgkfu;ksa dk ,d fgLlk lEiw.kZ :i ls nfyrthou ij vk/kkfjr gSA izsepUn dh ^Bkdqj dk dq¡vk** nfyr thou dk dVq ;FkkFkZ gSA ^izLrqr dgkuhesa izsepUn us nfyrksa dh fLFkfr dks dykRed lkSUn;Z ,oa fujis{krk ds lkFk O;k[;kf;r fd;k gSA xaxhtc ?kMs+ dks idM+ jgh Fkh tc Bkdqj dk njoktk vpkud [kqyrk gSA Bkdqj dk Mj ng'kr vkSjvkard fdruk gS] mldk o.kZu ys[kd ,d okD; esa dj nsrk gS & ^^'ksj dk eq¡g Hkh blls vf/kdHk;kud u gksxkA**

izsepUn dh ^nw/k dk nke^ ,d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ ,oa ;FkkFkZoknh dgkuh gSA ;g dgkuh nfyrthou dh foHkhf"kdkvksa dk [kqydj o.kZu djus okyh dgkuh gSA bl dgkuh ds ek/;e ls ys[kd usmPpoxhZ; yksxksa dh 'kks"k.k djus dh uhfr dk inkZQk'k fd;k gSA ys[kd us crk;k fd ;g oxZ fdlrjg ls viuh lqfo/kk ds vuqlkj /keZ dks rksM+&ejksM+ ysrk gSA mls esfVjke 'kkL=kh ds dFku ls ns[kktk ldrk gSA egs'kukFk ds cPps us Hkafxuh dk nw/k fi;k FkkA vr% mUgsa izk;f'pr djuk iMs+xkA blij egs'kukFk dgrs gSa &^^izk;f'pr dh [kwc dgh 'kkL=kh th] dy rd ml Hkafxuh dk [kwu ihdj vcmlesa Nwr ?kwl x;hA okg js vkidk /keZA*

izsepUn us crk;k gS fd xjhcksa vkSj nfyrksa dk 'kks"k.k tehankj] egktu vkSj ljdkj ds vknehgh ugha djrs cfYd /keZ ds /kqja/kjksa }kjk Hkh mudk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA ckckth dk Hkksx* dgkuhds ek/;e ls ys[kd us bUgha /keZ ds egkRekvksa ij izgkj fd;k gS] D;ksafd Hkkjrh; turk viuh xjhchls bruh nq[kh% gS fd mudk ekuuk gS fd fiNys deksZa dh ltk rks Hkqxr gh jgs gSa rks fQj /keZ ds

'kks/k /kkjk 36

fo:) dk;Z djds vxys tUe ds fy, dk¡Vs D;ksa cks, tk,a rFkk blh dk Qk;nk bu lk/kq&lUrksa ds}kjk mBkdj turk dk ekufld o 'kkjhfjd :i ls 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA tgk¡ lEiw.kZ rjhds lsesgur djus ds ckotwn Hkh ,d xjhc fdlku ds lkeus vkxs dh leL;k cjdjkj jgrh gSa] oghalk/kq ckck mldk cpk gqvk lc dqN gfFk;k ysuk pkgrs gSa] dgkuh esa jke/ku ds }kjk ys[kd dgyokrkgSa &

L=kh&nsorkvksa dh iwtk dgk¡ ls gksxh\jke/ku&nsork ek¡xus rks ugha vkrs\ lekbZ gksxh djuku lekbZ gks u djuk & ;g cyk rks Vysxh] fQj ns[kh tk;sxhA4

izsepUn dh ln~xfr* dgkuh nfyr foe'kZ eas fo'ks"k egRo j[krh gSA o.kZ&O;oLFkk lkekftdlksp ij fdl dnj gkoh gS] bls bl dgkuh esa Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ns[kk tk ldrk gSA nq[kh pekj dks viuhfcfV;k dh lxkbZ djuh FkhA blfy, lkbr lxqu ds okLrs iafMr ?kklhjke ds ;gk¡ tkrk gS rFkk ,dNksVh&lh pht ds fy, iafMr mldk fdruk 'kkjhfjd o vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k djrs gSa fd var esa Hkw[ks&I;klsnq[kh dh e R;q gks tkrh gSA ysfdu iafMr dk fny ugha ilhtrkA ,d LFkku ij nq[kh dgrk gS** blhls rks lalkj iafMrksa ls Mjrk gS] vkSj lc ds :i;s ekjs tkrs gSa] czkã.k ds :i;s Hkyk dksbZ ekj rksys ?kj Hkj dk lR;kuk'k gks tk;] ik¡o xy&xy dj fxjus yxsA** ys[kd dgkuh ds var esa nq[kh dhe R;q ij O;aX; djrs gSaA czkã.k nsork dk dke djrs e R;q gksrh gS] vr% mldh ln~xfr gks xbZA

nfyr ;k xjhc dgk tkus okyk ;g oxZ fdruk ykpkj gSA ;g izsepUn dh dgkuh ^lH;rkdk jgL;* ds ek/;e ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd ,d rjQ rks og oxZ gS( ftlds ikl iSlk gS vkSj nwljhrjg ;g vHkkoxzLr oxZ gS tks fd viuh nSfud thou dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ij Hkh nks"khik;k tkrk gSA nwljh rjQ iSls okys yksx tks vius iSls dh /kku ij [kwu djus dh bTtr ds lkFkfjgk gks tkrs gSaA jk;lkgc tks fd cgqr vf/kd f'kf{kr vkSj vksgnsnkj gSaA mudk mn~ns'; vf/kd lsvf/kd iSlk dekuk gS fQj pkgs oks dSls Hkh dek;s ysfdu turk ds lkeus ,dne bZekunkjA brukgksus ds ckn Hkh vius ukSdj neM+h ds fy, muds eu esa dksbZ n;k vkSj fj;k;r ugha vkSj ;gh dkj.kgS fd tgk¡ jk; lkgc ,d jbZl dks tks fd [kwu ds bZYtke esa Q¡lk gSA chl gtkj fj'or ysdj jbZldh tekur djok nsrs gSaA ogh neM+h tc eqf[k;k ds [ksr ls pkjk dkV yk;k rks mldks N% eghusdh dM+h ltk Hkqxruh iM+hA jk;lkgc dgrs gaS** rw esjk ukSdj u gksrk rks eSa gYdh ltk nsrk] ysfdurw esjk ukSdj gS] blfy, dM+h ls dM+h ltk nw¡xkA eSa ;g ugha lwu ldrk fd jk; lkgc us vius ukSdjds lkFk fj;k;r dhA*

izsepUn dh bl dgkuh ls Hkokuh izlkn feJ dh ^tkfgy esjs ckus* dfork Le fr esa dk¡/k tkrh gS^^eSa vlH; gw¡ D;ksafd [kqys uaxs ik¡oksa pyrk gw¡eSa vlH; gw¡ D;ksaafd /kwy dh xksnh esa iyrk gw¡eSa vlH; gw¡ D;ksafd phjdj /kjrh /kku mxkrk gw¡Avki lH; gSa D;ksafd vkx cjlk nsrs gSa Hkw ijvki lH; gSa D;ksafd /kku ls Hkjh vkidh dksBh

'kks/k /kkjk 37

vki lH; gSa D;ksafd tksj ls i<+ tkrs gSa iksFkhvki lH; gSa D;ksafd tcjs [kwu lus gSaA**5

tgk¡ izsepUn us viuh vf/kdrj dgkfu;ksa esa nfyr&thou dk fp=k [khapk gS] ogha ml Js.khesa lrh* dgkuh Hkh gS( ftlesa izsepUn us nfyr tkfr ds dqN ik=kksa ds ek/;e ls nfyr L=kh ds ifrizse dh fnO;rk dks mn~?kkfVr fd;k x;k gSA blh izdkj ^ea=k* dgkuh ds ek/;e ls /keZ ifjorZu dseqn~ns dks mBkdj ys[kd us gekjk /;ku vkdf"kZr djus dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd fdl izdkj nfyrfgUnqvksa dks eqlyeku cuk;k tk jgk FkkA

izsepUn dh blh Js.kh esa ykaNu] yksder dk lEeku] ck¡Me] tqjekuk] esjh igyh jpuk] dQuvkfn dgkfu;ksa dks Hkh nfyr foe'kZ ds vUrxZr j[kk tk ldrk gSA bu lEiw.kZ dgkfu;ksa ds ek/;els izsepUn us vius lkfgR; eas nfyrksa dh izeq[k leL;kvksa dh vksj /;ku dsfUær fd;k gS ftuesa eq[;:i ls izeq[k gS&vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k vkSj lkekftd mRihM+u eafnj izos'k dh leL;k lkekftdfu;ksZX;krkvksa] lgHkkst vkSj vUrtkZrh; fookg tSls eqn~ns izeq[k gSA

fu"d"kZr % dgk tk ldrk gS fd izsepUn dh fof'k"Vrk ;g gS fd os ijkuqHkwfr ls nfyr foe'kZdks bruh Å¡pkb;ksa rd ys tkrs gSa fd ltho fp=k vk¡[kksa ds lkeus mifLFkr gks tkrk gSA ekuoh;laosnuk izsepUn dh dgkfu;ksa dk izk.krRo gS vkSj blh dkj.k os nfyr thou dks bruk utnhdh lsle> vkSj ns[k ik,A izsepUn dk lkfgR; lekt ds dVq ;FkkFkZ dks fu:fir djus okyk rks gS gha lkFkgh mlesa ekuo&pfj=k dk lw{e euksoSKkfud fujh{k.k Hkh feyrk gSA

lanHkZ1- iszepan] D;k ge okLro esa jk"Vªoknh gSa] iz0 142- ogh]3- ogh]4- iszepan] ckck th dk Hkksx5- feJ] Hkokuh izlkn] tksfgy Hkjs cksu^

'kks/k /kkjk 38


orZeku lanHkZ vkSj Hkxorh pj.k oekZ ds lkfgR; esa fu:firlkekftd] lkaLÑfrd rRo

'kkbLrk lSQ+h'kks/k Nk=kk] fgUnh foHkkx] vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky;] vyhx<+] m0iz0

¼izkIr % 07 Qjojh 2018 ½

AbstractHkxorhpj.k oekZ fganh lkfgR; ds ,d l'kä gLrk{kj gSaA lkfgR; dh nqfu;k esa ewyr% dfo ds :i

esa ços'k djus okys bl jpuk f'kYih dh çfrHkk dk iw.kZ vkst buds x|kRed jpukvksa ¼dFkk] miU;kl vkfn½esa çdV gqvk gSA çLrqfr dk [k+kl vUnkt+] o.kZu dk fo'ks"k dkS'ky] Hkk"kk dk vkstLoh :i Hkxorhpj.k oekZlkfgR; dh vuks[kh fof'k"Vrk gSA budh Ñfr;ksa dh fo"k; oLrq lkekU; gksdj Hkh fof'k"V gSaA ?kVukvksads i;Zos{k.k&fo'ys"k.k vkSj çLrqfr dk budk viuk vyx gh vUnkt+ gS] ftlds dkj.k budh n f"V cgqrckj nk'kZfud èkjkry dks Nwrs gq, Hkh ut+j vkrh gS( ckotwn blds og tfVy ;k] cksf>y ugha gSA Hkxorhckcw eè;oxhZ; lekt&laLd fr] 'kgjh thou] ekuoh; LoHkko&ço fÙk;ksa ds et+cwr fprsjs gSaA budh dqNjpukvksa esa bfrgkl dh >yfd;k¡ Hkh feyrh gSa] ij mldk bfrgkl ds çkekf.kd rF;ksa ls cgqr xgjkvarl±caèk ugha gSA bl 'kksèk i=k dk mís'; Hkxorh ckcw ds miU;klksa esa fpf=kr lekt vkSj laLÑfr dh >k¡dhdks orZeku lanHkks± esa le>uk gSA Hkxorhpj.k oekZ ds lkfgR; ij 'kksèkkRed n f"V ls vusd dke gq, gSa(blds ckn Hkh ;g 'kksèk i=k bl n f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gS fd blesa oekZ th ds lkfgR; esa fu:fir lekt vkSjlaLd fr ds rRoksa dks orZeku lanHkks± ds lkFk ns[kus dh dksf'k'k gSA Hkxorh pj.k oekZ dk lkfgR; dkQ+hle ) vkSj foLr r gS] vkSj 'kksèk i=k ds lhfer nk;js esa mlds lEiw.kZ Qyd dks lekfgr dj ysuk O;ogkjr%tfVy gS] blfy, bl 'kksèk i=k esa oekZ th ds dqN miU;klksa ¼fp=kys[kk] Hkwys fcljs fp=k] Vs<+s&es<+s jkLrsvkfn½ dks gh dsaæ esa j[kdj vè;;u dk;Z fd;k x;k gSA bl 'kksèk i=k esa p;fur miU;klksa ds varoZLrqfo'ys"k.k }kjk vè;;u dh çfØ;k iwjh dh xbZ gSA


Key Words : Hkxorhpj.k oekZ ds lkfgR;] es laosnukRed oSfo/; lkekftd rRo] lkaLÑfrd rRo

foospuk ¼Analysis½&lekt euq";ksa dk lewg gSA ,d ,slk lewg ftlesa euq"; ,d fuf'pr fu;e vkSj O;ogkj }kjk

,d nwljs ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA çR;sd euq"; dh viuh Lora=krk vkSj vfèkdkjksa ds lkFk] nwljs euq"; dhLora=krk vkSj vfèkdkjksa dh Hkh j{kk gks] blfy, lekt uked laLFkk lekt esa gksus okys dk;Z&dykiksads fy, dqN ekunaM Hkh rS;kj djrh gSA ;g ekunaM dqN dk;ks± dks djus dh vuqefr rFkk dqN dk;ks±dks fuf"k) ?kksf"kr djrs gSaA lekt ds vfLrRo dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus ds fy, ;g vfuok;Z gS fdeuq"; vius O;fäxr lq[k ds Hkksx ds Øe esa nwljs dh lqfoèkkvksa dk Hkh [k+~;ky djsA ij bl lEcaèkesa ,d ckr egRoiw.kZ gS fd ;s ekunaM ns'k&dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj cnyrs Hkh jgrs gSaA

laLÑfr 'kCn cgqr gh O;kid gSA vyx&vyx fo}kuksa us bls vius&vius <ax ls ifjHkkf"kr

'kks/k /kkjk 39

djus dh ps"Vk dh gSA *gkscsy* dk er gS&^og laLÑfr gh gS] tks ,d O;fä dks nwljs O;fä;ksa ls] ,d lewg dks nwljs lewgksa ls vkSj

,d lekt dks nwljs lektksa ls vyx djrh gSA*çfl) ekuo foKkuh *eSfyuksOkLdh* ds vuqlkj& ^ekuo tkfr dh leLr lkekftd fojklr

;k ekuo dh leLr lafpr l f"V dk gh uke laLÑfr gSA*dgk tk ldrk gS fd ekuo lekt esa ekStwn jhfr&fjokt] ijEijk] çFkk] [kku&iku] laLdkj]

èkkfeZd] nk'kZfud] dykRed] uhfr fo"k;d dk;Z&dyki vkfn dk leqPp; gh laLÑfr gSAHkxorh ckcw ds miU;klksa esa lekt vkSj laLd fr dh xgjh >yd ekStwn gSA lkekftd&

lkaLd frd fcEc esa euq"; ds LoHkko vkSj ço fÙk ds lkFk] ifjokj] L=kh&iq#"k çse] fookg laLFkk]euksjatu ds fofoèk :i] lkekftd leL;kvksa ls ysdj dyk ¼laxhr] LFkkiR;½] thou vkSj vkè;kRe];ksx&Hkksx rd dk foLr r fooj.k budh jpukvksa dks [kaxky dj fudkyk tk ldrk gSA

oekZ th us lekt esa jg jgs euq"; ds LoHkko vkSj ço fÙk;ksa dks vius miU;klksa esa lw{erk dslkFk fpf=kr fd;k gSA oSls muds lHkh miU;klksa esa euq"; dh ewy ço fÙk] nqcZyrk vkfn thoarrk dslkFk çdV gksrh gS] ij bl fn'kk esa fp=kys[kk* ,d vfr egRoiw.kZ jpuk gSA bl miU;kl ds pfj=kksaesa ekuo&eu dh lkjh nqcZyrk,¡&fpÙk dh vfLFkjrk] vlarks"k] vgadkj] mUekn] LokFkkZUèkrk] bZ";kZ]vla;e vkfn eq[kj :i esa çdV gq, gSaA

orZeku le; esa Hkh euq"; dh vfLFkjrk dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gSA lEcUèkksadks ysdj fLFkjrk ?kV jgh gSA fo?kVu dh ço fÙk rst+h ls c<+ jgh gSA ;qok ih<+h vius d+ne] ilandks ysdj bl d+nj vfLFkj vkSj xqejkg gS fd diM+s dh rjg fj'rs cny jgs gSaA Hkkouk vkSj laosnukf[kyokM+ cudj jg x, gSaA urhtru bl rjg ds euq"; ds ikl lc dqN gksdj Hkh dqN ugha jgrkA

vlarks"k Hkh vkt ds euq"; dh ekSfyd fo'ks"krk gSA fdlh Hkh pht+ ls mls tYnh r fIr ughafeyrhA mldk vfLFkj eu èku&nkSyr] okluk gj pht+ ds ihNs mls nkSM+rk gSA fdlh ,d pht+ dsihNs euq"; gkFk èkksdj Hkkxrk gS vkSj mldh çkfIr ds rqjar ckn fQj nwljh pht+ ds ihNs Hkkxus yxrkgSA fj'rksa ds lEcaèk esa Hkh ;g ckr ykxw gksrh gSA ,d lkFk ds çseh ;k ,d lkFk dh çsfedkvksa ds lkFklEcaèk] fookgsÙkj lEcaèk vkfn foæwirk,¡ vkt ds lekt esa [k+wc gSaA ^fp=kys[kk* miU;kl esa fp=kys[kkds LoHkko vkSj ço fÙk esa bl rjg dh ekufldrk dh gh Li"V vuqxw¡t gSA

vaèkHkfä dk Hkh fp=kys[kk* esa lVhd fp=k.k gSA fo'kkynso ds pfj=k esa bl xq.k dks ns[kk tkldrk gSA dqekjfxfj ds çfr mlds eu esa bl d+nj vaèkHkfä gS fd mlds lHkh vukpkjksa ls voxrgksus ds ckn Hkh og mls egku gh ekurk gSA mlh ds 'kCnksa esa&Þ;ksxh dqekjfxfj vftr gSaA mUgksauseeRo dks o'khHkwr dj fy;k gSA os lalkj ls cgqr Åij mB pqds gSaA mudh lkèkuk] mudk Kku vkSjmudh 'kfä iw.kZ gSAß og bruk dgdj gh ugha #drk] vkxs og dqekjfxfj ds çfr}a}h ¼iki&iq.; dslanHkZ esa½ chtxqIr ds lEcaèk esa lrgh tkudkjh ds vkèkkj ij ?kksj udkjkRed ckrsa Hkh yxs gkFk dgMkyrk gS& ÞvkSj chtxqIr okluk dk nkl gSA og ikih gS&ikie; lalkj dk og ,d eq[; Hkkx gS!ß

fo'kky nso ds pfj=k ds xgjs ek;us gSaA vkt ds lekt esa] jktuhfr esa ,sls vufxur pfj=k

'kks/k /kkjk 40

gesa pgq¡vksj fey tk,¡xsA euq"; dh O;fäfu"Brk ml ij bl d+nj gkoh gS fd og pkgdj Hkh oLrqfu"Bugha gks ikrk vkSj thou Hkj [k+qn Hkh Hkzkafr esa thrk gS vkSj vius vkl&ikl Hkh Hkzkafr;k¡ gh QSykrkgSA

Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa dh :i js[kk] mldh [k+wch&[k+keh] dyg&erHksn vkfn dk Hkh lkjx Hkrfp=k.k oekZ th us vius miU;klksa esa fd;k gSA la;qä ifjokj dk thoar :i muds miU;klksa esa ut+jvkrk gSA la;qä ifjokj dc ,dy ifjokj dh voèkkj.kk dks vius vanj lekfgr dj fo?kfVr gksusdh dxkj ij igq¡p tkrk gS] oekZ th us bldh Hkh vfr lw{e js[kk vius miU;klksa esa [khaph gSA bllanHkZ esa miU;kl Vs<+s&es<+s jkLrs* dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl miU;kl esa jkeukFk frokjh th ds rhuiq=k flQ+Z bl ukrs la;qä ifjokj ls vyx gks tkrs gSa fd mUgsa vius O;fäxr thou esa firk dkgLr{ksi cnkZ'r ugha gSA la;qä ifjokj vkSj mlds fo?kVu dh leL;k lcls igys muds miU;kl Hkwysfcljs fp=k* esa mHkj dj lkeus vk;hA la;qä ifjokj ds fo?kVu dk dkj.k ihf<+;ksa ds Vdjko dsvfrfjä vkfFkZd Hkh gS] bl miU;kl esa ;g lp çdV gksrk gSA oekZ th ds miU;klksa esa la;qä ifjokjdk og i{k Hkh et+cwrh ls çdV gqvk gS] ftlesa ,d dekrk gS vkSj ckd+h [kkrs gSa] ;g O;oLFkk varr%dyg iSnk djrh gSA la;qä ifjokj ds muds fo'ys"k.k esa vkn'kZ dh ctk; okLrfod gd+hd+r dkseísut+j j[k fcYdqy O;kogkfjd èkjkry ij pht+ksa dks ns[kk vkSj çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

L=kh&iq#"k çse thou dk ,d egRoiw.kZ rRo gSA oekZ th ds miU;klksa esa bl ij Hkh fofèkorçdk'k iM+k gSA çse okLro esa D;k gS\ bls Li"V djus dh dksf'k'k ^fp=kys[kk* miU;kl esa gSA vktds lekt esa Hkh çse cgqr Li"V ugha gks ik;k gSA eu ds fdlh vkosx dks Hkh çse eku ysus dh HkwyvDlj ;qok ih<+h djrh gSA urhtru çse lEcaèk diM+ksa dh rjg gks x, gSa] ftls euq"; viuhlqfoèkkuqlkj cny ns jgk gSA çse flQ+Z lrgh vkd"kZ.k ;k vkosx ugha gksrkA fp=kys[kk ds pfj=k dstfj, Hkxorh ckcw us çse dks ysdj ekuo eu ds }a} ij fofèkor çdk'k Mkyk gSA miU;kl esa fp=kys[kkds lEcaèk esa mudh ;g fVIi.kh egRoiw.kZ gS&

^fp=kys[kk us vius thou esa u tkus fdruh ckj çse dh O;k[;k dh Fkh vkSj çR;sd ckj mlusvuqHko fd;k Fkk fd mldk fiNyk fu.kZ; x+yr FkkA*

thou dks lqO;ofLFkr rkSj ij thus vkSj vjktdrk ls cpus ds fy, Hkxorh ckcw fookg dksvko';d ekurs FksA fookg laLFkk* muds vusd miU;klksa esa vius fofoèk i{kksa ds lkFk çdV gqvk gSAfookg laLFkk ds vfLrRo ds çfr mudk et+cwr vkxzg FkkA miU;kl js[kk*] rhu o"kZ*] Vs<+s&es<+s jkLrs*]^fp=kys[kk* vkfn dks bl lEcaèk esa mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij çLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;|fi muds^fp=kys[kk* miU;kl esa vkèkqfud nkSj ds ^fyo bu fjys'kuf'ki* dh Hkh >yd feyrh gS] ij bldkfp=k.k Hkh fookg laLFkk dh egÙkk dks crkus ds fy, gh gqvk gSA ;|fi dqN txgksa ij fookg ds lanHkZesa mudk n f"Vdks.k orZeku le; ds L=khoknh foe'kZ ds çfrdwy tku iM+rk gSA fp=kys[kk miU;klesa chtxqIr dks xaxk rV ij feyk lU;klh tks ckr crkrk gS] mlesa ijEijkoknh iq#"koknh ekufldrkdh gh >yd feyrh gS&

Þlquks! L=kh vcyk gSA çR;sd iq#"k dk drZO; gS fd og vcyk dks vkJ; nsA fookg }kjk gh

'kks/k /kkjk 41

iq#"k vcyk L=kh dks vkJ; nsrk gSAß;|fi miU;kl ^Vs<+s&es<+s jkLrs* esa mUgksaus bl ckr dks FkksM+k O;kid vkèkkj nsus dh dksf'k'k

Hkh dh gSA bl miU;kl esa mekukFk dgrs gSa&Þfookg dsoy larkuksRifÙk ds fy, ugÈ gS] fookg L=khls x+qykeh djokus ds fy, rFkk mldh lsok ds cnys esa mldk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus ds fy, Hkh ughagS] fookg dh ea'kk nks çkf.k;ksa esa vFkkZr L=kh&iq#"k esa] ,d&nwljs ds çfr iw.kZ lgkuqHkwfr] iw.kZ lkeatL;]iw.kZ lg;ksx gS vkSj ;s pht+sa rHkh lEHko gS tc L=kh vkSj iq#"k nksuksa gh iw.kZ :i ls fodflr vkSjlqlaLÑr gSaAß

fookg ds lanHkZ esa Hkxorh ckcw dk n f"Vdks.k Hkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd ekU;rkvksa ls Hkh çHkkfor gSAog ekurs gSa fd fookg Åij okys dh bPNk ls lEiUu gksrk gSA miU;kl ^Hkwys fcljs fp=k* esa eqa'khgjlgk; ds 'kCnksa esa bldh vfHkO;fä gq, gS&Þfookg rks nSoh caèku gS] ftl fnu gfjPNk gqbZ mlh fnu;g caèku c¡èk x;kAß

Hkxorh ckcw ds miU;kl fookg ds lanHkZ esa c¡èkh&cèkk :<+ ekU;rkvksa ds cnyko ij Hkh cynsrs gSaA bl ckr ds leFkZu esa miU;kl ^ç'u vkSj ejhfpdk* esa t;jkt mikè;k; }kjk viuh iRuhls dgh xbZ ;g ckr egRoiw.kZ gS&Þyrk ds ;ksX; oj rks eq>s viuh tkfr vkSj lekt esa dgÈ fn[kugÈ jgk gSA fQj ;g [k+qn le>nkj gS] vius fy, Lo;a oj <w¡< ldrh gSA lkekftd ekU;rk,¡ cM+hrsth ds lkFk cny jgh gSaAß

^fp=kys[kk* esa Üosrkad vkSj ;'kksèkjk ds fookg çlax ds t+fj, fookg i)fr ds dqN vkSjigyqvksa ds lanHkZ esa irk pyrk gSA ;fn vki iq#"k gSa rks ru ls lqanj vkSj eu&ekul ls LoLFk gksusij gh vki ,d ;ksX; oj ugÈ gks tk,¡xs( bl gsrq ;ksX; gksus ds fy, vkids ikl èku&nkSyr gksukvfuok;Z gSA e R;qat; viuh csVh ;'kksèkjk ds fy, Üosrkad dks ;ksX; ekurs gSa ij pw¡fd Üosrkad fuèkZugS] bl ukrs og mlls viuh csVh dk fookg mlls djus ds fy, rS;kj ugÈ gSaA vkt Hkh Hkkjrh;lekt esa fookg lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk esa yM+ds ds jkst+xkj vkSj lEifÙk dk ç'u cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA

lkekftd leL;kvksa ds Øe esa muds miU;klksa esa lekt esa foèkok efgyk fLFkfr dk fp=k.kvfregRoiw.kZ gSA miU;kl ^lkeF;Z vkSj lhek* foèkok leL;k ij gh voyafcr gSA blds t+fj, ,dfoèkok ds lkeus vkus okyh reke pqukSfr;ksa ij çdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA blds vfrfjä miU;kl^fp=kys[kk* ls Hkh foèkok ds çfr lkekftd f"Vdks.k dk irk pyrk gSA dSls ,d foèkok ds çse djustSls ç'u ij ;g lekt vkØked gks tkrk gS] fp=kys[kk ds çlax ds ekè;e ls ;g çLrqr gSA

Hkkjrh; lekt esa x gLFk thou ds lekukarj vkè;kfRed thou Hkh ges'kk ls ekStwn jgk gSAbl ns'k esa iSnk gq, reke _f"k&eqfu] ;ksxh&lar blh dh nsu gSaA vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt esalkèkq&larksa dh ijEijk ekStwn gS( oSls ;g vyx ckr gS fd vc ds cgqr ls lkèkq&larksa dk thou n'kZudkQ+h cnyk Hkh gSA cgqr ls ekeyksa esa vkt ds lkèkq&lar vkèkqfudrk dh fxj¶+r esa gSaA Hkxorh ckcwds miU;kl ^fp=kys[kk* esa ;ksxh thou dh >k¡dh feyrh gSA

bl miU;kl ds 'kq#vkr esa gh ys[kd us ;ksxh egkçHkq jRukacj vkSj muds nks f'k";ksa ÜosrkadvkSj fo'kkynso dks çLrqr dj fn;k gSA miU;kl esa ,d vkSj ;ksxh gS& dqekjfxfjA ;ksxh dqekjfxfj

'kks/k /kkjk 42

bl miU;kl dk vfregRoiw.kZ pfj=k gS]ftlds bnZ&fxnZ Hkh miU;kl dh eq[; dFkk ?kwerh gSA ;ksxhdqekjfxfj dh lkèkuk miU;kl dh eq[; L=kh ik=k fp=kys[kk Hkax dj nsrh gS( mlds ckn ;ksxhdqekjfxfj dk vR;ar nqcZy pfj=k mHkj dj lkeus vkrk gSA

cztukjk;.k flag us vius ys[k ^fp=kys[kk vkSj mldh ik=k&l f"V* esa fy[kk gS& ÞdqekjfxfjHkkjrh; lkèkuk&i)fr ds ml vfrokn dk çrhd gS ftldh J a[kyk esa foÜokfe=k tSls _f"k gq, FksAß

;g lp gS fd Hkkjrh; lkaLd frd bfrgkl esa _f"k&eqfu;ksa ds ri vkSj lkèkuk ds Hkax gksusds vusdksa n "Vkar gSa( ij bl miU;kl esa ftl rjg dqekjfxfj dk iru gksrs fn[kk;k x;k gS] oSlh Nfofojys gh fdlh lar dh feyrh gSA blfy, dqekjfxfj dh lhèks&lhèks foÜokfe=k tSls _f"k;ksa ls rqyukvuqfpr gSA

dqekjfxfj dks u iw.kZ#is.k foÜokfe=k tSls _f"k;ksa dh ijEijk esa j[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj ugh vkt ds nksgjs pfj=k okys Hkz"V lkèkqvksa dh ijEijk esa! dqekjfxfj Hkz"V gksus ds ckn Hkh viuh [k+kfe;ksadks eglwl dj jgk gSA L=kh ds vkxs og VwVrk t+:j gS ij ;gh mldh LFkk;h ço fÙk ugha gSA ogvkt ds mu lkèkq&larksa dh rjg ugha gS] tks lk;kl lekt dks vius nksgjs psgjs ds lkFk èkks[kk nsjgs gSaA vkt ds rFkkdfFkr lkèkq&larksa dh nqcZyrk dqekjfxfj esa t+:j gS] ij og mudh rjg vkè;kReds uke ij yksxksa dks Bxus dh dksf'k'k ugha djrkA

lkaLd frd Qyd ij ns[ksa rks bl miU;kl esa ys[kd us ,d fd+Le ds thou n'kZu dks HkhLFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA bl miU;kl ls ys[kd dk ;g n f"Vdks.k Li"V gksrk gS fd ogO;fäxr :i ls ?kksj foyklh vkSj ?kksj vkè;kReoknh nksuksa o fÙk;ksa dk leFkZd ugha gSA fp=kys[kk vkSjdqekjfxfj nksuksa dk enZu dj mUgksaus bls LFkkfir Hkh dj fn;k gSA bu nksuksa ds chp ds eè;e ekxZdks gh mUgksaus chtxqIr ds thou ds :i esa T+;knk egRo fn;k gSA ;gk¡ ,d ckr egRo dh gS& ;|fi;g miU;kl HkkSfrd thou ds çfr ldkjkRed rks gS] ij ;g ldkjkRedrk HkkSfrdrk esa Mwcdjvaèkkiu ls xzflr gks tkus dk leFkZu ugha djrh vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkksxh&foyklh gksus ds cknHkh mUgksaus chtxqIr ds pfj=k esa ekStwn çse vkSj R;kx dh Hkkouk dks Hkh et+cwrh ds lkFk mHkkjk gSA;g miU;kl Hkksxoknh thou dk i{kèkj gS] vjktdrk dk ughaA

;gk¡ ;g Hkh Li"V dj nsuk t+:jh gS fd oekZ th us Hkkjrh; laLd fr vkSj vkè;kReokn dhf[kYyh ugha mM+k;h gS]tSlk fd dqekjfxfj ds pfj=kkadu ds lanHkZ esa dqN yksx mu ij vkjksi yxkrsjgs gSaA bl lanHkZ esa MkW- dqlqe ok".ksZ; dk dFku gS] Þys[kd us fdlh n'kZu dh f[kYyh ugha mM+k;hgSA mlus dsoy vkè;kReokn ds vfroknh n'kZu ij vukLFkk çdV dh gSAß

dqekjfxfj dk HkVdko mlds vfroknh n'kZu dh gh ifj.kfr gSA mlds n'kZu esa ;fn larqyugksrk rks 'kk;n mldk bruk ?k f.kr gJ ugha gksrkA chtxqIr ds HkkSfrdoknh thou esa ;|fi vè;kReugha gS] ij mldk thou] thou dh lkFkZdrk dh n f"V ls deZe; gksdj T+;knk Js;Ldj gSA vktdh Hkksxoknh laLd fr ds lEcaèk esa chtxqIr dk pfj=k ,d çfreku gSA vkt ds le; esa yksxksa dks Hkksxls foeq[k djuk u lEHko gS vkSj u gh mfpr] ij larqyu ls Hkksx ds ckn Hkh u"V&Hkz"V gksus ls cpktk ldrk gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 43

mi;qZä fooj.k bl ckr dk çrhd gS fd Hkxorhpj.k oekZ lkfgR; lekt vkSj laLÑfr dhfofoèkrkvksa ls Hkjk iM+k gS( ;g lekt vkSj laLÑfr ds ijaijkxr :i ds lkFk vkèkqfudre ço fÙk vkSjpsruk dk Hkh et+cwr laokgd gSAfu"d"kZ%

Hkxorhpj.k oekZ ds miU;klksa esa Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj laLd fr çHkkoh :i esa mifLFkr gSA oekZth us lekt vkSj laLd fr ds fofoèk :iksa dks mldh xfr'khyrk] ldkjkRedrk&udkjkRedrk dslkFk çLrqr fd;k gSA oekZ th dh ;g miyfCèk dgh tk ldrh gS fd og fdlh nk;js ;k lhek esac¡èkus dh ftí dh ctk; le; vkSj ek¡x ds vuqlkj pht+ksa esa ifjorZu ds i{kèkj gSa( bl ekeys esa mudhn f"V vkèkqfudrk ls ySl gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd oekZ th dk lkfgR; viuh jpuk ds dh n'kdksa cknvkt dh dlkSVh ij Hkh [kjk mrjrk gSA ;|fi ;g Hkh lR; gS fd lekt vkSj laLd fr ds lEcaèk esamudh dqN ckrsa vkt dh dqN çxfr'khy fopkjèkkjkvksa ds çfrdwy gS] fQj Hkh oekZ th ds lkfgR;ds ckjs esa ;g egRoiw.kZ rF; gS fd mlesa i;kZIr yksp'khyrk gSA muds lkfgR; esa ekStwn yksp'khyrkgh muds lkfgR; dks cgqr Å¡pk mBkrh gS] vkSj vkt ds le; esa Hkh çklafxd ?kksf"kr djrh gSA

lanHkZ1- oekZ] Hkxorhpj.k( ÞHkwys fcljs fp=kß( jktdey çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] ¼2008 ½2- oekZ] Hkxorhpj.k( ÞlkeF;Z vkSj lhekß( jktdey çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh ¼2008½3- oekZ] Hkxorhpj.k( Þfp=kys[kkß( jktdey çdk'ku- ubZ fnYyh ¼2008½4- oekZ] Hkxorhpj.k( ÞVs<+s&es<+s jkLrsß( jktdey çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh ¼2008½5- oekZ] Hkxorhpj.k( Þç'u vkSj ejhfpdkß( jktdey çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh ¼2008½6- R;kxh] Mk- dfork( ÞHkxorhpj.k oekZ ds miU;klksa esa vkèkqfudrkß( fot; çdk'ku] x+kft+;kckn ¼2014½7- eèkqjs'k( Þfp=kys[kk dk egRoß( yksdHkkjrh çdk'ku] bykgkckn ¼2014½8- prqosZnh] larks"k dqekj( ^Hkkjrh; laLÑfrß( yksdHkkjrh çdk'ku] bykgkckn ¼2011½9- jktdqekj( ÞHkkjrh; lekt ,oa laLÑfrß( vtqZu ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh ¼2005½10- flag] baæ cgknqj( ÞHkxorhpj.k oekZ ds miU;klksa esa vkèkqfudrk cksèkß( ¼Mh-fQy- 'kksèk çcaèk½- bykgkckn

foÜofo|ky;] bykgkckn] Hkkjr-

'kks/k /kkjk 44

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 44-50fgUnh

if.Mr dUgS;kyky feJ izHkkdj dk ^O;fDrRo* ,oa laLej.kkRedys[kksa dh Hkko lEefr % jk"Vªh;rk&lkaLÑfrd ifjos'k esa

MkW0 dkfeuh eV~VwvflLVsUV izksQslj] fgUnh foHkkx] ih-th- dkWyst QkWj owesu] xka/khuxj] tEew&d'ehj

¼izkIr % 19 tuojh 2018½

AbstractdUgS;kyky feJ izHkkdj th LorU=krk laxzke ds ;ks)k jgs gSA os izR;sd rF; dks ,d O;kogkfjd

iz;ksx dk :Ik nsrs gSaA ;g ckr ugha fd muds fy, ijh{kk dk dksbZ egRo ugha vfirq os rks dgrs gSa] ftlckr ls dksbZ nq%[kh u gks] ihfM+r u gks] og Lohdkjks] pkgs og vkt dk gks ;k iqjkru izHkkdj th us Hkkjrh;lekt ds y?kq ls y?kq fo"k;ksa ij viuh tksjnkj ys[kuh pyk;h gSA fuEu&rFkk nfyr oxZ] nksuksa gh mudhys[kuh dk fo"k; jgk gSA NksVs&NksVs thoUr fo"k;ksa ij fy[kus esa 'kk;n gh mudk dksbZ lkuh gks] rHkh rkse R;q tSls 'kh"kZd ij fy[kdj mlesa Hkh ,d jksudrk dk vkHkkl djokrs gSa fd ejuk rks ,d dyk gS] lkalgSA ,dls gh fo"k; tks fn[kus esa rks lkekU; izrhr gksrs gSa] mu ij mudh ys[kuh dh dykdkjh mudslkfgR; dks ,d fo'ks"k LFkku ij ykdj fojkftr djokrh gSA


Key Words : feJ th dk lkfgR; n'kZu] feJ th ds lkfgR; esa fofo/krk cks/k

;'kLoh lkfgR;dkj ,oa i=kdkj] LorU=krk lsukuh ,oa mnkRr ekuo Jh dUgS;kyky feJizHkkdj th dk tUe lgkjuiqj ds nsocUn dLcs esa if.Mr jkenRRk feJ ds ;gk¡ lu~ 1906 esa gqvkFkkA] budk ikfjokfjd is'kk iqjksfgrkbZ dk Fkk] vkSj buds firk th pkgrs Fks fd dqN laLd r i<+dj;s Hkh iqjksfgrkbZ esa yxsA ijUrq ckyd dUgS;kyky vkjEHk ls gh vkMEcjksa ls ?k .kk djrs FksA bl lEcUèkesa os Lo;a dgrs gSa&^^tc eS pkj lky dk Fkk rks firk th eq>s iqjksfgrkbZ dh viuh ftEEksnkjh lkSaiukpkgrs Fks] vr% 'kgj esa lcls lEiUUk ifjokj tks firk th dk ;teku Fkk] ml ?kj esa eq>s firk thys x;s] vkSj eq>ls dgk fd rqEgs ml ?kj dh cgqvksa ds dkuksa esa ueks&Hkxor oklqnsok; dguk gS] eSusml fnu rks dg fn;k vkSj ogka ls bruh nku&nf{k.kk izkIr gqbZ fd ml lkeku ls gekjk vkaxu Hkjx;k] ysfdu ?kj vkdj eSus firk th ls dgk fd ;fn fHk{kk ,saBus ds fy, fQj dHkh eq>ls ,slk djusdks dgk rks eSa muds dku esa xkyh ns nwaxkA ;g fonzksg esjs eu esa dgk¡ ls vk;k ;g ckr eSa vkt rdugha le> ik;kA izHkkdj th dk ;gh :i muds ys[kksa esa mHkj dj vk;k gSA

feJk th dk ys[ku dky 1924 bZ0 ls vkjEHk gksrk gSA izkjEHk esa mUgksaus i| jpuk dh] yXkHkxmudh vkB dfork,¡ feyrh gSaA ijUrq i| dh vis{kk x| ys[ku esa mudk O;fDrRo vf/kd mHkj djvk;k gSA izHkkdj th dk lkfgR; Hkkjr dh Lok/khurk laxzke dh i "BHkwfe ij mfnr vkSj iYYkfor gqvkgSA os bl fo'o&fo[;kr uSfrd laxzke ds lfØ; lsukuh Hkh jgs gSa] vkSj blesa vkReO;aftr ekuovkRek ds izcy osx vkSj iz[kj vkyksd ds lrdZ n'kZd HkhA

'kks/k /kkjk 45

tsy thou ds ,dkUr xkSjokfUor fpUrue; {k.kksa esa lax fgr vuqewfr;ksa dks mUgksaus izkjEHk esai=kdkfjrk ds iVy ij ij[k dj ns[kk] vkSj mlesa ls vuk;kl ,d lgt lkfgR; f[ky mBkA bllkfgR; ds fo/kk;d rRoksa esa lekfo"V gSa mudh ;FkkFkZ vuqEkwfr;k¡] O;kid v/;;u vkSj fuLlaxvfHkO;fDRkA izHkkdj th ds lkfgR; esa vusd fo|kvksa dk laxe&n f"Vxkspj gksrk gS&dFkk] fucU/k]ukV~;] dkO;] laLej.k&js[kkfp=k] fjiksrkZt] y?kq dFkk vkfnA

^fo'oKku*] 'kkfUr] Kkuksn;] x<+ns'k] fodkl] fo'okl] vkSj u;k&thou ds e/;e ls mUgksausviuh fe'kujh i=kdkfjrk ds tks eku LFkkfir fd;s gSa] os vfoLej.kh; jgsaxsA lu 1960 ls vc rdmuds fy[ks ik¡p gtkj ls vf/kd lEikndh; ys[k vkSj fVIif.k;k¡ tgka Hkkjr jk"Vª ds ân; dh izR;sd/kM+du dks Nwus okys gSa] ogha muesa iwokZxzg eqDr fu"i{k vkSj fuHkhZd fpUru ds Hkh n'kZu gksrs gSaAi=kdkfjrk esa ,slh izcq)rk budks loZJh x.ks'k 'kadj fo|kFkhZ] ek[kuyky prqosZnh vkSj bUnzfo|kokpLifr dh vkn'kZ ijEijk esa izfrf"Br djrh gSaA lEikndh; fVIif.k;kas esa fd;k x;k jktuSfrd/kkfeZd] lkekftd vkSj uSfrd fo'ys"k.k u tkus fdruksa ds fy, fn'kk cks/kd cu x;k gSaA

lu 1920 esa vius Nk=k&thou dk R;kx dj vlg;ksx vkUknksyuksa esa fu"BkiwoZd Hkkx ysdjfeJ th us fl) fd;k fd eflohj vkSj vflohj ,d lkFk gqvk tk ldrk gSA LorU=krk vkUnksyuds fnuksa esa gq, vaxzst ljdkj ds vR;kpkjksa rFkk buds }kjk lgu dh x;h dfBukb;ka vkt Hkh jksaxVs[kMs+ dj nsus okyh gSSSA

euq"; }kjk fdlh {ks=k esa vftZr dh x;h egkurk mlds egku euq";Ro dk izek.k ugha gksrhAijUrq izHkkdj th dk rks lw=k gh ;g jgk gS&u ekuq"kkr Js"Brj fg fdafpr~&vFkkZr euq"; ls Js"B dqNHkh ugha gksrkA blfy, muds thou vkSj lkfgR; esa euq"; ds izfr xgu vkLFkk fn[kk;h nsrh gS] izHkkdjth us fdlh Hkh :Ik esa euq"; dks NksVk ugha gksus fn;k gSA ekuokRek dk ;g lEEkku oLrqr% bZ'oj dsizfr vVwV fo'okl dk gh izrhd gSA

izHkkdj th ds O;fDrRo dks lkjka'k esa ;wa js[kkafdr fd;k tk ldrk gS& izHkkdj th oS".koizrhr gksrs gaS] ijUrq ikSjkf.kd fo".kq ds mikld ugha oju~ d:.kke; len'khZ Hkxoku ds mikldizHkkdj th vk;Z lekth izrhr gksrs gSaA vFkkZr~ egf"kZ n;kuUn th ds oSKkfud /keZ ds mikld ijizpkjd ughaA izHkkdj th ysfuu vkSj ekDlZ esa J}k j[krs gSa] ij }UnkRed HkkSfrdokn vkSj jDr ØkfUresa mudk fo'okl ughaA izHkkdj th dks vjfoUn vkSj foosdkUkUn ls Hkh izsj.kk feyh gS] ij vkJe vkSjxn~nh ls u ca/kdj] os tu&lsok ds jkt ekxZ ij lrr~ fopj.k dks Js"B lk/kuk ekurs gSaA izHkkdjth bZ'ojoknh gSa ij efUnj vkSj efLtnoknh ughaA izHkkdj th dyk vkSj lkSUn;Zoknh gSa ijpeRdkjoknh ughaA izHkkdj th Hkkjrh; gSa] ij dV~Vj jk"Vªoknh ughaA izHkkdj th lkfgR;dkj gSa] ijizksisxs.Mkoknh ughaA muds O;fDr esa lef"V dk laxe gS] blhfy, rks muds lkfgR; esa ,d iqdkj gS],d vkea=k.k gSAizHkkdj th ds ys[kksa dk lkj ,oa Hkko lEifr % Jh dUgS;kyky feJ izHkkdj th fgUnh ds vPNsi=kdkj gksus ds lkFk lkFk ,d Js"B lkfgR;dkj Hkh gSaA thou dks izsj.kk;sa nsus okys fucU/kksa dks fy[kusesa rks mudk dksbZ lkuh ughaA

'kks/k /kkjk 46

laLej.k rFkk js[kkfp=k dyk esa mudks dksbZ ugh ik ldrk vius thou ds fdlh Hkkx esa fdlh?kVuk dks ;k fdlh O;fDr dks ns[kk rks cl mldks gh vius ys[kksa dk fo"k; cuk;kA ?kVuk ;k O;fDrcMs+ ls cM+k ;k NksVs ls NksVk Hkh gks ldrk gSA IkzHkkdj th dh Hkk"kk 'kSyh esa dksbZ Hkh eSfVfj;y fu[kkjysdj lkeus vk;k gSa okLro esa izHkkdj th us ,d u;h 'kSyh dks tUe fn;k gSA bUnkSj ds vkaxu esa]u;k thou rFkk Hkwys gq, psgjs esa js[kkfp=k 'kSyh dk vPNk mnkgj.k ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA

ftUnxh eqLdjkbZ 1953 ds lEcU/k esa ys[kd us Lo;a fy[kk gSA ftUnxh eqLdjkbZ vly esadksbZ iqLrd ugha thou dh fjQkbujh gS] ftlesa thou 'kq) gks] mn~cq) gksrk gSA blh dh 'kk[kk,a gSackts Ikk;fy;k ds ?kaq?k:] ekVh gks x;h lksuk] egds vkaxu pgds }kj] nhi tys ia[k cts ft;s rks ,slsft;s rFkk ftUnxh eqLdjkbZA buds vfrfjDr vkdk'k ds rksj] /kjrh ds Qwy y?kq dFkk rFkk ifr iRuhds thou dks jle; cukus okyh Hkkjr Hkj esa lokZsre ljl iqLrd {k.k cksys d.k eqLdjk;sa vkfnAftUnxh eqLdjkbZ esa 36 fo'ks"k :Ik ls fy[ks x;s laLej.kkRed fucU/k gSaA blesa laxzfgr fucU/kksa dsfo"k; esa mUgksaus fy[kk gS bu jpukvksa ds lEcU/k esa D;k dgw¡ flok; blds fd ;g esjk lafpr jDrgS] tks vkt ikBdksa dks HksaV dj jgk gw¡A vius QDdM+ thou esa blds flok; eSus vkSj dqN Hkh lap;ugha fd;kA

iqLrd dh i "BHkwfe esa gh ys[kd us Lohdkj fd;k&gS vius izkjfEHkd thou esa ,d fnu [ksrksaij x;k rks vtc gfj;kyh Fkh] mlls izsj.kk feyh vkSj àn;s'k th dh 'kSyh esa eSus ,d dkO; fy[kkdbZ ist dk vkt lksprk gw¡ mlesa xn~; dkO; vkSj Ldsp dk leUo; FkkA

js[kkfp=k] laLej.k vkfn fo/kkvksa esa fy[kus dk fof/kor iz;kl lu 1932 dh tsy ;k=kk ls gqvktc izHkkdj th us lgkjuiqj tsy ds [ksrksa ij cSBdj vius firk ds laLej.k fy[ks dksbZ 60&70 istksaesa vkSj QStkckn igqapdj dqN ,sls ys[k fy[ks ftUgsa ckn esa cukjlhnkl prqosZnh th us LØSp crk;kAizHkkdj th ^ftUnxh eqLdjkbZ* dh Hkwfedk esa ;g Hkh fy[krs gSa fd& vius LdSu vkSj laLej.kksa dhdye ekatus esa eSus cgqr ifjJe fd;kA eSus lkspk esa ,slh 'kSyh esa fy[kwaxk ftlesa lc dqN gks] blrjg ge turk dks og nsaxs] ftldh mls t:jr gS] ij bl <ax ls fd og mls ys lds] Lka{ksi esa Kkumifu"kn dk lk] ij vfHkO;fDr yksjh dh lhA

LdSp fy[kus dh i "B Hkwfe Ik;kZIr :Ik ls ys[kd ds ftUnxh ls m)r m)j.kksa ls Li"V gkstkrh gS& tc eSa eq'kk;js esa dUchuj Fkk esa ukud jke th dk js[kkfp=k ekuksa fp=k cudj Li"V gksx;k gS& mudk gqfy;k ,d QVhpj dk rke>ke gSA iSjksa esa ,slk lSf.My ftlds rLeS unkjn ;k fQjeqM+dj i=kksa esa ncs gq, tks gjdne ij lSf.My dh lijlV /ofu ds lkFk eathjs dh Vqud lh pkynsrs pysA iSjks esa ,d itkek tks lkbZfdy esa my>us ds dkj.k ik¡poksa ij QVk gqvk vkSj ftlesa dHkhrks vkWyfiu ls tksM+ yxk;k gqvk dHkh xkaB cka/kdj vkSj dHkh ;ksa gh jkLrs dh feV~Vh ls gj gkyresa d ".kewfrZ&blh izdkj blh laxzg ds ,d fucU/k&os [kq'k gSa eS [kq'k gw¡ eS rsk mudh js[kkfp=k fy[kusdh dyk lpeqp fu[kj mBh gS& mxrh ih<+h ds mikU;ldkj gSa&;ksxs'k xqIr ok.kh vkSj dye nksuksaesa dkVsnkjA gk¡ dkaVs iSus vkSj etcwr fd pqHk rks ;ksa m/ksMs+ fd ygw&yqgku gks tk;s ij edln ;gfd Bgjks er pys pyks tks pyrksa dks jksdrs ugha :drksa dks pykrs gSa&;s dkaVsA

'kks/k /kkjk 47

bl izdkj* eSa vkSj esjk ?kj esa* budh 'kSyh dh vkReh;rk vkSj lgtrk nz"VO; gS& ^^ eSa tcfy[krs&fy[krs f[kM+dh ls ckgj nkfguh gkFk dh rjQ >kadrk gw¡ rks ,d Åapk edku fn[kkbZ nsrkgSA dbZ eafty gS] ftuesa NksVs&cMs+ dejs gSa] cjkens esa jpku xzg gS] 'kkSpky; gSA bu dejks esa iq:"kgSa] fL=k;ka gS] ckyd gSa] ges'kk ;gka jkSud jgrh gS& ;g ,d gksVy gSA

ftUnxh dh lkekU; ls lkekU; ?kVukvksa dks dq'kyrk ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gS& ckts ik;fy;kds ?ka?k: esa ;g feJ th ds 34 O;fDrxr fucU/kksa dk laxzg gSA fucU/kksa esa fp=kkRedrk gSAlU/;kdkyhu ,d fp=k nz"VO; gS&**la/;k dk le; lkeus ds Åaps ioZr f'k[kj ij dkys ckny dk,d VqdM+k vkSj mlds fdukjs Mwcrs lwjt dh fdj.kksa ds vkyksd esa Lo.kZkHkk izd fr dh vn~Hkqrdkjhxjh dk ;g vn~Hkqr izn'kZuA ckny dk VqdM+k uhps vk x;k gS vkSj Lo.kZ js[kk Bhd f'k[kj ijvk x;h gSA la/;k ds >qjesj esa ';key f'k[kj vkSj 'kq) Lo.kZ dh ;g eksVh js[kk okrkoj.k 'kkUr vka[kksaesa Lo.kZ izdk'k vkSj eu yhuA** egds vkaxu pgds }kj] 1969] Hkh ys[kd ds O;fDrxr fucU/kksa dklaxzg gSA bldh Hkwfedk esa ,d js[kkfp=k Jherh jek tSu 'kh"kZd ls gSA bl 'kCn fp=k dk Hkko dqNbl izdkj ls gS& Jherh jek tSu dk O;fDrRo fof'k"V gS] cgqeq[kh gSA ml ij la{ksi es dqN dgukvlEHko gSa os vkn'kZ ukjh] vkn'kZ ekrk] vkn'kZ lkl] vkn'kZ lekt lsfodk vkSj vkn'kZ ukxfjd gSaAmuesa n <+rk vkSj dkseyrk dk vn~Hkqr laxe gSA os pkanuh dk bLikr gaS] vkSj bLikr dh pkanuh] fpjizkphu gSaa] fur uwru gSaA la{ksi esa x gLFk dk ,d thoUr fo'ofon~;ky; gSa osA

dgha&dgha rks ,d okD; esa gh lkjk O;fDRkRo lkeus [kM+k gks tkrk gS&Jherh ,ysu jkW;fopkjd ysf[kdk vkSj Jheku jk; Øwj dBksj ØkfUr dh yiVksa ds f[kykM+h vkSj ,ysu jk; lqdqekj'kfUr ,oa lUrqyu dh xkxjA**

ekVh gks x;h lksuk esa cy vkSj cfynku dh thou psruk nsus okys laxzg vej v{kj fp=k gSaAizkphu dky ls ysdj vk/kqfud jk"Vªh; egkiq:"kksa ds àn;Li'khZ js[kkfp=kksa dk laxzg gS] ftuesa of.kZrdFkkvksa dks ys[kd us [kwu ls fy[kk gS] vkSj dysts dk [kwu gh bu dFkkvksa dh dyk gSSA ys[kd usjk"Vªfgr ds fy, thou dh cfy yxk nsus okys 'kghnksa ds js[kkfp=k blesa izLrqr fd;s gSaA c;kyhl dsTokj dh mu ygjksa esa ls ,d ykseg"kZd mn~nke rjax yksgs ds uksdnkj [kwaVs ij tcjnLrh mUgsa cSBk;kx;k vkSj nks xksjs flikfg;ksa us muds da/kks ij viuk tksj Mky dj mUgsa rc rd nck;k tc rd fdog [kwaVk muds isV] dysts] daB vkSj [kksiMh dks QksM+ dj mij ugha fudy x;kA

^:l ds neu* nkokuy* dh mu yiVksa esa ywtSukSoLdks dh fuyZTtrk] iS'kkfpdrk vkSjvjktdrk dk d:.k fp=k.k feyrk gSA vchlhfu;k ds ml 'kgj esa* jksekapdkjh ekfeZd fp=k gSA?kqVuksa rd tehu esa nch gqbZ ykbuk dk yky vaxkjksa dh ml eqLdku esa j.kFkEHkksj ds ml fdys dk;q) o.kZu ltho gks mBk gSaA** Lora=krk vkSj lagkj ds mu vn~Hkqr {k.kksa esa 'kghn ljnkj vthr flagdk fp=k gSaA

^jkse dh ml vU/ksjh nqfu;k esa* ohj cwuks dk 'kCn fp=k gS] ftlesa v[k.M ;kSou vfeV LQqj.kvFkok mYYkkl vkSj vEyku izzxfr ds y{k.k fo|eku gSaA

^nhi tys 'ka[k cts* mRd "V js[kkfp=kksa dk ,d ladYku gS] ftlesa prqfjZd fc[kjh gqbZ NksVh&

'kks/k /kkjk 48

NksVh ?kVukvksa dks ys[kd us viuh dq'ky ys[kuh ls vej] egku vkSj vlk/kkj.k cuk fn;k gSA ,slh?kVuk;sa ftl ij fdlh dk /;ku ugha tkrk] feJ th us viuh rh{k.k n f"V ls muds thrs tkxrs fp=kcka/k fn;s gSaA laLej.kkRed 'kSyh esa fy[ks x;s ;s js[kkfp=k mu O;fDr;ksa ds gSa] tks lk/ku ;k 'kfDrds dkj.k ugha lk/kuk vkSj HkfDr ds dkj.k gh nhfIreku gSaA nhi tks izdk'k QSykrs gSa vkSj 'ka[k tkstkxj.k dk lUns'k nsrs gSaA bl d fr esa 26 js[kkfp=k ltho l'kDr vkSj lizokg Hkk"kk esa fy[ks x;sgSaA ;s lHkh O;fDr iz/kku fp=k gSaA ys[kd vius ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dk pk{kq fp=k gh ugha [khaprk gS]ijUrq muds vUnj Hkh >kad dj ns[krk gSA igyk js[kkfp=k feJ th ds firk th dk gS] blesa mudsO;fDrRo dh lgt >kadh gSA nwljs js[kkfp=k eqgEen vyh dksroky* esa eqgEEkn vyh dh ØkfUrdkjhHkkouk dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSaA ;g ,d ,sls O;fDr dk 'kCn fp=k gS tks LorU=krk ds ;q) esa rkslfØ; ugha Fkk] ij Hkkouk ls nwj [kM+k gksdj Hkh mlds lkFk FkkA eqf[k;k lqpsr flag 'kCn fp=k Hkhys[kd us cM+h lgtrk ls mrkjk gSA os j.k[k.Mh ds eqf[k;k Fks vkSj U;k; djus esa fuiq.kA gtjrekSykuk vyh esa enuh lkfgc dh ckg~; ,oa vkUrfjd >kadh izLrqr dh x;h gSA Bkdqj ys[kjkt flag'kh"kZd ls ml O;fDRk dk fp=k gS] ftls eugwfl;r ls nq'euh FkhA u [kqn lqLr gksrs Fks u nwljksa dkslqLr gksus nsrs FksA dgkuh dks os pViVs pwju dh txg Hkh bLrseky djrs Fks vkSj iSus rhj dh rjgHkhA ykyk uUnyky ij uUnk xkVk 'kh"kZd ls rFkk xksjk nhoku 'kh"kZd ls eqYd dh vktknh ds ,doQknkj flikgh dk 'kCn fp=k gSaA foIyo xhr xkus okys cynso ckck dk fp=k Hkh ekfeZd gSaA lqygMfeJ ds fp=k esa feJ th dh cgknqjh dk lqUnj fp=k.k gSA LoxhZ; if.Mr mejko flag esa mudhmnkjrk drZO;ijk;.krk ,oa fu"Bk dk lqUnj fuokZg gqvk gSA ys[kd us mejko flag dh pkfjf=kdfo'ks"krkvksa dks vPNh rjg ls laokjk gSaA eqjkjh HkkbZ esa ys[kd us vius tsy ds lkFkh dk lqUnj fp=k.kfd;k gSA vfUre Le fr fp=k HkkbZ jktkjke dk gSA

izfl) lkfgR;dkj fd'kksj ukjk;.k th fy[krs gSa ** ^nhi tys 'ka[k cts esa^ y?kqrk ds v.kqesa egkurk dk fojkV izn'kZu djus okys js[kkfp=k gSaA ;s 'kCnksa dh ,slh js[kk;sa gS] ftuls lpeqp o.;ZO;fDRk;ksa dh lEiw.kZ lRRkk lkdkj gks mBrh gSaA^^

ys[kd dh ,d vkSj d fr gS {k.k cksasys] d.k eqLdk;sA laxzg esa 23 fjiksrkZt gSA ys[kd us bl;qx dh ftUn+xh dks Hkksxk gSA vius ,d fjiksrkZt esa ys[kd us y[kuÅ dkaxzsl ds vf/kos'ku dk vk¡[kksans[kk gky fy[kk gSA okrkZyki dh 'kSyh esa os fy[krs gSaA & **,d vthc lk&:i vthc lk os'k] vthcjax <+x] nsg f=kQky] psgjk&ijs'kku lk] ns[kdj eu esa ftKklk tkxh fd ;g dkSu gS &&& ughaigpku ik;sA og rsth ls eqLdqjk;k] vkSj mlds ehBs cksy esjs dkuksa esa iM+sa^^ &&&^ vjs rqe eq>s ughaigpku ik;sA eSa rks ogh gwa ] ftls rqe vHkh ;kn dj jgss FksA **dkSu gks rqe^^ eSa vjs HkkbZ eSa rks bfrgklgw¡ bfrgklA

bl laxzg esa ys[kd dk psru vaxzsth 'kklu ds mu Lekjdksa dks ns[kdj >u>uk mBrk gS]D;ksafd ;s vR;kpkj vkSj vU;k; ds izrhd izrhr gksrs gaSA thou dh vuqewfr;ksa dh dHkh vkRedFkkRed'kSyh] dHkh okrkZyki vkSj dHkh ,sfrgkfld 'kSYkh ys[kd dh vfHkO;fDRk fojkV~ ds lkFk ekuks lkKkdkjdj jgh gks ,slk izrhr gksrk gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 49

izHkkdj th ds lkfgR; dh ;g lEiw.kZrk gh rks gS fd mlesa vusd fo/kkvksa dk laxe n f"Vxkspjgksrk gSA izHkkdj th us vius lkfgR; esa vius dks jk"Vª ds lkFk ,dkdj dj fn[kk;k gS rHkh rks mudkLokfHkeku jk"Vª dk vfHkeku cudj dydRRkk ds foDVksfj;k eSeksfj;y dh vkxjk ds rktegy lscjkcjh djus dh /k "Vrk lgu ugha dj ldrkA

izHkkdj th ds lkfgfR;d fopkj futh gSaA vusd LFkyksa ij mUgksaus tkus&vutkus lkfgR;vkSj mldh vU; fo/kkvksa dh ifjHkk"kk;sa izLrqr dh gSaA Js"B lkfgR; ds fo"k; esa vius fopkj izdVfd;s gSaA izLrkoukvksa esa mUgksaus izk;% vius lkfgfR;d vkn'kkZs dh >yd izdV dh gS] ftuesa ls eq[;gS] mudh ekuo fu"BkA

izHkkdj th vkn'kZoknh gksdj Hkh ijEijkoknh ugha gSa] lk/kkj.k esaq vlk/kkj.k ns[kus dh] [kkstusdh Hkkouk buds lkfgfR;d thou ij NkbZ jgh gSA lkfgR; muds thou dk /keZ jgk gS] 'kkSd ;kO;kikj ughaA fpUru vkSj Hkkokosx ds lkFk eLrh vkSj fouksn fiz;rk ds esy ls muds lkfgR; dhyksdfiz;rk dk {ks=k foLr r gks x;k gSA xka/kh ;qx ls ysdj vk/kqfud ;qx rd ds Hkkjr dks vusdjk"Vªh; leL;kvksa vkSj iz'uksa ij O;kogkfjd fopkj/kkjk gh muds lkfgR; dk rRo fpUru gSaA ij burRo fpUru esa xkEHkh;Z vkSj Hkkokosx dh rhozrk dks la;r djus ds fy, fouksn ds Hkh izpqj izlax bllkfgR; esa fc[kjs gSaA bl izlax dk ,d js[kkfp=k bl izdkj gS&^^,d ekSyoh tehankj ds ikl mudkfdlku vk;k rks ekSyoh lkgc us iwNk bl lky rdkrjs verkj ls fd'r[kksj xUne dks dksbZ eQknigq¡pk fd ugha fdlku tyk Hkquk ;k cM+ cM+k;k ughaA cl mBrs&mBrs cksyk gtwj bl oDr rks uekti<+ jgs gSaA eS dy vkÅaxk** ,sls euksjatu ij ok.kh ds eeZ ds vufxur izlax muds js[kkfp=k esa HkjsgSaA

Hkkjrh; tu thou ds fofo/k igyw xzke] uxj] cu] ioZr] [k.Mgj] egy] >kasiMh dh 'kksHkk vkSjosnuk vkfn dh laxhre;h >kafd;k Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA bl lEiw.kZ lkfgR; esa ,d i=kdkj usLons'k dh vkRek dh vkSj vkRek ds vorkj ekuo dh xyh dwpksa ls ysdj egyksa vkSj etfylksaa lscVksjk vkSj laxzghr fd;k gSA mlesa vkRek dk laxhr pyrk gS] dfoRo dh dyk u R; djrh gS] jaxeapfFkjdrk gS] jk"VªHkk"kk ukuk Ja xkj djds lkeus vkrh gSA

izHkkdj th ds lkfgR; esa Hkkjrh; thou dh vfHkuo LFkkiuk gSaA mUgksaus vius lkfgR; esaHkkjr dh vkRek dks fo'o dh vkRek ls tksM+rs gq, fojkV ds n'kZu dk iz;kl fd;k gSA blfy, mlesaJethoh Hkh lezkV ds leku xkSjokfUor gS] yksgs dk LVSP;w Hkh cksyrk gSA dqRRks dh e R;q Hkh àn; esagkgkdkj mRiUUk dj nsrh gS vkSj pksj] 'kjkch] tqvkjh] MdSr Hkh ekuoh; laosnuk ikus ds fy, >ksyhQSyk;s ns[krh gSA vius lkfgR; ds ckjs esa os Lo;a ,d lw=k j[krs gSa&

gekjk dke ;g ugha gS fd bl fo'kky ns'k esa cls pUn fnekxh vk¸;k'kksa dk Qkyrw le;pSu vkSj [kqekjh esa dkVus ds fy, euksjatu lkfgR; uke dk e;[kkuk gj le; [kqyk j[ksA gekjkdke rks ;g gS fd bl fo'kky ns'k ds dksus&dksus esa QSys tu&lk/kkj.k ds eu esa foJ a[kfyr orZekuds izfr fonzksg vkSj HkO; Hkfo";r~ dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, ifjorZu dh Je'khy Hkw[k txk;saA**

'kks/k /kkjk 50

lanHkZ1- izHkkdj] dUgS;kyky feJ& ftUnxh eqLdjkbZ &i 0 & 142- ogh ogh3- izHkkdj] dUgS;kyky feJ& eSa vkSj esjk ?kj &i 0&2174- izHkkdj] dUgS;kyky feJ& ckts ik;fy;k ds ?kqa?k:&i 0&215- izHkkdj] dUgS;kyky feJ&egds vkaxu pgds }kjk6- izHkkdj] dUgS;kyky feJ&ekVh gks x;h lksuk]7- izHkkdj] dUgS;kyky feJ&{k.k cksys d.k eqLdk;s]8- izHkkdj] dUgS;kyky feJ&vkdk'k ds rkjs] /kjrh ds Qwy]9- izHkkdj] dUgS;kyky feJ&cwan&cwan lkxj]10- izHkkdj] dUgS;kyky feJ&ft;s arks ,sls ft;sa

i=k&if=kdk,¡1- lkfgR; lUns'k2- jloUrh3- vkykspuk4- fgUnh lkfgR; dks'k5- izHkkdj th ls MkW0 ,u flag dh vUrjax ckrphr ^eSa Hkk"kk dk ugha] cksyh dk ys[kd gw¡*A

'kks/k /kkjk 51


fgUnh lkfgR; esa ukjh fo"k;d n f"Vdks.kdqekjh iwue pkSgku

vfl0 izksQ0] fgUnh foHkkx] fgekapy izns'k fo'ofo|ky;] f'keyk] fgekpy izns'k¼izkIr % 07 Qjojh 2018½

Abstractukjh foe'kZ ds rhu çeq[k i{k gSaA voekuuk ls eqfDr] LorU=krk vkSj vf/kdkjA ^L=khRo* dh

vo/kkj.kk ls tqM+k lkfgR; l tu ds nksgjs /keZ dks fuHkkrk gSA ,d /keZ ;kruk ds mn~?kkVu dk gSA L=khdh ;k=kk tUe ls] Hkzw.k gR;k ls] L=kh&iq#"k ds chp HksnHkko ls 'kq: gksrh gS( tSls f'k{kk ls oafpr gksus]çfrca/k e; oL=k iguus] 'kjhj çn'kZu ls cpus] cky fookg dk f'kdkj gksus] ;kSu 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksus]vkfFkZd] lkekftd neu dks cnkZ'r djus] fir lÙkk dh v/khurk dks Lohdkj djus ls bl ;kruk dk fodklgksrk gSA L=khRo ls tqM+h ltZukRed nwljk /keZ çfrjks/k rFkk la?k"kZ dks fuHkkrh gSA ;g gS vU;k; dkfojks/k rFkk U;k; dh ekax dk /keZ&fuokZgA fgUnh lkfgR; esa ;s nksuksa fLFkfr;ka O;kidrk ls fpf=kr gqbZ gSaA


Key Words : ukjhoknh psruk vkSj lkfgR;] L=kh foe'kZ ds fofo/k vk;ke

ukjh foe'kZ ys[ku us fir lÙkkRed ewY;ksa] vo/kkj.kkvksa dks pqukSrh nh gSA ukjh foe'kZ us ghgesa fir lÙkkRed ewY;ksa] nksgjs uSfrd ekinaMksa] varfoZjks/kkas dks igpkuus dh varn f"V;k¡ çnku dh gSaAukjh foe'kZ us Li"V fd;k gS fd L=kh dk neu ifjokj lRrkRed ewY; O;oLFkk us gh fd;k gSAlkoZtfud {ks=k esa L=kh dk Lrj dqN Hkh D;ksa u jgk gks] ysfdu ifjokj esa vkrs gh og neu dk f'kdkjgksus yxrh gSA blfy, ifjokj L=kh ds fy, [kqyh nklrk gS tks mldh jpukRedrk] ckSf)d 'kfDrdks u"V djrk gSA D;k ;gh gekjs ikfjokfjd ewY; gSa\ ,sls ç'u L=kh foe'kZ us mBk;s gSaA

ukjh foe'kZ ds rhu çeq[k i{k gSaA voekuuk ls eqfDr] LorU=krk vkSj vf/kdkjA ^L=khRo* dhvo/kkj.kk ls tqM+k lkfgR; l tu ds nksgjs /keZ dks fuHkkrk gSA ,d /keZ ;kruk ds mn~?kkVu dk gSAL=kh dh ;k=kk tUe ls] Hkzw.k gR;k ls] L=kh&iq#"k ds chp HksnHkko ls 'kq: gksrh gS( tSls f'k{kk ls oafprgksus] çfrca/k e; oL=k iguus] 'kjhj çn'kZu ls cpus] cky fookg dk f'kdkj gksus] ;kSu 'kks"k.k dkf'kdkj gksus] vkfFkZd] lkekftd neu dks cnkZ'r djus] fir lÙkk dh v/khurk dks Lohdkj djus lsbl ;kruk dk fodkl gksrk gSA L=khRo ls tqM+h ltZukRed nwljk /keZ çfrjks/k rFkk la?k"kZ dks fuHkkrhgSA ;g gS vU;k; dk fojks/k rFkk U;k; dh ekax dk /keZ&fuokZgA fgUnh lkfgR; esa ;s nksuksa fLFkfr;kaO;kidrk ls fpf=kr gqbZ gSaA

fL=k;ksa ds thou esa vk;s cnyko ds fy;s tc foosdkUkUn ls ç'u fd;k x;k rks mudk mÙkjHkh ukjh foe'kZ ls lEcfU/kr Fkk&^^rqe vkSjrksa dh eqf'dy vklku djus okys gks dkSu\ D;k rqe çR;sdfo/kok vkSj gjsd L=kh ds thou dks fu;fer djus okys loZK gks\ mUgsa viuh eqf'dyksa ls [kqn ghfuiVus nksA**1 ;gh L=kh foe'kZ dk cqfu;knh jkLrk ¼uqDrk½ gS fd tc L=kh Lo;a viuh eqf'dyksa ls

'kks/k /kkjk 52

fuiVus yxsxha] mlh çfØ;k esa os psru gksdj vius Hkhrj fNih vikj lEHkkoukvksa] ;ksX;rkvksa dhryk'k dj ysaxhA pkgs lkekftd ekU;rk,a] :f<+;ka] jhfr&fjokt mlds fo:) [kM+h gks] L=kh foe'kZds lkeus pqukSfr;ka Hkh gSa vkSj muls fHkM+us dh rkdr Hkh gSA

fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl vkfndky dky ls vkjaHk gksrk gSA bl ;qx eas ukjh viuk xkSjocuk, gq, FkhA ukjh ,d eka] cgu] csVh] iRuh ds :Ik esa ;q)&Hkwfe esa iq#"k dks Hkstus ds fy, mRlqdjgrh FkhA bl rjg os viuh Hkkoukvksa dh ijokg u djrh gq, vius dÙkZO;ksa dk fuokZg djrh FkhAvkfndky esa ukjh dh fLFkfr vPNh Fkh] ifr&iRuh dks leku vf/kdkj çkIr FksA ,d vksj ukjh çsj.kkdk Lkzksr cuh nwljh vksj og ;q) dk dkj.k Hkh cuhA i Fohjkt jklks* esa i Fohjkt la;ksfxrk dks ikusds fy;s ;q) djrk gSA i Fohjkt&la;ksfxrk dk çFke n'kZu bl :Ik eas djrk gS&dqatj mIij fla?kA fla?k mIij nks iOo;A iOo; mIij Hk ax&Hk ax mIij lfl lqHHk;AAlfl mIij ,d dhjA dhj mIij e x fnlSA e x mIij dksnaM laIi dUæ; c;'BkSAvfg e;wj efg mIijgA gse ljl gseu tj~;ksA lqj Hkqou NafM dfo pan dfg frfg ?kks'kS jktu ij~;ksAA2

iwoZe/;dky esa ukjh ds çfr n f"Vdks.k esa cgqr cM+k ifjorZu vk;kA fL=k;ka iw.kZr;k iq#"k ijvkfJr gks xbZaA fuLlansg HkfDrdky dks Lo.kZdky dgk tkrk gS] ijUrq bl ;qx ds dqN dfo;ksa us ukjhds lanHkZ esa LoLFk fopkj ugha fn,A

dchj us ukjh ds dkfeuh :Ik dks ek;k dk çrhd ekurs gq, bZ'oj çkfIr ds ekxZ esa ck/kk ekukgSA dchj ds 'kCnksa esa&

ukjh dh >k¡bZ ijr va/kk gksr HkqtaxA dfcjk fru dh dkSu xfr tsfur ukjh laxAA3

ijUrq ukjh dh bruh fuank djus okys lar us ifrozrk ukjh dh ç'kalk Hkh dh gSA HkfDrdkydh jkeHkDr dkO; /kkjk ds çeq[k dfo rqylhnkl Jhjke ds o.kZu ds lkFk&lkFk ukjh dks Hkh çLrqrfd;k gSA ijUrq ukjh ds çfr n f"Vdks.k dk o.kZu djrs gq, bu ij Hkh e/;dkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dkçHkko jgk gSA blfy;s og dgrs gSa&

<ksy xaokj 'kqæ Ik'kq ukjhA ;s lc rkM+u ds vf/kdkjhAA4

rqylhnkl L=kh fojks/kh ugha FksA mUgksaus txr dks dsoy jke:Ik u dgdj fl;k jkee;* dgkgSA os dgrs gSa&

fl;k jke&e; lc tx tkuh djkS çuke tksfj tqx ikuhA5

rqylhnkl us lhrk] dkS'kY;k] eanksnjh tSlh vkn'kZ ukjh ik=kksa dks oanuh; ekuk gSAHkfDrdky dh Ñ".k HkfDr dkO; /kkjk ds çfrfuf/k dfo lwjnkl us ukjh dk Lo:Ik jk/kk ds

:Ik esa çLrqr djrs gq, viuh jpukvksa dks jk/kk esas oanuh; ekudj mudh HkfDr Hkh dh gSA Ñ".k HkDrehjkckbZ dh vusd jpukvksa esa ukjh ds lkfRod çse dh vfHkO;atu feyrh gSA

e/;dkyhu lwQh dfo;ksa us ukjh dks Åapk LFkku nsrs gq, vius dkO; esa ijekRek dk çrhdekudj mls vkykSfdd lkSan;Z ,oe~ xq.kksa ls ;qDr fpf=kr fd;k gSA bu dfo;ksa ds dkO; esa ukjh lkè;ds :Ik esa mHkjdj vkrh gSA tk;lh }kjk jfpr ^in~ekor* esa çse dFkk ds lUnHkZ esa ukjh ik=kksa dhvykSfddrk vius esa fo'ks"k egÙoiw.kZ gSA og vykSfddrk bruh foy{k.k gksrh gS fd tc viuh

'kks/k /kkjk 53

vkè;kfRed fç;rek dk çFke çR;{k n'kZu djrs gaS] rks çk;% uk;d ewfPNZr gks mBrk gSAu;u pdksj çse en HkjsA HkbZ lqn f"V tksxh lgq¡ <jsAtksxh fnfLV fnfLV lkSa yhUgkA uSu jksfi uSaufga ftm nhUgkAA6

iwoZ e/;dky ds Ik'pkr~ mÙkj e/;dky vFkkZr~ jhfrdky esa ukjh dsoy Hkksx&foykl dkmidj.k ek=k cudj jg xbZA jhfrdkyhu dfo us vusd :iksa&x fg.kh] tuuh] nsoh dh mis{kk dj nhAos ukjh dh lqUnjrk dh vksj gh vkdf"kZr jgsA bl dky esa ukjh dks fo'ks"k lEeku çkIr ugha FkkAjhfrdky ds dfo;ksa us ukjh ds u[kf'k[k dk fp=k.k v'yhyrk iw.kZ fd;kA nso us dgk gS&

dkSu xuS iqj cu uxj dkfeuh ,dS jhfrA ns[kr gjS foosd dks fpÙk gjS dfj çhfrAA7

vk/kqfud dky esa uo&tkx fr vkSj uopsruk dk mn; gqvkA f'k{kk çkIr djds ukjh gj {ks=kesa vkxs c<+us dk ç;Ru djus yxhA vk/kqfud dfo;ksa dk Hkh ukjh ds çfr n f"Vdks.k cnykA çfl)dfo lqfe=kkuanu iar tM+&ijEijkvksa ds ca/ku ls ukjh eqfDr dk mn~?kks"k djrs gq, dgrs gSa&

eqDr djks ukjh dks ;qx&;qx dh cfUnuh ukjh dksA8

Tk;'kadj çlkn us Hkh ukjh ds lanHkZ esa dgk gS&Ukkjh rqe dsoy J)k gks] fo'okl&jtr ux&ix&ry esaih;w"k L=kksr&lh cgk djks thou ds lqUnj lery esaA9

cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas ukjh ds çfr lEeku dh Hkkouk iui jgh gS] ijUrq vk'p;ZtudlR; ;g Hkh gS fd f+L=k;ksa ij vR;kpkj Hkh c<+s gaSA ngst çFkk] cykRdkj] vigj.k vkfn dbZ dqjhfr;k¡fnu&çfrfnu c<+ jgh gSaA fL=k;ksa dh fujk'kktud fLFkfr dks ;qok dfo mes'k Hkkjrh us fuEu iafDr;ksaesa mtkxj fd;k gS&

ftl lekt esa] efgyk ykpkj gS tgk¡ Qyrk Qwyrk] Ekfgykvksa dk O;kikj gSAA10

lkfgR; dh çR;sd fo/kk dkO;] ukVd] miU;kl] fuca/k] dgkuh] vkRedFkk] laLej.k] js[kkfp=kvkfn fdlh esa Hkh L=kh la?k"kZ ls :c: gqvk tk ldrk gS] tks lekt dh çR;sd fn'kk o n'kk ls voxrdjkrh gSA

fgUnh dFkk lkfgR; vius vkjfEHkd pj.k esa ;k rks lq/kkjokn ls tqM+k ;k fQj euksjatu lsA/khjs&/khjs dFkk lkfgR; vk/kqfudrk dh n f"V ls dkQh lEiUu gqvkA ukjh dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k]mldh osnuk dks vfHkO;fDr nh xbZ] ysfdu dk:f.kd eqæk esa cjkcjh ds vf/kdkjksa dh ekax djrh gqbZughaA

ledkyhu dFkk lkfgR; esa L=kh dh ihM+k ,oe~ osnuk dks O;kid vfHkO;fDr feyh gSA fgUnhdFkk&lkfgR; dks L=kh ys[ku ds ek/;e ls le ) djus okyh ysf[kdkvksa esa Ñ".kk lkscrh] çHkk [ksrku]jkth lsB] m"kk fç;aonk] e nqyk xxZ] eerk dkfy;k] esg:fUulk ijost] e .kky ikaMs] eS=ks;h iq"ik]ukfljk 'kekZ] fp=kk eqn~xy] vYdk ljkoxh] xhrktafy Jh] uferk flag bR;kfn dk vR;f/kd ;ksxnkugSA

ledkyhu L=kh jpukdkjksa us vius dFkk lkfgR; esa L=kh foe'kZ dk tks Loj mBk;k gS] ogmuds vius vuqHko dh tehu ls mitk gSA L=kh jpukdkjksa us ukjh dh mUeqDr vkdk'k esa fopjus ds

'kks/k /kkjk 54

fy, ftu lq[k LoIuksa dh dYiuk dh gSa] og vk/kqfud ;qx ds bl nkSj esa vf/kdka'k gks jgk gSAfL=k;ka vkt ijEijkxr :f<+;ksa dks rksM+dj eqfDr ds u, jkLrs ryk'k jgh gSaA mldh

lkekftd fLFkfr esa ifjorZu vk;k gSA vkt ukjh çR;sd {ks=k esa vxz.kh gSA iq#"k ij ekufld ofuHkZjrk dh lekfIr dh ?kks"k.kk djrh gqbZ vkt dh ukjh iq#"k ds lkfUu/; esa vius gksus ds vFkZ dksikus dh ekufldrk ls mcj jgh gSA

lanHkZ1- dqekj] jkds'k( ukjhoknh foe'kZ] 2004 i 0142- flag] ;ksxsUæ çrki( fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl vkSj mldh leL;k,¡] 2001 i 0 573- 'kekZ] MkW0 okLkqnso( fgUnh lkfgR; dk fodkl] 1998 i - 624- 'kekZ] MkW0 f'kodqekj( fgUnh lkfgR; vkSj ;qx ço fÙk;k¡ 1999 i 0 2445- 'kqDy] jkepUæ( fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] laLdj.k&22] 2000 i 0 996- flag] ;ksxsUæ çrki( fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl vkSj mldh leL;k,¡] 2001 i - 2037- 'kekZ] MkW0 f'kodqekj( fgUnh lkfgR; vkSj ;qx ço fÙk;k¡ i 0 3378- 'kekZ] vfouk'k( fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % jhfrdky ,oa vk/kqfud dky] 2002 i - 1619- Hkzej] fgUnh ds vk/kqfud dfo] 2000 i - 5310- QqYy] Lkq'khy dqekj( fgUnh lkfgR; dk lqcks/k bfrgkl] 1998 i - 328

'kks/k /kkjk 55


fVgjh x<+oky dh lkaLd frd i "BHkwfevk'kqrks"k dqekj 'kekZ

izoDrk] fgUnh] jkt0 baVj dkyst] Fkkiyk ¼vksa.k½] fVgjh x<+oky] mRrjk[k.M¼izkIr % 14 Qjojh 2018½

Abstractx<+oky ewyr% /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa ,oe~ yksd&jhfr;ksa dk laxe LFky gSA ;gk¡ dh feV~Vh ds d.k&d.k

esa izse ,oe~ /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dh Nfo fo|eku gSA x<+oky ewyr% /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa ls vksr&izksr gSA ;gk¡ds u R;ksa ,oe~ xhrksa esa nsoh&nsorkvksa dh vfeV Nki gS lkekftd u R;&xhrksa esa /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa ds n'kZugksrs gSaA nsoh&nsorkvksa ls ysdj vaNfj;ksa ¼vIljkvksa½ vkSj Hkwr&fi'kkpksa rd dh iwtk /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa lsvksr&izksr gksdj u R;ksa ds vfHku; vkSj xhrksa ds Lojksa ds lkFk 'kSyh fo'ks"k ds urZu }kjk lEiUu dh tkrhgSA fofHkUu voljksa ij xk, tkus okys yksdxhrksa esa tuekul ds ân; dh /kM+du ekuks thoUr :i esaizLQqfVr gks tkrh gSA


Key Words : x<+oky dh laLd fr] fVgjh x<+oky dh lkaLd frd i "B Hkwfe

yksd ijEijk dh pknj vks<+s x<+oky dh 'kL; ';keyk Hkwfe vkt Hkh gekjh Hkkjrh; laLd frdh /kjksgj ds :i esa fo|eku gSA x<+oky ewyr% /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa ,oe~ yksd&jhfr;ksa dk laxe LFkygSA ;gk¡ dh feV~Vh ds d.k&d.k esa izse ,oe~ /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dh Nfo fo|eku gSA x<+oky ewyr%/kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa ls vksr&izksr gSA ;gk¡ ds u R;ksa ,oe~ xhrksa esa nsoh&nsorkvksa dh vfeV Nki gSlkekftd u R;&xhrksa esa /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA nsoh&nsorkvksa ls ysdj vaNfj;ksa¼vIljkvksa½ vkSj Hkwr&fi'kkpksa rd dh iwtk /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa ls vksr&izksr gksdj u R;ksa ds vfHku;vkSj xhrksa ds Lojksa ds lkFk 'kSyh fo'ks"k ds urZu }kjk lEiUu dh tkrh gSA fofHkUu voljksa ij xk,tkus okys yksdxhrksa esa tuekul ds ân; dh /kM+du ekuks thoUr :i esa izLQqfVr gks tkrh gSAx<+oky ,d izd fr iz/kku {ks=k gSA igkM+ksa ij loZ=k NkbZ gqbZ gfj;kyh ,oe~ izd fr lkSUn;Z dks ns[kdjfny >we mBrk gS vkSj ogh [kq'kh dh ygj eq[k ls _rqxhr ds :i esa izLQqfVr gks mBrh gSA blhizd fr lkSUn;Z us x<+oky dh yksd&ijEijk dks thoUr :i iznku fd;k gSA x<+oky esa <ksy dks uknczºe ds :i esa iwtk tkrk gS( mls lk{kkr~ ije~ czºe f'ko dk vorkj ekuk tkrk gSA <ksy dh lgk;rkls lEiUu gksus okys tkxjksa] rhFkksZa ds n'kZuksa gsrq tkrs le; xk, tkus okys /kkfeZd tk=kk u R;xhrksa]ik.Mo u R;ksa ,oe~ izseijd cktwcUn xhrksa dh Üka [kyk,a ns'k ds izR;sd euq"; ds ân; esa viuh vfeVNki NksM+ nsrs gSaA fofHkUu voljksa ij gksus okys Lokaax] yksd&dFkk,a] yksd&xkFkk,a ,oe~ yksd&dyk,ax<+oky dh ,sfrgkfld /kjksgj dks thoUr :i iznku djrh gSaA

yksd ijEijk ls vk'k; fdlh lekt esa izpfyr jhfr&fjokt] ogk¡ dh Hkk"kk] yksd&dyk]yksd&laLd fr] yksdxhr ,oe~ yksd&u R; ls gSA fdlh lekt dh yksd&dyk] yksd&u R;] yksd&laLd fr

'kks/k /kkjk 56

,oe~ yksd&xhr] yksd ijEijk ds :i esa ml lekt dks viuh ,d futh igpku iznku djrs gSaAyksd&ijEijk ds vHkko esa fdlh lekt dk vfLrRo ,oe~ fodkl vlEHko gSAHkk"kk% fVgjh x<+oky esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk dks fVgfj;kyh cksyh dgrs gSaA tksfd mRrjk[k.M dsvU; tuinksa ls dqN fHkUu gSA bldh 'kCnkoyh Hkh fHkUu gSA/kkfeZd yksd u R; xhr ¼tkxj½% uxkf/kjkt fnf'k nsokRek fgeky; ds vk¡xu esa clk gqvk'kL;&';key fVgjh x<+oky {ks=k ewyr% /kkfeZd Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr gSA ;gk¡ ij gksus okys u R; ,oe~yksdxhrksa esa nsoh&nsorkvksa dh vfeV Nki ns[kus dks feyrh gSA mu lkekftd u R;xhrksa esa izk;% /kkfeZd&Hkkouk ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA ;gk¡ ds /kkfeZd u R; fo'ks"k izdkj ds urZu }kjk lEiUu gksrs gSaA /kkfeZdu R; djokus ds fy, <ksy] nekS] ?kM+;kyh o Fkkyh ctkdj nsoh&nsorkvksa dk ;'kxku djds lEiUudjk;s tkrs gSaA fVgjh x<+oky ds LFkkuh; nsorkvksa esa ukxtkZ] uxsyks] fujadkj] u flag] HkSjksa nsork]{ks=kiky] ?k.Vkd.kZ] ik.Mo] jktjkts'ojh] lqj[k.Mk] dq«tkiqjh] pUnzonuh] fl/kok] ykyflag] vks.ks'oj]enuusxh] egM+ nsork] ekunsork] jRFkh nsork ,oe~ HkjkM+h nsoh vkfn ds tkxj lEiUu fd, tkrs gSaAx<+oky esa dqN ikSjkf.kd nsoLFkku vkSj dqN LFkkuh; nsoLFkku ns[kus dks feyrs gSA bu nsoh] nsorkvksads fy, xk, ykus okys yksdxhrksa dks tkxj dgrs gSA buds xhr nsou R;ksa ds lkFk jkr Hkj tkxj.kdj nSoh; 'kfDr;ksa dk vkºoku dj vkoth] if.Mr] tkxjh vkfn ds lkFk lEiUu gksrs gSaA lEiw.kZ jkf=ktkxdj xk, tkus ds dkj.k gh tkxj dgk tkrk gSAukxtkZ tkxj&% ukxtkZ ¼ukxjktk½ fVgjh x<+oky dk izeq[k nsork ekuk tkrk gSaA budk nsoky;fVgjh tuinkUrxZr yEcxk¡o ls yxHkx 35 fdykehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA yhyk/kkjh HkxokuJhd ".k dks gh ukxtkZ ds uke ls iwtk tkrk gSA Hkxoku d ".k dh xkFkkvksa ds vk/kkj ij gh budsu R;xhr lEiUu fd, tkrs gSaA tkxjh Hkxoku d ".k dh xkFkkvksa ds lkFk ukxtkZ ds tkxj izLrqr djrk gS&

tequk ikj gksyks dalq dks dal dksV@tequk ikj gksyks xksdqy cSjkVdsldksV gksyks jktk mxzlsu@rkSadh jk.kh gksyh jk.kh ioujs[kkck;ha dks[kh iSnk ikih gfj.kk [email protected] dks[kh iSnk nsorqyh nsodhvkS enq cke.k yx.k Hksnnk@vkBks xHkZ;h dks gksyks dalq dk NsndA ¼LFkkuh; yksd ijEijk ls

izkIr½uxsyks tkxj&% uxsyks dks ukxtkZ ds gh leku iwtk tkrk gSA ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd uxsyks ukxtkZdk gh nwljk Lo:Ik gSA ijUrq ;gk¡ bls vyx ls gh upk;k tkrk gSA gekjs izkphu /keZxzUFkksa esa xU/koksZa] ;{kksa ,oe~ vIljkvksa ds lkFk gh budk o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA

|wy uxsyks vk;ks tlhyks nsork@|wy uxsyks vk;ks HkDrksa nsan tl|wy uxsyks vk;ks eqyd ykaxs HksÅ@|wy uxsyks vk;ks jeksyh dh Fkkrh|wy uxsyks vk;ks cftjk dh xknh@|wy uxsyks vk;ks rs eksrw dk flj|wy uxsyks vk;ks NS eSuk dk ckydA ¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½

u flag tkxj&% iqjk.kksa esa u flag dks Hkxoku fo".kq dk vorkj ekuk tkrk gS ijUrq x<+oky esa bls Hkxokufo".kq dk vorkj u ekudj xq# xksj[kukFk ds f'k"; ds :i esa iwtk tkrk gSA xq# xksj[kukFk dh

'kks/k /kkjk 57

mRifRr Hkxoku f'ko dh tVkvksa ls ekuh tkrh gS tks Lo;a ohj HkSjo ds uke ls fo[;kr gSA u flag;gk¡ dk LFkkuh; vkSj izfl) 'kfDr'kkyh nsork gSA u flag nsork dks fo'ks"k izdkj ls txkusa dh jhfrgSA vkSth xhr xkdj u flag dks txkrk gSA u flag tkxj n "VO; gS&

vkns'k xq# xksj[kukFk dks vkns'k@vkns'k xq# eNsUnzukFk dks vkns'kvkns'k xq# [kM~xukFk dks vkns'k@vkns'k xq# czãukFk dks vkns'kgs Hkxoku th ikjczã ijes'oj uw jph dysmjMkyh ¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½

ekunsork tkxj&% eku pEiqvk uke ls izfl) ;g nsork ,d LFkkuh; nsork gSA LFkkuh; yksd dFkkds vuqlkj eku vkSj pEiqvk uked nks HkkbZ dsej iV~Vh ds vUrxZr cklj x<+h ds fuoklh FksA ,dfnu nksuksa HkkbZ cUnwd ysdj taxy esa f'kdkj [ksyus x,A ogka ij ekU=kh ¼vkaNjh½ ds izHkko ls ;s nksuksae R;q dks izkIr gks x, rc ls ;s ekunsork ds :i esa izfrf"Br gks x,A

Ik;s.kh ijkt yxkSank@nsork dsej iV~Vh dk eku pEiqvk jktknsork cklj x<+h dk eku pEiqvk jktk@mBSyh nqukY;k cUnwd nsork eku jktkpyhxs f'kdkj [ksyu nsork eku jktkiM+hxs ekU=kh dw c;kyw nsork eku jktkigq«phxs pkeq.kh dk lsjk nsork eku jktk ¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½

HkS: ¼HkSjo½ tkxj&% HkSjo dks j{kk djus okyk nsork dgk tkrk gSA budk nsoky; eq[;r% xk¡o dhlhek ij LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA vfu"Vdkjh 'kfDr;ksa ls j{kk dus ds fy, budk iwtu fd;k tkrkgS buds vfrfjDr f'ko ds x.kksa esa HkSjoukFk dk uke vR;Ur J)k ,oe~ fo'okl ls fy;k tkrk gSAHkSjo nsork ;gka dk LFkkuh; nsork ekuk tkrk gSA bls LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa vkdk'kh; HkSjo ds uke lsHkh tkuk tkrk gSA ,slh ekU;rk gS fd ;g o"kkZ dk nsork gSA tc nh?kZdky rd o"kkZ ugha gksrh gS rcHkSjo nsork dks txk;k tkrk gS ;g izfdz;k dbZ fnuksa rd pyrh jgrh gSA

Okhj HkS: x<+h rsjh ek;k vijEikj@lCR;klh HkSjo rsjh ek;k vijEikjrsjh vkS?kM+ dh fo|k rw rks ?;kuh dw /kM+ksbZ@rw rks HkM+w dks HkM+ksbZ ohj HkSjo ckckekjh xaxk Qky RoSu gfj dk gfj}kj ¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½

lkr HkkbZ tkxj&% Lkkr Hkkb;ksa dh dFkk fVgjh tuinkUrxZr dsej iV~Vh ds vUrxZr dkSfB;kM+k ukedxk«o dh gSA LFkkuh; yksd dFkk ds vuqlkj dsej iV~Vh ds vUrxZr dkSfB;kM+k uked xk«o esa lksuikyfuokl djrs Fks mudh nks ifRu;ka Fkha Qwyekyk vkSj tkSekykA Qwyekyk ds lkr iq=k fnxiky]lkseiky] vkseiky] gseiky] txiky] Hkheiky vkSj dj.kiky gq, ,oa tkSeky ds ,d iq=k xSjiky gqvkAxSjiky viusa lkrksa lkSrsys Hkkb;ksa ls dVqrk dh Hkkouk j[krk FkkA ,d fnu vkBksa HkkbZ ,d cM+s iRFkjdks gVk jgs Fks ftls gVkusa esa lkrksa HkkbZ iRFkj dks uhps dh vksj ls vkSj vkBoka HkkbZ xSjiky Åij lsmBk jgs FksA xSjiky ds }kjk iRFkj dks Åij ls /kdsyrs gh nqHkkZX;o'k lkrksa HkkbZ ml iRFkj ds uhpsncdj e R;q dks izkIr gq,A ;g ?kVuk ns[kdj xSjiky dks viuh Hkwy dk vglkl gqvk vkSj mlusaizk;f'pr djus ds fy, cjNh ls viuk xyk dkVdj vkRegR;k dj yhA rRi'pkr lkrksa HkkbZ vius?kj esa liZ :i esa izdV gq, vkSj viuha lkSrsyh ekrk tkSekyk dks fofHkUu izdkj ls lrkusa yxsA ,d

'kks/k /kkjk 58

fnu tkSekyk usa ,d cM+s ik=k esa HkSal dk nw/k [kkSyk;k vkSj bu lkrksa liksZa dks idM+dj [kkSyrs nw/kesa Mkydj ekj fn;kA rRi'pkr ;s lkrksa HkkbZ i Fkd&i Fkd xkaoksa esa nso:iesa izfrf"Br gq, vkSjf'kofyax ds :i esa iwts tkus yxsA ,slh ekU;rk gS fd HkSal ds nw/k esa Mqckdj ekjs tkusa ds dkj.k bulkrksa Hkkb;ksa ij HkSal dk nw/k ugha p<+rk gSA izLrqr xhr esa muds thou dk o.kZu izkIr gksrk gS&

dsej dk jktk lksuiky dh n~oh jk.kh FkS@Qwy ekyk vkSj tSekykQwyekyk dks vks.ks'oj ºoS iV~Vh vksa.k eka cls@nql: HkkbZ Fkdys'oj ºoS MksMj Fkkiyk

iqtkjxk¡o clsfrl: HkkbZ dksVs'oj ºoS dksVkyxk«o cls@pkSFkw HkkbZ rkes'oj ºoS /kkSarjha HksV~;kjk clsik«pok HkkbZ ckys'oj ºoS ihiyMkyh dk ,Sap cls@N;ka HkkbZ HkMs'oj ºoS fnpyh cudksV clsLkkroka HkkbZ Hksys'oj ºoS HkSY;qUrk xkSa eka clstkSekyk dw vkBoka Qs.Ms'oj ºoS tkSu ?kulkyh pfe;kyk clsANksM+;kyk nsork RoSu cklj dh xn~nhNksM~;kyk nsork RoSu dsej dh iV~VhA ¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½tuJqfr gS fd i«okM+ksa vkSj izkphu xhrksa ds vk/kkj ij gh nsorkvksa ds tUe LFkku ,oa dqy xks=k

ijEijk ds lEcU/k esa fy[kk x;k gSA fVgjh tuinkUrxZr dSej iV~Vh esa cxqM+k tkfr ds csM+k fuokldjrs gSa] ftUgsa oknh ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd igys ;s yksx mPp tkfrds Fks ijUrq ckn esa fdlh lkekftd dkj.kksa ds dkj.k buds }kjk csM+k o fRr viuk fy;k x;k vc ;scsMk tkfr ls Lo;a dks mPp ekurs gSaA nsorkvksa dh oa'kkoyh vkt Hkh ijEijkxr :i ls esyksa ,oa vU;/kkfeZd mRloksa esa pkj.k 'kSyh esa xkbZ tkrh gS&

rqe gksyk mejk.kk ?kqejk.kk dk ukrh yks nsork@?kqe jk.kk dks ofy;k HkSary gks;s yks nsorkAAcfy;k eSry dks tesZ jk.kksa lkenso yksAA@Lkenso dk csVk lksu itwiky yks nsorkAArqe gksyk dsej dk jktk lksuiky th@rqeq gksyk nksiVk dsej dk jktk yks lksuiky th

¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½vks.ks'oj nsork tkxj% vks.ks'oj nsork mijksDr lkrksa Hkkb;ksa esa fnxiky ¼ehu jkf'k] lkSud xks=k½ dsuke ls tkus tkrs gSaA tksfd lkrks Hkkb;ksa esa lcls cM+s vkSj Js"B ekusa tkrs gSA budk ek;dk HknwjkiV~Vh ds vUrxZr vksukyxk«o esa ekuk tkrk gS ,oa budk efUnj vksa.k iV~Vh ds vUrxZr nsoy ukedxk¡o esa gSA

lkcq.kk dks xkth nsork lkcq.kk dks xkt@ekQ djh nsork eSrs yxkSa.k¡ijktQsaoyh Qwyh pSr nsork@gs nsork vks.ks'oj Qsaoyhn~;wy N% lSflj nsork vksukyxk«o eSr@Ikwtk Hkaxthj n~;wy xkSa dk chp nsork pkS[kqV~;k efUnjIkdh tkyw dsyw nsork ikdh tkyw dsywf'kojkf=k dk fnu n~;wy gksUnw esy¡¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½

ekrk lqjd.Mk% fVgjh tuinkUrxZr pEck&ealwjh ekxZ ij dn~nw[kky ds Åij ekrk lqjd.Mk dkfnO; 'kfDrihB fLFkr gSA ekrk lqjd.Mk ds izfr yksxksa dh vikj J)k gSA nwj&nwj ls yksx ;gka vkdj

'kks/k /kkjk 59

tkxj djrs gSa vkSj eUursa ek«xrs gSaAeUlh HkV~;kUnw esjh jkt j[kh ek¡@/kkmM+h yxkUnw esjh jkt j[kh e¡gs ekrk Hkxorh gs ekrk n;kyw Hkxorh@esjh iqdkj lqM+ha ek¡gs ekrk lqjd.Mk ek¡pUnzcnuh@rqe N% ckjg cS.kha ek¡eSa eu ls HkV~;kUnw esjh jkt j[kh ek¡esjh dqVqRc/kkjh rw esjh jktj[kh ek«A ¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½

/kuflag nsork ¼jRFkh nsork½% /ku flag nsork ds uke izfl) ;g nsork ,d LFkkuh; yksd nsork blsjRFkh nsork ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

tS /ku flag nsork vys: dh Fkkrh ek¡ijkt ykUnw @ck,M+h dh Fkkrh ek¡rqe rSa ijkt ykUnw/kuflag tkUnw HkSalh eqykSa.k @Mykj;k ijk.k rs: pkUnw HkSalh Y;kSa.k tS jRFkh jktk/kuflag tkUnw mpkdsY;k[kky nsork cSBhxs dkewMkyh NSyk jRFkh jktkLksakpnw lksapnw duq tki iM+hxs dkew Mkyh NSyk rs: dky cM+hxsA

¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½ghr tkxj&% ghr dks fujadkj ds eq[; f'k"; ds :i esa iwtk o upk;k tkrk gSA dgrs gSa tc rdghr dh iwtk u gks vkSj mls upk;k u tk, rc rd fujadkj nsork dk iwtu gks gh ugha ldrk gS&ghr Lrqfr&ik[kjh dk ghr tS ;'k ns rsjh tkr vk;ks tS ;'k ns HksaVqyh D;k yk;ks tS ;'k ns Lkkscuh/kqikM+h yk;ks tS ;'k ns eksR;ks Hkjh Fkky tS ;'k ns iks[kjh dk ghr tS ;'k ns ¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxjijEijk ls izkIr½ik.Mo u R;xhr% egkHkkjr dh dFkk dk x<+oky dh bl Hkwfe ls vR;Ur xgjk lEcU/k jgk gSAikSjkf.kd erkuqlkj egf"kZ osnO;kl usa egkHkkjr dh jpuk mRrjk[k.M dh bl ifo=k Hkwfe esa gh dhFkhA ik.Moksa dk tUe Hkh blh ifo=k feV~Vh esa gqvk FkkA vr% Hkxoku Jhd ".k] ik.Mo vkSj egkHkkjrds vU; NksVs&cM+s ik=kksa dk lEcU/k x<+oky ls jgk gSA ik.Moksa dks x<+oky esa nsork ds :i esa iwtktkrk gSA blhfy, x<+oky ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ik.Mo u R;xhrksa dk vk;kstu gksrk jgrk gSA fVgjhx<+oky ds tkSuiqj] ?kulkyh] pfe;kyk vkfn LFkkuksa ij ik.Mo u R;xhr gksrs jgrs gSaA ik.Mo u R;e.Mk.k dk izeq[k u R; gSA e.Mk.k ,d izdkj ds [kqys eSnku dks dgk tkrk gS ftlesa yxHkx nkS lkSvkneh [kqydj u R; dj ldrs gSaA ;g eSnku esa xkao ds chpks&chp gksrk gSA ftls iapk;rh pkSd Hkhdg ldrs gSaA ijUrq og eSnku e.Mk.k rHkh dgykrk gS] tc ml eSnku ds ,d dksus ij tkxjh viusok|;U=kksa lfgr ,d=k gksdj u R;kfXu dks izTtofyr djrs gSaA

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dqUrh ikap ik.Moksa dh ekrk FkhaA vr% loZizFke mUgha dk xhr xk;k tkrk gSA ;g dkseyHkkouk dk ykL; dksfV dk u R; gSA

izxV OgS tku] izxV OgS tku@izxV Ogs tku ikap HkkbZ i.MkSa@izxV Ogs tku dqUrh ekrk@dqUrhekrkgksyh i.MkSa dh ekrk@dqUrh ekrk lqihukS OgS x;s rkNqe&[email protected] dk ljk/kqd pSan xSaMksrkNqe&rkNqe@vksMw vkok usaMw esjk ikap i.Mm rkNqe&rkNqe@rqe tkok i.Mm xs.Muk dh [kkstrkNqe&rkNqe ¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½;qf/kf"Bj cktk u R;% /keZjkt ;qf/kf"Bj dks lalkj esa /keZ dk vorkj dgk tkrk gSA ;g u R;lkSE;koLFkk dk lqUnj u R; gSA ;g le voLFkk esa pyus okyk ,oe~ eu dh izlUurk dks iznf'kZr djusokyk u R; gS& <+ksyh ds <+ksy ds Loj& tSdrk rw td tSdrk rkd@/keZ dk [kkfrj /keZjkt ouoklxSu@/keZ ikyu dk [kkfrj rhu d"V mBSu /keZ dk ikyu vj eu[;w¡ls izse@/keZjkt dk eu ek¡lnkjSus use@¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½Hkhe cktk u R;% Ik.Moksa esa Hkhe vR;Ur cyoku ,oe~ ohj gSaA ;g Hk;adj ;q) ds vR;Ur ohj ;ks)kgSa& <+ksyh ds <+ksy ds Loj&fxtk fxtM+h f/kUufxr@Okkyk nS.kh gksbZ tSu [email protected] gksbZ tSu tks/kkr;jh oklks e.k dh xnk@ijfrKk dk nkuh okyk@¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½vtZqu cktk u R;% vtqZu Hkh vR;Ur ohj ;ks)k gSaA ;g ohj] J axkj]@jkSnz] d#.k jl ,oe~ ohjrk lsifjiw.kZ ykL; dksfV okyk u R; gSA& <+ksyh ds <+ksy ds Loj&tSdrk rw tM+d tS u rkd@d ".k vcikSaNh xSa.ks gs vtqZu@ns[kh rhu rc gs vtqZu@tSrh eka foyki gs vtqZu iz.k djks ;kys gs vtqZu@t;nzFkrSeh ejh <+ksyyw gs vtqZu@furj lwjt Mwc.k ij Hkksy gs vtqZu ¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½udqy cktk u R;% ;g lkSE; okrkoj.k dk u R; gSA <+ksyh ds <+ksy ds Loj&tSdrk rw tM+sA ¼LFkkuh;yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½lgnso cktk u R;% ;g vR;Ur xEHkhj ,oe~ dksey Hkkouk dk u R; gS <+ksyh ds <+ksy ds ¼LFkkuh; yksdtkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½vfHkeU;q cktk u R;% rqe jUnk gksyk jktk tSUrh /k xiky rqe gksyk jktk N=klky ekSj@diVh dkSajksujktk dqpkyw jpsyh@tkSu jps jktk lkr }kjks dh yM+kbZ@tSUrh jkt Hkkst jktk lf.k i=kh nsUnk@tfrjUnk i.MkS rqe tSrh jkt ekWx@rqe vkok i.MkS vc lkr }kjksa dh yM+kbZ@¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijkls izkIr½nzkSinh cktk u R;% nzksinh u R; dksey ,oe~ jliw.kZ Ük axkj Hkkouk ls vkIykfor laokn ;kstuk lsifjiw.kZ ,d ykL; dksfV dk lqUnj u R; gSA blesa nzkSinh ds gkFk esa xhrk dh ikVh gksrh gS& nzqin&cksycksy nqjifn ds eky cjnh@rw cksy cksy csVh ds eky cjnh@nzkSinh&fey tk.k cqck th osbZ eky[kq.kha@ tw eky osn eqPNh dks vk[kksa C;k/kyks@nzqin&nqjek x<+ eka ekyw dk FkkosM+k@rw rw cksy dq«ojhds eky cjnh@nzkSinh&Nkrh dk ckyw yk tks fdokM+ [kksyyks@¼LFkkuh; yksd tkxj ijEijk ls izkIr½fVgjh x<+oky ds yksd&u R;i)IFkM+~;k u R;xhr% ;g u R;xhr x<+okyh yksd ijEijk dk lcls egRoiw.kZ u~R; gSA ;g ykL;dksfVdk u R; gSA ;g u R;xhr izk;% esys] rek'kksa vkfn ds volj ij xk, tkrs gSaA bl u R;xhr esa

'kks/k /kkjk 61

uo;qofr;ka ,d [kqys vk«xu esa xksy nk;js esa [kMs gksdj ,d nwljs ds dU/ks ij gkFk j[kdj xkrh gSa&lsjk dw ehMksY;w uSMkyh iSa ;ka tkeh nsorksa dh Mkyh uSMkyh iSa ;ka tkeh dwyh dh csM+oky uSMkyh iSa ;katkeh@lsjk dh f<+Lokyh uSMkyh iSa¸;ka tkeh@pyks nhnk HkqY;kvks uSMkyh iSa¸;ka tkeh@?kh nw/k /kkj;kSykuSMkyh iSa¸;ka tkeh@,d xRrh OgS X;k; uSMkyh iSa¸;ka tkeh@}h iRrh OgS X;k; uSMkyh iSa¸;ka tkeh¼x<+oky ds yksdxhr ,oe~ yksdu‘u R; i "B la[;k&51½pkSQyk u R;xhr% x<oky esa yksdu R;ksa dh ijEijk esa pkSQyk u R;xhr dk fof'k"V LFkku gSA pkS dkvFkZ pkjksa vksj rFkk Qyk dk vFkZ f[kyk gqvk gksrk gSA vFkkZr pkjksa vksj f[kyk gqvkA ;g u R;xhrpkjks vksj dh izlUurk dks iznf'kZr djus okyk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd loZizFke Hkxoku f'ko dks izlUudjus ds mn~ns'; ls ekrk ikoZrh usa ;g u R; fd;k FkkA mUgksusa ,d ioZr Ük a[kyk ij pkSjh vFkkZrpkSiky cukdj viuh lgsfy;ksa ds lkFk u R; fd;k Fkk ftlls lEiw.kZ pkSiky f[ky xbZ Fkh blhfy,bl u R;xhr dks pkSQyk u R;xhr dgk tkus yxkA pkSQyk u R;xhr dk ,d mnkgj.k izLrqr gS& rsjkseNksbZ xkM ckSxhxs] vc[kk jkaM ekNkA@cM+h eNksgh jkaM NS rw vc[kk jkaM ekNkA@dky clX;ky HkkjheV~;wM+@xkM+ xfUnU;w dh ?kV ?kV~;wM+@ykxs ekNkS dh jkSM+ rsjks eNksbZ xkM ckSxhxs vc[kk@ekNkS dksHkksj~;¡vkSr ns[khdh]@p<+nk esaMks ek tky Qsfdadh@cSBs xkMk dk Nkyk rsjks eNksbZ xkM ckSxhxs vc[kkjkaM ¼x<+oky ds yksdxhr ,oe~ yksd u R; i "B la[;k&51½pkapjh u R;xhr% pkapjh u R;xhr fVgjh x<+oky dk ,d izfl) yksdu R; gSaA bl u R; esa L=kh ,oaiq:"k feydj u R; djrs gSaA ;g u R; o Rrkdkj :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA L=kh vkSj iq:"k o Rr cukdju R; djrs gSaaA ,d vksj ls v)Zo Rr esa iq:"k ,d nwljs idM+s gq, ukprs gSa vkSj nwljh vksj ls fL=k;kav)Zo Rr esa ,d nwljs dks idM+dj o Rrkdkj :i esa u R; djrs gSaA bl o Rr ds e/; Hkkx esa eq[;xk;d gqM+dh ctkdj u R; djrk gSA mlh xhr dks iq:"k u R; djrs gq, xkrs gSa] rRi'pkr efgyk,aHkh mlh Hkkx dks xkrh gSA bl u R; esa inxfr eUn gksrh gSA bl u R; esa in foU;kl ds lkFk&lkFkdfV foU;kl Hkh ns[kus ;ksX; gksrk gSA bl u R;xhr esa xhrksa dk dksbZ cU/ku ugha gksrk gSA igys blu R;xhr esa /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa ds xhr xk, tkrs Fks] ijUrq vktdy ds cnyrs ifjos'k esa Ük axkjewydxhrksa dk Hkh lekos'k gks x;k gSApnh xM+h canh lqvk panh xM+h canh@dSdh lqvk gksyh buh yxwyh&lh yQUnh nhoktuh tksr@pnjhdh [kkai lqvk pnjh dh [kkai@dSdh lqvk gksyh buh lwyw tuh ykai nhoktuh [email protected] tuh iFkyh:vka tuh giyh@Mkyh tuha lqM+lqM+h daB dh lh cMwyh@c[k;ksZa dh rkan lqvk c[k;ksZa dh rkan@dSdhlqvk gksyh buh vaNjh tuh ckan nhoktuh tksr ¼x<+oky ds yksdxhr ,oe~ yksdu R; i 0 la[;k&51½>ksM+k u R;xhr% >ksM+k u R;xhr fVgjh x<+oky {ks=k dk izfl) u R;xhr gSA ;g cklfUrd u R;xhr gSAclUr _rq ds vkxeu ij tc igkM+ksa ij loZ=k gfj;kyh Nk tkrh gS o {k vkSj yrkvksa ij uohu dksaiysaQwVdj clUr vkxeu dk lUns'k nsrs gSa [ksrksa esa loZ=k gfj;kyh ygygkusa yxrh gSA i Foh ,d uohuJ axkj djrh gSA loZ=k fc[kjh gqbZ izkd frd lkSUn;Z dks ns[kdj ykxksa dk eu ukpusa yxrk gSA blhvolj ij gksusa okys esyksa vkSj R;kSgkjksa dk ;g ,d pgsrk u R;xhr gSA

>ksM+k u R;xhr fnu o jkr esa lEiUu djus dk fjokt gS] ijUrq fo'ks"k :i ls ;g u R;xhr

'kks/k /kkjk 62

jkf=k ds le; gh fd;k tkrk gSA fo'ks"k R;kSgkjksa ,oa ioksZa ds 'kqHk volj ij gtkjksa dh la[;k esauj&ukjh nsoh&nsorkvksa ds efUnj izkax.k esa ,d=k gksrs gSaA R;kSgkjksa esa gksus okys iwtu ds mijkUr ;gu R;xhr lEiUu fd;k tkrk gS bl u R;xhr esa fo'ks"kr% /kkfeZd xhr xkusa dk fjokt gS ijUrq orZekuds cnyrs ifjos'k ds dkj.k izse iz/kku xhr xk, tkrs gSaA

bl u R;xhr esa urZdksa dh vk;q dk dksbZ cU/ku ugha gksrk gS vkSj u gha u R; djusa okyksa dhla[;k dk gh dksbZ cU/ku gksrk gSA bl u R; esa 5]6 ;k 7]8 urZd Hkkx ys ldrs gSa dgha dgha ij 150ls 200 rd urZd bl u R; esa ukprs gSaA bl u R; esa vL=kh o iq:"k lkFk&lkFk ukprs gSa ijUrq dbZLFkkuksa ij L=kh o iq:"k vyx&vyx lewg cukdj u R; djrs gSaA

bl u R;xhr esa Hkh L=kh&iq:"k o Rrkdkj :i esa u R; djrs gSa vkSj o Rr ds e/; Hkkx esa eq[;xk;d u R; djrk gS vkSj xhr xkrk gS ,oa o Rrkdkj :i esa u R; dj jgs L=kh&iq:"k Hkh xhr xkrs gSaA/kqzo xk;d o lfEefyr yksx ,d gh rtZ ij xhr xkrs gSa&

/kzqo&fdluh iSYok.k uSxks] frys /kk: cksykA@ghjk fg:yh ck«n] frys /kk: cksykAlfEefyr&f>V ?kM+h cSfB tkSyk] cktS Mkyh ewaM@ghjk fg:yh ck«n] cktS Mkyh ewM+Afdluh [kM+Doky uSxh] cktS Mkyh ewM+A@iq:"k&ghjk fg:yh ckan] fryS Fkk: cksykAL=kh&fdluh [kM+Doky uSxks fryS /kk: cksyk iq:"k&dwVh tkyk/kku@gh:] dwVh tkyk/kkuA

dSdh tkyh ?kj dwM+h dSdh tkyh tkuAL=kh&dkVks u [kehj usxh] dkVks u [kehj@pkj fnu tqu[;kyh] fijse p vejA ¼x<+oky ds

yksdxhr ,oe~ yksdu R; i "B la[;k&51½ bl izdkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mRRkjk[k.M yksd ijaijkvksa dk thrk&tkxrk {ks=k gSA yksdxhr] yksd&u R; vkSj yksd ijaijkvksa ds laj{k.k dh n f"V ls fVgjh x<+oky vR;ar izklafxd gSA

lanHkZ1- la/kh] yksd ukFk( Hkkjrh; yksd ijaijk]1998]i 0 242- /kuflag] x<+oky ds yksdxhr ,oa yksdu R;] 2001] i 0 51

'kks/k /kkjk 63

Technology has profoundly altered our modes of life. Even the socialinstitutions like family, religion, morality, marriage etc. are not free from the effectsof the ostensible changes of technology. As far as women in particular, areconcerned, the advent of technology has instilled confidence and recognition, byproviding them the newer opportunities of expression and acceptance but on theother hand it has also contributed to the stresses and strains in the men andwomen relationship in the society. Present paper intends to analyse the role oftechnology in bringing forth the matrimonial negotiations in present Indian socialcontext replacing the age-old tradition into a ‘self-arrangement’ mode.

The play Wedding Album (2009) by Girish Karnad explores the traditionalIndian Wedding in a globalized, technologically advanced India. The playpersuades us to confront our realities as we move forward into newer times andgenerations. So far as its various themes are concerned, they all confront us, withour own confused, dissatisfied and disguised self in this hi-tech age. If the father

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 63-67English

The Impact of Technology on Matrimonial Negotiationsand Alliance in Girish Karnad's Wedding Album

Dr. Alka Rani PurwarAssociate Prof. & Head Deptt. of English, Dayanand Vedic College, Orai, Jalaun

¼Received : 10 Jan. 2018½

Abstract The present world is a strange one with varied choices present all around,

especially because of the advancement of information technology, gender studiesand feministic movement. Individuals are trapped in a continuous cycle of creating,destroying and recreating the existing moral code of conduct of the world. Thereare two facts about the theory of change- first change is absolutely inevitable andsecond is largely unplanned. So far as changes in the society are concerned, theyare often valuable forces of transformation in the society like culture and technology.They include every possible alteration in the society, in terms of cause and effect ofintra-social relations, or the institutions of family, marriage and such culturalaspects. It is an agreed fact that a cell phone connects persons at distances, but theirony is that the same negates and nullifies physical presence of the person sittingin front. Marriage, at its best, is now treated as a civil contract than a sacred bond.Present paper is an attempt to bring forth the use and impact of technology on theinstitution of marriage and it also depicts the triumph of Indian Ethos andphilosophy over Western culture.

Figure : 01 References : Table : 01

Key words : Matrimonial Negotiations, Technology, Indian Wedding , Indian Ethos,Western Culture.

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waves off the sanctity of marital bonding in his blessing to the newly marrieddaughter saying,” Marriage is a gamble. No escaping the fact- marriage is a gamble,”(89) the brother also does not hesitate to nullify the concept of marriage saying,”We live in a modern blood. A divorce is ok. It is no shame.” (86) In this context,Ruchi Sharma in her article, ‘Marital Discord and Its Assonance in Girish Karnad’sWedding Album’ rightly remarks: “The playwright presents society that hashitherto remained passive, perplexed and rather helpless witness to the recentevolution of marriage and their breakdown.” (Journal of Higher Education andResearch Society: a Referred International, 3)

The central characters of the play portray the modern middle class family:an expat daughter Hema living in Australia with her family, a son Rohit who is amedia professional, a younger daughter Vidula who is willing to marry a ‘suitable’boy Ashwin from the US, a doting mother, an ageing father and a loyal but ailingcook. The story revolves around an urban, educated and modern South IndianBrahmin family planning the marriage of their second daughter. The plot of theplay moves forward solely on the presumption that things will work out well inthe end and fortunately it happens the same. Apparently it seems a familiar picture-a joyful event of marriage where members of the clan come together to celebrateand reaffirm their loyalties, but behind the smiling picture there lies longsuppressed suspicions, jealousies and aggression.The play is reminiscent of a typical hilarious marriage scene, easily witnessed inevery Family which makes them re-live those moments at the most. The rituals ofan Indian marriage and various ceremonies are described in a lighter mood ofhumour through the discussions, among all the family members, especiallymother’s persistent way of choosing the gifts for the relatives just to take therevenge of their mal-hospitality, on the occasions of ceremonies held previously.Girish Karnad improvises his dramatic technique by introducing a new visualtool- that is technology through “its constant co-presence” as Srinavasan, thewriter of its ‘Foreword’, comments, “By making ‘distance’ technology almost acharacter in the play…” (Wedding Album, xi) He further refers it significantlythus:

But the masterstroke lies in linking technology to the very‘arranging’ of marriage itself. Marriage and sex without love-thataspect of Indian culture that western society finds repulsive in itsstrangeness and customariness-becomes, via the technologies ofrepresentation (video, email, and telephone), a ‘self-arrangement’.(xi)

Rohit appreciates Ashwin’s simple and straightforward way of choosing alife partner which seems to be a practical approach in the present context so far asthe problem of dowry in India is concerned. He informs his family members: “He

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has already said he doesn’t want all that. No rituals, no wasteful tamasha, nothing.If he and Vidula like each other, they’ll go to the Registrar and sign. If they don’t,they’ll shake hands and part.” (25)

The play begins with a video biodata replacing the written biodata thatVidula, a ‘smalltown’ girl, which she has to present to the prospective match in atraditional arranged marriage. She is ‘extremely self-conscious and ill-at-ease’while being shot in a video by her media professional brother Rohit to show it toher fiancé, a NRI groom- a man whom she has yet to meet in person: “I am Vidula.Vidula Nadkarni. I am twenty-two. Twenty-two and a half, actually. I have donemy BA in Geography. Passed my exams last year. I am not doing anything at themoment.” (5) In her resentment and nervousness, Vidula goes on telling the realtruths while being videographed though her brother continuously pressurisesher to show her best face to him. Instead she believes in “let him know the wholetruth” and confesses innocently, “You can see I am no good at this sort of thing.How did people get introduced before video cameras were invented?” (7) Thoughan ancient issue, but having an impressive first meeting is the pressing urgencyin any relationship, and it is particularly more important in seeking a matrimonialallegiance. The old mentality, of sharing only the glorious shades of the personality,has been replaced by the desire to tell the ‘whole truth’; yet the issue is equallygrave and serious even today. Perplexed Vidula is a typical prototype of any girl ofour society.

Even Pratibha Khan, boss of Rohit, objects on this age-old approach tomarriage after seeing this video-shoot. She appreciates the honest attitude of Vidulabut refuses to accept it as a plot to be worked out for a television serial taking intoconsideration about the young generation’s mentality. Pratibha is quite pragmaticin her approach to man-woman relationship that’s why she strongly objects tosuch kind of marriage where an educated girl “agrees to consider marrying a manwhom she has never met. The boy turns up, all ready to jump on to the altar,without ever having seen her. In this day and age?” (8) Finally, finds Radhabai,the maid’s story more interesting for her tele-serial. Pratibha is bold, confidentand an expert in the field of direction who knows well the plus and minus pointsof this field.

In most of his plays, Karnad interrogates with the moral order of the worldand advocates righteous way of life. In his opinion, the main cause of our miserieslies in the dark recesses of human mind which is always dominated by selfishmotives, sensual desires and worldly passions. As G. S. Jha in his article, “Karnad’sQuest for alternatives” opines: “Karnad, it seems, projects the imperfection of theworld (in the name of incompleteness) and exhibits its pretension to establishperfection or completeness.” (Explorations in Indian English Drama, 160)

The striking point of this play is that it taps those grey areas of human

'kks/k /kkjk 66

motives which we often do not spell out even to ourselves. The shy, hesitating andhomely Vidula of Scene One turns out to be an anonymous Cyber-sex girl in SceneSix, with a changed name of Kuchla…the Jezebel. She frequently visits café topass hours talking openly with Ananga the Bodyless in search of sensual pleasure.With Ananga, she undergoes a sexual course, through chatting. She has neverseen or met the male love-maker on the other side. She reciprocates the textswith the remarks and instructions of her male counterpart. She even opposes twoyouths, of her own community, boldly on being caught red-handed in the Café andbeing objected to do so. In a high voice, she asks them to leave her alone in thecafé’s cabin and “to work here without being disturbed because she has paid forit”. Even stricken with a new thought, she counter-attacks those boys by callingthem ‘rapists’ who “pulled away my dupatta…tried to molest me…They tore myclothes.” (71) According to P. D. Nimsarkar, Karnad discusses “women’s sexualityand adultery with such honesty, treating them as ‘normal human response’ andnot as something sinful.” (Women in Girish Karnad’s Plays: A Critical Perspective,20) Afterwards the same advanced girl agrees to marry a guy from US who hascome back to search in India the girl with “our rich traditions”, who can takemarriage “as a mission” (82) carrying within “the essence of Hindu Spirituality.Woman as Mother, Wife, Daughter. Womanhood as the most sacred Ideal.” (81)However, Ashwin tells frankly Vidula about his posed behaviour and feign attitudewhich he has to accept in abroad “to win friends and influence people.” (79) Andhow this hollow and mechanical life style has created a sort of mental crisis whichhe intends to clear away by choosing a suitable life partner. He opens his burdenedheart before neutral Vidula thus:

…I am passing through a spiritual crisis. I am boiling inside like avolcano. I want you to share my agonizing search of myself. It willrequire an intellectual effort to understand the real me. It may evenrequire an emotional giving-up. If you agree to marry me, you willhave to share my inner turmoil. (79-80)

The co-existence of two people can only be fruitful, beneficial, and persistent whentheir spirits, instincts and way of thinking are in one direction. Otherwise, therope of unity and communion becomes weak and soft and finally breaks, shatteringthe framework of co-existence. Surprisingly that sensualist girl of Scene Six agreesout to be a devoted, traditional and culture-bound wife favouring Ashwin for notbeing over-communicative through emails or calls. After hearing his heart in SceneEight, she affirms her family, “Ashwin may not speak much. But he was clearabout what he expected from marriage. I agreed with him. I gave him my word.”(86) About Karnad’s skillful mastery in depicting the inner recesses of femalepsyche, Sangeeta’ G. Avachar’s remark will be quite suitable in an essay “ExploringGirish Karnad’s Wedding Album as a Blend of Anxieties and Resentments Deep

'kks/k /kkjk 67

Rooted in Indian Marriage Institution”:The play represents the marriage theme which is considered a gambleby Indian families. His woman is contemporary, new woman in searchof identity in the society which secures freedom to female sex on apar with male counterpart. The present play also throws new lighton the psyche and behaviour of these new women. The mother,Hema, Vidula, Pratibha and even Radhabai are new women in thetrue sense of the term. Their lives are full of anxieties andresentments while facing the mental, psychological and emotionalhardships of life. (Lapis Lazuli, 2)

The Attendant of an Internet Café in the play highlights clearly the growinguse of technology in settling the marriage alliances when he tells Vidula, “Youdon’t know how many people use our internet café to find life partners.” (62) Buthe never mentions how much more the same technology is being utilized by theyoung generation for ‘private viewing’ also. (62)

A virtual world is a sure promise of escape from the pangs and pains of thereal world. So far as matrimonial alliances are concerned the technology isundoubtedly playing a vital role in settling them down in this globalized age bymaking available the various options at the tip of one’s finger. The emergingcommunities and companions of the virtual friends and fellows, on the networks,have undoubtedly become easy sources of finding out the life partners throughchats and mails, but most of the times cutting the connecting threads of heart andbrain. The easy access to the new world of internet has not only widened up thearea of vast knowledge and has made the realization of the various dreams andexperiences possible but at the same time with the presence of numerous Ananga,the bodyless it is also giving birth to several new dangers by shaking the roots ofour moral and spiritual tradition.

WORKS CITED1. Avachar, Sangeeta G. Lapis Lazuli. Vol.2/ NO.2/ Autumn, 2012.2. Karnad, Girish. Wedding Album. New Delhi: oxford University Press, 2009.3. Mouli, T. Sai Chandra & M. Sarat Babu. Explorations in Indian English Drama.

New Delhi: Authors Press, 2009.4. Nimsarkar, P.D. Women in Girish Karnad’s Plays- A Critical Perspectives. New

Delhi: Creative Books, 2009.

'kks/k /kkjk 68

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 67-72Sanskrit

izfrHkk&lEiUu dfri; fonq"kh ukfj;k¡MkW0 v:f.kek

vflLVsUV izksQslj] laLd r] jktdh; ¼ih-th-½ dkyst] dksV}kj] mRRrjk[k.M¼izkIr % 23 vDVwcj 2017½

Abstractfonq"kh ukjh dh lg/kkjk ;qxksa esa vck/k xfr ls izokfgr gksrh jgh gSA laLd r dfo;ksa ds leku dof;f=k;ksa

dh Hkh ijEijk vfrizkphu dky ls gh x|] i|] pEiw rFkk ukV~; vkfn dh ltZuk esa viuk ;ksxnku nsrh jgh gSAL=kh gh czãk oHkwfor* L=kh czã Kku dh vf/k"Bkrk gS] og txkfUuekZ=kh gSA ukjh ds ikl os lEiw.kZ 'kfDr;ka gSa tkslalkj esa vU;=k ugha gSA oSfnd dky esa jkse'kk] yksikeqnzk] fo'ookjk] 'kk'orh] vkikyk] ljLorh vkfn fonq"kh gqbZAtks ukfj;ksa ds fy;s izfrHkk Kku dk izek.k gSa lHkh _f"kdk,a thoukfHkyk"k vfer izse vkSj deZ ds izfr fo'okl lsifjiw.kZ gSA ;s lHkh ukfj;ka okRlY; izse mnkjrk vkfn dksey Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr ls ;qDr gSaA

fonq"kh ukjh dh lg/kkjk ;qxksa esa vck/k xfr ls izokfgr gksrh jgh gSA laLd r dfo;ksa ds lekudof;f=k;ksa dh Hkh ijEijk vfrizkphu dky ls gh x|] i|] pEiw rFkk ukV~; vkfn dh ltZuk esa viuk;ksxnku nsrh jgh gSA L=kh gh czãk oHkwfor* L=kh czã Kku dh vf/k"Bkrk gS] og txkfUuekZ=kh gSA ukjhds ikl os lEiw.kZ 'kfDr;ka gSa tks lalkj esa vU;=k ugha gSA oSfnd dky esa jkse'kk] yksikeqnzk] fo'ookjk]'kk'orh] vkikyk] ljLorh vkfn fonq"kh gqbZA tks ukfj;ksa ds fy;s izfrHkk Kku dk izek.k gSa lHkh_f"kdk,a thoukfHkyk"k vfer izse vkSj deZ ds izfr fo'okl ls ifjiw.kZ gSA ;s lHkh ukfj;ka okRlY;izse mnkjrk vkfn dksey Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr ls ;qDr gSaA dfri; izfrHkk lEiUu ukfj;ksa dk fooj.kfuEuor gS&

bUnzk.kh & _Xosn ds nlos e.My ds 145 os lwDr esa _f"kdk bUnzk.kh gSA bUnzk.kh usliRuhck/k fo"k; dk izfriknu fd;k gSA _Xosn esa lk;.k us liRuh dk rkRi;Z&leku ,d% ifr;ZL;k%lk1 fd;k gSA bl lwDr ls bUnz ds izfr bUnzk.kh ds izse dh vfr'k;rk O;Dr gksrh gSA ifr izse dsfy, vkS"k/kh ea=k dk vkJ; ysrh gSA bUnzk.kh dks fo|k ¼Kku½ rFkk liRuh dk vfo|k ¼vKku½ dkizrhd ekuk tk ldrk gSA O;fDr ek;k ds iziap ls mldh vksj vkd "V gksrk gSA ijUrq Kku viusiz;Ruksa ;e] fu;e vkfn }kjk vKku ls mldks ifjfpr cukdj ek;k&tky ls eqDr dj nsrk gSA

m"kk & _Xosn esa m"kk nsoh dh rhu lkS ckj Lrqfr dk o.kZu gSA _Xosn dh jpuk esa ukfj;ksadk ;ksxnku gksus ls ,slk izrhr gS fd os NUn fo/kk ds izkjfEHkd fu;eksa ls iw.kZr% voxr Fkha] ftllsdkykUrj esa lEHkor% x| rFkk i| esa foHksn LFkkfir fd;k tk ldkA

ljLorh & ljLorh nsoh ifrr ikouh] lRo mRizsjdh] f'kf{kdk vkSj Kkunk=kh ekuh x;h gSaAbUgksaus vusd ea=kksa dk l tu Hkh fd;k gSA buds izkIr i|ksa esa jktiz'kfLrijd i| bl izdkj gS&nsoRoeso ikrkyek'kkuka Roa fuoU/kue~A Roa pkej&e#n~Hkwfejsdks yksd =k;kRed%A2


Key Words : oSfnd ijaijk vkSj fL=k;k¡]osnksa esa L=kh 'kfDr

'kks/k /kkjk 69

lw;kZlkfo=kh& vFkZoosn dh _f"kdk lw;kZlkfo=kh gSaA lEiw.kZ 14 dk.M bUgha ds }kjk n "V gSA;s lwDr fookg lEcU/kh gSaA bls fookg dk.M ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA dU;k ds }kjk ftl ojdk oj.k fd;k tkrk Fkk] firk mlh oj ds fy, dU;k dks nsrk gSA dU;k o;Ld gksrh gSA vf/kdkjksads lkFk gh llqjky ds lnL;ksa ds izfr mlds dÙkZO; Hkh FksA ifr&iRuh ds izse dks pØokd feFkquds izse ls mifer dj fn;k gSA fir x g ls dU;k ds vyx gksus dh miek o {k ls ydM+h ds i Fkdgksus ls nh gSA fir x g ls dU;k ds vyx gksus dh miek o {k ls ydM+h ds i Fkd gksus ls ukjh ds vkn'kZ:i] thou ds o/kw dh Js"Brk] izxk<+ izse vkfn dh vfHkO;fIr gksrh gSA L=kh dk la;ksx gh mls ljylgt] cukrk gS izdk'k nsrk gS] ltho dj nsrk gS] L=kh iq#"k ds thou dh T;ksfr gSA3 lw;Z _Xosnds 10osa e.My ds 85osa lwDr dh mYys[kuh; _f"kdk gSA bl lwDr dh 47 _pk,a bUgha dh jpukgSA blds izkjfEHkd _pkvksa esa pUnzek ds lkFk lw;ZdU;k lw;Z ds fookg dh ?kVukvksa dk fooj.k feyrkgSA ;s lwDr 47 iknksa ds ikjLikfjd laxzg ls fufeZr gSA

vfnfr & _Xosn ds n'ke e.My ds 72osa lwDr dh _f"kdk n{knqfgrk vfnfr gSA4 ;g lwDrnk'kZfud rRoksa dk foospu djus ds dkj.k nk'kZfud n f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gSA vfnfr ls mRiUu gksus dsdkj.k gh viO;FkZ eas nsox.k vkfnR; dgs x;s gSaA vfnfr nk{kk;.kh us _f"k okenso ds lkFk bUnz dhLrqfr dh gSA vfnfr bUnz ds loZdY;k.kdkjh] nq"djdk;Z] o =kguu ls vR;f/kd izHkkfor gSA og bUnzds }kjk fd, x;s o =k&o/k dk o.kZu djrh gSA bUnz dk dk;Z o =k guu yksdfgr ds fy, Fkk vr%fu'p; gh bUnz dks iki gR;k dk nks"k ugha yxsxkA loZ 'kfDrerh] Kkunzk=kh] fo'o fgrSf"k.khlokZxzfg.kh] ekrk&firk] iq=k vkSj leLr nsork gSA xU/koZ] fiarj] nso vlqj vkSj jk{kl Hkh ogh gSaAvfnfr gh tUe vkSj mldk dkj.k5 gSA _Xosn esa okLrfod rF;ksa dks izekf.kr djus okys vusdn "VkUr Hkjs iM+s gSa ftlls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd _Xosn lekt ds ckSf)d oxZ dh ukfj;ka iRuh ,oa iq=khds :i esa mPp f'k{kk ds fo'ks"kf/kdkj dk xzg.k dj ldrh FkhA mYYks[k gS fd _Xosn ,d mPpre~/kkfeZd fopkj dh mit gSA ;|fi vf/kdka'k oSfnd L=kksr ds jfp;rk _f"k Fks ijUrq _Xosn esa ,slsHkh L=kksr gS ftudh jpuk fl) ukfj;ksa us dh] ftUgsa _f"kdk vkSj czgeokfnuh ds uke ls lEcksf/krfd;k x;k gSA Lusg% iki'k³~dh6 bl lwfDr ds vk/kkj ij vfnfr dk vius iz'kluh; nsork dh lqj{kkds fy, Hk;Hkhr gksuk LokHkkfod gSA lkFk gh mldh fgrSf"k.kk us bUnz ds bl dk;Z dks yksddY;k.kdkjh fl) djds bUnz ds pfj=k dks mTToy vkSj egku cuk fn;k gSA

czãkokfnuh jkse'kk & jkse'kk rFkk mlds ifr Hkko;O; _Xosn lafgrk ds izFke e.My ds126osa lwDr ds NBsa rFkk lkrosa ea=k esa mudk lEokn fo|eku gSA "k"B ea=k dk n "VkHkko:i vkSj lIree=ka dh n "Vh czãkokfnuh jkse'kk gSA lIrE;ka jkse'kk uke czãokfnuh7 lk;.k Hkk"; jkse'kk ifr dksvius 'kjhj ds iw.kZ fodkl rFkk ifjiDork ds fo"k; esa crkrh gS og Lo;a dks xkU/kkj ns'k dh HksM+ksads leku jksekas ls ;qDr crkrh Fkh&miksi esa ijk e 'k ek eas nHkzkf.k eU;FkkA lokZgekfLe jkse'kkxkUèkkjhA8 ,slh fdaonUrh gS fd blds lkjs 'kjhj esa jksekoyh Fkh] ftlls buds ifr bUgsa ugha pkgrsFksA osn vkSj 'kkL=k dh vusd 'kk[kk,a gh buds fy, buds 'kjhj esa jkse gS vkSj ;s budk izlkj djrhFkhaA blh ls ;s jkse'kk dgyk;haA blls vkHkkl gksrk gS fd L=kh f'k{kk ds fodkl esa budk i;kZIr

'kks/k /kkjk 70

;ksxnku FkkA ifjiDo vk;q okys gh ;qod&;qofr;ksa dk ijLij fookg gksrk FkkA cky fookg dh izFkkugha FkhA

yksikeqnzk & bl _f"kdk dks _Xosn ds izFke e.My ds 179 osa lwDr ds _pkvksa dks viusifr _f"k vxLr; ds lkFk la;qDr :i ls jpuk djus dk Js; izkIr gS& v=k =k;k.kka yksikeqnzkxLR;rfPN";an"VRokRr ,o"kZ;%A9 _f"kdk ds }kjk vxLR; ds izfr vius izse ds dkj.k jfr Hkko dksizdV djus ds dkj.k bl lwDr ds nsork jfr gSA _f"kdk] yksikeqnzk ds vdkV~; rdZ 'kfDr ds lkFk;s ea=k thou ls iyk;u :i fuo fRr ekxZ ls thou la?k"kZ :i izo fRr ekxZ dh mÙkerk dk izfr iknudjrs gSaA

vikyk & _f"k vf=k dh iq=kh vikyk _Xosn ds 10osa e.My ds 91osa L=kksr dh nz"Vk FkhA;g lwDr dFkk :i esa gSA bUnz dks vikyk us lkseiku gsrq vkg~oku fd;kA lkseiku ls lUrq"V vikykls bUnz us oj ekaxus dks dgk rc vikyk }kjk =k; oj ekaxs x;sA esjs firk ds xats flj dks jkse ;qDrdj nks muds Ålj [ksrksa dks moZjk cuk nks rFkk esjh Ropk jksx dk funku djsa& vlkS p ;k umoZjkfneka rUoa ee vFkks rrL; ;fPNj% lokZ rka jkse'kk10 d f/kA oSfnd _f"kdk vikyk dk jksx foKkuds {ks=k esa fu".kkr rFkk tkx:d izKk dk ifjpk;d gSA

dVq& og _Xosn ds nwljs e.My ds NBosa lw=k ds 8osa _pk dh _f"kdk FkhAfo'ookjk & og _Xosn ds 5osa e.My ds 28osa lw=k dh _pk dh _f"kdk FkhA _f"k vf=k

dh iq=kh gksus ds dkj.k bUgsa vk=ks;h fo'okjk dgk x;k gSA vf=k xks=kksRiUuk fo'ookjkukfedk vL;lwDrL;11 _f"k%A ;K dk;Z ifr&iRuh nksuksa ds }kjk lEHko gSA ty ds vHkko esa c gLifr Hkh ;Kdk;Z ls oafpr jgsA oSokfgd dk;ksZ esa vfXu dks lk{kh ekudj nkEiR; cU/ku esa ca/krs gSaA fo'ookjk usnso Lrou ds lkFk ;K esa lekukf/kdkj dks izdV fd;k gSA

?kks"kk & egku _f"k dk¡{khoku dh iq=kh rFkk _f"k nh?kZrek dh ikS=kh ?kks"kk _Xosn ds 12osae.My dh loksZRd "V _f"kdk FkhA d{khorksa nqfgrksa ?kks"kk uke czãokfnU; f"k%A12 mldk mYys[k _Xosnesa vusd LFkyksa ij gqvk gSA vf'ouksa ds Lrqfr rFkk nsoRo dh viuh /kkj.kk esa egku ekuh x;h gSAdgk tkrk gS fd Ropk jksx ls xzLr gksus ds dkj.k bldk fookg ugha gks ldkA vf'ouh dqekjksa dhLrqfr;ksa ds ifj.kke Lo:i mUgha dh d ik ls budk jksx u"V gksus ij mUgsa o )koLFkk esa ifr ¼vtqZu½dh izkfIr gqbZA vUrr% og fonq"kh ,oa czg~eokfnuh mlus Lo;a czg~epkfj.kh ds :i esa czg~epkfj.kh thoudky ds leLr drZO;ksa dk mYys[k nks lwDrksa esa fd;k x;k gSA bl lanHkZ esa mldk dFku mYys[kuh;gS&^^gs vf'ouh dqekjks! vkids vkxzg ls vkt ?kks"kk ije lkSHkkX;orh gqbZ gSA vkids vk'khokZn ls ?kks"kkds Lokeh ds dY;k.k ds fy, vkdk'k esa izpqj o"kkZ gks ftlls [ksr ygygk mBsA vkidh d ik n f"V?kks"kk ds Hkkoh ifr dks 'k=kq dh fgalk ls j{kk djsaA _f"kdk us jFk ls lEc) rhu miek,¡ nh xbZ iqjkusjFk ls o )P;ou dh miek] e xq ds }kjk cuk, x;s jFk ls vf'ouh dqekjh ds fufeRr cuk, x, Lrks=kksadh miek] jFk lfgr bUnz o dqRl ds xeu ds lkFk vf'ouh dqekjkas ds xeu dh miek&;q oaP;okualu;a ;Fkk jFkaA ,ra oka Lrkseekf'oukodekZ r{kke Hk xoks u jFke~A13 fu';;gh miek osns ?kks"kk;k dsdFku ls _f"kdk ?kks"kk dks lEekfur fd;k tkrk gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 71

tqgw&czg~e dh iRuh tqgw _Xosn ds 10osa e.My dh _f"kdk FkhA budks czã tk;k dgk x;kgSA lkczã.kksa14 tk;k lPpfj=k ukjh dk vdkj.k ifjR;kx c gLifr tSls O;fDr ds gkFkksa gqvkA vr%c gLifr dks iki dk Hkkxh gksuk iM+kA nsoksa us c gLifr dks muds }kjk fd, x, iki dk n'kZu djk;kvfXu ds }kjk gLr idM+dj czãtk;k dks iznku fd;s tkus ds rkRi;Z ;gh gS fd tqgw Hkh vfXu laLi'kZls ifo=k gks xbZA lkekftd O;oLFkk deZ iz/kku Fkh] dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vius deksZa ls mPp ;k fuEu LFkkudks izkIr dj ldrk FkkA tqgw }kjk n "V lwDr ls oSfnd dky dh vusd lkekftd ekU;rkvksa ijizdk'k iM+rk gSA

okd~& vEHk .k _f"k dh iq=kh okd~ _Xosn ds 10osa e.My ds 125osa lwDr dh _f"kdk FkhA okd~_f"kdk }kjk n "V lwDr nk'kZfud gSA dqN fo}ku okd~ dks dfYir _f"kdk ekurs gSaA okd nsoh dsxq.k :i rFkk dk;ksZa dk o.kZu feyrk gS&vga #nsfHkoZlqfHk'p;wE;gekfnO;S#r fo'onsoS%15A vgafe=kko#.kksHkk foHkE;ZgfeUnzkXuh vgef'ouksHkkA #nz olq vkfnR; rFkk fo'onsoksA vf'ouh dqekjks]fe=kko#.k] bUnzfXu rFkk vf'ou dqekjks ds lkFk fopj.k djrh gSA ;fn okd~ nsoh us gksrh rks lEiw.kZlalkj vKku ds vU/kdkj esa Mwc tkrk&bneU/kUre% re% d RLua tk;sr% Hkqou=k;e~A ;fn 'kCnkg~o;aT;ksfrjlalkja u nhI;rs16A lkFk gh okd~ ds fcuk Hkko&lEizs"k.k Hkh lEHko ugha vr% okd nsoh dh egÙkkfurkUr vfuok;Z gSaA

J)k dkek;uh & dke xks=k dh J)k dkek;uh _Xosn ds 10osa e.My ds 151 osa lwDr dh_f"kdk gSA dke xks=k esa mRiUu gqbZ _f"kdk J)k dkek;uh gSA dkexks=ktk17 J)k ukef"kZdkAHkkjrh; laLd fr ds vuqlkj bl lwDr dk egRo tkrdeZ laLdkj ls gSA tkrdeZ laLdkj esa ckyddks izFke ckj ekrk dk Lru iku djkrs le; izKk ;qDr dk;ksZa esa J)klwDr dk Lrou fd;k tkrkgS] ftlls mls thou /kkfjdk J)k dks xzg.k djus dh f'k{kk Hkh feyrh gSA

moZ'kh & lafonkRed oSokfgd 'krksZa ds vuqlkj jktk iq:jok ds lkFk fookfgr vIljk moZ'khLrks=k ds laokn eas yydkjus okyh ,d egku fonq"kh FkhA _Xosn ds 10osa e.My ds 95 oas Lrks=k dsvusd _pkvksa dh vkaf'kd ysf[kdk FkhA moZ'kh uke dh vIljk iq:jok dks NksM+dj tkus yxh rksiq:jok blls vR;Ur {kqC/k gks x;sA mUgksaus moZ'kh dks dqN {k.k :dj ckr djuh pkgh ijUrq moZ'khus Lo;a dks ok;q ln 'k nq"izkI; crkdj okrkZ djus ls euk dj fn;kA iq:jok moZ'kh dks jksdrk jgku jksdus ij iq=k dk Lej.k djuk pkgrk gSA Hkkoh iq=k ds jksdus ls moZ'kh O;kdqy gks tkrh gSA

ljek& ;g nlosa e.My dk 103oka lwDr gSA _f"kdk ljek rFkk if.k ds ijLij laokn dko.kZu djrkA ljek 'kfDr :ih Kku gS tks fuxw<+ Kku dk gesa lk{kkRdkj djkrh gSA Lokeh bUnz dsizfr ljek ds vVwV J)kHkko ls Hkko /ofu dk lkSUn;Z Hkh vuqHkwr gksrk gSaA

bUnzkekrk&bUnz dh ek¡ dks Hkh ,d Lrks=k ds lz"Vk dk Js; izkIr gSA blls ,slk vkHkkl gksrkgS fd bUnz ds ?kj ds vf/kdka'k lnL; dfoRo Kku ls foHkwf"kr FksA lw;Z dks /kkj.k djus okyk bUnzczt dks viuh efgek ls rh{.k dj leLr txr ds pkjksa vksj O;kIr dj ysrk mudh n f"V ls ân;esa /kS;Z dks /kkj.k djus okyk rFkk lHkh dh dkeukvksa dks iw.kZ djus okyk bUnz nwljkas dks lglk vfHkHkwrdj ysrk gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 72

xksik;u dh ek¡& blh izdkj xksik;u dh ek¡ us vius iq=kksa] Jqr cU/kq rFkk foizcU/kq ds lkFklfEefyr :i ls _Xosn ds 10osa e.My ds 60osa Lrks=k dh jpuk dhA og ,d Lora=k ysf[kdk Hkh FkhA

;eh oSoLrh&fooLokr dh iq=kh ;eh us _Xosn ds 10osa e.My ds lwDr dh jpuk vius HkkbZds lkFk la;qDr :i ls dhA blesa og vius ;et ¼tqM+os½ HkkbZ ds I;kj ds fo"k; esa crkrh gSA leLr_Xosn lafgrk ds jpuk {ks=k esa og vius <+ax dh vrqyuh;] vfu;fU=kr ,oa mRd "V ukjh FkhA mlds}kjk jfpr Lrks=k esa fofgr laokn ukV~; lkfgR; dh izkjfEHkd :ijs[kk ,oa n "VkUr gSA ;g lwDrthoek=k ls lEc) gSA ;g lwDr vkpkj e;kZnk dh f'k{kk nsus okyk dgk tk ldrk gS lkFk gh |qyksd]i Fohyksd ds vfrfjDr muds e/; fir yksd dh tkudkjh nsrk gSAlkfo=kh& _Xosn ds n'ke e.My dk 85ok¡ lwDr lfor lqrk lw;kZ18 lfo=kh }kjk n "V gSA bl lwDresa 5 _pkvkas esa lkse dk o.kZu] 11 _pkvksa esa lw;Z ds fookg dk o.kZu fo'onso dh Lrqfr] lksekdZ]pUnzLrqfr] vk'khokZn] cw/kokl] laLi'kZ dh fuUnk rFkk vof'k"V _pkvksa esa lw;kZ dk o.kZu gSA efgyk_f"k lw;kZ lkfo=kh dks n'kZu dk Js; izkIr gksrk gSA ;g Hkkjrh; thou i)fr dh vk/kkj f'kyk gSA

izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk vUrjax iz;kstu mPp Kku vftZr djuk Fkk] ftls 'kSf{kdvkRe&ifjrqf"V dh laKk nh tk ldrh gSA oLrqfLFkfr ;g gS fd ;g ckº; txr~ dh vis{kk vUrjLFkKku ls ,oa oLrqijd Kku ds vuUrj fo"k;ijd Kku dh izkfIr ls iw.kZr% lEc) Fkk] bl 'kSf{kdn f"Vdks.k ls izkphu dky esa ukfj;ksa dk LFkku egkure~ FkkA fdlh dh egkurk dh dlkSVh dk vkHkkl,d oSfnd _f"k ds bl opu ls gksrk gS&^^;fn dksbZ euq"; nwljs ls cM+k ;k egku gS rks bldk rkRi;Z;g ugha fd mlds ikl vfrfjDr us=k ;k gkFk gksrs gSa] cfYd og cM+k ;k egku blfy, gksrk gS fdmldh cqf) vkSj efLr"d f'k{kk ds }kjk vf/kd iz[kj vkSj iw.kZ gksrh gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksa dslanHkZ esa Hkh ;gh ckr ykxw gksrh gSA dfri; fonq"kh ukfj;k¡ vius ln~xq.kksa ds dkj.k _f"kdkvksa ds :iesa lqizfrf"Br gqbZ gSA dqN ukfj;k¡ ea=knz"Vk _f"kdkvksa vFkok nsfo;ksa ds :i esa Hkh txr izfl) gSAtSls /ku dh nsoh y{eh] 'kfDr dh nsoh nqxkZ vkSj fo|k dh nsoh ljLorh gS oSlh gh vfnfr] m"kkbUnzk.kh] Hkkjrh] okXnsoh] J)k vkfn oSfnd nsfo;k¡ muds rRoksa dh vf/k"Bk=kh ekuh x;h gSA lkSUn;Z]'kwjrk] rstfLork ds izfr bUnz fonq"kh ukfj;ksa dk lgt vkd"kZ.k gSA vkpj.k dh Js"Brk vkSj O;fDr]lekt rFkk jk"Vª ds vH;qn; dh vkdka{kk loZ=k n f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA

lUnHkZ1- _Xosn & 10@145 2- vyadkj dkSLrqe&i 0 2463- oSfnd ,oa /keZ'kkL=kh; lkfgR; esa ukjh &i 0 658 4- _Xosn 10@685- _Xosn 10@72 lk;.k Hkk"; 6- dkfynklxzUFkkoyh i 0&4927- _Xosn&1@126 8- _Xosn&1@126@79- _Xosn&1@179 10- _Xosn&8@91@611- _Xosn&5@28 12- _Xosn&10@39@4013- _Xosn&10@39@4&14 14- _Xosn&10@10915- _Xosn&10@125 16- n.Mh & 1@417- _Xosn&10@15 18- _Xosn&10@85

'kks/k /kkjk 73

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; DEC 2017; Vol. 4; P. 73-75SANSKRIT

egkdfo ek?k dk ikafMR;MkW0 lkfo=kh xqIrk

izkpk;kZ] lsB cnzhizlkn Le fr egkfo|ky;] dksap] mRrj izns'k¼izkIr % 28 fnlEcj 2017½

AbstractlaLd r lkfgR;kdk'k ds nSnhI;eku u{k=k egkdfo ek?k dk Kku vxk/k ,oa izkS<+ gSA egkdfo ds

izpfyr dkO; f'k'kqiky o/k* ds lE;d~ vuq'khyu ls Kkr gksrk gS fd mUgsa fHkUUk {ks=kksa dk lqUnj vuqHkoFkkA egkdfo ek?k osn] osnkax] n'kZu] iqjk.k] jktuhfr] O;kdj.k] vk;qosZn] T;ksfr"k]laxhr]dke'kkL=k]i'kqfoKku vkfn ds eeZK ,oa fu".kkr fo}ku izrhr gksrs gSaA mUkds leLr ikf.MR; dk fofHkUu 'kh"kZdksa dsvUrxZr i Fkd&i Fkd foospu izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA O;kdj.k& egkdfo ek?k egku oS;kdj.k FksA oLrqr%,d uohu 'kSyh ¼vyad r 'kSyh½ ds iks"kd gksus ds dkj.k mUgksaus vius dkO; dks dqN fDy"V cukus ds mn~ns';ls Hkh O;kdj.k ds fofHkUu lw=kksa dk voyEcu fd;k gSA mUgksausa nq:g O;kdj.k dks Hkh ljy :i iznkufd;k gSA f'k'kqiky o/k esa O;kdj.k dh NVk ins&ins yflr gksrh gSA O;kdj.k dh V f"V ls fuEukafdr 'yksdV "VO; gS] ftlesa ukjn th Jh d ".k ls f'k'kqiky ds tUekUrjh; ¼jko.k :i½ vkS}O; dk o.kZu djrs gSaA

laLd r lkfgR;kdk'k ds nSnhI;eku u{k=k egkdfo ek?k dk Kku vxk/k ,oa izkS<+ gSA egkdfods izpfyr dkO; ^f'k'kqiky o/k* ds lE;d~ vuq'khyu ls Kkr gksrk gS fd mUgsa fHkUUk {ks=kksa dk lqUnjvuqHko FkkA egkdfo ek?k osn] osnkax] n'kZu] iqjk.k] jktuhfr] O;kdj.k] vk;qosZn] T;ksfr"k]laxhr]dke'kkL=k]i'kqfoKku vkfn ds eeZK ,oa fu".kkr fo}ku izrhr gksrs gSaA mUkds leLr ikf.MR; dk fofHkUu 'kh"kZdksads vUrxZr i Fkd&i Fkd foospu izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA

O;kdj.k& egkdfo ek?k egku oS;kdj.k FksA oLrqr% ,d uohu 'kSyh ¼vyad r 'kSyh½ ds iks"kdgksus ds dkj.k mUgksaus vius dkO; dks dqN fDy"V cukus ds mn~ns'; ls Hkh O;kdj.k ds fofHkUu lw=kksadk voyEcu fd;k gSA mUgksausa nq:g O;kdj.k dks Hkh ljy :i iznku fd;k gSA f'k'kqiky o/k esaO;kdj.k dh NVk ins&ins yflr gksrh gSAO;kdj.k dh V f"V ls fuEukafdr 'yksd V "VO; gS] ftlesaukjn th Jh d ".k ls f'k'kqiky ds tUekUrjh; ¼jko.k :i½ vkS}O; dk o.kZu djrs gSa&

^^iqjheoLdUn yquhfg uUnua eq"kk.k jRukfu gjkejkaxuk%Afoxzg pØs ueqfpf}"kk cyh ; bR;eLokLF;egfnZo fno%AA**1

;gka egkdfo ek?k ds dq'ky ydkj iz;ksx dk ikf.MR; ifjyf{kr gksrk gS ftlesa mUgksasausa^^fØ;k lefHkgkjs yksV~** dk lqUnj iz;ksx fd;k gS]Lej.k okpd dksbZ in igys jgus ij vu?kruHkwrvFkZ esa /kkrq ls y Vydkj gksrk gS ftldk lw=k gS& ^vfHkKokpus y V~A*egkdfo ek?k O;kdj.k dk xEHkhjre~ 'kkL=kh; Kku j[krs Fks tks fd muds dkO; f'k'kqiky esa nz"VO;


Key Words : ek?k dk o.kZu dkS'ky] ek?k dk dkO; n'kZu

'kks/k /kkjk 74

gSAjktuhfr& egkdfo ek?k jktuhfr ds izdk.M fo}ku gaS]mUgsa jkT; dh iz'kklfud iz.kkyh dk

cM+k lw{e vuqHko gS]jkT; ds D;k drZO; gSa]mls fdl izdkj ea=k.kk djuk pkfg;s] 'k=kq dh okLrfod'kfDr dk ifjKku dj ml ij vkØe.k djuk pkfg;s bR;kfn xw<+ jktuhfrd jgL;ksa dk dkO; dhlqUnj ân;kotZd 'kSyh esa fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSAek?k dk jktuhfrd Kku mudk LorU=k vFkokfujkyEc ugha vfirq fofHkUUk izkphu jktuhfr xzUFkksa ds vuq:i gSA ftlls yxrk gS fd egkdfo dkjktuhfr 'kkL=k 'kkL=kh; v/;;u fo'kn~ gS( tks fd f'k'kqikyo/k egkdkO; esa ;=k&;=k V~f"Vxkspj gSAek?k us vius egkdkO; esa cyjke vkSj m)o th ds ek/;e ls ea=k.kk ds volj ij jktuhfr ds xw<+rRoksa dk uhfr laxr foospu fd;k gS]tks muds izd "V ikf.MR; dk |ksrd gSAnk'kZfud Kku& f'k'kqiky o/k ds vuq'khyu ls muds n'kZu lac/kh izdk.M ikf.MR; dk ifjKku gkstkrk gSA ^f'k'kqiky o/k* esa dFkkud dh V f"V ls fofHkUu n'kZuksa dk izlaxr% o.kZu gksuk LokHkkfodHkh gS D;ksafd muds uk;d Jhd ".k ;ksfx;ksa ds lk{kkRdj.kh; gksrs gq, Hkh yksd ihM+d dalkfnvR;kpkfj;ksa ds c/kkFkZ&i Foh ij vorfjr gq;s gSaAlka[; n'kZu& izFke lXkZ esa ukjn th Jhd ".k ls dgrs gSa] viuh fpRro fRr;ksa dks o'khHkwr dj fdlhizdkj vkidk lk{kkRdkj djus okys ;ksxhtu vkidks fodkj ls cfgHkwZr] egnkfn rsbZl fodkjksa lsfoy{k.k f=kxq.kkfRedk izd fr ls izFkd izkphu iq:"k dgrs gSaA

lak[;'kkL=k ds vuqlkj bZ'oj fØ;kjfgr V "Vkek=k]nqtsZ; fufoZdkj lRokfn xq.ke; ls i FkdgSA ea=k.kk lHkk esa cyjke th Jhd ".k ls viuk eUrO; O;Dr djrs gq, dgrs gSa&vkidks lsuk }kjkfot; oSls gh izkIr gks ftl izdkj lka[; ds er esa cqf) lac/kh Hkksx mnklhu vkRek dks dgk tkrkgSA2

;ksx& f'k'kqiky o/k esa ;ksx ds fl}kUrksa dk Li"V mYys[k gqvk gS tks dfo ds vxk/k ikf.MR; dk izrhdgSAjSord ioZr ij ;ksxhtu ea=kh d:.kkfn fpRro fr;ksa dks la;fer dj vfo|k] vfLerk vkfn iapDys'kksa dks fou"V dj ,oa izd fr iq:"k dk ¼ltho lekf/k½ vUrj Kkr dj mls Hkh jksddj Lo;a izdk'kiq:"k esa fLFkr gksuk pkgrs gSaA ;gka ;ksx'kkL=k dh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh gh izLrqr dj nh xbZ gS]izd rizlax ds ;ksx ds lkFk gh lka[; fl)kUr dh Hkh ppkZ vk xbZ gSA izd fr rFkk iq:"k ds foosd dk xzg.kugha djus ls iqujfi tuua iqujfi ej.ka* rFkk foosd dk xzg.k djus ls izd fr ds gV tkus ls eqfDrfeyrh gSA3

ehekalk&egkdfo ek?k ds ehekalk n'kZu fo"k;d fof'k"V Kku dh tkudkjh vusd jktlw; ;K dso.kZu izlax ls gksrh gSA ehekalk 'kkL=k ds Kkr _fRod yksx mPPk Loj ls ;kT;k }kjk nsorkvksa dsmn~ns'; ls gou djrs gSaA egkdfo dk ;K fo"k;d izfriknu muds ehekalk 'kkL=k ifjKku dk lwpdgSAmifu"kn~ Kku& f'k'kqiky o/k esa mifu"knksa esa of.kZr ijeizkIrO; eks{k dk o.kZu gqvk gSAikSjkf.kd Kku& ek?k dk ikSjkf.kd Kku Hkh vxk/k gS]mudh Hkkxor] xhrk vkfn esa loZK vizfrgr xfrgS]muds dkO; esa ikSjkf.kd dFkk;sa ins&ins izkIr gksrh gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 75

dke'kkL=k& egkdfo us vius egkdkO; ds f}rh; lxZ ds ea=k.kk izlax esa v"Ve lxZ ds tyfogkj ,oan'ke lxZ ds lqjr o.kZu vkfn esa dke'kkL=kh; vFkZ fp=kksiU;kl }kjk fd;k gSAdfo us ckâ; ,oavkH;Urj lwjr dk Hkh Lo Hkkfod o.kZu fd;k gSAvk;qosZn& egkdfo dk oS|d 'kkL=k ij Hkh Kku ;=k&r=k egkdkO; esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSAT;ksfr"k&f'k'kqiky o/k esa egkjFkh lqn'kZu pØ/kkjh Jhd ".k vius iq""kjFk ¼ØhM+kjFk½ ij vizfrgrxfr,oa f{kizlaKd iq";u{k=k ij pUæek leklhu gksrk gSA

pUæek ds nwljs vkSj ckjgosa LFkku lw;Z ds vfrfjDr vU; xzgksa ds jgus ij nq:/kjk uked ;ksxgksrk gS] bl fl)kUr dk vR;Ur lqUnj o.kZu fd;k gS]4

'yksd ^^ioukjetsUæ lqre/;ofrZuk furjkejks/kh :fpjs.k pfØ.kkAn/krso ;ksxeqHk; xzgkUrj fLFkfrdkfjra nq:/kjk[;feUnqukAA**5

laxhr& ek?k us vius dkO; dks laxhr Kku ds iz;ksx ls ef.Mr dj yksdksRRkj cuk fn;k gSAi'kq fo/kk& egkdfo ds i'kqtxr dk Kku muds dkO; esa of.kZr gfLr]m"Vª]xk;]cSy]xnZHk vkfn ds o.kZuksals gks tkrk gSA xk;]cNM+s]flag]e/kqefD[k;ksa dk Hkh lqUnj fp=k.k ekuks o {k dh nkMªh ds leku izrhrgks jgh gSA

bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd egkdfo ek?k us vius dkO; ds mithO; Hkwr f'k'kqikyo/k fo"k;d,sfrgkfld vk[;ku dks viuh cgq{ks=kh; izfrHkk ls O;kdj.k]jktuhfr]n'kZu ,oa vU;k;U; fo"k;ksa dklekgkj dj viuh vxk/k rFkk izkS<+ikf.MR; dk ifjp; fn;k gSA egkdfo dks fonX/k dfo;ksa esa vius,d gh egkdkO; ds }kjk vU;re LFkku izkIr gqvk gS]ek?k us dkO; esa fofo/k fo"k;ksa dk oSnq";leqiLFkkfir dj vf}rh; LFkku izkIr fd;k gSA dgk x;k gS&^^miek dkfynklL; nf.Muk inykfyR;aA HkkjosFkZ xkSjoa]ek?ks lfUr =k;ks xq.k%AA**

lUnHkZ1 f'k'kqiky o/k 1A51A2- y?kqfl)kar dkSEkqnh 3A2&112A3- 'yksd f'k'kqiky o/k A4A62A4- f'k'kqiky o/k 2A545- ogh 13A22A

'kks/k /kkjk 76

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 76-79History

oSfnd xzUFkksa esa dykMkW0 lqEcqyk fQjnkSl

ch-&28] v'kksd uxj ,DlVsa'ku] i=kdkj dkyksuh] bykgkckn] mRrj izns'k¼izkIr % 03 tuojh 2018½

Abstract

osnksa esa dykRed vfHkO;fDr fofHkUu :iksa esa O;Dr gksrh gSA buesa dykRed izfrekuksa ds }kjk bZ'ojizkfIr ,oa vk/;kfRed mUufr dk ekxZ lq>k;k x;k gSA _Xosn esa fofHkUu nsorkvksa dh ekuoh; :i esadYiuk dh xbZ gSA oklx g dh ;kstuk dk o.kZu Hkh buesa feyrk gSA oSfnd dky esa ys[ku dyk lsrRdkyhu Hkk"kk ,oa fyfi dh izkphurk dk izek.k feyrk gSA f'ko dh v)Zukjh'oj :i dh dYiuk _Xosnesa feyrh gSA ;tqZosn esa nl vIljkvksa dk o.kZu feyrk gS tks LoxZ esa euq"; dk Lokxr djrh gSaA deydks fofHkUu izrhdksa ds :i esa egRo fn;k x;k gSA Lrwi dh dYiuk Hkh _Xosn esa dh xbZ gSA oSfnd xzaFkksaesa vusd izdkj ds f'kYidkjksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA vusd izdkj ds ltkoVh xguksa ,oa mu ij gksus okysvyadj.kksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA

_Xosn fo'o lkfgR; dk loZizkphu xzUFk gSA blesa rhu osnksa dk uke =k;h ekuk x;k gSA blesavusd izdj.k lkaLd frd n f"V ls egRo ds gSaA thou dh HkkSfrd le f) ds lwpd vusd f'kYi] fuekZ.kvkSj dyk vfHkizk;ksa dk ifjp; lafgrkvksa esa feyrk gSA buds led{k uewus Li"V ugha gSaSA buesa vusdizdj.k feyrs gSa] ftuls izkphu Hkkjr dh dykRed vfHkO;fDr O;Dr gksrh gSA oSfnd xzUFkksa esa iqjksadk o.kZu feyrk gSA _Xosn esa nsork ls izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS fd gekjs fy;s ;k euq";ksa dh j{kk ds fy;s,sls iqjksa dk fuekZ.k djsa tks vts; gksA _Xosn esa vusd izdkj ds ltkoVh xguksa vkSj vU; oLrqvksaesa gksus okys vyadj.kksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA bl ;qx esa dyk dh vjk/kuk dyk dh vk/;kfRed mUufrds fy, dh xbZ vkSj bl ;qx esa izkIr ftrus Hkh xzUFk gSa] muesa dyk ds izrhdkRed izfrekuksa ds }kjkijes'oj dh izkfIr ,oa vk/;kfRed mUufr dk ekxZ lq>k;k x;k gSA oSfnd ;qx esa dyk dks fojkV l f"Vdk i;kZ; ekudj lkoZHkkSfed egRo izkIr FkkA1

MkW0 vfouk'k cgknqj oekZ dk er gS fd _Xosn esa peM+s ij cus gq, vfXu nsork ds fp=k dkmYys[k gqvk gSA bl fp=k dks ;K ds le{k yVdk;k tkrk FkkA ;K lekIr gksus ij yisV fn;k tkrkFkkA _Xosn esa ;K'kkykvksa ds pkjksa vksj ds pkS[kVksa ij cuh gqbZ L=kh nsfo;ksa dh vkd fr;ksa dk mYys[kvk;k gSA ;s nsfo;k¡ Å"kk vkSj jkf=k dh izrhd FkhaA2 thou dh HkkSfrd le f) ds lwpd vusd f'kYifuekZ.k vkSj dykRed vfHkizk;ksa dk ifjp; oSfnd lafgrkvksa esa feyrk gSA _Xosn esa vlqjksa lqn <+ iqj;k 'kgj dk ftls vf/kdrj fo}ku nqxZ tSls uxj fuekZ.k dk |ksrd ekurs gSaA vusd ckj mYys[kgqvk gS ftlds fo/oal dk Js; bUnz nsork dks nsrs gq, iqjUnj dgk x;k gSA3 fdys ds :i esa fufeZriqj ;k uxj ds fy;s ;k mlds Hkhrj Fkk ,d Hkkx esa cuh ,d x<+h ds fy;s nqxZ 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk


Key Words : oSfnd dyk] osnksa esa dykRed vfHk;ku] LFkkiR;dyk

'kks/k /kkjk 77

gSA cM+s edkuksa ds fy;s o gr {k; 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA4 _Xosn ds ,d eU=k esa ljLorh dks lEcksf/kr djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd ljLorh gesa /ku/kkU; ls lEiUu djks! gesa vius ls nwj uk djks uk viusvk'khokZn ls oafpr djksA gekjk lRdkj Lohdkj djks] ge vkils gVdj fdlh vU; ns'k esa uk tk,a]oSls rks vk;Z lIrfla/kq ¼if'pe Hkkjr½ izns'k ds fuoklh Fks] ftldh izeq[k unh ljLorh FkhA blh flU/kq ljLorh ds izns'k esa osn dk Hkk"kkc) Lo:i fodflr gqvkA Hkkjrh; /keZ vkSj laLd fr dk ifjiDo:i loZizFke osn esa gh fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA5

xksihukFk jko dk er gS fd _Xosn esa nsorkvksa ds iw.kZ ekuoh; :i dh dYiuk dks tUefn;kA vfXu ds _XoSfnd o.kZu dks vk/kkj ekudj fpnEcje ds efUnj esa izfrek fufeZr dh xbZA vfXudk izrhdkRed o.kZu&¼pRokfj J axksa o;ks vL; iknk }s 'kh"ks lIr gLrkL;ksL;½ izkIr gksrk gSA blh dsv{kj'k% vuqdj.k ij izfrek f=kikn vkSj lIrHkqth gSA lkr Hkqtkvksa esa ls pkj nkfguh rjQ vkSj rhuckbZa rjQ gSaA6 _Xosn esa #nz dh vkd fr dk o.kZu gSA bldk jax cHkzq vkSj vks"B lqUnj gSA cky?kaq?kjkys gSaA #nz vkHkw"k.kksa ls ;qDr gSA vusd izdkj ds fu"d igurs gSaA buds gkFk esa otz gSA ;s Hk xdh Hkk¡fr Hkhe vkSj ?k yksd esa v#"k okjkg gSA os o "kHk vkSj {k;}hj gSA oSfnd dky esa f'ko vFkok #nzlHkh izdkj ds tuksa ds nsork rks Fks gh os O;kikfj;ksa ,oa ty LFky ds lkFkZokgksa ds ekxZcU/kq ekus tkrsFksA vFkoZosn ds lksygosa v/;k; esa f'ko #nz dh Lrqfr ls vM+lB ea=k fn;s x;s gSaA ftUgsa 'kr#fnz dgkx;k gSA blls irk pyrk gS fd f'ko lekt ds lHkh oxksZa ds nsork FksA mudh iwtk O;kid FkhA8

vFkoZosn esa T;ksfrLrEHk dk mYys[k feyrk gS] ftldh rqyuk f'ko iqjk.k ds ml f'kofyax ds:i esa dh tk ldrh gS] ftlds vksj&?ksj dk irk czãk vkSj fo".kq ugha yxk lds gSaA9 o Ùk ds HkhrjdsUnz ls ledks.k ij prqfnZd vkdkj dYiuk dks LokfLrd uke fn;k x;k gSA tks loksZPp ekaxfydle>k tkrk FkkA LokfLrd ds |ksrd dbZ eU=k _Xosn esa gSA LokfLrd dk iz;ksx 'kCn ds :i esa ughagqvk gSA oju~ ukS dks.kksa dk dFku feyrk gSA10 lw;Z vkSj pUnzek dk o.kZu vFkoZosn esa feyrk gSA lw;ZvkSj pUnz fge vkSj /k al ds izrhd gSaA vFkoZosn esa bUgsa vfXu ds nks :i dgk x;k gSA r=kSrkoXuh vk?kÙkfgea /k la p jksfgr% vFkkZr~ ,d gh jksfgr nso lw;Z us lnhZ vkSj xehZ bu nksuksa vfXu;ksa dk vk?kkr fd;kAlw;Z Lo;a izdk'k gS vkSj pUnz ijr% izdk'k ,oa {k;o f) ls ;qDr gSA11

_Xosn esa lkekU; oklx g ds vUrxZr cSBd ¼lnl½ ;K'kkyk ¼vfXu'kj.k½] 'k;u LFkku¼rYi½ vkfn Hkkx Kkr gksrs gSaA ?kj ds Hkhrjh vk¡xu dk mYys[k feyrk gSA bZVksa ds iz;ksx dk Hkh o.kZufeyrk gSA b"Vnso ds }kjk bZaVksa dh cuh ;Kosnh dk rkRi;Z Kkr gksrk gSA12 jFkksa dk fuekZ.k f'kf'k;k¼'kh'ke½] [kfnj ¼[kSj½] fd'kqj ¼iyk'k½ vkfn o {kksa dh ydM+h ls gksrk FkkA fo'ks"k lts gq, jFk dksfpcjFk dgk tkrk FkkA v{k ds ifg;s 'kh'ke ds dgs x, gSaA jFk fuekZ.k esa Hk xq oa'k ds yksxksa dh fo'ks"kizflf) FkhA13 ydM+h dh NksVh ukSdkvksa dk o.kZu rRolEcU/kh f'kYi ds fodkl dk ifjpk;d gSAmYys[kuh; gS] fd lkekU; unh] cM+h unh vkSj leqnz esa pyus okyh ukoksa dk Hksn Hkh feyrk gSA14

d f"k deZ esa tqrkbZ ds fy;s gy dk fuekZ.k c<+bZ dk f'kYi FkkA u dsoy dqEgkjksa ds }kjk c<+bZdk f'kYi FkkA u dsoy dqEgkjksa ds }kjk feV~Vh ds Hkk.M cfYd c<+bZ] peZdkj ds }kjk ydM+h] /kkrq]peZdkj ds }kjk peM+s ds ik=k yksdfiz; FksA oL=kksa esa lwrh] Åuh nksuksa izdkj ds oL=k izpfyr FksA cqus

'kks/k /kkjk 78

gq, oL=k o;qu dgykrs FksA15 diM+s ds fy;s olu] lqolu] ru vkfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA HksM+dh Åu ls oL=kksa dh cqukbZ vkSj diM+ksa dh /kqykbZ dk mYys[k _Xosn esa feyrk gSA16 thou ds egkujgL;e; nso dk mi;qDr izrhd ;{k ds :i esa ekuk x;kA vFkoZosn esa bldk mYys[k gSA17 ;{kiwtkyksd /keZ dk O;kid vax Fkh tks _Xosn dky ls vc rd pyh vkbZ gSA ;{k lqUnj 'kjhj okys gSa vkSjvn~Hkqr ekus tkrs FksA loZle f)] eaxy] iw.kZrk ds izrhd ds :i esa iw.kZdqEHk] iw.kZdy'k] eaxydy'kvkfn ukeksa ls vfHkfgr ;g foy{k.k dYiuk Hkkjrh; thou vkSj dyk dk vfHkUu vax gSA vFkoZosnesa ?k r vkSj ve r ls Hkjs gq, iw.kZ dqEHk vkSj mldks /kkj.k djus okyh ukjh dk mYys[k gSA Hkkjrh;dyk esa dey dks lcls vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k gSA dey dk vFkZ vusd fof'k"V vFkksZa esa gqvk gSAxksiFk czkã.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd fo".kq dh ukfHk esa dey ij czãk dk fodkl gqvkA tks l f"VdrkZgSA 'kriFk czkã.k esa dey dh csy dks l f"V dh xHkkZ/kku dh 'kfDr dgk x;k gSA18

cqus gq, oL=k dks o;qu dgk tkrk FkkA _Xosn ds ,d eU=k&¼oL=k iq=kl; ekrjks o;fUr½ dkvadu feyrk gSA ftldk rkRi;Z gS fd ekrk vius iq=kksa ds fy;s oL=k cqurh gSA oL=k dks cukus dsfy;s da?kh dks vkxs ihNs gVkus dks izo;] vio;] lwr dks rUrq] diM+s dks oL=k] cqus gq, Fkku dks o;wudgk x;k gSA19 dyk vkSj m|ksx ds fy;s f'kYi 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA lkSUn;Ze; f'kYi dsjpf;rk dks lq:id Ruq dgk x;k gSA lkSUn;Z dh vf/k"Bk=kh nsoh dh laKk Jh FkhA mlh dh lgpkfj.khy{eh FkhA nksuksa feydj dkykUrj esa nsoh y{eh ds :i esa fodflr gqbZaA nsoh Jh y{eh dks ewrZ lkSUn;Zdh vf/k"Bk=kh nsoh dgk x;k gSA20

dyk vkSj f'kYi ds vusd O;olk;ksa dk fodkl gks tkus ls lekt esa ,d fo'ks"k oxZ dhigpku cu xbZA ftls dk# fo'k uke fn;k x;kA tSfeuh czkã.k esa fgj.;] jtr] gfjr yksg dkmYys[k gSA ;tqosZn esa fofHkUu O;kogkfjd f'kYiksa vkSj dykRed O;olk;ksa ds is'ksoj :i esa viukusokyksa dh lwfp;k¡ feyrh gSaA ftuesa r{kk] dekZj] ef.kdkj] is'kLrdkjh] ¼oL=kksa ij lqbZdkjh½] fgj.;¼lqukj½ vkfn dk vadu gSA blds vfrfjDr vU; O;olk; djus okyksa dh dbZ lwfp;k¡ feyrh gSa]ftuesa r{kk ¼c<+bZ½] dqyky ¼dqEgkj½] fgj.;dkj ¼lqukj½ izeq[k gSaA dqN dyk f'kYiksa dk rks brukvfèkd egRo gks pqdk Fkk] fd muds fo'ks"kK iq:"kksa dh x.kuk jktdrkZvksa esa gksrh FkhA21 cqudj dsfy;s olksok; 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA vusd izdkj ds ltkoVh xguksa vkSj vU; oLrqvksa ij gksus okysvyadj.kksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s #DeLrd ¼lqugjh ekyk½] [kkfn ¼dM+½] fu"d ¼xksyLo.kZ ind½] dqjhj] dinZ vkfn f'kjksHkw"kk ds vkHkw"k.k dbZ izdkj ds FksA22

oSfnd dky esa ys[ku dyk dh izkphurk dks xkSjh'kadj ghjk yky vks>k us _Xosn esa NUnksadh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij fuf'pr fd;k gSA vFkoZosn esa NUnksa ds ukeksa ds mYys[k ds lkFk mudh la[;kX;kjg crkbZ xbZ gSA osn dh Hkk"kk dks czkgh dgrs Fks vkSj ml ij Hkk"kk fy[kus ds fy;s ftl fyfidk iz;ksx gksrk Fkk ogh czkgh fyfi ds uke ls izfl) gqbZA23

vusd izdkj ds ltkoVh xguksa vkSj vU; oLrqvksa ij gksus okys vyadj.kksa dk o.kZu _Xosnesa feyrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s :De lzd ¼lqugjh ekyk½] [kkfn ¼dM+s½] fu"d ¼xksy Li.kZ ind½]dqjhj] dinZ] f'kjksHkw"kk ds vkHkw"k.k] dbZ izdkj ds FksA24 f'kjksHkw"kk ds fy;s vksi'k] dqjhj] diM+s] pwM+k

'kks/k /kkjk 79

vkfn dk mYys[k gS dku esa izorZ] dq.My] dfV esa es[kyk] :De ¼lqugjs xgus½ vkfn fo'ks"k yksdfiz;vkHkw"k.k FksA 'kriFk czkã.k dks dkap vkSj ef.M;ksa ds gkj dk mYys[k feyrk gSA25 tSfeuh czkã.k esanh xbZ O;k[;k ds vuqlkj ifje.My vFkkZr~ o Ùk pØkdkj ifjf/k Lo:i nsorkvksa vkSj muds fnO; xq.kksadk izrhd gSA ;gk¡ o Ùk ds lkFk mlds Hkhrj fNih fn'kk LokfLrd dh pkj Hkqtkvksa dk ladsr gSA Lrwidh dYiuk _Xosn esa dh xbZ gS] ;gk¡ mBrh gqbZ Tokykvksa dks Lrwi dgk x;k gSA 'kriFk czkã.k dkdFku gS fd vfXu gh nsoksa dk fgj.; Lrwi gSA 'kriFk czkã.k dk dFku gS fd vfXu gh nsoksa dk fgj.;Lrwi gS ¼vfXunsokuk fgj.;Lrwi%½A 'kriFk czkã.k esa 'ke'kku dk ladsr Hkh Lrwi okLrq ds fy;s tkuiM+rk gSA26

f'ko ds v)Zukjh'oj :i dh dYiuk _Xosn esa feyrh gSA _Xosn esa L=khiq:"k ds bl ewyHkwrvk/kkj dh Li"V igpku dh xbZ gSA izR;sd L=kh esa v/kZHkkx iq:"k vkSj izR;sd iq:"k dk v)ZHkkx L=khdk gSA ,d gh nsork Lo:i dks vFkoZosn iq#"k vkSj L=kh ;k dqekj dqekjh dgdj lEcksf/kr djrk gSAvFkoZosn esa fojkt ds mikldksa dh lwph esa liksZa vkSj muds usrk r{kd oS'kkys; vkSj /k rjk"Vª ,sjkordk fo'ks"k dFku gSA iqjk.kksa esa ukxksa dh dFkk,¡ vkSj ik'oZukFk ds lkFk ukx ekU;rk dk lEcU/k vkfnijorhZ ijEijk esa yksdfiz; fo"k; gSA27 ;tqosZn esa nl izfl) vIljkvksa ds uke feyrs gSaA dkS"khrfdmifu"kn esa gkFkksa esa pw.kZ] okl] Qy] vatu vkSj ik¡p lkS vIljkvksa dk mYys[k djrk gS tks LoxZ esaeuq"; dk Lokxr djrh gSA ckn ds dkyksa esa xU/koZ vkSj vIljk ls lEcfU/kr ekU;rkvksa dk foLrkjgqvkA ekS;Z vkSj 'kqxa ;qx esa budk vadu dyk dk vfHkUu vax gSA28

lUnHkZ1- vxzoky] MkW0 ';ke fcgkjh( Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk dk bfrgkl] #if'kYi izdk'ku] 2010-2- oekZ vfouk'k pUnz cgknqj & Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk dk bfrgkl] i 0 26] izdk'k cqd fMiks] 2002-3- _Xosn] 8-17-14 &iw.ks &1933 4- _Xosn] 10-47-8 &iw.ks &19335- vxzoky] MkW0 ';ke fcgkjh( Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk dk bfrgklA6- jko] xksih ukFk( bfyes.Vl vkWQ fgUnw vkbdksuksxzkQh & ftYn&2] Hkkx&2] enzkl&1914] i 0 524-7- _Xosn & i 0 2&33] 9&33- iw.ks&1933 8- bfrgkl tuZy & i 0 23] o"kZ 2016-9- bfrgkl tuZy & i 0 46] o"kZ 2016-10- vxzoky] oklqnso 'kj.k( Hkkjrh; dyk& i Foh izdk'ku] 1963-11- vFkoZosn] 13-1-46] eqEcbZ] 1895 12- _Xosn&7-1-2-1-138&iw.ks&193313- _Xosn&i - 10-30-14&iw.ks&1933 14- _Xosn&i - 119&4-915- _Xosn&i - 10&144-3 16- _Xosn&i - 10&114-3-1-95-7] 10-26-617- _Xosn&i - 10-7-38- 18- 'kriFk czkã.k&6-4-1719- _Xosn&5-47-6 oSfnd la'kks/ku e.My] iw.ks 193320- vxzoky] oklqnso 'kj.k( Hkkjrh; dyk] i - 49&1966] okjk.klh21- vFkoZosn&3&5&6] eqEcbZ&1845 22- _Xosn&i 0-10-114-3&iw.ks&193323- jk;] MkW0 jktoUr( izkphu Hkkjrh; fyfi] eqnzk ,oa dyk] i 0 7-8-6] U;w dSyk'k izdk'ku] 200524- _Xosn] i 0 10&114-3] iw.ks&1933 25- vFkoZosn&] i 0&6&138-2] eqEcbZ 189526- vxzoky] MkW0 i Foh dqekj( izkphu Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa okLrq] i 0&2] fo'ofo|ky; izdk'ku&2002

'kks/k /kkjk 80

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 80-82Law

INTRODUCTIONOn April 8th of 2013, the Government of India, deposited the instrument

of accession to the Madrid Protocol , with the Director General of the WIPO andaccordingly, the long awaited and much-heralded the provisions of internationalregistration under the Madrid Protocol came into effect since July 8th of 2013because of this an Individual/Body corporate/any legal entity may obtaininternational trademarks registration in any of the member countries throughsingle trademark applications in one language (i.e., English, French or Spanish)and in one set of fees in one currency. Madrid Protocol provides most effective wayto get International trademarks protection with minimum cost imparted.

The Indian Government amended her Trademarks Act for strictlyadherence the guidelines provided by Madrid Protocol which provides inherentcost-efficiency and a valuable opportunity to the trademark owners who otherwisemight not choose to file international trademark applications because of this the

Single Window For The Protection of InternationalTrademark Registration

Hemant KhoslaResearch Scholar, Department of Legal Studies, C.C.S University, Meerut

¼Received : 17 January 2018½

Abstract Effective April 8, 2013, Indian business has a streamlined and potentially

less expensive means at their disposal to protect trademarks in overseas market.Through India adherence to the international treaty known as the “Madrid Protocol.International Trademarks is a remarkable step which is welcomed by India withopen headedly because it has a valuable mechanism allowing all the trademarkholders to benefit from acquiring the monopolistic rights in the form ofTrademarksregistration with the minimum cost friction, one language(English,French or Spanish), one set of fees in one currency, one registration number andmoreover the registration can be further extended to all the member countries.Madrid Protocol widened the sphere for the trademark holders while providing avaluable opportunity for those who otherwise might not choose to file Internationaltrademarks application for registration. Now with the help of Single Window forInternational application based on a basic application/registration holder oftrademark can spread their wings and compete globally while enjoying theirmonopolistic rights worldwide with the ease.


Key words : Trademark, Protection of Trademark, Trademark Registration

'kks/k /kkjk 81

scope of trademarks registration is broader and chances to get internationaltrademark registrations is almost very certain with minimum cost in minimumfix period of time. For India, it becomes the milestone to get protection worldwidethrough single window clearance with the single step of filing.Registration Process:National V/s Madrid Protocol

In India, there are two mode of filing Trademark Applications offline andonline through digitally but if the trademark owners want to file internationalapplications than they have to file different trademark applications in each of thecountries and have to engage an advocate/agent for that country too and evendifferent fees have to be paid in different currency according to the country inwhich they have planned to get trademark registration . All trademark registration,renewal and any changes to thatregistration had to be filed separately on a countryby country basis. The process is very lengthy, time consuming and involved a lot ofproper work and recordkeeping. It also incurred heavy burden on the trademarkowners because the agents/advocates charges heavy professional fees to deal with.But because of Madrid Protocol Indian trademark owners are now permitted tofile their trademark applications in different member countries of the MadridProtocol on a single home country application or home country registration .Through single window, if an applicant of the Indian trademark gets hisregistration of the marks files a request in the Indian Patent and TrademarksOffice for the extensions of protection to any or all of the other protocol membercountries.

With help of this, the Trademark owners can secure registrations in all ofthe member countries . WIPO is the administrator of the Intellectual PropertyRights worldwide and also the Madrid Protocol which is now extended into theIndia and all international applications and registrations with WIPO can also beexcess directly through India.If the Trademark owners wants to file International trademark applications underthe Madrid Protocol than has to follow the following guidelines provided by theProtocol i.e.1) Trademark owners must be the citizen of the member country;2) Trademark owners must have real and effective business or industrial

establishment in the member country.3) If a trademark owner who is not the national/citizen of the member country

but he/she has a business/industry in the member country of the Protocolwill not be permitted to participate in the Madrid System.

After an International trademarks application is filed through single windowfor the protection of International trademarks registration under the MadridProtocol, the Indian Patent and Trademarks Office will examine the applicationfrom Mumbai Head Office because Examination of Trademark applications is

'kks/k /kkjk 82

centralized and it is done by the trained trademarks examiner from the datamaintained by the Indian Patent and Trademarks office thoroughly and then itgoes to the controlling officer who review the application again and to ensure theinformation matches the home country registration or application, certifies it ,and electronically forwarded it to World Intellectual Property Organisation(WIPO),who administers the Madrid system which conducts its own examination and ifthere are any deficiencies in the application, the applicant will be notified of theseand given an opportunity to correct them. If the Application complies with WIPO’srequirements, details of the mark are recorded on the International Register.WIPO then transmit details of the International Application to the national TradeMark Office of each designated country. At that point, each office will examinethe application according to its national trade mark law. This is known as “NationalExamination” . If no objection is raised, each office will issue a statement of grantof protection in the country concerned.

If any objection is raised in respect of a particular country, these will becommunicated to the applicant through Indian Patent & Trademarks Office. Theobjections will need to be overcome before protection for the mark will be grantedin that country. In this way we can say that the Madrid Protocol provides Indiantrademark owners a simplified and streamlined procedure for obtaining protectionand get registration in other countries through single window unlike have to facemany decades’ pendency to get registration in home country like India. Thosewho utilize this single window for the protection of their mark will no longerhave to file separate application in each country where protection is needed ,even the trademark owner should be able to avoid the costs associated withretaining trademark counsel in that country. The Madrid Protocol provides a meanfor assignment and renewal of an International registration, which has a term of10 years through the filing of a single document and the payment of a single feeto WIPO.CONCLUSION

The Madrid Protocol offers Indian trademark owner an additionalmechanism for obtaining protection worldwide and even a small trader can opentheir wings across the globe. The effect of the India joining the Madrid Protocol ismost significant in cost savings and with the accession of the India to the MadridProtocol in 2013 the reality of an International system of trademarks registrationcame one step closer to fruition. This system is simple, affordable and efficientway of obtaining and maintaining trademarks. This article was intended to provideknowledge on the Madrid System of International Trademarks registration.

REFFERENCE1. www.ipindia.nic.in2. Protocol Relating to Madrid Agreement Concerning Inernational Registration

'kks/k /kkjk 83

of Marks, June 27, 1989, S.TREATYK DOC. No. 106-41, Hein's No. KAV 6242(hereinafter Madrid Protocol).

3. The Trademark (Amendment) Act, 2010 specially Chapter IVA (Special ProvisionRelating to Protection of Trademarks through Inernational Registration underMadrid Protocol) and Section 36 amended.

4. International Trademark Prosecution Streamlined: The Madrid Protocol Comesinto Force in the United States by Jeffrey M. Samuels and Linda B. Samuels,University of Geogia Law.

5. International Register : World Intellectual Property Organisation IP Service,Madrid Express Database, http://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/services/madrid_expres.htm

6. www.wipo.int/Madrid/en/member/(last visited May 5, 2017) (at present 98contracting parties)

7. Guide to tine international Registration of Makrs under Madrid Protocol (www.wipo.int/madrid/en/guide/and guideline for functioning under the Madrid Protocol(www.ipindia).

8. The Madrid Protocol : Impact of U.S. Adherence on Trademark Law and Practice,Issue Brief of INTA (International Trademark Association, New York.)

9. Article 4bis: Substitution of International Registration for Earlier NationalRegistration (Guide on Madrid Agreement Concerning the InternationalRegistration of Marks.

10. Article 7 : Renewal of International Registration.

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fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 84-89Law

vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=krk rFkk lwpuk dk vf/kdkj gfj;k.kklwpuk vk;ksx ds lUnHkZ esa ,d v/;;u

nhid jkBhlgk;d funsZ'kd] ØhMsUl ehfM;k] lksY;w'ku izk0fy0] ubZfnYyh

¼izkIr % 02 Qjojh 2018½

Abstract

Hkkjr esa vejhdk rFkk vU; ns'kksa dh rjg izsl dh LorU=krk dks laoS/kkfud xkjUVh fd, tkus dhek¡x dh tk jgh gSA vejhdk lafo/kku esa igys la'kks/ku }kjk izsl dks nh xbZ xkjUVh bl izdkj gS ßØkaxzsl¼vejhdh laln½ vfHkO;fDr ;k izsl dh LorU=krk ds ladqpu gsrq dksbZ dkuwu ugha cuk,xhA Hkkjr esa blLorU=krk dk fuckZ/k ugha ekuk x;k vkSj loksZPp U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ds vk/kkj ij ;g ik;k x;k gS fdizsl dks lkekU; turk ls vf/kd ljdkjh lqfo/kkvksa dk dksbZ fo'ks"k vf/kdkj ugha gS u mls ljdkjhlwpukvksa dh tkudkjh dk lkekU; ukxfjd ls vf/kd dksbZ laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj gSA izsl dks ;g Hkh dksbZvf/kdkj ugha fd U;k;ky; ls fdlh lekpkj ckcr dksbZ ,slh tkudkjh jksd lds ftldk fd vf/kdkjfdlh O;fDr dks ugha gSA

vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=krk ds fy, euq"; us izkphu dky ls gh la?k"kZ fd;k gSA ;g yksdrU=kdk lcls etcwr vk/kkj gSA ysfdu ;g LorU=krk jkt'kkgh esa Hkh nwljs ij vk/kkfjr Fkh rFkk yksdrU=kesa Hkh nwljs ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;g LorU=krk vU; vktknh ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djrh gSA ;g vktknhdsoy O;fDr dh ugha cfYd jkT; o ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, Hkh t:jh gSA ;g lekt vkSj yksdrU=kds xq.k&nks"kksa dks mtkxj djds ln~xq.kksa dk mUu;u o nks"kksa dk ifjektZu Hkh djrh gS rFkk jkT;O;oLFkk dh dfe;ksa dks Hkh mtkxj djrh gSA ;g LorU=krk yksdrkfU=kd lekt ds fy, lathouhdk dk;Z djrh gSA 'kkldkas ds fy, ;g nhokjksa ij fy[kh xbZ ,slh bckjrksa dk dke djrh gS] ftlesaos viuh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus ds lw=k ryk'k djrs gSa rFkk viuh uhfr;ksa dks tuksUeq[kh cukdj jkT;O;oLFkk dks etcwrh iznku dj ldrs gSaA

vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=krk ds rgr izsl dh vktknh Hkh vkrh gS ;kuh gekjs tu ek/;eksa dhvktknhA ysfdu ;g fo"k; dkQh cgl dk gS fd D;k okdbZ gekjs tuek/;e viuk dk;Z lgh rjgls dj jgs gSa\ gekjh izsl tks iwjs ns'k dh leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa vkokt mBkrh gS ysfdu vius Hkhrjpy jgs 'kks"k.k vkSj vU;k; ij pqi jgrh gSA gekjs ehfM;k gkml cM+s&cM+s iwathifr;ksa ds }kjk pyk,tk jgs gSaA ftuesa muds }kjk vius deZpkfj;ksa dk 'kks"k.k gks jgk gS] ysfdu ;s deZpkjh dksbZ vkoktugha mBkrk gSA vkt ns'k esa gj oxZ dk O;fDr viuh fgrksa ds f[kykQ gks jgh T;knfr;ksa ds f[kykQvkokt mBkrk gSA


Key Words : lwpuk vf/kdkj] tu&lwpuk dh folaxfr;k¡

'kks/k /kkjk 85

bl v/;;u dk fo"k; gfj;k.kk lwpuk vk;ksx gSA eSus vkj-Vh-vkbZ- dk;ZdrkZ ds :Ik esa 100ds djhc lwpuk ek¡xh gS vkSj nwljs esjs lkFkh Mk0 ujsUnz lkaxoku us djhc 280 ds djhc vkj Vh vkbZyxkbZ] ysfdu vk;ksx Hkh dk;ZdÙkkZ dks lwpuk fnyokus ds fy, rRij ugha gS] oks Hkh T;knkrj ekeyksaesa ljdkj dk gh lkFk ysrk gS pkgs lwpuk ls lkoZtfud fgr gks ;k uk gksA geus lwpuk lkoZtfudfgr esa yxkbZA lwpukvksa esa tu lwpuk vf/kdkjh dks tqekZuk Hkh gqvk ysfdu lwpuk gesa ugha feyh vkSjtqekZuk Hkh gesa ugha feyk oks Hkh lwpuk vk;ksx us gh fy;kA bl 'kks/k esa blds dbZ dkj.k [kksts ftudkvkxs o.kZu fd;k tk,xkA

vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=krk ds fy, euq"; us izkphu dky ls gh la?k"kZ fd;k gSA ;g yksdrU=kdk lcls etcwr vk/kkj gSA ;g vk/kkjHkwr LorU=krk gS] ftl ij nwljs vf/kdkj fuHkZj gksrs gSaA ;gvf/kdkj O;fDr;ksa dks viuh f'kdk;rksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dk volj iznku djsxkA lkFk ghlkoZtfud egRo ds iz'uksa ij tuer laxfBr djus esa l{ke gks ldsxkA blds vfrfjDr 'kkld Hkh,slh LorU=k vfHkO;fDr dh fLFkfr esa tuekul dks tkuus esa l{ke gksxkA ;g vktknh yksdrkfU=kdlekt ds fy, lathouh dk dk;Z djrh gSA 'kkldksa ds fy, ;g nhokjksa ij fy[kh xbZ ,slh bckjrksadk dke djrh gS] ftlesa og viuh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus dk lw=k ryk'k ldrs gSa vkSj viuh uhfr;ksadks tuksUeq[kh cukdj jkT; O;oLFkk dks etcwrh ns ldrs gSaA

izsl dh vktknh] vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=krk dk lcls l'kDr vax gSA blds egRo dk vUnktkblh ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd izsl dks vktknh dh vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=krk dk Ik;kZ; ekuktkus yxk gSA vk/kqfud yksdrU=k dh fodkl ;k=kk izsl ls tqM+h gqbZA blhfy, bls yksdrU=k dk pkSFkkLrEHk Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA yksdrU=k ds fy, izsl dh vktknh dks bl rF; ls le>k tk ldrkgSA vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr rFkk lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa esa ls ,d egRoiw.kZ O;fDr us ,d ckj dgk Fkk fd;fn mUgsa ,d vksj lekpkj&i=k jfgr ljdkj rFkk nwljksa vkSj ljdkj jfgr lekpkj&i=k esa ls ,dfodYi dks pquuk gks rks os ljdkj jfgr lekpkj&i=kksa ds fodYi dks pquuk ilUn djsaxsA

yksd'kkgh ;kfu yksdrU=k ds fy, ;g t:jh gS fd jktlÙkk tuekul dh vkdka{kkvkas dsvuq:Ik lapkfyr gSA tuekul] jktlÙkk }kjk iw.kZr% fu;fU=kr ugha gksuk pkfg,A izsl dh vktknhjktlÙkk dks tuekul dk fu;U=kd gksus ls jksdrh gSA >wBs vkSj Hkzked iztkrU=k ij vdqa'k yxkrhgS vkSj vketu dks lgh fu.kZ; ysus esa enn djrh gSA

izsl dh vktknh ,d lk/ku gS] lk/; ughaA izsl dh vktknh fujis{krk ds fu;kZr esa dke ughadj ldrhA mls yksd dh e;kZnk dh fpUrk djuh gksrh gSA mlds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, vkxsvkuk gksrk gS rFkk vko';drk iM+us ij jkT;ksa dh neudkjh izo fr;ksa ls la?k"kZ djuk gksrk gSA

ysfdu Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa izsl LorU=krk dk vf/kdkj lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 19¼1½ , esalkfUufgr gS] bldk i Fkd ls dksbZ mYys[k ugha gSA vfHkO;fDr ;k laHkk"k.k dh LorU=krk lEcfU/krvuqPNsn ds rgr lHkh ukxfjdksa dks izkIr gSSSA blfy, izsl dks muls vf/kd dksbZ fo'ks"k vf/kdkj izkIrugha gS ¼tc rd fd blds fy, dksbZ fo'ks"k dkuwu u cuk;k tk,½A bldk ,d ykHk ;g Hkh gS fdfcuk lkekU; ukxfjdksa ij dksbZ fu;U=k.k ds izsl ij Hkh dksbZ fo'ks"k fu;U=k.k ugha yxk;k tk ldrkA

'kks/k /kkjk 86

vuqPNsn 19 ¼2½ esa ,sls fu;U=k.k yxkus gsrq ljdkj dks fn;s x, vf/kdkj bldk viokn gSAvfHkO;fDr dh LorU=krk ds vf/kdkj Hkkjrh; ukxfjd dks gh izkIr gSaA blfy, ;s ykHk xSj ukxfjdvFkok fons'kh ukxfjd dks ugha feyrs gSa izsl dsoy vfHkO;fDr dk gh ek/;e ugha O;kikj ;k O;olk;Hkh gS] blfy, mldh O;kolkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa ij vU; lEcfU/kr dkuwu ykxw gksrs gSaA

Hkkjr esa vejhdk rFkk vU; ns'kksa dh rjg izsl dh LorU=krk dks laoS/kkfud xkjUVh fd, tkusdh ek¡x dh tk jgh gSA vejhdk lafo/kku esa igys la'kks/ku }kjk izsl dks nh xbZ xkjUVh bl izdkjgS ßØkaxzsl ¼vejhdh laln½ vfHkO;fDr ;k izsl dh LorU=krk ds ladqpu gsrq dksbZ dkuwu ugha cuk,xhAHkkjr esa bl LorU=krk dk fuckZ/k ugha ekuk x;k vkSj loksZPp U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ds vk/kkj ij ;gik;k x;k gS fd izsl dks lkekU; turk ls vf/kd ljdkjh lqfo/kkvksa dk dksbZ fo'ks"k vf/kdkj ughagS u mls ljdkjh lwpukvksa dh tkudkjh dk lkekU; ukxfjd ls vf/kd dksbZ laoS/kkfud vf/kdkjgSA izsl dks ;g Hkh dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha fd U;k;ky; ls fdlh lekpkj ckcr dksbZ ,slh tkudkjh jksdlds ftldk fd vf/kdkj fdlh O;fDr dks ugha gSA blds lkFk gh vfHk;ksx ls lEcfU/kr fdlhdkxtkr ds fy, tkap vkSj iM+rky ls Hkh izsl dks ,slh dksbZ NwV ugha gS tks fdlh O;fDr dks izkIrugha gSA lafo/kku ds rgr izsl dh LorU=krk ij dksbZ Hkh fo'ks"k fu;U=k.k rc rd ugha yxk;k tkldrk tc rd fd og ukxfjd dh vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=krk ij ugha yxk;k tkrkA

tkWu LVqvVZ fey us Hkk"k.k o vfHkO;fDr ds vf/kdkj ds i{k esa mRd "V rdZ izLrqr dj blckr ij cy fn;k Fkk fd lEiw.kZ ekuo leqnk; dks Hkh ;g vf/kdkj ugha gS fd og fdlh ,d fHkUuer j[kus okys O;fDr;ksa dh vkokt nck nsA dkSu tkurk gS fd 'kk;n ogha ,d O;fDr vUrr% lghfl) gks vkSj ckdh lc xyrA ekuo bfrgkl vusd ,sls mnkgj.kksa ls Hkjiwj gS] tgk¡ ,slk ,d O;fDrlgh lkfcr gqvk gS vkSj 'ks"k vU; xyrA lqdjkr] bZlk elhg rFkk xSyhfy;ksa ds mnkgj.k gesa lnSo;g ;kn fnykrs jgsaxs fd O;fDr dh vfHkO;fDr o Hkk"k.k dh LorU=krk ij izfrcU/k oLrqr% oS;fDrdLorU=krk dk fu"ks/k gSA bl fu"ks/k dks bl vk/kkj ij fcYdqy U;k;laxr ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrk fd,slh vfHkO;fDr lEHkor% bZ'k&fuUnk gks ldrh gS ;k fd lekt ds dY;k.k ds foijhr gks ldrh gSAog dkSu tkurk gS fd mlus fdlh er fo'ks"k dks nckus ds Øe esa jkT; oLrqr% lR; dk gh xyk?kksaV jgk gksA ,slk blfy,] D;ksafd ;fn ml er dks leku oS/krk dk nkok djus fn;k tk, ;k mlslekt ds vU; erksa ls [kqydj oSpkfjd la?k"kZ djus fn;k tk, rks gks ldrk gS fd lR; vf/kdmi;qDr :i ls mn~?kkfVr gks ldsA blh lR; dks dgus dk vf/kdkj izkIr djus ds fy, Hkkjr esa Hkhlwpuk dk vf/kdkj izkIr djus ds fy, la?k"kZ fd;k x;kA

90 ds n'kd esa Hkkjr esa lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ds fy, vkUnksyu pyk] ftldh ekSfyd ek¡x Fkhfd ukxfjdksa dks ljdkjh dkedkt essa lwpuk izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gksA lwpuk ds lhfervf/kdkj ds fy, xksok esa i=kdkjksa] egkjk"V esa vUuk gtkjs] mÙkj izns'k esa psruk vkUnksyu] vkU/kzizns'kesa miHkksDrk f'k{kk dsUnz us viuh vkokt mBkbZA lcls vn~Hkqr felky jktLFkku dh gS] tgk¡ lwpukds vf/kdkj dh ek¡x tehu ls mBh rFkk yksxksa dh cqfu;knh t:jrksa ds lkFk rkdr ikdj Qyh&QwyhgSA pkSadkus okyh lPpkbZ ;g gS fd jktLFkku esa ;g ek¡x i<+s&fy[ks vf/kdkjksa ds fy, lnSo tkx:d

'kks/k /kkjk 87

jgus okys rFkkdfFkr byhV&flfoy lkslk;Vh us ugha cfYd fiNM+s bykds ds csuke etnwjksa ,oafdlkuksa us mBkbZ ftUgsa yksdra=k] iz'kklfud ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh tSlh ckSf)d vo/kkj.kkvksa dkdksbZ Kku ugha FkkA etnwj fdlku 'kfDr laxBu ¼,e-ds-,l-,l½ us 1994&95 esa iapk;r Lrj ijgq, fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl dk;ksZ dh tk¡p ds fy, tc ,d ds ckn ,d tulquokb;ksa dk vk;kstu fd;krks ljdkjh ?kksVkyksa dh iksy [kqyrh xbZA QthZ eLVj jksy] QthZ fcy] QthZ fuekZ.k dk;Z] QthZuhykeh] jk'ku dkMZ] Vscy dqlhZ] njh&ckYVh vkSj cq[kkj de djus dh xksfy;ksa rd esa ?kiykA laxBuus gekjk iSlk gekjk fglkc* dk ukjk fn;kA laxBu ds vkUnksyu dks ns[krs gq, eq[;eU=kh us vizSy]1995 esa iapk;r Lrj ij lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dh ?kks"k.kk dhA fdUrq ,d o"kZ rd ?kks"k.kk ykxw u gksusij etnwj fdlku 'kfDr laxBu us 1996 esa 40 ,oa 53 fnu c;koj rFkk t;iqj esa /kjuk fn;kAlaxBu ds bl ,sfrgkfld vkUnksyu ls lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dh vo/kkj.kk vc turk ls tqM+ xbZ vkSjbldh xqat vc C;koj vkSj fnYyh ds lÙkk ds xfy;kjksa esa igq¡phA

lÙkk/kh'kksa ,oa ukSdj'kkgh ds vusd vojks/kksa ,oa vk/kkjghu rdksZ ds ckn vUrr% iapk;rh jktvf/kfu;e 1996 esa la'kks/ku dj iapk;r Lrj ij rFkk tuojh 2001 esa jktLFkku ds ukxfjdksa dksljdkjh dkedkt es lwpuk dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;kA

etnwj fdlku 'kfDr laxBu us us'kuy dSEisu QkWj ihiqYl jkbV Vw bQkWjes'ku (NCPRI)

lewg ds ek/;e ls dsUnz ljdkj dks lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dk ,d Bksl fo/ks;d dk izk:Ik Hkh rS;kjdj fn;k x;kA

vkSj vUr esa 2005 esa lwpuk dk vf/kdkj fo/ks;d iwjs ns'k esa ykxw dj fn;k x;kA blls igys;s Hkkjr ds vkB jkT;ksa esa ykxw FkkA Hkkjr esa lwpuk dk vf/kdkj ykxw djus okyk igyk jkT;rfeyukMq Fkk] ysfdu ;g iz;kl igyh ckj dukZVd esa ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA ysfdu bl dkuwu esadkQh dfe;k¡ gSA

nqfu;k ds yxHkx 15 ns'kksa esa ;g vf/kdkj vius ukxfjdksa dks gS] ysfdu LohMu esa ;g lclsigys 1766 ls ykxw gS vkSj LohMu dk lcls vPNk lwpuk dk vf/kdkj ekuk tkrk gSA [kSj lwpukdk vf/kdkj rks Hkkjr esa dkuwu cu x;kA vc ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dk drZO; gS fd oks bldh lghrjhds ls ykxw djk dj turk dks lgh lwpuk nsaA

gfj;k.kk esa Hkh lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dh vkokt geus vius laxBu csjkstxkj laln ds cSuj rysmBkbZ xbZA 7-6-2001 dks jksgrd ftys mik;qDr ls lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ds rgr tkudkjh ekaxh xbZlwpuk esa ekaxk x;k Fkk fd jksgrd ftys esa lkaln us vius dks"k ls fdruk iSlk [kpZ fd;kA xzkeh.kfodkl ij fdruk [kpZ fd;k vkfn pkj fcUnqvksa ij tkudkjh ekaxh xbZA ysfdu gesa lwpuk ughafeyhA

lwpuk dk vf/kdkj dks ykxw djokus ds fy, csjkstxkj laln us gfj;k.kk ds cM+s&cM+s ftyksaesa /kjus fn, x,] ftldh 'kq#vkr geus 3 tqykbZ] 2001 dks jksgrd ls dhA mlds ckn geus 17vxLr 2001 dks jsokM+h esa /kjuk fn;kA blds ckn 23 flrEcj dks lksuhir] 26 dks fglkj vkfn ftyksayxkrkj /kjus tkjh jgsA vUrr% bl la?k"kZ esa gekjk ;g NksVk lk ;ksxnku jgk fd gfj;k.kk dh turk

'kks/k /kkjk 88

dks irk py x;k fd lwpuk dk vf/kdkj ls ns'k esa dkuwu cu jgk gSAysfdu vlyh ftEesokjh rks dkuwu cuus ds ckn 'kq: gksrh gSA ftl mís'; ls ;g ykxw gS

D;k oks iwjk gks jgk gSA gfj;k.kk esa Hkh 2005 esa gh lwpuk dk vf/kdkj ykxw gks x;k Fkk] ysfdu jkT;Lrj ij vk;ksx rks cuk fn;k x;k ysfdu ftyk o rglhy ij lwpuk nsus ds fy, dksbZ vfrfjDrLVkQ ugha fn;k x;k( ftldh otg ls lwpuk feyus esa nsjh ;dhuu gksrh gSA lwpuk feyus esa lkyls nks lky yx tkrs gSaA ;gk¡ rks ;g gky gS fd tulwpuk vf/kdkjh dks 5000@& dk tqekZuk gksusds ckn Hkh lwpuk ugha feyrh tcfd tqekZuk blls T;knk yxuk pkfg;s FkkA ;g ekeyk egf"kZn;kuUn fo'ofo|ky; dk gS] ftlesa eSaus gh ;wfuoflZVh ls fiNys lkyksa esa fodkl dk;ksZa vkfn dkC;kSjk ekaxk Fkk ysfdu lwpuk vf/kdkjh us ogha lwpuk dfe'uj ds ikl tqekZuk Hkj fn;k] ysfdu lwpukugha feyhA

lwpuk vk;ksx lwpuk uk feyus ij Hkh T;knkrj vihy ds QSlys rFkk ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksads gd esa gh djrk gSA

eSus mik;qDr] jksgrd ls fofHkUu lkoZtfud fo"k;ksa ij lwpuk ekaxh ysfdu buesa dqN lwpukmUgksaus VªkalQj dj nh tks nwljs vf/kdkfj;ksa dh FkhA bl ds fcuk bUgksaus viuk rks iYyk >kM+ fy;kysfdu eq>s rks dfe'uj rd tkus ds ckn Hkh lwpuk ugha feyhA lwpuk dfe'uj us QSlyk fn;k fdviuk foosd bLrseky djrs gq, izkFkhZ dks lwpuk miyC/k djokbZ tk,A ,slh lSdM+ksa vkj0 Vh0 vkbZ0gS ftlesa lwpuk vk;ksx us lwpuk izkIr djok, cxSj gh vihy [kkfjt dj nhA ,sls Hkh dbZ ekeysgS] ftlesa tqekZuk gksus ds ckn Hkh lwpuk ugha feyhA egf"kZ n;kuUn fo'ofo|ky; ds en dks 5000@&tqekZuk gksus ds ckn lwpuk vkt rd ugha feyhA ,slk yxrk gS fd lwpuk vk;ksx ljdkj dktulEidZ vf/kdkjh ds :Ik esa dk;Z djrk gSA cM+h&cM+h lSyjh ysus okys lwpuk dfe'uj cgqr devihyksa ij tqekZuk djrs gSaA vihy dks [kkfjt djrs gq, tYnh fn[kkrs gSaA ;gh ckr MkW0 ujsUnzlkaxoku] fglkj fuoklh dgrs gS fd lwpuk vk;ksx lQsn gkFkh cu x;kA bldks vxj ge etcwr ughadjsaxs rks ns'k esa Hkz"Vkpkj ij jksd ugha yx ldrhA lwpuk dks nckuk gh vius vki esa gh Hkz"VkpkjgSA blfy, lwpuk dks turk dks crkrs jguk pkfg,A

vxj lwpuk vk;ksx dks etcwr cukuk gS rks eSa dqN lq>ko lk>k djuk pkgrk gw¡&1- lwpuk vk;ksx dk n¶rj gj ftys esa gksA2- lwpuk esa vihy vkus ij rhu eghus esa mldk QSlyk gksA3- tqekZuk vihydrkZ dks gh feysA4- lwpuk vk;ksx Loa;lsoh laLFkk o lwpuk dk;Zdrkvksa dks vius lkFk tksM+sA le;≤ ij mudks

Vªsfuax nsA5- lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dk izpkj&izlkj fd;k tk, rkfd tu&tu rd lwpuk dk vf/kdkj igq¡p

ldsA6- lwpuk vf/kdkj dk;Zdrkvksa dh ljdkj lqj{kk dk izcU/k djsA7- lwpuk vf/kdkj dk;Zdrkvksa dks iqjLdkj fn, tk, ftlus viuh RTI }kjk Hkz"Vkpkj dks mtkxj

'kks/k /kkjk 89

fd;k gksA8- lwpuk vk;ksx esa dfe'uj ds fy, ;ksX;rk r; gksA9- lwpuk vk;ksx dks T;knk ikoj nh tk,A10- lwpuk vk;ksx dks ltk nsus dk izko/kku djsaA11- tulwpuk vf/kdkjh dks lwpuk nsus ds fy, vyx ls LVkQ fn;k tk,A12- lqizhe dksVZ dh rjg dsUnzh; lwpuk vk;ksx dks 'kfDr;k¡ feys vxj jkT; vk;ksx Bhd QSlyk uk

djs rks vihydrkZ dks mls dsUnzh; lwpuk vk;ksx tkus dk vf/kdkj gksAÅij fyf[kr dqN lq>ko ftlls ge lwpuk vk;ksx dks dsUnz o jkT; essa etcwr dj ldrs

gSA bl dks etcwr djus ds fy, gesa vHkh Hkh ,d vkSj tuvkUnksyu djus dh t:jr gSAlUnHkZ

1- nhf{kr] MkW0 gjoa'k( izsl fof/k ,oa vfHkO;fDr LokrU=k;] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] ¼2007½2- flag] MkW0 'kkfUr Lo:Ik( ik.Ms;] MkW0 vkj0,u0( izsl vkSj Hkkjrh; laln Dykfldy ifCyf'kax dEiuh]

ubZ fnYyh] ¼2004½3- Bkdqj] xaxk izlkn( Hkkjr esa izsl dkuwu vkSj i=kdkfjrk e/; izns'k fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] Hkksiky ¼1989½4- tSu] izks0 jes'k( Ik;kZoj.k ehfM;k ,oa dkuwu] lcykbe ifCyds'kUl] t;iqj ¼2005½5- Gupta, V.N.; The Right to Information Act, 2005 Atlantic Publishers &

Distributers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 20096- Sharma, S.D. & Saxena, Priti; Right to Information Implementation, Problems

and Solutions Regal Publications, New Delhi 2013

'kks/k /kkjk 90

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 90-95Defence Study

usiky dk laoS/kkfud ladV ,oa Hkkjrh; lqj{kkJo.k dqekj f=kikBh

vflLVs.V izksQslj] j{kk v/;;u foHkkx] n;kuUn oSfnd dkyst] mjbZ] m0iz0¼izkIr % 10 tuojh 2018½

Abstract

usiky] Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd ,oa jktuSfrd {ks=k esa gksus okys izR;sd ifjorZu ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA mlhizdkj Hkkjr Hkh usiky esa gksus okyh izR;sd ?kVuk ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA izkphu dky ls gh fgeky; gekjhlhekvksa dh j{kk dk vk/kkj jgk gSA ge bl vk/kkj dks rksM+us dh vuqefr fdlh dks Hkh ugha ns ldrsA,d fLFkj ,oa LorU=k usiky Hkkjr ds fgr esa gSA ;fn usiky esa fdlh Hkh rjg dh vkUrfjd leL;k mRiUugksrh gS vFkok oká 'kfDr;k¡ usiky esa viuh xfrfof/k;k¡ c<+krh gSa rks ;g Hkkjr dh lqj{kk ds fy, xEHkhj[krjk gksxkA

nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vofLFkr usiky ,d LFkyc) ,oa Hkkjr dk fudVre iM+kslh jk"Vª gSA ,f'k;kds nks fo'kky ns'kksa ds e/; fLFkr bl ns'k dh 1751 fd0eh0 dh lhek Hkkjr rFkk 1414 fd0eh0 lhekfrCcr ¼phu½ ls feyrh gSA usiky] Hkkjr rFkk phu nksuksa ns'kksa ds fy, dkQh egRoiw.kZ ns'k gSA izkphule; ls gh usiky lkaLd frd] /kkfeZd] HkkSxksfyd ,oa vkfFkZd :i ls Hkkjr ds vR;f/kd djhc jgkgSA Hkkjr ,oa usiky ds e/; iw.kZr% [kqyh lhek gSA vr% usiky esa mRiUu fdlh Hkh leL;k dk Hkkjrdh lqj{kk ij izR;{k izHkko iM+rk gSA

Hkkjr dh lqj{kk ds fy, usiky ds egRo dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, Hkkjr ds iz/kkuea=kh iafMrtokgj yky usg: us lu~ 1950 esa laln esa vius oDrO; ds nkSjku dgk Fkk fd& ^^izkphu dky lsgh fgeky; gekjh lhekvksa dh j{kk dk vk/kkj jgk gSA ge bl vk/kkj dks rksM+us dh vuqefr fdlhdks Hkh ugha ns ldrsA ,d fLFkj ,oa LorU=k usiky Hkkjr ds fgr esa gSA ;fn usiky esa fdlh Hkh rjgdh vkUrfjd leL;k mRiUu gksrh gS vFkok oká 'kfDr;k¡ usiky esa viuh xfrfof/k;k¡ c<+krh gS rks;g Hkkjr dh lqj{kk ds fy, xEHkhj [krjk gksxkA^^

Hkkjr ,oa usiky nksuksa ,d nwljs ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA bls js[kkafdr djrs gq, usikyh dkaxzslds v/;{k ih0 HkV~VkjkbZ us dgk fd usiky] Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd ,oa jktuSfrd {ks=k esa gksus okys izR;sdifjorZu ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA mlh izdkj Hkkjr Hkh usiky esa gksus okyh izR;sd ?kVuk ls izHkkfor gksrkgSA*

20 flrEcj] 2015 usikyh bfrgkl dk ,d lqugjk le; jgk tc usiky us ,d u, lafoèkkudks vaxhd r fd;kA bl fnu usiky dks ,d la?kh; x.krkaf=kd jk"Vª ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA orZekulafoèkku dh ;k=kk 1950 ls rc izkjEHk gksrh gS tc usiky esa lafo/kku lHkk dh ekax dks ysdj lkE;oknhny us O;kid vkUnksyu izkjEHk fd;kA bl vkUnksyu ds QyLo:i 8 fnlEcj] 1950 dks jkt'kkgh


Key Words : laoS/kkfud ladV] lqj{kk] e/ks'kh ,oa Fkk: tutkfr;k¡A

'kks/k /kkjk 91

us lafo/kku lHkk ds xBu dks lgefr iznku dhA bl lafo/kku lHkk }kjk cuk, x, lafo/kku dks 1959esa ykxw fd;k x;k rFkk 1960 ls usiky esa iapk;r iz.kkyh dk 'kqHkkjEHk gqvkA

usiky esa jkt'kkgh us dHkh Hkh iapk;r dks vf/kd lfØ; ugha gksus fn;k ftlls usiky esaleL;k,a mRiUu gksrh jghA blh dkj.k 1990 esa yksdra=k dh ekax dks ysdj iqu% vkUnksyu izkjEHkgqvk] ftlds QyLo:i jkt'kkgh us 16 vizSy 1990 dks iapk;r iz.kkyh dks lekIr dj cgqnyh;O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk dh ftlesa fczfV'k iz.kkyh dh rjg jktk dks izeq[k ekukx;kA ijUrq usiky esa jkt'kkgh dh lekfIr ds fy, vkUnksyu izkjEHk gq, ftlls 2006 esa usiky lsjkt'kkgh dh iw.kZ lekfIr gks x;hA 2007 esa usiky esa vUrfje lafo/kku ykxw gqvk] ftlds rgr 2008esa pquko djk, x, ftlesa usikyh lkE;oknh ny ¼ekvksoknh½ ds usrk iq"i dey ngy ^izp.M* dsusr Ro es xBcU/ku dh ljdkj cuh] ysfdu ;g ljdkj 2009 esa vYier esa vkdj gV x;h] ftllsusiky esa laoS/kkfud ladV [kM+k gks x;kA

2007 ds vUrfje lafo/kku ds rgr xfBr lafo/kku lHkk ds yEcs la?k"kZ ds ckn 20 flrEcj2015 dks usiky dk orZeku lafo/kku lkeus vk;k ijUrq bl lafo/kku ds ykxw gksus ls usiky esa u;kvkUnksyu e/ks'kh ,oa Fkk: lfgr vU; tutkfr;ksa ds usr Ro esa izkjEHk gks x;kA lafo/kku ds izko/kkuksads rgr usiky ds mPp laoS/kkfud inksa ij e/ks'kh ,oa vU; tutkfr;ksa dks tkus ij jksd yxk nhx;hA lkFk gh usiky dks lkr izkUrksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k( ftlesa rjkbZ {ks=k ds 22 ftyksa esa ls ek=k8 ftys dks ,d izkUr dk ntkZ fn;k x;k ftlesa iwoZ ds lIrkjh ftys ls if'pe ds ikjlk ftyksa dse/; ds ftys vkrs gSaA ¼fp=k&1½

rjkbZ {ks=k esa fuokl djus okyh Hkkjrh; ewy dh e/ks'kh rFkk tutkfr;ksa dh tula[;k 70izfr'kr gS tks usikyh tula[;k dk yxHkx 40 izfr'kr gSA rjkbZ {ks=k ds 14 ftyksa dks iw.kZr%

'kks/k /kkjk 92

utjvUnkt fd;k x;kA vr% e/ks'kh ,oa tutkfr;ksa us tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij izfrfuf/kRo dh ek¡xdks ysdj 23 flrEcj 2015 ls ljdkj ds f[kykQ vkUnksyu izkjEHk dj fn;kA ¼fp=k&2½

bl vkUnksyu ds dkj.k yxHkx ik¡p eghus rd rjkbZ {ks=k ds Ldwy] vLirky] ljdkjh n¶rj]m|ksx&/kU/ks] cSad] nqdkusa vkfn cUn jgsA Hkkjrh; lhek ij lkeku ls Hkjs gq, okgu [kM+s jgsA tgk¡lkekU; fLFkfr esa yxHkx 300 bZ/ku ds okgu usiky esa vkokxeu djrs Fks ogha bl le; ek=k 5&10okgu gh izos'k dj jgs FksA ,slh fLFkfr esa lEiw.kZ usiky esa lkekuksa dh Hkkjh deh gks x;hA bl dehdks ysdj usiky us Hkkjr ij vkjksi yxk;k fd Hkkjr us v?kksf"kr ukdscanh dj nh gSA flrEcj 2015ls Qjojh 2016 rd usiky ls yxh Hkkjrh; lhek ij ukdscUnh dh fLFkfr ds fy;s usikyh tUkrk dk,d cM+k Hkkx ,oa igkM+h leqnk; ds mPp Lrjh; usikyh ukSdj'kkgksa us Hkkjr dks mÙkjnk;h ekukAHkkjr us bldk [k.Mu fd;kA ijUrq usiky esa Hkkjr fojks/kh xfrfof/k;k¡ c<+us yxh ftlds dkj.k usikyesa phu lfgr vU; 'kfDr;k¡ viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djkus esa lQy gq,A

'kks/k /kkjk 93

usiky us orZeku ladV ls fuiVus ds fy, phu dh vksj :[k fd;kA iz/kkuea=kh ds0ih0 'kekZvksyh us 21 ekpZ] 2016 dks phu ds lkFk fofHkUu le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd,A bu le>kSrksa ds dkj.kHkkjr ij usiky dh fuHkZjrk gks tk,xhA ftlesa fuEu izko/kku gSa %&1- usiky] phu ds leqnzh cUnjxkg dk iz;ksx djsxkA2- O;kikj ,oa ikjxeu laf/k ftldh izR;sd 10 o"kZ esa leh{kkA3- phu] usiky fLFkr iks[kjk esa ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vM~Ms dk fuekZ.k djsxk blds fy, vkfFkZd

,oa rduhdh lgk;rk Hkh iznku djsxkA4- nksuksa ns'k eqDr O;kikj dh laHkkoukvksa dh [kkst djsaxsA5- phu] usiky esa ekStwn rsy ,oa xSl ds Hk.Mkjksa dh [kkst djsxkA6- phu] usiky ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fy, lkSj iSuy miyC/k djk;sxk ftlls usiky esa dkcZu mRltZu

dks de fd;k tk ldsA7- phu] fglyk ,oa gqeyk esa Xiarwa lhek unh ck¡/k dk fuekZ.k ,oa izcU/ku djsxkA8- nksuksa ns'k ckSf)d lEink dks c<+kok nasxsA9- nskuksa ns'k lg;ksx dks vkSj c<+k;saxs rFkk cSfdax fu;eu ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku

djsaxsA12

bl le>kSrs ds lkFk gh usiky esa phu dh L=kkrsftd fLFkfr vf/kd etcwr gks x;hA phudh egRokdka{kh ;kstuk ou csYV] ou jksM+ esa usiky 'kkfey gks x;kA blls usiky esa Hkkjr dh vkfFkZdidM+ detksj gqbZ rFkk lkFk esa Hkkjrh; lqj{kk ds fy, [krjk Hkh c<+ x;kA phu dk lnSo ;g iz;kljgk gS fd og Hkkjr dks nf{k.k ,f'k;k easa detksj djsA pw¡fd Hkkjr] nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa 'kfDr'kkyh ns'kgS vr% phu ikfdLrku ds lkFk feydj vU; iM+kslh jk"Vªksa dks Hkkjr ds f[kykQ djus dk iz;kldjrk gS ftlesa og dkQh gn rd lQy Hkh gqvk gSA phu us eksfr;kasa dh ekyk uhfr ds rgr pkjksarjQ viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djk;h gS rFkk nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa esa ,slk Hkkjr dk Hk; fn[kkdj viuhfLFkfr etcwr dh gSA phu }kjk usiky esa mifLFkfr dk dkj.k frCCkrh vkUnksyu dks usiky ds lkFkfeydj nckuk Hkh gSA blds fy, 25 vizSy 2017 dks phu ,oa usiky ds e/; ^lkxjekFkk eS=kh 2017**uke ls 10 fnuksa dks lSU; ;q)kH;kl usiky&frCcr lhek ij fd;k x;k rFkk lkFk dh phu&usikyds e/; fe=krk dks izxk<+ djus ds fy, usiky Ik;ZVu lao/kZu o"kZ 2017 Hkh euk;k tk jgk gSA orZekuesa usiky esa ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;fn Hkfo"; esa Hkkjr&phu la?k"kZ gksrk gS rks usiky esa fd;k tkusokyk vk/kkjHkwr fodkl phu ds dke vk ldrk gSA

orZeku usikyh ladV ds dkj.k ikfdLrku dh [kqfQ;k ,tsalh vkbZ0,l0vkbZ0 ,oa vkradoknhxfrfof/k;k¡ vkSj Hkh c<+ jgh gSA vesfjdh [kqfQ;k fjiksVZ 2014 esa dgk x;k gS fd Hkkjr usiky ds eè;[kqyh ,oa ypj lhek lqj{kk ds dkj.k vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkradoknh lewg usiky dh tehu dk iz;ksx Hkkjrij dk;Zokgh djus ds fy, dj jgs gSA Hkkjr&usiky ds e/; [kqyh lhek ds dkj.k eknd inkFkksZa dhr'djh] tkyh eqnzk] ekuo rLdjh vkfn dh xfrfof/k;k¡ Hkh c<+ ldrh gSaA [kqfQ;k tkudkjh dsvuqlkj bLykfed LVsV dks'kh unh ij cuas dks'kh ck¡/k dks rksM+us dh ;kstuk cuk jgk gSA ;fn ,slk

'kks/k /kkjk 94

gksrk gS fd Hkkjr dh lqj{kk dks xEHkhj [krjk iSnk gks tk;sxkA usiky esa Hkkjr fojks/kh rRoksas dh c<+rhla[;k ls bu vkradokfn;ksa dks enn Hkh fey ldrh gSA

;|fi Hkkjr fdlh Hkh [krjs ls fuiVus esa l{ke gSA ijUrq 18 flrEcj 2016 dks mM+h lsDVjesa Hkkjrh; lsuk ij fd, x, vkradoknh geys ds ckn Hkkjr }kjk bu vkradokfn;ksa ds f[kykQ ikdvf/kd r d'ehj esa dh x;h lftZdy LVªkbd ls ijs'kku vkradoknh usiky ds jkLrs Hkkjr esa izos'kdjus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSaA

vr% Hkkjr ds fy, vko';d gS fd usiky esa fLFkjrk dk;e jgs( ftlls Hkkjr dh lqj{kk dksxaHkhj [krjk u iSnk gksA Hkkjrh; fons'kh uhfr ds rgr usiky dks ,d vyx ifjizs{; esa ns[kuk gksxkAHkkjr }kjk usiky ds lkFk csgrj lEcU/k LFkkfir djus ds Hkh iz;kl fd, tk jgs gSa vkSj usiky Hkh Hkkjrds egRo dks utj vUnkt ugha dj ldrkA blhfy, vizSy 2017 dks usikyh jk"Vªifr fcn~;k nschHkaMkjh ,oa vxLr 2017 dks iz/kkuea=kh 'ksj cgknqj nsmck us viuh igyh fons'k ;k=kk eas Hkkjr dksLFkku fn;k x;k vkSj mUgksaus Hkkjr dks vk'oklu fn;k fd usiky dh tehu dk iz;ksx Hkkjr fojksèkhxfrfof/k;ksa esa ugha fd;k tk;sxkA pw¡fd usiky dk 2@3 O;kikj Hkkjr ds lkFk gksrk gS rFkk usikyvkèkkjHkwr t:jrksa ds fy, Hkkjr ij vkfJr gSA vr% Hkkjr dks usiky ds lkFk vPNs iM+kslh dh Hkwfedkesa jgrs gq, viuh lhekvksa dh j{kk ds Bksl dne mBkus dh vko';drk gSA

lanHkZ1. RSN Singh (2015), ' Threat from Nepal Instability', Indian Defence Review [Online:

web]http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/threat-from-nepals-instability/2. nRr] oh0ih0&^cnyrh nqfu;k esa Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr Hkkx&2 ¼1987 ds mijkUr½ 2009 fgUnh ek/;e

dk;kZUo;u funs'kky; fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;A ist 241&423. Hari Bansh Jha (2015), 'Nepal's New Constitution: An Analysis from the Madheshi

Perspective', Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) [Online: Web] https://idsa.in/idsacomments/NepalsNewConstitution_hbjha_240915

4. Upreti, B.C. (2010), 'Nepal Transition to Democratic Republic State' Delhi, KalpazPublications, p. 14-16

5. Ibid, p. 22-416. Hari Bansh Jha (2015), 'Nepal's New Constitution: An Analysis from the Madheshi

Perspective', Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) [Online: Web] https://idsa.in/idsacomments/NepalsNewConstitution_hbjha_240915

7. Ibid.8. Yubraj Ghimre (2015), ' who are the Madhesis, why are they angry?' [Online: web]

http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-are-the-madhesis-why-are-they-an-gry/

www.bbc.com/news/world_asia_342800159. Biswas Baral (2017), 'After the ‘blocked": China"s push into Nepal', [Online: Web]

https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/after-the-blockade-chinas-push-into-nepal/10. Suhashini Haidar & Kallol Bhattacherjee (2016), 'Nepal seals agreement on tran-

sit right through China', [Online:Web] http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepal-inks-transit-treaty-with-china-to-have-first-rail-link/article8381195.ece

'kks/k /kkjk 95

11. Rupak D Sharama (2016), 'Nepal, China pen transit treaty, nine other pacts', [Online:Web] https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/nepal-china-pen-transit-trade-treaty-nine-pacts/

12. PTI (2017), 'Nepal China holds first-ever joint military exercise', [Online: Web]https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/nepal-china-hold-first-ever-joint-military-exercise/articleshow/58207943.cms

13. Kishor Panthi (2017), 'Nepal: At Risk of Being International Terrorist"s TransitPoint', [Online: Web] https://www.huffingtonpost.com/kishor-panthi/nepal-at-risk-of-being-in_b_10249676.html

14. Lekhnath Pandey (2016), 'Security forces on high alert after IS threat', [Online:Web] https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/security-forces-high-alert-threat/

15. PTI (2016), '17 soldiers killed in terror attack in Uri', [Online: Web] http://www.ptinews.com/news/7883401_17-soldiers-killed-in-terror-attack-in-Uri.html

16. PTI (2016), 'Army conduct surgical strikes on 7 terror pads across LoC', [Online:Web] http://www.ptinews.com/news/7922835_Army-conducts-surgical-strikes-on-7-terror-pads-across-LoC.html

17. MEA (2017), 'State visit of President of Nepal to India (17-21 April, 2017)' http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/28374/State+visit+of+ President+of+Nepal+to+India+1721+April+2017

18. MEA (2017) , 'State Visit of Prime Minister of Nepal to India (August 23-27, 2017)'http://www.mea.gov.in/pressreleases.htm?dtl/28873/State_Visit_of_Prime_Minister_of_Nepal_to_India_August_2327_2017

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Defence Study

Introduction : The rapid population growth and economic development incountry are degrading the environment through the uncontrolled growth ofurbanization and industrialization, expansion and intensification of agriculture,and the destruction of natural habitats. One of the major causes of environmentaldegradation in India could be attributed to rapid growth of population, which isadversely affecting the natural resources and environment. The growingpopulation and the environmental deterioration face the challenge of sustained

India's Booming Population : A SeriousThreat On Environment

Dr. Rajnish KunwarAsso. Prof., Deptt. of Defence Studies, Sakaldiha P.G. College, Chandauli, U.P.

¼Received : 08 Jan 2018½

AbstractThe present paper examined the relationship of population to the environment

and with growing population, poverty and urbanization the environment isdegrading. The study reveals that the country's population growth is imposing anincreasing burden on the country's limited and continually degrading naturalresource base. The natural resources are under increasing strain, even though themajority of people survive at subsistence level. Population pressure on arable landcontributes to the land degradation. The increasing population numbers and growingaffluence have already resulted in rapid growth of energy production andconsumption in India. The environmental effects like ground water and surfacewater contamination; air pollution and global warming are of growing concernowing to increasing consumption levels. It concludes with some policy reflections,the policy aimed at overall development should certainly include efforts to controlpopulation and environmental pollution.High population growth and continuedeconomic development have caused serious environmental damage in the Asia Pacificregion. However, the recent experience is that the pace of environmental degradationis faster in developing countries than in developed countries. To this end, the studyseeks to assess the impact of population pressure on India’s environment, withparticular reference to the degradation of natural endowments like land and waterresources and the resultant environmental pollution in the six regions of India.The rapid economic growth and expansion of infrastructure development in recentdecades have not come without serious environmental consequences particularlyin the southern, northern, and western regions. But in the eastern, north-eastern,and central regions of the country, environmental damage has been mainly due torapid population growth.


Key words : Population, Masures of Control Population

'kks/k /kkjk 97

development without environmental damage. The existence or the absence offavorable natural resources can facilitate or retard the process of economicdevelopment. The three fundamental demographic factors of births, deaths andmigration produce changes in population size; composition, distribution and thesechanges raise a number of important questions of cause and effect. PopulationReference Bureau estimated the 6.14 billion world's population in mid 2001.Contribution of India alone to this population was estimated to be 1033 millions.It is estimated that the country’s population will increase to 1.26 billion by theyear 2016. The projected population indicates that India will be a first mostpopulous country in the world and China will be second in 2050 (PopulationReference Bureau, 2001). The increase of population has been tending towardsalarming situation. India is having 18 percent of the world's population on 2.4percent of its land area has great deal of pressure on its all natural resources.Water shortages, soil exhaustion, deforestation, air and water pollution afflictsmany areas. If the world population continues to multiply, the impact onenvironment could be devastating. As the 21st century begins, growing numberof people and rising levels of consumption per capita are depleting naturalresources and degrading the environment.Impact of population on environment:The poverty-environmental damagenexus in India must be seen in the context of population growth as well. Thepressures on the environment intensify every day as the population grows. Therapid increase of human numbers combines with desperate poverty and risinglevels of consumption are depleting natural resources on which the livelihood ofpresent and future generations depends. Poverty, is amongst the consequences ofpopulation growth and its life style play major role in depleting the environmenteither its fuel demands for cooking or for earning livelihood for their survival.The unequal distribution of resources and limited opportunities cause push andpull factor for people living below poverty line that in turn overburdened thepopulation density in urban areas and environment get manipulated by manifolds,consequently, urban slums are developed in urban areas. The growing trends ofpopulation and consequent demand for food, energy, and housing haveconsiderably altered land-use practices and severely degraded India's forest vis-à-vis environment also.

The per capita net availability of food grains in India indicates that, thereis an availability or shortage of food grains in the country. Increasing trends in percapita availability of food grains is largely due to cereals. Although, per capitaavailability of pulses seems to have gone down since 1961 but the availability ofthe edible oil, sugar and cotton cloth depict an increasing trend. Overall the percapita availability of food grains had gone up from 395 grams per capita per day in1951 to 458 grams per capita per day in 1999-2000. The per capita availability of

'kks/k /kkjk 98

cereals increased from 334 grams per capita per day in 1951 to 426 grams percapita per day in 1999-2000. Furthermore, per capita availability of pulses 10declined from 61 grams per capita per day to 32 grams per capita per day over theperiod. However, the per capita per day availability of pulses had gone down duringthe period but simultaneously the per capita per day availability of edible oil,sugar and cotton cloth has been consistently increased during the period. Of course,availability does not mean accessibility because of lack of purchasing power amongpoor sections of society. However, better organizational management can assurebetter distribution and thus consumption when the availability is assured.Impact of urbanization on the environment: During the post-liberalizationperiod, India has witnessed a rural influx into urban areas which has causedtremendous pressure on fertile agricultural land and resultant environmentaldegradation. The poor quality of India’s urban centres has been worsened by theburden of this rural influx: there is environmental degradation on a large scale.

Increased urban population over the past 30 years is of greater significancein the western region compared with other regions. However, there is also a bigjump in the share of urban population out of the total population in the north-eastern region. Nevertheless, rapid urbanization in the north-eastern region seemsto be mainly accounted for by an increasing rural–urban migration (Khongsdier2008). Population class (rural) States Rs. 550–850 (average class) Andhra Pradesh,Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,Manipur, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West BengalRs. 851–1250 (middle class) Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Sikkim, UttarakhandRs. 1251–1550 (relatively richclass) Kerala, Nagaland, Punjab Income group (urban) Rs. 1100–1400 (averageclass) Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Rajasthan,Uttar Pradesh Rs. 1401–1700 (middle class) Andhra Pradesh, Assam,Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab,Tamil Nadu, West Bengal Rs. 1701–2000 (relatively rich class) Delhi and Mizoram.

The southern region has the highest number of highly populous cities butranks only second in terms of population size (30.22 million and 35.13 million in2001 and 2011, respectively). The central, northern, and eastern regions comenext, in that order. In 2011 the western region, with 16.76% of the total land area,had double the proportion of population, i.e., 31.33% of the total. Similarly, thenorthern region with 14% of land area had 18% of population in the same time-span. This means that the most populous cities are located in the western andnorthern regions, and therefore one could conclude that urban growth andurbanization has led to increased use of natural resources; as a result,environmental pollution would be expected to be higher in the western andnorthern cities. In contrast, the southern, central, and north-eastern regions have

'kks/k /kkjk 99

a lower proportion of urban population and larger geographical areas. Thisindicates that the population pressure on urban land and its impact onenvironmental pollution in these regions would be relatively lower than in otherregions of the country.Measures to control pollution:(01.) Development (02.) Easy and cheap availability of contraceptives.(03.) Delayed Marriages (04.) Medical Facilities (05.) Spread awareness.(06.) Women empowerment. (07.) Legislative actions. (08)Providing incentives.Summary and conclusions In India, all six regions have been experiencingenvironmental degradation to various degrees. The extent of environmental decayhas been directly related to the physical characteristics of the region in question.For example, the north-eastern region has the highest growth of population, butdue to its unique physical characteristics such as small population, low populationdensity, and larger forested area, it has experienced a lower degree of environmentaldegradation. Though the eastern and central regions have higher population, theyare however endowed with a larger geographical area and therefore haveexperienced relatively low levels of environmental degradation (excluding Kolkata).The same trend is visible in the southern and western regions. In contrast,environmental degradation is severe in the northern region due to overpopulation.The urbanization effect on natural resource degradation and resultingenvironmental pollution in the western and northern regions are much higherthan in other regions. Even the north-eastern region has experiencedenvironmental degradation due to urbanization, though at a relatively lower level.The degree of environmental degradation due to urbanization is relativelymoderate in the central and eastern regions, and comparatively low in the north-eastern and north regions. The huge shrinkage of agricultural land coupled withincrease in population in the central and eastern regions has had a greater impacton their natural environment, as manifested in the reduction of bio-diversity inthese regions. Rapid population growth is directly responsible for higherenvironmental degradation in the central, eastern, and northern regions ascompared to the other regions. On the other hand, economic development (ultimatecause) was found to be the main cause of environmental degradation in thewestern, northern, and southern regions. However, both proximate and ultimatecauses are behind environmental degradation in the western region, which is thehighest, followed by the southern and central regions. However, the situation isfairly well under control in the eastern (excluding Kolkata) and north-easternregions. In view of the above observations, this study strongly suggests that policymakers take note of the situation and initiate appropriate remedial action. Thecurrent need is to take immediate steps through policy prescriptions to haltenvironmental damage and reverse these trends wherever possible.

'kks/k /kkjk 100

REFERENCES(1) Brandon Carter and Kirsten Honmann, (1991-92), "Valuing Environmental Costs in

India: The Economy Wide Impact of Environment Degradation", World Bank, mimeo.(2) Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, (1995 & 1996), Health Information of

India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi.(3) Central Statistical Organisation, (1999 & 2000), "Compendium of Environment

Statistics", Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Governmentof India, New Delhi.

(4) Central Statistical Organisation, (1999), "Statistical Abstract of India", Ministryof Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi.

(5) Central Statistical Organisation, (2002), "Selected Socio-Economic Statistics", Ministryof Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi.

(6) Centre for Science and Environment, (1982), "Citizen's Report" The State of India'sEnvironment, New Delhi).

(7) Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, (2002), "Indian Agriculture in Brief",Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Governmentof India, New Delhi.

(8) Energy Information Administration, 2001, International Energy Outlook, U.S.Department of Energy, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, Washington, D.C.

(9) International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ORC Macro, 2000,India: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), 1998-99, Mumbai, India.

(10) Government of India, (1997), Estimates of Poverty, Planning Commission,Government of India: Press Information Bureau, March 1997, New Delhi.

(11) Government of India, (1999), "Economic Survey: 1998-99", Ministry of Finance,Economic Division, New Delhi.

(12) Government of India, (2001), The State of Forest Report, Ministry of Environmentand Forests, Forest Survey of India, Dehradun.

(13) Government of India, (2003), "Economic Survey: 2002-2003", Ministry of Finance,Economic Division, New Delhi.

(14) Government of India, (2003), Basic Statistics on Indian Petroleum and NaturalGas, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, New Delhi.

(15) Mishra, V. K.; Retherford, R. D. and Kirk R. Smith, 1999, "Biomass cooking fuelsand prevalence of tuberculosis in India", International Journal of InfectiousDiseases, 3, (3), 119-29.

(16) Population Reference Bureau (PRB), 2001, World population data sheet,Washington, D.C.

(17) Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, (2001), "ProvisionalPopulation Totals", Census of India, Paper 1 of 2001, New Delhi.

(18) Registrar General of India, (1981-2001), "Sample Registration System, StatisticalReports 30 1981-2001, New Delhi.

(19) Transport Research Wing, (1997 & 2003), "Pocket Book on Transport Statisticsin India", Ministry of Surface Transport, Government of India, New Delhi.

(20) UNDP, 1998, "Unequal Impacts of Environment Damage", Human DevelopmentReport 1998, Oxford University Press, New York. (21) http:// www.nic.in

'kks/k /kkjk 101

Abstract

izLrqr v/;;u dk mn~ns'; fofHkUu lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lek;kstu dkrqyukRed v/;;u djuk gSA izLrqr v/;;u ds vUrxZr 400 gkbZLdwy Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u¼tuinlruk ds fp=kdwV {ks=k½ oxZc) vfu;r izfrp;u fof/k }kjk fd;k x;kA p;fur fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij ^cgq ifjorhZO;fDrRo lwph* rFkk ^lek;kstu lwph^ dk iz'kklu fd;k x;kA izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij e/;eku]izkekf.kd fopyu rFkk ØkfUrd vuqikr dh x.kuk dh xbZA ifj.kke ds :i esa Kkr gqvk fd mPp lkekftdokaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kFkhZ fuEu lkekftd okNauh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa lkFkZd:i ls mÙke lek;kstu ¼'kSf{kd ,oa LokLF;½ j[krs gSaA

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696SHODH-DHARA ; Mar 2018; Vol.1; P. 101-104

fofHkUu lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dslek;kstu dk vè;;u

ftrsUnz flag ifjgkj'kks/kkFkhZ] euksfoKku] egkRek xka/kh fp=kdwV xzkeksn; fo'ofo|ky;] fp=kdwV] e0iz0

MkW0 uUnyky feJk,lks0 izkssQslj] euksfoKku] egkRek xka/kh fp=kdwV xzkeksn; fo'ofo|ky;] fp=kdwV] e0iz0

MkW0 rkjs'k HkkfV;k,lks0 izkssQslj] euksfoKku] n;kuUn oSfnd egkfo|ky;] mjbZ] m0iz0

¼izkIr % 1 uoEcj 2017½


Key Words : lek;kstu] lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo] gkbZLdwy fo|kFkhZ

Psychology

thou ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa lQy gksus ds fy, O;fä esa lek;kstu djus dh {kerk gksuhpkfg,A rukoiw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa ls og fdl izdkj lQy gks bldk mls Kku gksuk pkfg,A mls ,slhifjfLFkfr;ksa ls nwj jguk pkfg, tks vlek;kstu dks izksRlkgu nsrh gksa rFkk eu dh 'kkfUr dks Hkaxdjus dh vxzlj gksaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd thou dk nwljk uke lek;kstu gSA

vk/kqfud euksoSKkfud izk;% euksfoKku dks lek;kstu ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA^^euksfoKku lek;kstu dk foKku gS** ;g lek;kstu lkekU; vFkok fof'k"V nksuksa {ks=kkksa esa gks ldrkgSA fofHkUu euksoSKkfudksa us lek;kstu dks vius gh :i ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS&

,ysDts.Mj ,oa LuhMlZ ds vuqlkj] ^^lek;kstu ls vfHkizk; dbZ izR;;ksa ls gS] tSls&vHkkor fIr] HkXuk'kk ,oa rukokRed fLFkfr;ksa ls cpus dh {kerk] eu dh 'kkfUr ,oa y{k.kksa dk fuekZ.kAbldk vk'k; ;g lh[kuk gqvk fd vU; O;fDr;ksa ds lEidZ esa ,d O;fDr fdruh lQyrk ls fuokZgdj ldrk gSA

vkyiksVZ us fy[kk gS] ^^O;fäRo O;fä ds Hkhrj mu euksnSfgd xq.kksa dk xR;kRed laxBu gStks i;kZoj.k ds izfr mlds fof'k"V lek;kstu dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA**

'kks/k /kkjk 102

izkbl bR;kfn ds vuqlkj] ^i;kZoj.k ds lkFk vuqdwyu LFkkfir djrs le; O;fä ftl rjgfpUru ,oa O;ogkj djrk gS] mls O;fäRo dgrs gS( blesa izs{k.kh; O;ogkj izfreku rFkk lkFk gh lkFkvis{kkd r de Li"V fo'ks"krk,¡] tSls&ewY;] izsjd] vfHko fÙk;k¡] ;ksX;rk,¡ ,oa vkRe&vo/kkj.kk lfEefyrgSaA**

vk/kqfud euksoSKkfud O;fäRo dks O;fä dh lEiw.kZ fo'ks"krkvksa dh fof/kor~ lefUor iz.kkyhekurs gSaA bldk fodkl O;fä dh mez esa o f) rFkk i;kZoj.k ds lkFk gksus okyh vUrjfØ;k ij fuHkZjdjrk gSA gekjh tSfod lajpuk rFkk lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dqN u dqN lekurk ,oa vlekurkikbZ tkrh gS] blh dkj.k yksxksa esa Hkh vkil esa lekurk,¡ ,oa vlekurk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA O;fäRo ,slhlefUor iz.kkyh gSa tks O;fä dks oS;fädrk iznku djrh gSA ;g lek;kstu dks izHkkfor djrh gSAv/;;u dk mn~ns'; % mPPk] vkSlr rFkk fuEu Lrj ds lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksads lek;kstu dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA

loZizFke 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk mPPk] vkSlr rFkk fuEu Lrj ds lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo dsfo|kfFkZ;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds mn~ns'; ls ^cgqifjorhZ O;fDrRo lwph* dk iz'kklu 400 gkbZ LdwyLrj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij fd;k x;kA izkIrkadksa ds vk/kkj ij prqFkkZd rhu dk eku 8 rFkk prqFkkZd ,d dkeku 5 dh x.kuk dh xbZA bl izdkj 127 mPPk lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo] 172 vkSlr lkekftdokaNuh;rk O;fDrRo rFkk 101 fuEu lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lek;kstu dkv/;;u fd;k x;kA mPPk vkSlr rFkk fuEu lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ks ij^lek;kstu lwph* dk iz'kklu fd;k x;kA izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij e/;eku] izkekf.kd fopyu rFkklkFkZd vUrj Kkr djus ds mn~ns'; ls ØkfUrd vuqikr bl izdkj izkIr gq,&rkfydk % mPPk] vkSlr rFkk fuEu lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDRkRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lek;kstu

dk rqyukRed v/;;u&

¼aaa½ xg 7-07 1-98 6-72 1-89 6-55 2-01 1-52 1-92 0-68¼b½ 'kSf{kd 6-78 1-99 6-20 2-03 5-95 2-12 2-52 -07 0-96¼c½ lkekftd 6-28 2-03 6-07 1-81 6-11 2-07 0-91 0-63 0-16¼d½ laosxkRed 6-01 1-86 5-93 2-05 5-74 2-08 0-35 0-96 0-73¼e½ LokLF; 6-83 2-30 6-52 2-26 5-99 2-41 1-15 2-71 1-83

;ksx 32-98 6-93 31-36 6-15 30-39 7-22 2-10 2-75 1-13

rkfydk dk fujh{k.k djus ls Li"V gS fd mPPk lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksadk lek;kstu ¼e/;eku 32-98½ vfr mRRke Kkr gqvkA vkSlr lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo dsfo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lek;kstu ¼e/;eku 31-36½ mRRke Kkr gqvk tcfd fuEu lkekftd okaNuh;rk

lek;kstuds {ks=k

A mPp N=127 B vkSlr N=172 C fuEu N=101 ØkfUrd vuqikr

izkekf.kdfopyu

e/;eku izkekf.kdfopyu

e/;eku izkekf.kdfopyu

e/;eku A&B A&C B&C

'kks/k /kkjk 103

O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lek;kstu ¼e/;eku 30-39½ rqyukRed :Ik ls fuEu Lrj dk Kkr gqvkAblh izdkj mPPk lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk x g lek;kstu ¼e/;eku

7-07½] 'kSf{kd lek;kstu ¼e/;eku 6-78½] lkekftd lek;kstu] ¼e/;eku 6-28½] laosxkRedlek;kstu ¼e/;eku 6-01½ rFkk LokLF; lek;kstu ¼e/;eku 6-83½ vfr mRRke Kkr gqvkA bldsfoijhr fuEu lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk x g lek;kstu ¼e/;eku 6-55½] 'kSf{kdlek;kstu ¼e/;eku 5-95½] laosxkRed lek;kstu ¼e/;eku 5-74½ rFkk LokLF; lek;kstu ¼e/;eku5-99½ fuEu Lrj dk Kkr gqvkA ckj fp=k esa mi;ZqDr ifj.kke vkys[kh; :Ik esa iznf'kZr gSaA

mPPk] vkSlr rFkk fuEu lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lek;kstu ds e/;lkFkZd vUrj Kkr djus ds mn~ns'; ls ØkfUrd vuqikr dh x.kuk dh xbZA rkfydk dk voyksdudjus ls Li"V gS fd mPPk lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo rFkk vkSlr lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRods fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lek;kstu ds e/; 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd vUrj Kkr gqvkA ØkfUrd vuqikr dk eku2-10 Kkr gqvk tks fd 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd vUrj dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA vkSlr lkekftd okaNuh;rkO;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa mPPk lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kFkhZ lkFkZd :Ik lsmRre lek;kstu j[krs gSaA

blh izdkj fuEu lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa mPPk lkekftdokaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kFkhZ ¼ØkfUrd vuqikr 2-75½ 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd :Ik ls mRRkelek;kstu j[krs gSaA blh izdkj mPPk lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kFkhZ vkSlr lkekftd

ckj fp=k % mPp] vkSlr rFkk fuEu lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo dsfo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lek;kstu ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa dk vè;;u

e/;e

ku i

zkIrkad

axg

b.'kSf{kd

c.lkekftd

d.laosxkRed

e.LokLF;

lek;kstu ds fofHkUu {ks=k

7.076 . 7 2

6.556.78

6 . 2 05.95

6.286 . 0 7 6.11

6.01 5 . 9 3 5.74

6.83

6 . 5 2

5.99

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

mPp

vkSlr

fuEu

'kks/k /kkjk 104

okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa ¼ØkfUrd vuqikr 2-52½ lkFkZd :Ik ls 0-05 Lrj ijmRRke 'kSf{kd lek;kstu j[krs gSaA fuEu lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esamPPk lkekftd okaNuh;rk ds fo|kFkhZ lkFkZd :Ik ls 0-01 Lrj ij ¼ØkfUrd vuqikr 3-07½ mRRke'kSf{kd lek;kstu j[krs gSaA mPPk lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa lkFkZd:Ik ls 0-01 Lrj ij ¼ØkfUrd vuqikr 2-71½ mRRke LokLF; lek;kstu j[krs gSaA

;|fi mPPk] vkSlr rFkk fuEu lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds x g lek;kstulkekftd lek;kstu laosxkRed lek;kstu ds e/; 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd vUrj Kkr ugha gqvkA vr%izLrqr v/;;u dh 'kwU; midYiuk ^mPPk] vkSlr rFkk fuEu Lrj ds lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRods fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lek;kstu ds e/; lkFkZd vUrj ugha gksxkA** vlR; fl) gksrh gSA mPPk lkekftdokaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kFkhZ vkSlr o fuEu lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rqyukesa lkFkZd :Ik ls mRRke lek;kstu j[krs gSA blh izdkj mPPk lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo dsfo|kFkhZ vkSlr rFkk fuEu lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDrRo ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa lkFkZd :Ik lsmRRke 'kSf{kd lek;kstu j[krs gSaA mPPk lkekftd okaNuh;rk O;fDRkRo ds fo|kFkhZ lkFkZd :Ik lsmRRke LokLF; lek;kstu j[krs gSaA

lUnHkZ1. Edwards, A.L. (1969) Experimental Design in Psychological Research, New York:

Holt. Rinehart and Winston, Inc.2. Ferguson, G.A. (1976) Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education, McGraw

Hill, Koyakusha, 1976.3. Hussain, S. (1985) Adjustment and its measurement, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.4. Hussain, Shamshad(1996)Human Adjustment. National Psychological Corpora-

tion, Agra.5. Shukla, A. and Pandey, S. (1994) Personal Adjustment Problem of introvert and

extrovert and adolescents of Hindi and English Medium Schools, Purvanchal Jour-nal of Social Sciences, 1&2, 23-28.

6. Singh, A.K. and Gupta, A.S. (1996) Some Personality determinants of Values andintelligence, Indian Journal of Psychology and Education. 1996, Vol.27(2), 111-114.

7. Upadhayay, Himani and Shukla, Asha (2001) A study of relationship of Piagetianstages of cognitive development and intelligence to creative thinking potential,Psycho-Lingua, 2001, 31(1), 21-24.

'kks/k /kkjk 105

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; Mar 2018; Vol. 1; P. 106 -109Psychology

IntroductionPresently we are living in that world which is full of stress, and if we are

talking about adolescence this is the critical period of human life. Lots of changesoccurs in this time (Physical, emotional, mental changes), these changes createstress and pressure on their life. A thorough understanding of adolescence insociety depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology,biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of theseperspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhoodand adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adultroles. There are lots of factors which affect the adolescences like Media, Religions,Parents, teachers, peer group etc.

Motivation is the driving force behind a person's actions. There are manydifferent types of motivation, and everyone is inspired by something different.Achievement Motivation is defined as behaviours dedicated to developing anddemonstrating higher abilities. Achievement motivation is the need for excellenceand significant accomplishment, despite what rewards may be offered after the

Achievement Motivation And Gender DifferencesDeepika Kushwaha

Research Scholar, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, U.P.

Dr. Taresh BhatiaAssociates Professor, Head, Department of Psychology, D.V. College, Orai, U.P.

¼Received : 08 DEC 2017½

AbstractThis study is based on gender differences among adolescents in terms of

achievement motivation. The world where we are living in that worlds which is fullof stress, and if we are talking about adolescence this is the critical period of humanlife. Lots of changes occurs in this time (Physical, emotional, mental changes), thesechanges create stress and pressure on their life The main aim of this study is toexplore the effect of gender differences on adolescences in terms of achievementmotivation. The present study is an attempt to observe the significant difference ofachievement motivation between boys and girls. For this purpose 500 students wereselected from the Allahabad city in which 250 boys and 250 girls. CR (Critical Ratio)test was used for the analysis, and the result showing that girls have higherachievement motivation compare to boys. In other words, girls are highly motivatedfor their work than boys.


Key words : Adolescences, Achievement, Gender Differences

'kks/k /kkjk 106

achievement has been met.Achievement Motivation is generally regarded as the drive to achieve targets

and the process to maintain the drive. Motivation provides an important foundationto complete cognitive behaviour, such as planning, organization, decision-making,learning, and assessments (Pintrich & Schunk, 1996). Spence and Helmreich(1983) defined achievements as task oriented behavior. Performances ofindividuals are often compared against standards or with others for assessments.The original definition of achievement motivation was from Atkinson (1964), whodefined it as the comparison of performances with others and against certainstandard activities.

Atkinson and his colleagues formed the concept that achievementmotivation stems from two separate needs. One is the motivation to achieve andis related to one’s desire to accomplish successful goals and the other is the motiveto avoid failure.

Achievement motivation forms to be the basic for a good life. People whoare oriented towards achievement, in general, enjoy life and feel in control. Beingmotivated keeps people dynamic and gives them self-respect. They set moderatelydifficult but easily achievable targets, which help them, achieve their objectives.They do not set up extremely difficult or extremely easy targets. By doing thisthey ensure that they only undertake tasks that can be achieved by them.Achievement motivated people prefer to work on a problem rather than leavingthe outcome to chance. It is also seen that achievement motivated people seem tobe more concerned with their personal achievement rather than the rewards ofsuccess.Gender Differences in Achievement Motivation.

Hyde & Kling (2001) found that the classic research by McClelland wasbased on the fact that the occurrence of achievement motivation is very low withwomen, and therefore they were excluded from the research. Research that wasperformed from 1950 to 1960 pointed to the fact that women have a lower level ofachievement motivation than men in accordance with the social emphasis of thetime when women rather stayed at home instead of venturing into theachievement-oriented world of work. However, further research indicates thatachievement motivation of women has increased over time. Veroff and Depner(1965) found out that achievement motivation of American women increased from1957 to 1976 and Jenkins determined an increase from 1967 to 1981. Severalcontemporary studies point to gender differences in achievement motivation.According to Hyde and Kling (2001) the increase of achievement motivation ofwomen was probably caused by better opportunities to gain education and also tofind employment.

Maheswari & Aruna (2015) found that there is significant difference

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between gender of the respondents with regard their to achievement motivation.Same with Barcellos, Carvalho, and Muney (2014) found that research has notalways found that boys and girls are treated differently in rural India. However,estimates of the effect of gender on parental investments could be biased if girlsend up in larger families due to son-biased stopping rules. Using a novelidentification strategy that exploits that gender at conception is random, wedocument that boys receive more childcare time than girls, they are breastfedlonger and they get more vitamin supplementation. Compared to other developingcountries, boys have an advantage in height and weight relative to girls. Neithergreater needs nor anticipated family size explains the results. A study by Shekhar& Devi (2012) also supported that gender differences have effect on achievementmotivation.Objective of the Study : To find out the significant differences of achievementmotivation between boys & girls intermediates student.Hypothesis of the study : There is no significant differences of achievementmotivation between boys & girls intermediates student.Methodology : The main aim of the study to show the gender differences inadolescences in terms of achievement motivation. The data which was selectedfor the study is based on middle class of the family of Allahabad city, total 500student who belongs to 15 to 18 years was selected through stratified randomsampling technique for the study in which 250 boys and 250 girls was taken inthe study.Scale- AMT (Achievement Motivation Test) By Dr. Taresh Bhatia is used for datacollection.Statistical Analysis- Mean, SD, and Critical Ratio test used for analysis.Result And Discussion

TABLETable 1 & Graph 1 is showing the Achievement Motivation differences

between boys and girls

Gender N M SD CR

BOYS 250 29.46 6.47 4.65**

GIRLS 250 31.88 5.175

** significant at 0.01 level

'kks/k /kkjk 108

Graph:Mean of Achievement Motivation

The above value shows boys Mean is 29.46 and girls Mean is 31.88. Accordingto the table there is mean differences exist between boys and girls, which indicatingthat girls have higher achievement motivation compare to boys. Same bar diagramindicating that there are mean differences exist between boys and girl’sachievement motivation. In the terms of achievement girls are more motivatedcompare to boys.

The CR value is 4.65 which is significant on 0.01 level. which showingsthere is significant differences between boys and girl’s achievement motivationand girls have higher achievement motivation compare to boys. According to thistable the hypothesis has been rejected which showing there is significant differencebetween boys and girls achievement motivation. According to the hypothesis“There is no significant differences between achievement motivation betweenboys and girls” but the finding of this table showing there is significant differencesbetween girls and boys, girls have higher achievement motivation compare to boys.

There are lots of reasons behind this finding. In past its assumed thatwomen are basically for house hold work they are not supposed to go out for furtherwork they will remain in house and taking care of all house hold work like cooking,caring of house and kids. Women didn’t have any opportunity to prove themselvesin past but now days situations have been changed both boys and girls both havesame opportunity to prove themselves. Now parents educate their children eitherthey are girls or boys they provide their support to both and provide them samefacilities. These situations changed the scenario of the past where women are

'kks/k /kkjk 109

only for house hold. Now girls are educated, self-confidences they know they areequal to boys this confidence provide them to achieve higher goal which theymake for themselves.

REFERENCES1. Adsul, R. K., Kamble, V., & Sangli, K. W. (2008). Achievement Motivation as a

Function of Gender, Economic Background and Caste Differences in CollegeStudents. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34, 323-327.

2. Barcellos, Silvia Helena, Carvalho, L.S. & Muney, A.L.(2014).Child Gender andParental Investments In India: Are Boys And Girls Treated Differently? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3933178/. Date 31/07/2018 time 16:09

3. Beata •itniaková Gurgová.(2007). The Influence Of Gender On AchievementMotivation of Students.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301888646_The_Influence_Of_Gender_On_Achievement_Motivation_Of_Students. Date 3/07/2018, Time 16:28.

4. Hyde Janet Shibley, Kling Kristen C (2001): Women, motivation, and achievement.In: Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, pp. 364–378. Division 35, AmericanPsychological Association.

5. Kaushik N, Rani S. (2005), A Comparative study of achievement motivation, homeenvironment and parent child relationship of adolescents. Journal of Psychologicalresearch.; 49:189-194

6. Maheshwari, K.K. and Aruna, M. (2015), Gender difference and achievementmotivation among adolescent school students, http://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2016/vol2issue1/PartC/1-13-82.pdf. Date, 31/07.2018, time 14.59

7. Nagarathnamma B, Thirumal Rao V. (2007), Achievement motivation and AcademicAchievement of adolescent Boys and Girls. Indian Psychological Review; 68:131-136

8. Pintrich, P.R. (2003). A motivational science perspective on the role of studentmotivation in learning and teaching contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology,95, 667-686.

9. Pomerantz, E., Altermatt, E. R., & Saxon, J. L. (2002). Making the grade but feelingdistressed: Gender differences in academic performance and internal distress.Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 396–404.

10. Shekhar, C and Devi, Rachna (2012) Achievement Motivation across Gender andDifferent Academic Majors Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology;Vol. 2, No. 2; 2012 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education

11. Veroff, Joseph (1965), Theoretical Background for Studying the Origins of HumanMotivational Dispositions. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development11:3–18.

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ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696SHODH-DHARA ; DEC 2017; Vol. 4; P. 110-116

Political Science

laLÑfr dh jktuhfr dk lS)kfUrd v/;;uMkW0 jkeeqjkjh fpjokfj;k

vfl0izks0] jktuhfrd foKku] dk'khjke egkfo|ky;] dqBkSank ¼tkykSu½] m0iz0izkIr% ¼20 tuojh 2018½

Abstract

laLd fr yksxksa ds fopkj vkSj O;ogkj dk izfreku gSA laLd fr esa ewY;ksa] fo'oklksa] vkpkj lEcU/khfu;eksa] lkekftd izfrekuksa] jktuSfrd o vkfFkZd laxBuksa dk lekos'k jgrk gSA oSls laLd fr 'kCn FkksM+ku;k gS] vFkkZr~ iqjkus laLd r okM~e; esa ;g 'kCn ugha feyrk gSA fdUrq u;k gksrs gq, Hkh dkQh izpfyr gSvkSj fgUnqLrku dh yxHkx lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa ,dk/k dks NksM+ fn;k tk;s rks bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx izpfyr gSaAlaLd fr 'kCn u;k gksrs gq, Hkh og 'kCn ftlls bldk ?kfu"B lEcU/k gS og cgqr iqjkuk gS] og 'kCn gSlaLdkjA lHkh blls ifjfpr gaS vkSj FkksM+k O;kdj.k dh n f"V ls fopkj djus ij ;g Li"V gks tkrk gSfd laLd fr blls fHkUu ugha gSA ey;kye Hkk"kk esa rks laLd fr 'kCn gS] ughaA mlds LFkku ij laLdkj 'kCndk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA laLdkjksa dk thou ij tks izHkko iM+rk gS mudh eu ij tks vfeV Nki iM+rh gS]mlh dk lekos'k laLd fr 'kCn esa gksrk gSA

laLd fr dk lEcU/k ekuo dh vareqZ[kh n'kk ls gSA ftl deZ o Hkko ls gekjs laLdkj lqUnjcus ftls d fr* dk lkSUn;Z rFkk fnO;rk vf/kd Li"Vrk ls izdV gks lds ogh laLd fr gSSA tks psrukgesa m/okZjksfgr djrh gS ogh gS laLd fr oSf'k"V~;A m/okZjksg.k dks izsfjr djus okyh psruk dk Lrj gjO;fDr esa fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gS] Bhd oSls gh tSls fd gj O;fDr dh ekufld lajpuk fHkUu&fHkUu gksrhgSA ekufld lajpuk esa tks dyq"k vkSj i'kqRo gS] mls nwj djus ds fufeÙk fd;s x;s gekjs iz;kl ghgesa laLdkjoku cukrs gaSA ;g psruk gh gekjh laLd fr gSA oSls rks thou dh lexzrk ds izfr gj O;fDrdk viuk ,oa i Fkd n f"Vdks.k gksxk gh ij fQj Hkh O;fDr tc lewg ds Lrj ij lksprk gS rks lexzrkds izfr tks fpUru gS mls Hkh og vko';d egRo iznku djrk gSA D;ksafd lewg ds lg;ksx ds vHkkoeas dksbZ O;fDr thou ds jgL; dks mn~?kkfVr djus ds fy;s vius iwoZtksa dh vuqHkwfr;ksa vkSj vuqHkkoksadk lgkjk ysrk gS vkSj Lo;a dh vuqHkwfr;ksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dk Hkh blh vk/kkj ij O;fDr vkSj lektdk O;fDrRo fufeZr gksrk gSA bl O;fDrRo ds fuekZ.k esa tks dqN Hkh lgk;d gS] ogh laLd fr gSA

laLd fr lekt dh thou fof/k gS vkSj bl :Ik esa ;g vko';d ifjorZu o ifjo/kZu ds cknih<+h&nj&ih<+h gLrkUrfjr gksrh jgrh gSA dqN fopkjd lEiw.kZ lkekftd fojklr dks laLd fr ekursgSa] tcfd vusd fopkjd vHkkSfrd fojklr dks gh laLd fr ekurs gSaA okLro esa laLd fr ekuoh;lekt dh vkUrfjd vfHkO;fDr gSA ge tks dqN gSa og gekjh laLd fr gSA*

laLd fr yksxksa ds fopkj vkSj O;ogkj dk izfreku gSA laLd fr esa ewY;ksa] fo'oklksa] vkpkj


Key Words : laLd fr dk fl)kUr] laLd fr vkSj thou

'kks/k /kkjk 111

lEcU/kh fu;eksa] lkekftd izfrekuksa] jktuSfrd o vkfFkZd laxBuksa dk lekos'k jgrk gSA oSls laLd fr'kCn FkksM+k u;k gS] vFkkZr~ iqjkus laLd r okM~e; esa ;g 'kCn ugha feyrk gSA fdUrq u;k gksrs gq, HkhdkQh izpfyr gS vkSj fgUnqLrku dh yxHkx lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa ,dk/k dks NksM+ fn;k tk;s rks bl 'kCndk iz;ksx izpfyr gSaA laLd fr 'kCn u;k gksrs gq, Hkh og 'kCn ftlls bldk ?kfu"B lEcU/k gS og cgqriqjkuk gS] og 'kCn gS laLdkjA lHkh blls ifjfpr gaS vkSj FkksM+k O;kdj.k dh n f"V ls fopkj djus ij;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd laLd fr blls fHkUu ugha gSA ey;kye Hkk"kk esa rks laLd fr 'kCn gS] ughaAmlds LFkku ij laLdkj 'kCn dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA laLdkjksa dk thou ij tks izHkko iM+rk gS mudheu ij tks vfeV Nki iM+rh gS] mlh dk lekos'k laLd fr 'kCn esa gksrk gSA

laLd fr fdlh jk"Vª dh vkRek gksrh gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh jk"Vª rHkh rd thfor ekuk tk ldrkgS tc rd mldh vkRek mlds vUnj fo|eku gSA dsoy cká midj.kksa ls jk"Vª thfor ugha jgrkAjk"Vª esa jgus okys euq"; vkrs tkrs jgrs gSa] mudh la[;k ?kVrh&c<+rh jgrh gSA jk"Vª dh Hkwfe Hkh mueuq";ksa ds lkeF;Z ds vuqlkj dHkh muds ikl jgrh gS] dHkh nwljksa ds vf/kdkjksa esa pyh tkrh gSAbu nksukas ds ?kV&c<+ ls jk"Vª ds vfLrRo ij izHkko ugha iM+rk fdUrq ;fn ,d ckj ;s nksuksa cus Hkhjgs vkSj laLd fr lekIr gks x;h rks jk"Vª&thou dk vUr le>uk pkfg,A

ftl izdkj vkRek fudy tkus ds i'pkr~ gV~Vk&dV~Vk 'kjhj Hkh fdlh vFkZ dk ugha jgrk]mlh izdkj laLd fr ds lekIr gksus ds ckn] vU; rRo 'ks"k jgsa rks Hkh jk"Vª u"V gks tkrk gSA chl yk[ko"kZ iwoZ ekuo ds fudV iwoZtksa dh dqN 'kk[kk;sa vius 'kkjhfjd vkSj lkaLd frd fodkl dh fn'kk esau;k eksM+ ys jgh FkhaA muds lnL; lh/ks [kM+s gksdj py&fQj ldrs Fks] vkl&ikl ds iRFkjksa ds ljymidj.k vkSj vL=k cuk ldrs Fks vkSj os ouksa ds ,d Nksj ij ikuh ds ikl jgus yxs FksA /khjs&/khjsekuo ds bu fudV iwoZtksa ds thou vk;e cnysA vkdfLed :i ls mlus vkx ij fu;U=k.k ikfy;kA blls mlus vius vkoklksa tks igys izkd frd dUnjkvksa esa gksrs Fks dks xeZ j[kuk vkjEHk fd;k]fgalk izkf.k;ksa dks mlus nwj j[kuk lh[kk vkSj vkx esa Hkwudj ;k mokydj vius Hkkstu dks :fpdjcuk;k rFkk [kk| lkexzh esa vusd ,sls u;s rRoksa dks lekos'k fd;k tks fcuk idk;s ugha [kk;s tkldrs FksA

izk;% ikp yk[k o"kZ igys okd~'kfDr dk fodkl Hkh cM+h tfVy vkSj foLe;dkjh izfØ;k jghgksxh tgk¡ Hkk"kk lkaLd frd Ik;kZoj.k dk vax gksrh gS] ogk¡ lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k ls ik¡p&lkr o"kZesa gh vius vki lh[k yh tkrh gS ij 'kCnksa okD;&foU;kl vkSj vkjfEHkd O;kdj.k dk fodklfuf'pr :Ik ls cgqr gh dfBu jgk gksxkA D;k Hkk"kk ds fcuk og viuh laLd fr dk fodkl dj ldrkFkkA fcuk Hkk"kk ds u rks Kku dk HkaMkj.k lEHko Fkk] u mldk lEizs"k.kA 'kL=k'kfDr ds fodkl dsekuo ds fudV iwoZtksa dh {kerkvksa dk foLrkj fd;kA mudh ,d 'kk[kk gkseklsfi;u lsfi;u usftldk mn; iSrhl gtkj igys gqvk rhuksa {ks=kksa ¼;q)] ekjd'kfDr] lqj{kkvk[ksV½ esa lokZf/kd izxfrdhA ;g izkphu Lrj ;qx FkkA

lalkj vc bDdhloha lnh ds oSKkfud peRdkjksa dk vuqHko dj vk/kqfudrk ls mRRkjvk/kqfudrk dh vksj c<+ jgk gS] fdUrq bl vk| laLd fr ds vof'k"V vc Hkh vkLVªsfy;k dsvkfnokfl;ksa vestku {ks=k ds bafM;u vkSj U;wfxuh ds ioZrh; {ks=k dh tutkfr;ksa esa ns[ks tk ldrs

'kks/k /kkjk 112

gSaaA bZ0iw0 10000 vkSj 2500 ds chp ,d lkaLd frd Økafr vkjEHk gqbZA euq"; us dqN tkuojksa dksikyrw cuk;k vkSj mudh Je 'kfDr dk mi;ksx vius fgr lk/ku esa fd;kA

d f"k dk vkjEHk e/;iwoZ ds ufn;ksa }kjk flafpr moZj {ks=kksa esa bZ0iw0 9]000 ds yxHkx gqvkvkSj ogk¡ ls mldk izlkj bZ0 iw0 6]000 rd nf{k.k&iwoZ ;wjksi vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k esa gqvkA blrjg ekuo vk[kVsd vkSj laxzkgd ls [kk| mRiknd cukA bl d f"k laLd fr dh dqN fo'ks"kvko';rk;sa FkhA ekuo esa NksVs&NksVs lewg vis{kkd r cM+s leqnk;ksa es jgus yxs] ftuds vuq'kklu&iz'kkluds fy;s vf/kifr;ksa dh ,d Js.kh mHkjhA rjg&rjg ds fo'ks"kK f'kYidkj Hkh vko';d gq;s ftudsfuekZ.k dh d f"k esa vuqiwjd Hkwfedk FkhA bZ0 iw0 6]400 esa rqdhZ vkSj bZjku esa dk¡ls dk mi;ksx 'kq:gqvk bZ0 iw0 3]000 esa lqesj vkSj eslksiksVkfe;k esa rk¡cs ds fVu ds feJ.k esa dk¡lk cuk;k x;k] ftllsu;s 'kL=k vkSj vkStkj cuk;s x;sA bZ0 iw0 1]700 esa rqdhZ esa yksgs dk mi;ksx gqvk dkL; izfof/k dhrjg ykSg izfof/k Hkh iqrZxky ls phu rd QSyhA vesfjdk esa dk¡lk bZ0 iw0 900 esa igqapk] yksgk ogk¡1]500 esa ;wjksfi;u vizokfl;ksa ds lkFk gh x;kA2

bDdhloha lnh ls gekjh vis{kk;sa tks Hkh gks] ekuork vkt laØe.k ds ,d Hk;kog nkSj lsxqtj jgh gSA laØe.k ds bl nkSj esa lkaLd frd vfLerk dk àkl Hkh ,d xEHkhj ladV ds :Ik esa mHkjjgk gSA oSKkfud&izkS|ksfxd fodkl vkSj lkekftd fodkl dh vleku xfr vkSj folaxfr;ksa lslkekftd ekU;rk;sa {kh.k gks jgh gSa vkSj lkaLd frd ewY; foJa[kfyr gks jgs gSaA lkaLd frd y{;ksa vkSjlk/kuksa esa /kq¡/kykiu vk x;k gSA ifj.kke gS ,d Hkksx vkSj fyIlkoknh laLd fr dk fodklA bl izfØ;kesa ns'kt fpUru dk voewY;u gks jgk gS vkSj tkrh; l tu'khyrk ik'oZ esa tk jgh gSA le;≤ij vuqdj.k dh laLd fr ds fo:) ijEijk vkSj laLd fr dh rhoz izfrfØ;k gksrh gS] ftllsvk/kqfudhdj.k vkSj fodkl dh lkjh ;kstuk;sa Mxexk jgh gSA fodkl dh vfuok;Zrk Lo;afl) gS]ijUrq mlds fy;s lekt viuh ijEijk vkSj laLd fr dk cfynku djus dks rS;kj ugha gSAik'pkR; laLd fr

vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu yksus esa ftu izfØ;kvksa o lkekftd 'kfDr;ksa dkegRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gS] muesa if'pehdj.k dh izfØ;k fojks/k :Ik ls mYYks[kuh; gSA vaxzsth us vius'kklu dky esa Hkkjr dk ?kfUk"V ifjp; if'Pkeh ;k ik'pkR; laLd fr ls u dsoy djk;k vfirq bl<ax ls 'kklu O;oLFkk dks O;ofLFkr fd;k fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa ifjorZu Lor% mRiUUk gks x;sA blizdkj if'peh laLd fr dh izfØ;k us lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; tuthou dks izHkkfor fd;k vkSj if'pehdj.kds QyLo:Ik Hkkjrh; lekt esa ifjorZu mRiUUk djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA

Hkkjr esa vaxzsth 'kklu O;oLFkk ds dk;e gks tkus ds ckn ls gh Hkkjrh; lekt if'pehlaLd fr ls LFkkfir gqvk vkSj fnu&ij&fnu ?kfu"V gksrk x;kA pwafd vaxzst 'kkld oxZ Fks vkSj mudkmn~ns'; Hkkjrh;ksa dks Hkh vius laLd frd ek;ktky esa Qalkuk Fkk] vr% gekjs fy;s Lo;a dks mudhlaLd fr ds izHkkoksa ls foeqDr j[kuk lEHko u gqvkA lkFk gh ml if'peh laLd fr esa dqN vPNkb;k¡]vusd vk/kqfud o izxfr'khy rRo ,oa vla[; izyksHku Hkh FksA lkFk gh vaxzsth dk ncko o izHkko Hkhgekjs Åij FkkA vr% ge mudh laLd fr ds izfr vkdf"kZr gq;s vkSj viuk;kA Qyr% izkS|ksfxdh lsysdj gekjh tkfrizFkk] la;qDr ifjokj fookg] /keZ] dyk] izFkk] ijEijk] lkfgR;] laxhr] fopkj] vkn'kZ

'kks/k /kkjk 113

y{; vkSj ewY; lHkh esa if'peh laLd fr dh ,d vfeV Nki yx x;hA ge if'pe ds jax esa dkQhgn rd jax x;sA

if'peh laLd fr ds QYkLo:Ik Hkkjrh; lekt dh ijEijkxr o izHkko'kkyh laLFkkvksa tSls]tkfrizFkk] la;qDr ifjokj] fookg] iapk;r vkfn esa mYYks[kuh; ifjorZu gq;s gSA nwljh vksj izsl]ernku] bZlkbZ fe'kujh tSls ubZ laLFkkvksa dk Hkh tUe gqvkA if'peh laLd fr ds QyLo:Ik tgk¡ ,dvksj O;fDroknh ewY;ksa dks c<+kok feyk]ogha nwljh vksj lekurk yksdrU+=k o ykSfddokn ls lEcfU/krewY;ksa dk Hkh egRo c<+kA dkuwwu ds lkeus lc leku gSaA ;g lkekftd ewY; if'peh laLd fr dhgh nsu gSA mlh izdkj lrh&izFkk o cky fookg ds foijhr ewY;ksa dk fodkl] vUrtkZrh; fookg]fo/kok fookg ds vuqdwy ewY;ksa dk Hkh fodkl if'peh laLd fr ds QyLo:Ik gh gqvkA f'k{kk izkIrdjus dk vf/kdkj lcdks gS] /keZ rFkk tkfr ds vk/kkj ij Hksn&Hkko ;k NqvkNwr dh Hkkouk vFkZghugSA fL=k;ksa dks nklh le>uk ,d lkekftd vU;k; gS rFkk HkkX;oknh cus jguk vius lkFk /kks[kkdjuk gS& vkfn vusd ifjofrZr lkekftd ewY;ksa dk fodkl if'peh laLd fr dh gh nsu gSA

fgUnw /keZ dh iqu% O;k[;k if'pehdj.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke gSA if'peh vkn'kkZs]fl}kUrksa o ewY;ksa ls izsj.kk ysdj gh bl ns'k esa czá lekt] izkFkZuk lekt] vk;Zlekt] jked ".k fe'kuvkfn /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa dk tUe o fodkl gqvkA ftUgksaus fgUnw /keZ dh fQj ls O;k[;k dh vkSj blesamRiUUk xUnxh dks nwj djus ds fy;s fØ;kRed dne mBk;sA bl dk;Z esa jktk jkeeksgu jk;]bZ'ojpUnz fo|k lkxj] egf"kZ n;kUkUn] Lokeh jked ".k ijegal] Lokeh foosdkUkUn] jfoUnz ukFk VSxksj]Jh vjfoUn] egkRek xk¡/kh vkfn us mYYks[kuh; iz;Ru fd;s Abu iz;Ruksa ds QyLo:Ik /kkfeZd vkMEcjtkfr&ik¡fr dk HksnHkko] Nqvk&Nwr dh Hkkouk vkfn dks yksx cqjk ekuus yxsA if'pe dh rks vo/kkj.kkgS fd laLd fr dh lRRkk lrr~ ifjorZu'khy gSA if'peh fpUru laLd fr dks vfrekul ds O;fDrRols ugha tksM+rkA if'pe dh ekU;rk gS fd laLd fr dh ifjf/k esa dsoy ogh vkrk gS] tks thou dsHkkSfrd i{k ls tqM+k gqvk gSA3

Hkkjrh; laLd frHkkjrh; laLd fr dh vk/kkjf'kyk gS lR;A tks lR; ugha gS og laLdkjoku~ ugha cu ldrkA

laLd fr dh ifjiDork rks lR; ds lk{kkRdkj mldh vfHkO;fDr vkSj mldh fot; ls gh izkekf.kdgksrh gSA tgk¡ lR; dk cks/k ugha gS] ogk¡ Ik'kqRo vFkok vKku fdlh&u&fdlh :Ik esa fo|eku jgsxkAtcfd laLdkj dk y{; gS Ik'kqRo vkSj vKku ls eqfDr rFkk nsoRo dh miyfC/kA nsoRo dh miklukdk vFkZ ;gk¡ fdlh nsork dh ewfrZ ;k iwtu ;k mlls lacaf/kr deZdkaM ls ugha gSA nsoRo dk vFkZ ijepSrU; gh lR; gS vkSj mlds izfr mUeq[k gks tkus ls gSA

laLd fr lR; dk gh fodj.k gSA mls ge lR; dk izdk'k Hkh dg ldrs gSaA tSls lw;Z dhizR;sd fdj.k lw;Z dk gh izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS] bu fdj.kksa ds ek/;e ls gh lw;Z vius dks vfHkO;Drdjrk gSA mlh izdkj lR; Hkh laLdkjksa ds ek/;e ls vius dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA Hkkjrh; laLd fresa dqN ,sls 'kCn gSa] ftUgsa lR; ds vuqHkwfrdrkZ ds lkFk fo'ks"k :Ik ls tksM+k x;k gSA tSls lU;kl]eks{k] dSoY;] vkSj fuokZ.kA

RkRoefl Hkkjrh; laLd fr dk egkokD; gSA rRoefl ds bl egkokD; ls gh vga czáfLe dk

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cks/k tkxzr gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ lc dqN czá gh gSA bl egkcks/k ls tks vxyh ;k=kk gS] og gS ^lks•ge*dhA tks Hkh gS] og eSa gw¡ gj 'kCn gj fopkj] gj Hkko gj vuqHko] gj vuqHkwfr] gj Kku gj Hksn **eSa**gh gw¡ dqN Hkh i Fkd ugha gSA Hkkjrh; laLd fr ds rhu vk/kkjHkwr okD;ksa ij jtuh'k us vius xzUFkv/;kRe mifu"kn esa cgqr lqUnj O;k[;k dh gS& ftlus vius fpRRk dks ,sls okD;ksa ds lkFk ,drkudj fy;k] ftldk pfj=k vkSj ftldk fpRRk budh vfHkO;fDr cu x;kA4 Hkkjrh; laLd fr ekuothou dh ÅtkZ ds ewy lzksr dks [kkstrh gS vkSj mlds lkFk izokfgr gksrh gSA ;g laLd fr thou dsfdlh Hkh i{k dks udkjrh ugha] mls laLdkfjr djrh gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd fr ,d vksj tgk¡ lR; dh [kkst esa lrr~jr gS vkSj bl [kkst ds fufeÙk tgk¡dsoy vkMacjksa dk gh ugha] cfYd O;fDrRo ds gj uke o :Ik ds lEiw.kZ foltZu dh i{k/kjrk djrhgS] ogha nwljh vksj bl laLd fr esa tSlk vn~Hkqr leUo; gS] og ekuork ds fy;s ,d Js"Bre nsu gSAbl laLd fr dh fo'ks"krk gh ;g gS fd og gj ckr] gj i{k ds fy;s jkth gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd fr cgqvk;keh Hkh gS vkSj ,dkaxh HkhA Hkkjrh; laLd fr esa dbZ laLd fr;k¡ lekfgrgSa] ftlds dkj.k ;g xaxk tequh laLd fr ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA lR;e~* tgk¡ Hkkjrh; laLd frdk vkReRkRo o mldk dkj.k 'kjhj gSA ogh f'koe~* mldk lw{e Lo:Ik vkSj psruk gS rFkk laqnje~*dks Hkkjrh; laLd fr ds LFkwy 'kjhj ds :Ik esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd fr esa ;K dh cM+h efgek gSA gou] iwtu o ;Kosnh esa vfXu tykdj mlesagfo Mkyus dk tks dk;Z gS] mls lkekU;r% ;K dgk tkrk gSA deZdkafM;ksa ds vuqlkj ;K ls nsorkizlUUk gksrs gSaA Hkkjrh; laLd fr esa /keZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k] eq[; fcUnq gSa& Hkkjrh; laLd fr esa /keZ dkiz;ksx vR;ar O;kid Lrj ij gSA /keZ dks dgha drZO; ds lkFk tksM+k x;k gS] dgha mls inkFkZ ds ewyLoHkko ls tksM+k x;k gS] dgha mls loZdY;k.k ds lkFk tksM+k x;k gS vkSj dgha /keZ ije czák dk izrhdgSA /keZ dh vkt dksbZ lh/kh ifjHkk"kk miyC/k ugha gS] D;ksafd bldk lEcU/k O;fDr ds vareZu ls rksgS gh] lkFk gh ns'k] dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Hkh iwjk&iwjk izHkko gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd fr fo'o dh izkphure LkaLd fr gksus ds ckotwn vkt Hkh thor gS vkSj ekuorkds fodkl esa lgk;d gSA izkphure laLd fr gksus ds dkj.k bfrgkl ekuork ds gj ix ls tqM+k gqvkgSA fo'o ds bfrgkl dk dksbZ Hkh i "B ,slk ugha gS tks Hkkjrh; laLd fr ls izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i lsizHkkfor u jgk gksA Hkkjrh; laLd fr esa fujUrjrk Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ;wuku] jkse vkSj lqesj dhizkphu laLd fr;k¡ le; ds izokg esa cg pqdh gSaA vkt ogk¡ fuokl djus okys yksxksa ds thou esa bllaLd fr dk dksbZ lw=k ugha jg x;k gSA ij izkphu Hkkjrh; laLd fr mldk lekt o laLFkk;sa vktHkh thfor gSa vkSj mldh ijEijk;sa vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; thou esa fo|eku gSaA tgk¡ Hkkjrh; lekt esa olaLd fr esa fujUrjrk gS] rks ifjorZu'khyrk ;k xfr'khyrk Hkh gSAlaLd fr dk ekDlZoknh fl)kUr

dkyZ ekDlZ vkSj muds vuq;k;h laLd fr dks oxZ dh oLrq ekurs gSa vkSj dqN va'kkas rdlaLd fr dks izxfr ls lEcfU/kr djrs gaSA ekDlZoknh vuqHko txr dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrs gSa&izFke HkkSfrd oLrq lEcU/k vkSj f}rh; psruk ;k fopkjA ekDlZokn ckSf)d psruk dks oLrq lEcU/kksa

'kks/k /kkjk 115

ij vkfJr crkrk gSaAekDlZokn ds vuqlkj laLd fr dk lEcU/k lkekftd psruk ls gS vkSj lkekftd psruk rFkk

mlls mRiUUk laLd fr lkekftd lRRkk ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA lkekftd lRRkk ls vfHkizk; gS HkkSfrdlkekftd lEcU/kA lekt esa oLrqvksa vkSj lEifRRk dk mRiknu djrs gq, euq";x.k fuf'pr lEcU/kksals lEcfU/kr gks tkrs gSaA ;s lEcU/k vfuok;Z gksrs gSaA bu lEcU/kksa ls gh lekt esa oxZ curs gSa vkSjoxZHksnksa dk Lo:Ik fuf'pr gks tkrk gSaA os leLr lEcU/k ;k oxZ fdlh lekt ds vkfFkZd <k¡ps dksfufeRRk djrs gSa vkSj ;g vf/kd <k¡pk ewy vkSj vlyh vk/kkj gksrk gS] ftl ij dkuwuh vkSjjktuhfrd <k¡pk [kM+k gksrk gS vkSj ftlls lkekftd psruk ds :Ik esa fuf'pr gksrs gSaA laaLd fr blhlkekftd psruk ls lEcfU/kr gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dg ldrs gaS mlds vkn'kkaZs dh vfeV Nki ml lektdh laLd fr ij vafdr gksrh gSA oxZ ds vf/kdkj vkSj lRRkkk ds cnyus ls laLd fr Hkh cnyrh gSAekDlZ er esa vkfFkZd i)fr gh laLd fr dk izk.k gSA laLd fr fofo/k vaxksa dk fodkl bl izxfr dhvuq"kafxd gS ifj.kfr ek=k gSA5

laLd fr ifjorZu vkSj izxfr ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA tc rd fdlh laLd fr dks mRiUUk djus okykoxZ Lo;a izxfr'khy jgrk gS] rc rd mldh laLd fr Hkh izxfr'khy jgrh gSA tc og izxfr'khy ughajgrk rc mudh laLd fr Hkh izxfr'khy ugha jgrh gS] cfYd ewY;ghu gks tkrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ tc;wjksi esa cqtqZvk oxZ us lkeUroknh O;oLFkk dks u"V fd;k] ml le; izxfr'khy vkSj ØkfUrdkjh Fkk]D;ksafd ml le; cqtqZvk oxZ lEifRRk dk vf/kd vkSj 'kh?kzrk ls mRiknu dj jgk FkkA ftl ;qx esalkeUroknh lekt O;OkLFkk fofPNUUk gks jgh Fkh] ml le; cqtZqvk oxZ dh laLd fr mUUkfr'khy vkSjegRoiw.kZ FkhA blh le; etnwj oxZ vkSj iw¡thoknh oxZ nksuksa dk gh mRFkku gks jgk FkkA ijUrq iw¡thoknhoxZ dh n'kk ,slh ugha Fkh fd og vf/kd ls vf/kd lEifRRk dk mRiknu djs] blfy;s og laLd frftldk izfrfuf/kRo iw¡thoknh oxZ dj jgk Fkk] vizxfr'khy cu x;h FkhA

'kkld oxZ ftu fopkj iz.kkfy;ksa dks tUe nsrs gSa os mlds LokFkkZs dks iq"V djus okyh gksrhgSA ;s fopkj i)fr;k¡ vkSj /kkj.kk,a mu yksxksa ds chp] tks mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij vf/kdkj j[krs gSavkSj mu Jfedksa o vU; yksxksa ds chp] tks mRiknu djrs gaS] ,sls lEcU/kksa dks dk;e j[krh gS vkSjfodflr djrh gS tks 'kkld oxksZa ds fy;s fgrdj gksrs gSaA ;s fopkj iz.kkfy;k¡ vkSj /kkj.kk;sa euq";ksads fy;s rc rd mi;ksxh gksrh gaS tc rd os mu oxZ lEcU/kksa dh ckSf)d iqf"V djrh gSa tks vf/kdmRiknu esa ck/kd gksrs gSa rc os fopkj i)fr;k¡ vkSj iz.kkfy;k¡ Hkh tks mu lEcU/kksa dk e.Mu djrhFkh] iqjkuh vkSj vizxfr'khy gks tkrh gSAlaLd fr dh lkFkZdrk

okLro esa lkaLd frd fØ;kdyki fu:Ik;ksxh ugha gksrs gSaA lkaLd frd dk;Z ckgj ls mi;ksxhizrhr u gksrs gq, Hkh euq"; ds vfLrRo dks foLr r vkSj le ) cukus okys gksrs gSa( lkaLd frd fØ;kRedpsruk dk foLrkj djrs gSaA euq"; dk O;kogkfjd thou fujUrj mlds lkaLd frd thou esa yxkrkjmi;ksxh ,oa fu:Ik;ksxh rRoksa dh fØ;k&izfrfØ;k gksrh jgrh gSA ,d gh vko';drk dbZ izdkj lsiw.kZ dh tk ldrh gSA laLd r O;fDr viuh vko';drk dks ,sls eksgd] mnkj] fo'kky vkSj lkgliw.kZ<ax ls iw.kZ djrk gS fd mldh iwfrZ ds lkFk lkFk mls fdlh Å¡ps ewY; dk ykHk Hkh gks tk;sA

'kks/k /kkjk 116

,d laLd r euq"; dh thou esa vusdkusd mi;ksxh fØ;kdyki ,d ,sls dk;ZØe dk vaxcu tkrs gSa ftlls dfri; vkn'kZ izkIr gksrs gSaA bl izdkj laLd fr thou ds ekewyh dk;Zdykiksa dks,d u;s lkSan;Z ls ef.Mr djrh gSA ,d vlH; taxyh euq"; ds fy, ukjh ,d ,slh oLrq gS tksmldh fof'k"V 'kkjhfjd vko';drk dks iwjk djrh gS fdUrq ,d lqlaLd r ifr ;k izseh dh n f"V esaftlds efLr"d esa dfo;ksa vkSj nk'kZfud ds Hkko gS] og ukjh mu lc rRoksa dh izrhd cu tkrh gStks lqUnj vkSj 'kksHku gSA bl izdkj lqlaLd r O;fDr thou dh rqPN vkSj y?kq ls y?kq oLrqvksa rFkkfØ;kdykiksa dks vusd ewY; ,oa rF;ksa dh i "BHkwfe esa ns[krk gSA nwljksa dks tks oLrq rqPN ewY;ghuvkSj vinkFkZ tku iM+rh gS( og lqlaLd r O;fDr dks vR;Ur gh egRoiw.kZ izrhr gks ldrh gSAlkaLd frd psruk vkSj dYiuk thou dh d:.kk] lkSUn;Z ,oa vU; rRoksa dks cMs+&cMs+ :Ik esa iznf'kZrdjrh gS( ftu vkn'kkZsa ,oa ewY;ksa dks ysdj euq"; ds lkaLd frd Lo:Ik dks izLrqr djrs gSA bl izdkjlaLd fr oLrq txr ds mu igyqvksa dh thou ,oa 'kfDriw.kZ psruk gS tks mi;ksxh u gksrs gq, HkhvFkZoku gS] ykHknk;d u gksrs gq, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA bl psruk ls lEiUUk gksdj euq"; mu oLrqvksa vkSjrRoksa ls lEidZ lk/krk gS] ftudk lEcU/k mldh fo'kq} vk/;kfRedrk ls gS] mldh tho izd fr lsgSA ;gh /keZ vkSj n'kZu dk Kku gksrk gSaA blfy;s dgk tkrk gS fd /keZ vkSj n'kZu laLd fr dk ,degRoiw.kZ vax gSA vkt dk euq"; /keZ vkSj n'kZu ls oafpr gks tkus ds dkj.k fNNyk lkSUn;Zoknh cux;k gSA bl izdkj laLd fr euq"; ds thou vkSj vfLrRo dks vf/kd lpsru] O;kid vkSj le ) cukrhgS] mldh vk/;kfRedrk esa o f) djrh gSA /keZ vkSj n'kZu dk fodkl djrh gSA6 laLd fr dh ;ghlkFkZdrk gSA

bl izdkj ;fn laLd fr dh O;k[;k dh tk;s rks Li"V gksrk gS fd bldk igyk mnns'; gS,sls laLdkjksa dks Hkjuk ftlls lekt dh gj bdkbZ bZekunkj ouez vkSj nkf;Rocks/k ls ;qDr gksA blukrs laLd fr dh jktuhfr dk igyk IkM+ko ,d ,sls vkn'kZ ljdkjh rU=k dk ekMy [kM+k djus esa gksukpkfg;s Fkk] tks Hkz"Vkpkj ds fo"kk.kqvksa ls jfgr gksA

laLd fr dh jktuhfr u;h vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ls mRiUUk gks jgh tfVyrkvksa ds izca/ku dk vkStkjfl) gks jgh gSA ysfdu ,d ekuo fojks/kh O;OkLFkk dks bl rjg izcU/ku djds dc rd fujkin j[kktk ldsxkA vkf[kj rks blesa foLQksV vo';eHkkoh gSA bls jksd dj laLd fr dh jktuhfr dklEcU/k thou dh okLrfodrkvksa ls tksMUkk iM+sxkA

lUnHkZ1- ujsUnz eksgu] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] i 0 12- ';kekpj.k nqcs] laØe.k dh ihM+k] i 013] 153- ujsUnz eksgu] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] i 0 304- ujsUnz eksgu] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] i 0 52&535- ch-,u- ywfu;k] izkphu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] i 036- ch-,u- ywfu;k] lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr] i 0 3&47- ogh] i 0 7&8

'kks/k /kkjk 117

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 117-128

Political Science

nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vkradokn % n{ksl ds ifjizs{; esaMkW0 'kSytk vLFkkuk

vfl0izks0] jktuhfr foKku] chj cgknqj flag jktdh; egkfo|ky;] dSfEi;jxat] xksj[kiqj] m0iz0¼izkIr % 4 tuojh 2018 ½

Abstract

foxr~ dqN o"kkasZ esa nf{k.k ,f'k;k foxzg vkSj foLQksVd ruko dk ,d [krjukd {ks=k curk tk jgkgSA bl chp vQxkfuLrku ls Jhyadk] usiky vkSj ckaXykns'k rd dh vkarfjd fLFkfr;ksa vkSj vkilh fj'rksaesa ubZ&ubZ isaphnfx;k¡ iSnk gks xbZ gSaA tEew d'ehj esa vkradokfn;ksa }kjk izfrfnu dksbZ u dksbZ funksZ"k O;fDrekjk tk jgk gSA vkSj ;g loZfofnr gS fd vkradokfn;ksa dks ikfdLrku izf'kf{kr djds Hkkjr dh ,drko v[k.Mrk dks u"V djus esa layXu gSA vesfjdk ds fons'k foHkkx ds izoDrk tkWu fdchZ us ;g mEehntrkbZ gS fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dh ljdkjsa vkilh ckrphr ls ekStwnk ruko dk gy fudky ysaxhA

^vkradokn* dksbZ fopkj/kkjk ;k fl)kUr ugha vfirq ,d izfØ;k ;k midj.k gS] ftldkiz;ksx djds dksbZ Hkh jkT;] jktuhfrd laxBu] Lora=krkoknh lewg] vyxkooknh laxBu] tkrh; ;k/kkfeZd mUeknh yksx vius mn~ns'; dks izkIr djuk pkgrs gSaA ^vkradokn* 'kCn dk loZizFke iz;ksxczqlsYl esa n.M fo/kku dks lesfdr djus ds fy, lu~ 1937 esa cqyk, x, lEesyu esa fd;k x;k Fkk]ftlds vuqlkj] vkradokn dk vfHkizk; thou] HkkSfrd v[k.Mrk vFkok ekuo LokLF; dks [krjs esaMkyus okys ;k cM+s iSekus ij lEifÙk dks gkfu igq¡pkus okys dk;Z djds] tkucw>dj Hk; dk okrkoj.kmRiUu djuk gSA vFkkZr~ Hk; mRiUu djds vius mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ djuk gh ^vkradokn* gSA

foxr~ dqN o"kkasZ esa nf{k.k ,f'k;k foxzg vkSj foLQksVd ruko dk ,d [krjukd {ks=k curktk jgk gSA bl chp vQxkfuLrku ls Jhyadk] usiky vkSj ckaXykns'k rd dh vkarfjd fLFkfr;ksa vkSjvkilh fj'rksa esa ubZ&ubZ isaphnfx;k¡ iSnk gks xbZ gSaA tEew d'ehj esa vkradokfn;ksa }kjk izfrfnu dksbZu dksbZ funksZ"k O;fDr ekjk tk jgk gSA vkSj ;g loZfofnr gS fd vkradokfn;ksa dks ikfdLrku izf'kf{krdjds Hkkjr dh ,drk o v[k.Mrk dks u"V djus esa layXu gSA vesfjdk ds fons'k foHkkx ds izoDrktkWu fdchZ us ;g mEehn trkbZ gS fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dh ljdkjsa vkilh ckrphr ls ekStwnkruko dk gy fudky ysaxhA ;g lgh gS fd Hkkjr vkSj vQxkfuLrku dks vesfjdk o dbZ vU; ns'kksadk leFkZu feyrk jgk gS] ijUrq ikfdLrku ds joS;s esa cnyko ds fy, os i;kZIr ncko ugha cuk ldsgSaA ,d vksj ikfdLrku dks os vkrad fo:) la?k"kZ esa lg;ksxh ekurs gSa rks nwljh vksj os mls vkfFkZd,oa lSU; lg;ksx Hkh nsrs gSaA

nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kh; lg;ksx laxBu n{ksl ds lnL; jk"Vª yEcs le; ls vkraokn] ekndinkFkkasZ dh rLdjh] gfFk;kjksa dh xSj&dkuwuh vkiwfrZ tSlh leL;kvksa ls tw>rs jgs gSaA n{ksl ds izFke


Key Words : vkradokn dh vo/kkj.kk] n{ksl esa vkradokn dh fLFkfr] vkradokn ds fo:) uhfr;k¡

'kks/k /kkjk 118

f'k[kj lEesyu lu~ 1985 ls ysdj vBkjgosa f'k[kj lEesyu] 2014 ¼dkBek.Mw½ vkSj mlds ckn dso"kkasZ esa yxkrkj bl {ks=k esa vkraoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dks jksdus ds fy, vkilh okÙkkZ py jgh gS] ijUrqvc rd bls jksdus esa lQyrk ugha feyh gSaA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g gS fd vkradokn dh ifjHkk"kkdks ysdj lnL; ns'kksa ds chp erHksn gSaA ,d jk"Vª ftl dk;Zokgh dks ^vkradoknh xfrfof/k* ekurkgS] nwljk lnL; jk"Vª mls ^eqfDr vkUnksyu* dh laKk nsrk gSA d'ehj gks ;k iatkc] pVxk¡o gks ;kJhyadk] gj ns'k vkSj gj {ks=k esa ;gh nqfo/kk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA blh ds lanHkZ esa izLrqr 'kks/ki=k esa nf{k.k,f'k;kbZ {ks=kh; lg;ksx laxBu ^n{ksl* ds lnL; ns'kksa esa ^vkradokn* dh lEkL;k ,oa fu;a=k.k dsiz;klksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSAvkradokn dk Lo:i %& vkraokn ml mUekniw.kZ fgalk dk ifj.kke gS] ftlds vkxs lHkh ekuoh; vkSjuSfrd fo'oklksa dh cfy p<+k nh tkrh gSA ;g ,d fgald uhfr ,oa fgalkRed xfrfof/k gS] ftldsek/;e ls lekt esa okafNr ifjorZu ykus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA bls iz;ksx djus okys bls viukiquhr dÙkZO; ekurs gSa& tcfd blds f'kdkj yksx bls vuqfpr ekurs gSaA ,d ns'k oxZ]lewg ;k tkfrftls viuk U;k;ksfpr vf/kdkj izkIr djus ;k ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu ds fy, fd;k tkus okyk la?k"kZdgdj efgekeafMr djrk gS rks nwljk i{k bls vkradokn Hkh dk;Zokgh dgdj bldh fuank djrkgSA vkradokn og 'kL=k gS ftlls iz;ksx djds funksZ"k O;fDr;ksa dks fu'kkuk cukdj 'kkld oxZ lsviuh jktuhfrd] /kkfeZd ;k vU; fQdjkijLr ek¡xksa dks iwjk djk;k tkrk gSA jkWcVZ dwijesu dsfopkj ls] ^^vkradokn jktuhfrd Nhuk&>iVh gSA blesa fgalk dk iz;ksx ;k fgalk dh /kedhLokHkkfod gS] vkSj bl izdkj dh [klksV cgq/kk cM+s ns'kksa ;k 'kfDr lewgksa dks fu'kkuk cukrh gSA bldklk/kkj.k mn~ns'; vfLFkjrk ;k Mj iSnk djuk gksrk gS ;k ljdkj dks v'kDr o uiaqld fl) djukgksrk gSA bu Hkkoksa dks lapkj ek/;eksa ds }kjk QSyk;k tkrk gSA** vkradoknh laxBu tc ijLij lacaèkLFkkfir djds ,d&nwljs dks vius leku ekudj ijLij lgk;rk djrs gSa vkSj muds y{; izkfIr esalgk;d gks tkrs gS rc ;g dgk tkrk gS fd vkradokn dk oS'ohdj.k gks x;k gSA

vkradokn ds oS'ohdj.k ds lkFk gh ;g ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ds :i esa mHkjdj lkeusvk jgk gSA fo'o ds vkradokfn;ksa esa vkilh esytksy gS] D;ksafd budk ewyHkwr fl)kUr vkSjdk;Zi)fr izk;% ,d gh izdkj dh gSA ;s ,d&nwljs dks izf'k{k.k vkSj gfFk;kjksa dh iwfrZ esa lgk;rkdjrs gSaA dqN izeq[k O;fDr;ksa ,oa laxBuksa }kjk vkraokn ds lkFk gh gfFk;kjksa vkSj eknd inkFkksZa dkvoS/k O;kikj pyk;k tk jgk gS] tks fo'o esa ,d usVodZ dh rjg tqM+k gqvk gSA blds lkFk gh vkraoknds izf'k{k.k 'kks/k ds fy, vusd izf'k{k.k dSEi [kqys gq, gSa] tgk¡ vkradoknh fof/kor~ izf'kf{kr fd;s tkrsgSaA fo'o esa tgk¡ Hkh vkradoknh laxBuksa dks viuh vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, O;fDr;ksa dhvko';drk gksrh gS] og ;gk¡ ls fdjk, ij O;fDr;ksa dks ysdj vkradh xfrfof/k;ksa dks vatke nsrs gSaAdqN laxBuksa }kjk bu izf'kf{kr vkraokfn;ksa dks vius ;gk¡ izf'k{kd ds :i esa osru ij Hkh HkrhZ djfy;k tkrk gS] tks izf'k{k.k }kjk vusd izf'kf{kr vkraokfn;ksa dks rS;kj djrk gSAnf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vkradokn dk Lo:i %& nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds yxHkx lHkh ns'k vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksadk lkeuk fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa dj jgs gSaA lekt esa O;kIr fo"kerk,a] {ks=kh; vlekurk,a ,oa

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vkdka{kk,a] lkeUrh ,oa vkSifuosf'kd ewY; tkrh; ,oa oxhZ; opZLookfnrk] /kkfeZd vlfg".kqrk]voSKkfudrk] va/kfo'okl] /keZxr jkT;] dV~Vj jk"Vªokn] ;q)ksUekn] rduhdh dkS'ky dk udkjkRediz;ksx] jktlÙkk dk dqyhuhdj.k] lhekikj ls jk"Vªfojks/kh xfrfof/k;ksa dk lapkyu tSlh vusd ?kkrdizo fÙk;k¡ gSa] tks vkradokn dks iqf"ir vkSj iYyfor djrh izrhr gksrh gSaA ewyr% nf{k.k ,f'k;k esavkradokn dk TkUe vYila[;dksa ds vlarks"k] jaxHksn] tkrh;rk] {ks=kh;rk vkSj /keZ ds uke ij gqvkAneu o laj{k.k dh nksxyh uhfr] /kkfeZd dV~Vjrkokn] tkrh; mUekn vkSj ckgjh jk"Vªksa }kjk fd;s x;siks"k.k ds QyLo:i vkradokn dh 'kk[kk,a rsth ls QSyus yxhaA ifj.kkeLo:i] pkgs Hkkjr gks ;kikfdLrku] Jhyadk] usiky ;k vQxkfUkLrku] nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds ns'k vkradokn uked nkuo ls tw>jgs gSaA buesa ls dqN ns'kksa esa vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dk Lo:i dqN bl izdkj gS&Hkkjr esa vkradokn %& ;|fi Lora=krk izkfIr ds dqN o"kksZa ckn ls gh lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ fdlh&u&fdlh:i esa vkradokn dh leL;k ls tw> jgk gS] rFkkfi] iatkc] tEew d'ehj] if'pe caxky] fcgkj]>kj[k.M] egkjk"Vª] vklke] vkU/kz izns'k] f=kiqjk] fetksje] rfeyukMq tSls jkT; blls fo'ks"k :i lsizHkkfor gq, gSaA foHkktu ds ckn ls gh le;≤ ij ikfdLrku }kjk d'ehj esa vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa ds lapkyu dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA 1969 ls ukxk minzo rFkk uDlyokn ds :i esa pk:etwenkj vkSj duq lkU;ky us if'pe caxky ds nkftZfyax ftys ds uDlyckM+h xk¡o esa ØkfUrdkjhxfrfof/k;ksa dh 'kq:vkr dhA

uDlyokfn;ksa us yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfr dk iw.kZ fojks/k djrs gq, tuØkfUr ij cy fn;k vkSjblds fy, mUgksaus Hkwfeghu Ñ"kdksa dks laxfBr djds xqfjYyk ;q) i)fr }kjk Hkwfeifr;ksa ds fo:)[kwuh la?k"kZ dk rjhdk viuk;kA bldk foLrkj if'pe caxky] fcgkj] >kj[k.M vkSj egkjk"Vª esa gqvkAvkU/kz izns'k esa ihiqYl okj xqzi vkSj fcgkj o >kj[k.M esa ekvksoknh dE;qfuLV lsaVj* vR;f/kd lfØ;vkradoknh laxBu gSaA ljdkj }kjk uDlyokn dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, Lis'ky VkLd QkslZ* vkSjnks jkT;ksa ds vkilh lg;ksx ls cuh ^Lis'ky iqfyl QksslZ* dk xBu fd;k x;kA uDlyokfn;ksa dsvfrfjDr tEew d'ehj esa fgtcqy eqykfgnhu] vyQjku] gjdr my valkj] gqfjZ;r dkaxzsl tSlslaxBu lfØ; gSaA ;s vkradoknh laxBu fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa viuk uke cnydj [kwuh [ksy [ksyrs tkjgs gSaA

oSls rks mxzokn] vkraokn] lkEiznkf;d mUekn] uDlyokn fdlh u fdlh :i esa ges'kk gh ns'kds vusd Hkkxksa o lhekorhZ bykdksa dks viuh pisV esa ysrs jgs gSaA ijUrq 80 ds n'kd esa iatkc vkSjiwoksZÙkj jkT; rFkk 90 ds n'kd esa tEew&d'ehj blls cqjh rjg izHkkfor jgkA bls fuEufyf[kr :iksaes le>k tk ldrk gS&1- lu~ 1980 ds n'kd esa iatkc esa [kfyLrkuh vkradokfn;ksa us paM+hx<+ ds iatkc esa foy;]iatkch dks dkedkt dh Hkk"kk cukuk] fnYyh esa iatkch dks f}rh; Hkk"kk dk ntkZ nsuk] [kkfyLrku dkxBu tSls eqnn~ksa dks ysdj iatkc esa tu&Hkkoukvksa dks HkM+dk;kA [kkfyLrku ds leFkZdksa dksikfdLrku ls lgk;rk feyus yxh ftldk Hkkjr us dM+k fojks/k fd;k vkSj bl eqn~ns dks varjkZ"Vªh;eap ij Hkh mBk;k] ijUrq egk'kfDr;ksa us blds fy, dksbZ Bksl dne ugha mBk;kA iatkc esa

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vkradokfn;ksa ds lQk, ds fy, rRdkyhu iz/kkuea=kh Jherh bafnjk xk¡/kh us ^vkijs'ku Cyw LVkj*pyk;k vkSj cnys esa 1984 esa mudh gR;k dj nh xbZA bl Øe esa vusd funksZ"k ukxfjdksa] ofj"Bi=kdkjksa] lkalnksa vkSj fo/kkulHkk lnL;ksa dks Hkh viuh tku vkSj dqlhZ xokuh iM+hA cktkjksa rFkk vU;lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij ce foLQksV fd;s x;s] dgha&dgha clsa jksddj ;k O;Lr cktkjksa esa va/kk/kaq/kxksfy;k¡ pykbZ xbZ vkSj turk esa vkrad QSyk;k x;kA izkjEHk esa HkkokRed elyksa ds dkj.kvkradokfn;ksa dks tulgkuqHkwfr Hkh feyh vkSj f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny us bldk ykHk Hkh mBk;kA ijUrqdkykUrj esa bu xfrfof/k;ksa ds dkj.k iatkc esa vFkZO;oLFkk pkSiV gksus yxh] ogk¡ vkus&tkus ls yksxcpus yxs] ftlls LFkkuh; turk dk O;kikj&O;olk; izHkkfor gksus yxk vkSj iz'kklu ds lkFk&lkFkturk dh Hkh fpark c<+us yxhA vkardfokfn;kasa ls =kLr turk ds lg;ksx ls 1990 ds n'kd ds vkjEHkesa eq[;ea=kh csvar flag rFkk iqfyl Mk;jsDV tujy ds-ih-,l- fxy ds usr Ro esa iatkc ls vkradokfn;ksadk lQk;k dj fn;k x;kA iatkc esa izfrcaf/kr vkradoknh laxBu gSa& cCcj [kkylk baVjus'kuy][kkfyLrku dek.Mksa QkslZ] [kkfyLrku ftankckn QkslZ] b.Vjus'kuy fl[k ;wFk QsMjs'ku bR;kfnA2- d'ehj esa vkradokn dk chtkjksi.k Lora=krk izkfIr ds lkFk gh gks x;k FkkA ikfdLrku d'ehjdks gfFk;kus ds fy, bl izkUr esa voS/k ?kqliSB rFkk dckbfy;ksa dks Hkstdj vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dksvatke nsrk jgkA d'ehj dks ysdj Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp 1948] 1965] 1971 vkSj 1999 esapkj ;q) gks pqds gSaA bu ;q)ksa ds vykok Hkh ikfdLrku vkradokfn;ksa ds ek/;e ls Nn~e ;q) dkdqpØ yxkrkj jprk jgk gSA tEew&d'ehj fLFkr izfrcfU/kr vkradoknh laxBu gS y'dj , rS;ck]tS'k , eksgEen] gjdr&vy&eqtkfgnhu] gjdr my valkj] fgcqy eqtkfgnhu] tEew&d'ehj bLykehÝaV bR;kfnA blds vfrfjDr ikd vf/kÑr d'ehj esa 128 vkraoknh izf'k{k.k f'kfoj gSa] ikfdLrkuesa cus u, izf'k{k.k f'kfojksa dh la[;k 80 gSA d'ehj ds vkraokfn;ksa dks ikfdLrku ljdkj }kjkuSfrd] vkfFkZd 'kL=kkL=k lgk;rk] vkradokfn;ksa dks vius ;gk¡ [kqysvke izf'k{k.k fn;k tk jgk gS]ftldk Hkkjr ljdkj ges'kk ls fojks/k djrh jgh gSA

lu~ 1998 esa Hkkjr ds x gea=kh ds c;ku ds vuqlkj ikfdLrku leFkZd vkradokn ds dkj.k29157 Hkkjrh; ukxfjd vkSj yxHkx 5000 lqj{kk dehZ ekjs x, vkSj 2000 djksM+ :i, ls vf/kddh lEifÙk dks {kfr gqbZ vkSj ;g flyflyk vHkh rd tkjh gSA d'ehj dh fof'k"V Hkw&lkefjd fLFkfrds dkj.k ikfdLrku ds fy, vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dks lapkfyr djuk vklku gks tkrk gSA fojyvkcknh okys nqxZe ioZrh; {ks=kksa ls ?kqliSfB, ;k muds fy, jln Hkstuk] d'ehj ?kkVh esa fonzksghHkkouk,a HkM+dkuk vklku gSa D;ksafd lrdZrk nyksa ds fy, muij fuxjkuh j[k ikus esa dkQh dfBukbZgksrh gSA ikfdLrku ds iz/kkuea=kh Jh uokt 'kjhQ us dkQh igys ;g ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd mudh ljdkjd'ehj esa tkjh rFkkdfFkr Lora=krk la?k"kZ dk iw.kZ leFkZu djrh gSA ikfdLrku d'ehj dk fdlh Hkhrjg ls ifkdLrku esa foy; pkgrk gSA3- Lora=krk ds le; vle ,d cM+k jkT; FkkA le;≤ ij blds dqN fgLls vyx djfn;s x;s] tSls& ukxkyS.M] es?kky;] fetksje] v:.kkpy izns'k vkfnA blls le ) izkÑfrd ifjos'kesa iys vlfe;ksa ds LokfHkeku dks Bsl igq¡phA blds vfrfjDr vU; jkT;ksa ls Hkh yxkrkj cM+s iSekus

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ij vizokfl;ksa ds vkxeu ls vle esa vlarks"k iuius yxk vkSj LFkkuh; ykskxksa dks ;g vk'kadk gqbZfd ;fn ,slh gh fLFkfr jgh rks os vius gh jkT; esa vYila[;d gks tk,axsaA vr% ckaXykns'kh eqlyekuksadks ysdj vle esa vkanksyu pyk;k x;kA nwljh vksj vle ds T;knkrj pk; ckxkuksa ij jktLFkku;k vU; {ks=kksa ds O;olkf;;ksa dk dCtk FkkA /khjs&/khjs Ñf"k] O;kikj] ukSdj'kkgh vkfn lHkh {ks=kksa esavle ds yksxksa ds fy, jkstxkj ds volj ?kVus yxs] csjkstxkjh c<+us yxhA bl izdkj vkfFkZd fLFkfrdetksj gksus ls /khjs&/khjs vusd laxBu cuus yxs tks vle ds lalk/kuksa ij igyk vf/kdkj vlfe;ksadk pkgrs FksA buesa izeq[k laxBu Fkk la;qDr vle eqfDr ekspkZ mYQkA bl laxBu us oká O;olkb;ksadks /kedh nsuk vkSj mUgsa vle NksM+us ds fy, vkrafdr djuk izkjEHk fd;kA vle ds vykok ef.kiqj]f=kiqjk] v:.kkpy izns'k] es?kky; vkfn esa Hkh mxzoknh laxBu iuius yxs ftudk mn~ns'; LFkkuh;fgrksa dh j{kk djuk FkkA4- mYQk mxzokfn;ksa us fgalk] ywVikV] ckgj ds O;olkf;;ksa ls pkSFks olwy vkfn djds vkradoknhxfrfof/k;k¡ QSykbZA ljdkj }kjk bu mxzokfn;ksa ds f[kykQ dk;Zokgh dh tkus yxh rks os HkkxdjHkwVku vkSj ckaXykns'k dh 'kj.k ysus yxs vkSj ogk¡ ls vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dk lapkyu djrs jgsAdqN mYQk usrk vkt Hkh ckaXykns'k vkSj HkwVku esa ekStwn gSa ftuds fu"Øe.k dh ek¡x Hkkjr dj jgkgS ijUrq ckaXykns'k esa ;g LFkkuh; jktuhfr dk ekeyk cu x;k gSA ikfdLrkuh [kqfQ;k ra=kvkbZ-,l-vkbZ- us ;gk¡ Hkh viuk tky QSyk;k gS vkSj mxzokfn;ksa dks 'kL=k lIykbZ dj jgk gSA orZekuesa iwoksZÙkj esa vkradokn flQZ ljdkj dh dqN ek¡xksa dks ysdj ugha gS] cfYd ;g lkEiznkf;d otkfroknh :i ys pqdk gSA5- cksMks vkradoknh tutkfr ds uke ij laFkky o vU; tutkfr;ksa ds lewgksa ij /kkok cksyrsgaSA rks fetksje ds dwQh ukxk o vU; ukxkvksa ds vkradoknh lewgksa esa eqBHksM+ pyrh jgrh gSA ef.kiqjesa fgUnqvksa ds gh ^ehfr* uked LFkkuh; lEiznk; ds vuq;k;h vU; leqnk;ksa ij geyk djrs gSa vkSjf=kiqjk tutkfr okys Nkikekj mUgsa foLFkkfir djus okys caxkyh vkfn vizoklh leqnk;ksa dks fu'kkukcukrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh ;s vkradoknh xqV iqfylcyksa vkSj tokuksa dks Hkh viuk fu'kkuk cukrs gSaAuDlyoknh laxBu Hkh tokuksa vkSj iqfyl cyksa dks fu'kkuk cukrs gSa vkSj LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa dksèkedkdj vius leFkZu esa dj ysrs gSAikfdLrku esa vkradokn %& ikfdLrku esa lfØ; izeq[k vkradoknh xqV gSa& cytwp ihiqYl fycjs'kuÝaV] cywp LVwMsUV~l vkWxZukbts'ku vkokeh] gjdr my valkj] tekr my Qkk:d] eqgkftj dkSehewoesUV] eqrkfgrnk dkSeh ewoesUV bR;kfnA lu~ 1993 esa ifdLrku ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa lfØ; 38vkradoknh laxBuksa dks fpfUâr fd;k tk pqdk gSA tsgkn vkSj etgch tax ds uke ij ;qodksa dks HkrhZdjds ;s laxBu fQdjkiLrh xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, mUgsa lSU; izf'k{k.k ns jgs FksA izkjEHk esa dbZ eqtkfg hudsUnzksa esa nqfu;k ds vyx&vyx fgLlksa esa etgch yM+kb;ksa esa enn ds fy, izf'k{k.k fn;k trk FkkAckn esa budk mi;ksx ns'k ds Hkhrj ,d&nwljs oxZ dks ekjus ds fy, fd;k tkus yxkA f'k;k&lqUuh]eqtkfgj vkSj flU/kh ,d&nwljs dh gR;k,a dj jgs gSaA fla/k izkUr dks blh dkj.k lsuk ds gokys djukiM+kA

'kks/k /kkjk 122

oLrqr% lSfud vf/kuk;dokn] ukxfjd o jktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa ij vadq'k rFkk ekuoh;laosnukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk oSdfYid ek/;e u gksuk vkfn rF; ikfdLrku esa vkradokn dks c<+koknsus esa lgk;d jgs gSaA eksVs rkSj ij ogk¡ vkoadokn dh leL;k lu~ 1989 ds n'kd ds ckn 'kq: gqbZAtqfYQdkj vyh HkqV~Vksa dks Qk¡lh fn;s tkus ds ckn muds ,d iq=k us vy tqfYQdkj ukedvkradoknh laxBu cuk;k tks lSfud'kkgh ls izfrjks/k ds jktuhfrd mn~ns'; ls izsfjr FkkA ckn esavU; vkrdaoknh xqV cus vkSj muesa vkil esa izfrLi)kZ gksus yxhA ifj.kkeLo:i gfFk;kjksa dh nykyhgksus yxh] u'khyh nokvksa dk O;kikj c<+k] fla/kh vkSj iBku eqtkfgjksa ds xzqi cu x, tks ,d&nwljsdks fu'kkuk cukrs Fks] vkSj turk esa viuk izHkko c<+kuk pkgrs FksA f'k;k vkSj lqfUu;ksa ds laxBudjkaph] ykgkSj] is'kkoj] bLykekckn esa fnu&ngkM+s gR;k vkSj ywVikV djrs jgs gSaA bu xqVksa dh rkdrbruh c<+ xbZ gS fd ;s ljdkj ds QSlyksa dks Hkh pqukSrh nsrs gSa] tSls rRdkyhu iz/kkuea=kh uokt 'kjhQds dkjfxy ls ?kqliSfB;ksa dks okil cqykus ds QSlys dks bUgksus pqukSrh nhA

ikfdLrkuh lsuk ds tujy ijost eq'kjZQ us r[rk iyV dh dk;Zokgh djrs gq, 1999 esauokt 'kjhQ dks gVkdj Lo;a lÙkk gfFk;k fy;k] dkjfxy esa ?kqliSB gqbZA nwljh vksj ikfdLrku esaHkh vkraoknh xfrfof/k;k¡ c<+h vkSj vydk;nk }kjk lu~ 2002 esa djkph esa 'ksjsVu gksVy dks rFkk lu~2003 esa dkcqy gokbZ vM~Ms dks fu'kkuk cuk;k x;kA 27 fnlEcj 2008 dks Jherh csuthj HkqÍks dhgR;k Hkh blh vkradh geys dh ,d dM+h FkhA ikfdLrku esa 'kkld cnyrs jgs ijUrq vkradoknh?kVukvksa dk ;g Øe tkjh jgkA lu~ 2014 esa ifdLrku ds vkehZ Ldwy esa vkradokfn;ksa us /kkokcksydj 138 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh gR;k dj nh] ftldh fo'o leqnk; us fuank dhAHkwVku esa vkradokn %& HkwVku esa vkradoknh xfrfof/k;k¡ yxHkx lu~ 1990 ls ns[kus dks feyhA usiky]ckaXykns'k vkSj ikfdLrku dh 'kSyh ij HkwVku esa Hkh dqN vlkekftd rRoksa us jktra=k ds f[kykQturkaf=kd vkUnksyu pykus] dk iz;kl fd;kA 20oha 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa usikyh yksx nf{k.kh HkwVkuesa Ñf"k Hkwfe ij clus ds fy, vkdf"kZr gq,A /khjs &/khjs budh la[;k HkwVku ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dscjkcj ;k muls vf/kd gksuss yxh rks os HkwVku esa tura=k dh LFkkiuk vkSj pqukoksa dh ek¡x djus yxsAHkwVku ds jktra=k leFkZdksa us bls vuko';d crkdj 'kfDr ds cy ij bls nckuk pkgkA usikfy;ksaus fgalk vkSj vkxtuh dh dk;Zokgh vkjEHk dj nhA mUgksaus lqj{kk cyksa ij ?kkr yxkdj geys fd;s]edku vkSj okgu tyk,] ukxfjdksa dk vigj.k vkSj gR;k djuk vkjEHk fd;kA

nwljh vksj HkwVku esa vkradokn Hkkjr ds iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa ls 'kj.kLFkyh dh [kkst esa Hkkxdjx, cksM+ks mxzokfn;ksa }kjk QSyk;k x;kA HkwVku dh nf{k.kh lhek ds taxyksa ls ;s xqfjYyk ;q) dhxfrfof/k;k¡ lapkfyr djrs gSa vkSj yxHkx 21 izf'k{k.k f'kfoj bUgksus ogk¡ [kksys gSaA ogha ls osvkradoknh Hkkjr ds iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa esa fo/oalkRed xfrfof/k;k¡ lapkfyr djrs jgrs gSaA flrEcj 1997esa cksM+ks mxzokfn;ksa us nf{k.kh HkwVku esa ,d iqfyl pkSdh ukuxySd ij vkØe.k fd;kA bl leL;kls fuiVus ds fy, Hkkjr vkSj HkwVku ds chp 24 tqykbZ 1999 dks vkraokfn;ksa ds fo:) la;qDr :ils dne mBkus ij lgefr gqbZ vkSj orZeku esa Hkh Hkkjr vkSj HkwVku dh ljdkjsa vkradoknh laxBuksads fBdkuksa dks u"V djus ds fy, iz;kljr~ gSaA

'kks/k /kkjk 123

Jhyadk esa vkraokn %& Jhyadk esa flagyh leqnk; cgqla[;d gS] ;s ckS) /keZ ds vuq;k;h gSa vkSj Loa;dks vk;Z ekurs gSaA nwljk leqnk; rfey vYila[;dksa dk gS tks izkjEHk ls gh f'k{kk] jktuhfr vkSjvkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa dkQh vkxs gSA vr% vktknh ds ckn flagyh cgqla[;dksa us feyksa ds izHkko dksde djus rFkk viuh Hkkxhnkjh c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k] ftldk rfeyksa us izfr'kks/k fd;k ftlls rfeyvkradokn dh mRifÙk gqbZA nwljh vksj flagfy;ksa esa Hkh fu/kZurk] csjkstxkjh tSls eqn~nksa dks ysdjvlarks"k c<+k vkSj os Hkh vkradokn ds jkLrs ij py iM+sA Jhyadk dh tula[;k dk yxHkx 17 izfr'krewy rfey gSa tks lfn;ksa ls ogk¡ jgrk gS vkSj vkSj 5&6 izfr'kr vaxzstksa }kjk pk; ckxkuksa esa dke djusds fy, ys tk, x, rfey gSaA ;s flagfy;ksa ls cjkcjh dh ek¡x djrs jgs gSaA ;s Hkk"kk] /keZ vkSj fofHkUu'kkldh; laLFkkvksa esa visf{kr izfrfuf/kRo rFkk Lok;Ùkrk iznku fd;s tkus dh ek¡x djrs gSaA ijUrqbudk fujUrj neu ,oa mis{kk dh tkrh jgh gSA ebZ 1973 esa dqN rfey ikfVZ;ksa us ,d gksdj rfey;wukbVsM ÝaV cuk;k vkSj Lora=k rfey jkT; ds fy, dk;Z djus dk fu'p; fd;k tks rfey bZye*ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g laxBu lSU; la?k"kZ ds izfr lefiZr gS vkSj fgalk esa fo'okl j[krk gSA;g vkt Hkh rfey jkT; ^bZye* dh izkfIr gsrq la?k"kZjr gSaA lu~ 1986 esa bldk uke cnydj,yVhVhbZ¼fyV~Vs½ j[kk x;kA ;g lcls vf/kd lqxfBr vkSj ?kkrd laxBu gS tks ,d vksj Jhyadkdh lsuk ds lkFk Nkikekj yM+kbZ esa yxh gS rks nwljh vksj flgayh vkSj rfey nksuksa leqnk;ksa dsizfr}fU};ksa ds lQk, esa Hkh yxk gSA blds vkRe?kkrh nLrs visus izk.kksa dh dqckZuh djds foi{kh [ksesadks Hkkjh uqdlku igq¡pkus ds fy, rRij jgrs gSaA 21 ebZ lu~ 1991 dks Jh jktho xk¡/kh dh gR;k bldkmnkgj.k gSA 2 ebZ 1993 dks Jhyadk ds jk"Vªifr izsenkl dh gR;k] dbZ efU=k;ksa vkSj usrkvksa dh gR;kbuds }kjk dh xbZA oLrqr% fy;s vc rd ,d lqxfBr izfr}U}h lsuk ds :i esa mHkjk gS] tks Jhyadklsuk ls eqdkcyk djrk gSAckaXykns'k esa vkradokn %& ckaXykns'k esa pdek tutkfr ds vlarks"k us vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dkstUe fn;kA pdek yksx ewyr% ckS) gSa rFkk dqN bZlkbZ Hkh gSaA fookn rc vkjEHk gqvk tc pVxk¡oigkM+h {ks=k esa ck¡/k cukus vkSj eqfLye fdlkuksa ds }kjk pVxk¡o esa [ksrh ;ksX; Hkwfe dks gfFk;kus ls dkQhpdek yksx cs?kj vkSj csdkj gks x,A pdek tutkfr us bldk fojks/k fd;k vkSj mxz vkUnksyu gq,]ftls ljdkj us nck fn;k vkSj 1980 esa lSfud 'kkluksa ds nkSjku pdek tutkfr;ksa ij dkQhvR;kpkj gq,A [ksrh ls csn[ky fd;s tkus vkSj vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa dh deh ,oa [kk|kUu ladV ds dkj.kpdek yksx Hkkjr ds iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa esa 'kj.kkFkhZ ds :i esa vkus yxsA viuh lEifÙk vkSj vf/kdkjksa dhiqu% izkfIr ds fy, bUgksusa Lora=k 'kkfUr okfguh lsuk dk xBu fd;k vkSj Lo;k;Ùkrk dh ek¡x dks ysdj'kkfUr okfguh lsuk }kjk le;≤ ij vusd fo/oaldkjh xfrfof/k;k¡ dh xbZ tSls ljdkjhizfr"Bkuksa ij geyk] iqyksa vkSj jsyos ykbuksa dks {kfrxzLr djuk] rksM+QksM+ djuk bR;kfnA

Hkkjr us izkjEHk esa bls ckaxykns'k dk vkUrfjd ekeyk crk;k ysfdu tc f=kiqjk] v:.kkapyizns'k tSls iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa es oM+h la[;k esa 'kj.kkFkhZ vkus yxs vkSj lhek ij pdekvksa dh xfrfof/k;kac<+us yxh rks Hkkjr dh ijs'kkfu;ka c<+us yxhaA vr% bUgsa okil ckaXykns'k fHktokus ds fy, HkkjrlfØ; gqvkA ckaXykns'k lSfudra=k dh Hkkjr fojks/kh xfrfof/k;ksa ls vizlUu Hkkjr ljdkj dh vksj ls

'kks/k /kkjk 124

'kkafr cgkyh dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk leFkZu fd;k x;k( ftldk mn~ns'; ckaXykns'k ij pdek 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksadks okil cqykus ds fy, ncko cukuk FkkA 1 uoEcj 1997 dks 'ks[k glhuk ljdkj ,oa vfrokfn;ksads e/; 'kkfUr le>kSrk gqvk] ftlds vuqlkj foLFkkfir pdek 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksZ dks ckaXykns'k ykSVus ij;k rks mudh lEifÙk ykSVk nh tk,xh ;k vU;=k mudk iquokZl fd;k tk,xkA nwljh vksj ckaXykns'kesa vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dk flyflyk vfroknh oke laxBuksa }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;kA 1971 esackaXykns'k dh LFkkiuk ds ckn ls Hkkjrh; uDlyokfn;ksa dh Hkk¡fr bUgksusa Hkh 'ks[k eqthc ds dky esalÙkk fojks/kh fgald dne mBk,A bu fonzksgh laxBuksa us vc rd djhc 12 gtkj yksxksa dh gR;k,adh gSA dfri; lw=kksa ds vuqlkj blesa ikfdLrku leFkZd fcgkjh vkSj izfrfØ;koknh Hkh Nn~e os'k esalfEefyr gSaAusiky esa vkradokn %& usiky esa tura=k dh ek¡x dks ysdj ekvksokfn;ksa us yEcs le; ls fgalkRedvkUnksyu }kjk ns'k esa fodkl ,oa 'kkfUr dks ckf/kr fd;kA ekvksoknh usrk izp.M ds usr~Ro esa Hkkjhrckgh epkbZ xbZA yksdra=k leFkZd mxz vkUnksyudkfj;ksa ds vkxs >qdrs gq, usiky ujs'k KkusUnz us24 vizSy] 2006 dks yksdra=k cgkyh dh ?kks"k.kk dhA

;|fi usiky esa dksbZ cM+k vkradoknh laxBu ugha gSA ijUrq Hkkjr ds lkFk [kqyh lhek gksusds dkj.k ikfdLrku dh [kqfQ;k ,stsUlh ds ,tsUVks us viuh xfrfof/k;ksa ds dqN dsUnz ;gk¡ cuk fy,gSa tgk¡ ls os Hkkjr esa vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dks vatke nsrs gSA 1990 ls ;g leL;k c<+ xbZ gSvkbZ-,l-vkbZ- }kjk izf'kf{kr vkraoknh laxBu viuh fgalkRed xfrfof/k;k¡ iM+kslh ns'k Hkkjr ds fofHkUujkT;ksa esa djrs gSa vkSj [kqyh lhek dk ykHk mBkdj usiky esa izos'k dj tkrs gS vkSj ogk¡ ls ikfdLrkuigq¡prs gSaA blh rjg HkwVku ls vk, usikyh 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dh leL;k Hkkjr&HkwVku lEcU/kksa dks izHkkfordj jgh gSA blds lek/kku dks ysdj Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa dh ljdkjs iz;Ru'khy gSaAvQxkfuLrku esa vkradokn %& Hkkjr esa la;qDr jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ls vkxzg fd;k fd og vQxkfuLrkuesa vkradkokn dks gksus okys foÙk iks"k.k ds f[kykQ izfrca/k O;oLFkk dk bLrseky ,d gfFk;kj ds :iesa djsA lkFk gh mlus lhek ikj fLFkj vkradokfn;ksa ds lqjf{kr iukgxkgksa ls [krjs ds en~nsutj blfgalkxzLr ns'k dh laizHkqrk rFkk fLFkjrk dks etcwr djus ds okLrs leFkZu nsus ds fy, dgkA Hkkjrus vUrjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; ls ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djus dk vuqjks/k fd;k fd fdlh Hkh Lrj ij vkSj fdlhHkh txg ij vkradokn vkSj pjeiaFkh rkdrksa dks lqjf{kr iukgxkg miyC/k u gksus nh tk;A la;qDrjk"Vª esa Hkkjr ds LFkk;h izfrfuf/k lS;n vdc:n~nhu us dgk] ^gesa vPNs vkSj cqjs vkradokfn;ksa esa QdZugha djuk pkfg, ;k fdlh ,d lewg dks nwljs lewg ds f[kykQ ugha [kM+k djuk pkfg,A rkfycku]gDdkuh usVodZ] vydk;nk] bLykfed LVsV] y'dj&,&rS;ck] tS'k&,&eksgEen vkSj muds tSlsvU; lHkh vkradoknh laxBuksa dks la;qDr jk"Vª us xSj dkuwuh ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA vkQxkfuLrku dhvfLFkj gkyr dk ftØ djrs gq, 'kh"kZ Hkkjrh; nwr us dgk fd vLirkyksa] Ldwyksa] varjjk"Vªh; fodkl,tsafl;ksa vkSj jktdh; fe'kuksa ij yxkrkj gksrs geys xaHkhj fpark dk fo"k; gSaA mUgksus dgk fd^^lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dks vQxkfuLrku esa vkradokfn;ksa }kjk voS/k xfrfof/k;ksa ls tqVkbZ tk jgh /kujkf'kds lEcU/k esa dk;Zokgh djuh pkfg,A ^^vQxkfuLrku ds fons'kea=kh lykgqn~nhu jCckuh us lhek ikj

'kks/k /kkjk 125

vkradokfn;ksa dks lqjf{kr txgsa nsus vkSj iukgxkgksa dh igpku fd;s tkus dh ckr ij vdc:n~nhudk leFkZu fd;kA jCckuh us dgk] ^vQxkfuLrku ij vlj Mky jgs vkradokn vkSj fglad pjeiaFkdh ihM+k iM+kslh ns'k dh yacs le; ls uhfr jgh gS rkfd vQxkfuLrku vfLFkj jgsA blus dbZ n'kdksard vQxkfuLrku dks d"V fn;k gS vkSj bldh tM+sa esjs ns'k ds ckgj fLFkr vkradokfn;ksa ds lqjf{krLFkkuksa vkSj iukgxkgksa esa fLFkr gSA mUgksus dgk fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds fy, vesfjdk dh ubZ uhfr usns'k ds yksxksa es ubZ mEehn txkbZ gSA mUgksus dgk ^bl lEcU/k esa ge ml rF; dk Lokxr djrs gSafd u;h j.kuhfr us gekjs {ks=k esa vkradokfn;ksa ds lqjf{kr iukgxkg vkSj LFkkuksa dh leL;k dks mBkusdks ekU;rk nh gS vkSj vkradoknh lewgksa }kjk fy;s tk jgs jktuhfrd] rkfdZd vkSj foÙkh; leFkZudks lekIr djus ds iz;klksa ds fy, vf/kd izfrc) gSAvkradokn ij fu;a=k.k gsrq n{ksl }kjk fd;s x;s iz;kl% vkradokn ledkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa udsoy nf{k.k ,f'k;k] vfirq iwjs fo'o dh lqj{kk ds fy, lcls cM+h pqukSrh cuk gqvk gSA vkradokfn;ksads ikl vR;k/kqfud ,oa ?kkrd gfFk;kj gSa vkSj os bl fLFkfr esa gS fd fdlh Hkh izpfyr egkekjh dsfo"kka.kq rS;kj djds mudk vkS|ksfxd mRiknu Hkh dj ldrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa bl pqukSrh ls fuiVusds fy, nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds lHkh ns'kksa dks ,dtqV gksuk gksxkA lkdZ ds xBu dh i "BHkwfe esa Hkh {ks=k dslHkh ns'kksa dh lkekU; leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, lfEefyr iz;kl ds fy, lHkh ns'kksa us viuhlgefr O;fDr dh FkhA vkradokn dh leL;k Hkh bUgha esa ls ,d gSA vr,o bl leL;k ij 10&11tqykbZ 1984 dks ekys esa vk;ksftr fonsf'k eaf=k;ksa dh cSBd ,oa 5&7 Qjojh 1985 dks gqbZ LFkk;hlfefr dh cSBd esa loZizFke fopkj fd;k x;kA bl le; tkrh; leL;k dks ysdj Hkkjr vkSjJhyadk ds e/; dkQh ruko FkkA Jhyadk dk ekuuk Fkk fd Hkkjr vkradokn ds lanHkZ esa nksgjh uhfrviuk jgk gSA ,d vksj og vkraokfn;ksa ds f[kykQ Hkkjr esa dh tkus okyh lSfud dk;Zokgh vkijs'kuCyw LVkj* dks mfpr ekurk gS rks nwljh vksj Jhyadk ij rfey leL;k ds jktuhfrd lek/kku <w¡<+usds fy, ncko cuk jgk gSA

7&8 fnlEcj 1985 dks n{ksl ds izFke f'k[kj lEesyu esa Jhyadk ds jk"Vªifr t;o/kZus usdgk fd Jhyadk lkdZ dk ,slk ns'kk gS tks vkraokn ls ihfM+r gSA vkradoknh vkUnksyu ;gk¡jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk iSnk dj jgs gSa vkSj lnL; ns'kksa dh ljdkjsa tkrh; ,oa vYila[;d i Fkdrkoknds ncko esa dk;Z dj jgh gSA Hkkjr gj n f"V ls ,d fo'kky ns'k gS vkSj og iM+ksalh ns'kksa ds e/;ikjLifjd fo'okl txkus esa izeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA izFke f'k[kj lEesyu ds ckn <+kdk esavk;ksftd lkdZ efU=kifj"kn~ dh cSBd esa Hkh vkradokn ds elys ij xEHkhj erHksn fn[kkbZ iM+saA

uoEcj 1986 esa vk;ksftr caXykSj f'k[kj lEesyu esa lHkh jk"Vªk/;{kksa us lkewfgd :i lsvkradokn dks jksdus] mls {ks=k ls ckgj fudkyus] mls izJ; u nsus vkSj mldh fuank djus dk izLrkoikfjr fd;kA lkdZ ds rhljs f'k[kj lEesyu 2 ls 4 uoEcj] 1987] dkMek.Mw] esa lHkh jk"Vªk/;{kksa usLoa; dks vkradoknh dk;ksZ ls vyx j[kus ds lEcU/k esa vkradokn fujks/kd le>kSrk* fd;k] ftldsvUrxZr vkradokn ls lEcfU/kr 11 vuqPNsn j[ks x,A

n{ksl vkradokn fujks/kd le>kSrs ds vuqlkj lnL; ns'kksa us ,sls dne mBkus dk fu'p;

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fd;k ftlls vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa esa fyIr yksx n.M ls cp u ik,a vkSj vijkf/k;ksa dh okilh rFkkn.M ds izko/kkuksa dks lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsA dksbZ lnL; ns'k nwljs ns'k esa vkradoknh xfrfofèk;ksadks u rks c<+kok nsxk vkSj u gh mUgsa viuh Hkwfe ls nwljs lnL; ns'kksa ds fo:) vkradoknh xfrfofèk;k¡djus nsxk] u vkradokfn;ksa dks izJ; nsxk vkSj u gh mUgsa fdlh izdkj dh lgk;rk iznku djsxkA lHkhns'k la;qDr :i ls vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa ij dkcw ikus dk iz;kl djsaxsaA ;fn dksbZ ns'k ;g le>rkgS fd vfHk;qDr dks nwljs ns'k dks okil djuk mfpr gS rks og ,slk djus ds fy, Lora=k gksxkA blle>kSrs esa 6 vijk/kksa dks vkradokn dh Js.kh esa j[kk x;kA le>kSrs ds vuqPNsn 1¼l½ ds vuqlkjgR;k] dRysvke] 'kkjhfjd {kfr igq¡pkus gsrq geyk] vigj.k] canh cukuk] gfFk;kj] foLQksVd lkexzh;k [krjukd oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx yksxksa dks ekjus ;k 'kkjhfjd vFkok lEifÙk dks gkfu igqpkus ds fy,djuk ^vkradokn* dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA

bl lEesyu ds nkSjku vkradokn lEcU/kh le>kSrs ds fy, lnL; ns'k lger Fks ijUrq ;gle>kSrk dsoy dkxth ?kks"k.kki=k cudj jg x;k] D;ksafd vkradokn* dh ifjHkk"kk ds ckjs esa lnL;ns'k ,der ugha FksA nwljs] fdlh Hkh vkradoknh ds izR;kiZ.k ds lanHkZ esa lnL; ns'kksa ds chp dksbZnks"keqDr O;oLFkk ugha dh xbZ FkhA tSls Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp vkradokn dks ysdj xEHkhjfookn gS ijUrq buds chp izR;kiZ.k lEcU/kh dksbZ lfU/k ugha gSA vkradokn dh loZlEer ifjHkk"kk ugksus ls og fu.kZ; dj ikuk laHko ugh gS fd fdl dk;Zokgh dks vkradoknh xfrfof/k dgsaxsAmnkgj.kLo:i d'ehj esa vkradokn QSykus okys vkradoknh ikfdLrku esa vklkuh ls 'kj.k ysrs gSvkSj ikfdLrku mUgsa izf'k{k.k ,oa lgk;rk nsrk gSA Hkkjr bUgsa vkradoknh ekurk gSA rks ikfdLrku mUgsa^eqtkfgnhu* ;k ^/keZ ds fy, tw>us okys Lora=krk lsukuh* ekurk gSA

1990 esa vk;ksftr ikapok¡ f'k[kj lEesyu bl n f"V ls fo'ks"k egRoiw.kZ jgkA bl lEesyu esalkdZ ds lnL; ns'kksa }kjk vkraokfn;ksa ds izR;kiZ.k gsrq ,d lfU/k ij gLrk{kj fd, x, vkSj lkFk gh],sls vijkf/k;ksa ds f[kykQ dM+h dk;Zokgh djus ij Hkh lgefr O;Dr dh xbZA NBsa vkSj lkrosa f'k[kjlEesyu esa Hkh vkradokn ds fu;a=k.k gsrq lnL; ns'kksa }kjk dBksj dne mBkus ij lgefr O;Dr dhxbZ vkSj Hkkjr o Jhyadk us yxHkx leku n f"Vdks.k izLrqr fd;kA uosa f'k[kj lEesyu esa vkraoknij fu;U=k.k ds lEcU/k eas iqjkus izLrkoksa dh iquZleh{kk dh xbZ vkSj vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dks jksdusds la;qDr iz;kl dh ckr dgh x;hA dqN jk"Vªk/;{kksa ls mu 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ds f[kykQ Hkh vUrjkZ"Vªh;Lrj ij dk;Zokgh djus dh ek¡x dh xbZ tks vkradokfn;ksa dks izJ; nsrs gSa vkSj /ku bR;kfn dh enniznku djrs gSaA bu xfrfof/k;ksa ij dkcw ikus ds fy, lnL; ns'kksa }kjk Jhyadk dh jkt/kkuh dksyEcksaesa ^vkradokn fu;a=k.k MsLd* dh LFkkiuk dk izLrko ikfjr fd;k x;kA

nlosa f'k[kj lEesyu esa lnL; ns'kksa {kjk ^vkradokn fujks/kd vf/kfu;e* dks izHkkoh cukusrFkk vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa ij dkcw ikus ds iz;klksa ij lgefr O;fDr dh xbZA

Hkkjr ds dwVuhfrd iz;klksa ds QyLo:i X;kjgosa f'k[kj lEesyu esa vkradokn dk lkeukdjus dk lkdZ ns'kksa us ladYi fy;k vkSj 6 tuojh 2002 dks lHkh lnL; ns'kksa ds 'kkluk/;{kksa us11 i "Bksa ds 56 lw=kh; ?kks"k.kki=k ij gLrk{kj fd,A 14osa f'k[kj lEesyu esa ^vkradokn ls fuiVus

'kks/k /kkjk 127

ds fy, fiNys lEesyuksa esa fn, x, vk'okluksa dh iqu% iqf"V dh xbZ rFkk vkradoknh laxBuksa }kjk/ku bdV~Bk djus ij jksd yxkus ij lgefr O;Dr dh xbZA lu~ 2002 esa dkBek.Mw esa LVSf.MaxdesVh us lkdZ ds fof/k fo'ks"kKksa ds lkFk ,d izksVksdky Mªk¶V rS;kj fd;k] tks vkradokn dh fuxjkuhvkSj jksdFkke ds fy, FkkA la;qDr jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ds fjtksY;w'ku 1979 vkSj b.Vjus'kuy dUosa'kuQkWj lijs'ku vkWQ Qkbusaflax vkWQ VsjfjTe ds rtZ ij bls fodflr fd;k x;kA bl izksVksdky dsfodkl gsrq izFke cSBd 2006 esa vkSj nwljh 2007 esa j[kh xbZ ftlesa lHkh us vius fopkj izLrqr fd;sApkSngoha f'k[kj cSBd 2007 esa ^bl izksVksdkWy dks ykxw fd;k x;kA

n{ksl dh yxHkx lHkh cSBdksa esa vkradokn dk eqn~nk Nk;k jgk vkSj bls jksdus ds fy, lnL;ns'kksa ds }kjk lfEefyr iz;kl dh ckr dgh tkrh jghA blh Øe esa 9 Qjojh 2012 dks vkraokn lsfuiVus ds fy, lkdZ ns'kksa ds fo'ks"kKksa dh cSBd gqbZ( ftlesa Hkkjr] HkwVku] ekynho] Jhyadk usiky vkSjlkdZ lfpoky; ds vf/kdkfj;ksa us Hkkx fy;kA cSBd esa Jhyadk ds dksyEcksa fLFkr ^lkdZ vkradoknhxfrfof/k fuxjkuh MsLd vkSj lkdZ eknd nzO; xfrfof/k fuxjkuh MsLd ds dkedkt dks lq/kkjus dkeqn~nk mBk;k x;kA lnL; ns'kksa ds chp vkradokn vkSj eknd nzO;ksa dh rLdjh ls fuiVus ds fy,lqpukvksa ds ijLij vknku dh izHkko'kkyh izfØ;k] lg;ksx esa c<+ksRrjh] {kerk fodkl ij Hkh ppkZdh xbZA vkijkf/kd ekeyksa ij ijLij lgk;rk dh lkdZ lfU/k ij Hkh fopkj fd;k x;kA vkrdaoknls yM+us ds fy, n{ksl vnkyr ds xBu ij fopkj fd;k x;kA lkdZ ns'kksa dh vkardokn ds f[kykQcSBd ebZ] 2016 esa Hkkjr esa vk;ksftr dh xbZ] ftlesa 'kkfey gksus ls ikfdLrku us budkj dj fn;kAbl otg ls ikfdLrku LkkdZ esa vdsyk iM+rk tk jgk gSA Hkkjr ds ckn vQxkfUkLrku us Hkh ikfdLrkudh vkykspuk dh gSA vlds vuqlkj vQxkfuLrku esa vkraadokn dks c<+kok fn;k tk jgk gSA ckaXyksn'kus Hkh ikfdLrku dh vkardh uhfr dks fu'kkuk cukrs gq,] vkradh geyksa dk Li"V 'kCnksa esa fojks/k fd;kALi"V gS fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa 'kkfUr o lg;ksx dh izfØ;k esa ^vkradokn^ lcls cM+h ck/kk gS] ftlsnwj fd;s fcuk n{ksl vius y{; rd ugh ig¡qp ldrkA vius xBu ls ysdj vc rd bl leL;kds lk/kku ds fy, n{ksl ds lnL; ns'kksa }kjk fujUrj iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA lkdZ izfØ;k 'kkfUriw.kZ]le ) vkSj fLFkj ,f'k;kbZ {ks=k ds LoIu dks lkdkj dh fn'kk esa egRoiw.kZ dne gSA

foxr~ dqN o"kksZ esa nf{k.k ,f'k;k foxzg vkSj foLQksVd ruko dk ,d [krjukd {ks=k curk tkjgk gSA bl chp vQxkfUkLrku ls Jhyadk] usiky vkSj ck¡Xyksn'k rd dh vkarfjd fLFfr;k¡ vkSjvkilh fj'rksa esa ubZ&ubZ isaphnfx;k¡ iSnk gks xbZ gSA tEew d'ehj esa vkradofn;ksa }kjk izfrfnu dksbZ&u&dksbZ funksZ"k ftanxh [kRe dj nh tkrh gS vkSj ;g tx&tkfgj gks pqdk gS fd mu vkradokfn;ksadks ikfdLrku izf'kf{kr djds Hkkjrh dh ,drk ,o v[k.Mrk dks u"V djus esa yxk gSA

vesfjdk us dgk fd Hkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSj vQxkfUkLrku esa vkrad ds gkFkksa cM+h la[;k esacPps] efgyk,a vkSj iq:"k esa vkrad ds gkFkksa cM+h la[;k esa cPps] efgyk,a vkSj iq:"k ekjs x, gSaA fons'kfoHkkx ds izoDrk tkWu fdchZ us ;g mEehn Hkh trkbZ fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dh ljdkjsa vkilhckrphr ls ekStwnk ruko dk gy fudky ysaxhA ;g Hkh lgh gS fd Hkkjr vkSj vQxkfUkLrku dksvesfjdk o dbZ vU; ns'kksa dk leFkZu Hkh feyrk jgk gS] ijUrq ikfdLrku ds joS;s esa cnyko ds fy,

'kks/k /kkjk 128

os Ik;kZIr ncko ugh cuk lds gSaA ,d vksj ikfdLrku dks os vkard ds fo:) oSf'od la?k"kZ esa lg;ksxhekurs gSa rks nwljh vksj mls vkfFkZd vkSj lSU; enn Hkh nsrs gSaA

lanHkZ1- Dwijesu] le FkkWVl vkWu VsjsfjTe] Mk;ykWx] 19472- pkSgku] vkj0,l0( VsjfjTe fc;ks.M oYMZ] jkmVyst] yanu] 20083- pUnz] lrh'k( baVjus'kuy VsjfjTe ,.M VwVl dUVªksy] cksnjk izdk'ku] bykgkckn 19894- vrj] ikfdLrku VsjfjTe % vej izdk'ku] fnYyh]19925- vkradh ?kVuk,¡ % lkdZ] if=kdk] 10 ekpZ 1993 6- vkradh ?kVuk,a % lkdZ] if=kdk] 30 ekpZ 20017- oksgjk] iadt( nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vurjk"Vªh; lEcU/k] oSdfYid izfreku] lst izdk'ku Hkkjr ¼izk0½ fyfeVsM] 20088- HkkXkZo] dkar fd'kksj( lksHku Qk:d % nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk Hkfo"; {ks=kh; lg;ksx] fodkjl ifCyf'kax gkml

izk0 fy0] jktdey bysfDVªd izsl] fnYYkh] 19959- HkV~Vk] edcwy vgen( lkdZ dk Hkfo";] bLykekckn 1991&9210- lwck] panzu( pkjh] ih0vkj0( nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa l'kL=k la?k"kZ c<+rh fgalk] :Vyst Vsyj vkSj Ýkafll lewg]

ubZ fnYyh] 200811- pksIkM+k] izk.k( nf{k.k ,f'k;k] <kdk ;wuhoflZVh izsl ] 198612- xqIrk] Hkokuh lsu( nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ifjisz{;] la?k"kZ vkSj lg;ksx] ch0vkj0 izdk'ku fuxe ¼izk0½ fyfeVsM]

fnYyh] 198813- b¶rs[kkj % {ks=kh; :>ku vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ lqj{kk] ubZ fnYYkh]199714- d ".kkuan % Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa 'kkfUr LFkkiuk vkSj fodkl dh laHkkouk,a] egkohj ,aM lUl] fnYyh 200815- dqekj] euh"k( nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa {ks=kh; lg;ksx] eq[;/kkjk] okY;w 42] uoEcj 15] 3 vizSy 200416- ykfgM+h] lqthr( lkdZ iqjkuh nqfo/kk vkSj mHkjrh laHkkouk,a 'kkfUr v/;;u] Hkkx 14] vad 2] viSzy&twu] 200717- http://www.essaysinhindi.com18- http://www.prabhatkhabar.com19- [email protected], 26 sept, 2017

'kks/k /kkjk 129

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol.1; P. 129-138Political Science

fo'o dh izfrfuf/k la?kkRed O;oLFkk;sa&,d ijh{k.kJherh nhfIr prqosZnh

'kks/k Nk=kk] dksVk fo'ofo|ky;] dksVk] jktLFkku¼izkIr % 28 fnlEcj 2017 ½

Abstract

la?kkRed O;oLFkk dk vk/kkj yksdrkfU=kd gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ledkyhu jktuhfrd iz.kkfy;ksaesa bldh Lohdk;Zrk lokZf/kd gSA la?kh; <kaps esa jk"Vª dh ,drk o bdkbZ;ksa dh Lok;Rrrk dk leUo;lEHko gSA izLrqr izi=k dk mn~ns'; fo'o dh izeq[k la?kh; 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk gSA ftldsvk/kkj fcUnq izeq[kr% la?kh; y{k.k gSA bl ijh{k.k esa fofHkUu O;oLFkkvksa esa vusd dkj.kksa lslekurk;sa&vlekurk;sa] fof'k"Vrk;sa n f"Vxkspj gksrh gS ysfdu ,d lkekU; izo fRr fuf'pr gS fd lHkhla?kh; O;oLFkkvksa esa dsUnZhdj.k dh 'kfDr;ksa esa mRrjksRrj o f) gks jgh gS ftldh i "BHkwfe esa laoS/kkfudizko/kku fof'k"V jk"Vªh;&vUrjkZ"Vªh; ifjfLFkfr;ka o ?kVuk;sa gSA ;|fi ,d dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds fy;s;g okaNuh; Hkh gSA


Key Words : la?kkRed O;oLFkk] jktuhfrd iz.kkyh vkSj iztkra=k

vk/kqfud jktuhfrd iz.kkfy;ksa esa la?kkRed O;oLFkk lokZf/kd izpfyr o iztkrkfU=kd ekuhtkrh gSA ftl izdkj e/; ;qx esa 'kklu O;oLFkk dk lkekU; izokg lkeUr izFkk dh vksj Fkk ;k 15ohavkSj 16oha 'krkfCn;ksa esa fujadq'k LosPNkpkfjrk dh vksj Fkk] mlh izdkj ledkyhu jktuhfrdO;oLFkkvksa dk izokg la?kkRed O;oLFkk dh vksj gSA la?kkRed O;oLFkk dh Lohdk;Zrk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZdkj.k mDr O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr bdkbZ;ksa dks la?kh; fo/kkf;dk esa iznÙk izfrfuf/kRo gSA ftlds dkj.kbdkbZ;k¡ vius {ks=kh; pfj=k dks dk;e j[krs gq;s jk"Vªh; 'kklu O;oLFkk esa vklkuh ls lekosf'kr gkstkrh gaSA la?kkRed 'kklu iz.kkyh dsUnz o jkT;ksa dh lekurk ij vk/kkfjr gS rFkk dqN fofHkUurkvksads lkFk izR;sd la?kkRed O;oLFkk jk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa {ks=kh; Lok;Ùkrk ds leUo; dks ewrZ:i iznkudjrh gSA

izLrqr izi=k dk mn~ns'; fo'o dh izeq[k la?kh; O;oLFkkvksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k djukgSA fo'o dh izeq[k la?kkRed O;oLFkk;sa fuEu gSa&

Rkkfydk 1izeq[k la?kkRed jktO;oLFkk;sa &¼1½ vtsZaVkbuk ¼23 izkar vkSj 1 Lok;Rr uxj½ ¼C;wulvk;lZ ½¼2½ vkLVsfy;k ¼06 jkT; vkSj 3 Hkw{ks=k½¼3½ vkfLVª;k ¼09 jkT;½¼4½ csfYt;e ¼03 {ks=k vkSj 03 Hkk"kk;h leqnk;½¼5+½ cksfLu;k vkSj gtsZxksfouk ¼cksfLu;k vkSj gtsZxksfouk dk la?k fjifCydk½

'kks/k /kkjk 130

¼6+½ czkthy ¼26 jkT; vkSj la?kh; ftys½¼7+½ dukMk ¼10 izkaRk vkSj 3 Hkw {ks=k½¼8+½ dkWeksjkWl ¼vatqvku , xzkaMs dkseksj , eksgsyh½¼9+½ bFkksfi;k ¼09 {ks=k vkSj 02 pkVZMZ uxj½¼10+½ teZuh ¼16 jkT;½¼11+½ Hkkjr ¼29 jkT; vkSj 7 la?kh; {ks=k½¼12+½ bjkd ¼18 iz'kkldh; bdkbZ;ka vkSj 01 {ks=k½ ¼bjkdh dqfnZLrku½¼13½ eysf'k;k ¼13 jkT; vkSj 3 la?kh; {ks=k½¼14½ eSfDldks ¼31 jkT; vkSj 01 la?kh; ftyk½ ¼eSfDldks uxj½¼15½ feØksusf'k;k ds la?khd~r jkT; ¼pqad] dksljkb] iksguibZ vkSj ;Ik½¼16½ usiky ¼14 t+ksu½¼17½ ukbthfj;k ¼36 jkT; vkSj 01 la?kh; Hkw{ks=k ¼la?kh; jkt/kkuh Hkw{ks=k½¼18½ ikfdLrku ¼4 izkaRk] 2 Lok;Rr {ks=k vkSj 3 Hkw{ks=k½¼19½ :l ¼40 vksCykLV~l] 21 fjifCyd] 09 Øsl] 4 Lok;RRk vksØXl] 02 la?kh; uxj] 01 Lok;Rr

vksCykLV½ 3¼20½ lSaV fdV~l vkSj usohl ¼02 jkT;½¼21½ nf{k.kh lwMku ¼10 jkT;½¼22½ lwMku ¼17 jkT;½¼23½ fLoVtjyS.M ¼26 dSaVu½¼24½ ;wukbVsM vjc vehjkr ¼7 vehjkr½¼25½ ;wukbVsM LVsV~l ¼50 jkT;] 01 dksjiksjsVsM {ks=k vkSj 01 la?kh; ftyk( okf'kaxVu Mh-Lkh-½¼26½ osustq,yk ¼23 jkT;] 01 jkt/kkuh ftyk vkSj 01 la?kh; fuHkZj {ks=k½

rqyukRed v/;;u ds vUrxZr mDr jk"Vªksa esa ls izfrfuf/k O;oLFkkvksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSAbuesa gSa( la;qDr jkT; vejhdk] Hkkjr] fLoVtjyS.M] dukMk] vkWLVªsfy;k] iwoZ lksfo;r la?k] teZuh]nf{k.k vÝhdk] ukbthfj;kA mijksDr la?kksa dk rqyukRed foospu fdlh la?kkRed O;oLFkk ds lkekU;y{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA1- mn~ns'; dh n f"V ls & fofHkUu ns'kksa esa la?kksa dk fuekZ.k fofHkUu mn~ns';ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;sfd;k x;k gS ;|fi ekSfyd mn~ns'; ,d gh gSA la?kksa dk fuekZ.k oSnsf'kd laca/k] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vkfnlkekU; fgrksa dh ns[kHkky] jk"Vªh; ,drk dh lqn <+rk ds fy;s rFkk cM+s iSekus ij jk"VªO;kih vkfFkZd]lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd leL;kvksa dh flf) ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

vejhdh lafo/kku esa la?k ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dk izeq[k dkj.k jk"Vªh; ,drk dks izkIr djuk]ladVdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk blds vfrfjDr Hkk"kkvksa] tkrh; leL;kvksa dh fofHkUurkHkh blds dkj.k FksA Hkkjrh; la?k dh LFkkiuk ds ihNs mldh ,sfrgkfld i "BHkwfe dk loZizeq[k;ksxnku FkkA fczfV'k 'kklu dky ls gh ns'k fofHkUu izkUrksa esa foHkDr FkkA 1935 bZ- ds vf/kfu;e }kjkla?kh; O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh tk pqdh Fkh vkSj ns'kh jkT;ksa ds lfEeyu ds fy;s la?kh; O;oLFkk ghmi;qDr Fkh] lkFk gh Hkk"kk] tkfr] laLÑfr dh fofHkUurk Hkh O;kIr FkhA iwoZ lksfo;r la?k dh LFkkiuk

'kks/k /kkjk 131

ds ihNs jk"Vªh;rkvksa dh leL;k dk izeq[k gkFk FkkA ;|fi lkE;oknh usrk ,dkRed 'kklu O;oLFkkrFkk 'kfDr'kkyh dsUnz ds i{k esa Fks vkSj la?k jkT; dks vfoosdiw.kZ vkn'kZ ekurs FksA fQj Hkh fofHkUujk"Vªh;rkvksa dh i Fkd&i Fkd lkaLÑfrd leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus ds fy, la?kh; O;oLFkk dks ghviuk;k x;kA fLoV~tjyS.M esa la?kh; jkT; dh LFkkiuk ds izeq[k dkj.k vesfjdk ds leku Hkk"kk]tkfr] laLd fr vkfn dh vusd:irk rFkk fczVsu rFkk Lisu ds leku lkezkT;oknh izHkko rFkk vkfFkZdladV ls cpus dk lk/ku gSA1

vesfjdk ds foijhr dukMk dh la?kh; O;oLFkk dk mn~ns'; dsUnzhdj.k o 'kklu ds,dhdj.k dh fn'kk esa ,d 'kfDr'kkyh lk/ku ds :i esa dk;Z djuk gSA2 ¼Canada as afederalstate in view of this countrys constitutionstandingasa powerfulweapon ofcentralisisnand veri unifying the Government½A dukfM;u lafo/kku fuekZrk la?k jkT; dhLFkkiuk ds lkFk&lkFk la?kkRed jkT; dh ladh.kZ /kkjkvksa ls nwj jguk pkgrs FksA mUgksaus la;qDr jkT;vejhdk ds rRdkyhu vuqHkoksa dk ykHk mBk;kA vesfjdk esa dsUnz o jkT; ljdkjksa ds chp vf/kdkjksads fookn dh ifjf.kfr x g;q) ds :i esa gqbZ FkhA

lj tkWu eSdMkWuYM us Li"V 'kCnksa esa dgk fd& ßlkoZHkkSe lÙkk dsUnz esa fufgr gks] bdkbZ;ksadh 'kfDr;ksa dks lhfer dj fn;k tk; vkSj ,d 'kfDr'kkyh dsUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk vkSj LFkkuh; dk;ks±ds fy;s NksVh O;oLFkkfidkvksa dh fodsfUnzr O;oLFkk dks viuk;k tk,A ge yksxksa us vesfjdk ls fHkUuO;oLFkk dks viuk;k gS vkSj bl izdkj la?kh; O;oLFkk dh cgqr cM+h detksjh dks nwj fd;k gSAÞ3

Li"Vr% dukfM;u lafo/kku fuekZrk leLrjh; izkUrh; o dsUnzh; ljdkjsa ugha pkgrs FksAvkWLVªsfy;u la?kh; O;oLFkk dk mn~ns'; bdkb;ksa ds chp lg;ksx LFkkfir djuk FkkA

teZuQsMjy fjifCyd dk mn~ns'; ekuoh; xkSjo] tu vf/kdkj] ekSfyd vf/kdkj rFkk lEiw.kZ teZuhds fy;s yksdrU=k FkkA vkfFkZd lEiUurk lkekftd lqj{kk o vkarfjd fLFkjrk Hkh muds mn~ns';ksa esa'kkfey FksA nf{k.k vÝhdh la?k] lgdkjh la?kokn dk izfreku gS ftudk mn~ns'; jk"Vªh; ,drk] 'kkafrcuk;s j[kuk vkSj fjifCyd dh oS;fDrrk cuk;s j[kuk gSA ukbthfj;k esa la?kh; O;oLFkk dk mn~ns';dkuwu O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kuk rFkk lq'kklu gSA2- la?k fuekZ.k dh n f"V ls & la?k fuekZ.k ds lk/kkj.kr% nks rjhds gSa& lfEeyu ¼Integration½ vkSji FkDdj.k ¼Disintegration½ izFke izfØ;k ds vuqlkj Lora=k jkT; LosPNk ls dfri; lkekU; fgrksadh iwfrZ ds fy;s la?k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA f}rh; izfØ;k ds vuqlkj ,dkRed jkT;ksa dks rksM+djLora=k bdkb;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj dqN fo"k;ksa esa mUgsa Lora=k vf/kdkj ns fn;k tkrk gS]la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa la?k fuekZ.k ds iwoZ la;qDr&jkT; esa 13 Lora=k jkT; Fks( ftudk ,djkT;e.My ¼Confedeation½ FkkA bUgha jkT;ksa us 1787 bZ- esa laxfBr gksdj la?k dk fuekZ.k fd;kA

vesfjdk dh rjg fLoVtjyS.M esa Hkh la?k&fuekZ.k ds iwoZ jkT;e.My FkkA fLol la?k dsfo"k; esa lafo/kku Hkh /kkjk 13 esa dgk x;k gS fd lksfo;r lektoknh la?k dk fuekZ.k jkT;ksa dslfEeyu ,oa i FkDdj.k ds fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij gqvk gSA fofHkUu ns'kh jkT; Hkkjr la?k esa lfEeyudh izfØ;k ds }kjk lfEefyr gq;s gSa( ijUrq Hkkjr fczfV'k 'kkludky esa 1935 ds Hkkjr&'kkluvfèkfu;e ds iwoZ ,dkRed jkT; Fkk] ftlesa vusd izkar FksA ;s izkar la?k esa i FkDdj.k ds vk/kkj ijlfEefyr gq;sA

'kks/k /kkjk 132

dukMk dk la?k Hkh lfEeyu rFkk i FkDdj.k nksuksa gh izfØ;kvksa ds esy ls cuk gSA 1867 dsfczfV'k ukFkZ vf/kfu;e Li"Vr% dguk gS fd "Whereas the provinces of Canada, NovascoshiaandNew Prunsurck have expressed their desire to be federally united into onedomanionandwhereassucha Union canduce to thewelfere of the provinces.Þ4 dukfM;ula?k ds varxZr 10 jkT; gSaA

teZu la?k ds varxZr bdkbZ;ksa ¼ySaMj½ esa ls dqN iquxZfBr rFkk dqN vkaf'kd jfpr gSa] ftUgsaf}rh; egk;q) ds ckn cuk;k x;kA ogka dqN 16 ySaMj gSaA nf{k.k vÝhdk esa 31 ebZ 1910 dks pkjfczfV'k v/khu izns'k Fks] tks fd la?k cukrs gq;s fczfV'k Økmu ds vUrxZr ,d Mksesfu;u esa foy; gksx;sA 1931 esa fczfV'k laln us mls fczfV'k dkWeuosYFk ds vUrxZr LorU=k jk"Vª ds :i esa ;wfu;u dhekU;rk nhA 31 ebZ 1961 dks ns'k ds xksjs yksxksa ds tuer laxzg ds }kjk ;g ns'k fjifCyd cu x;krFkk dkWeuosYFk ls i Fkd gks x;kA bl izdkj ewyr% nf{k.k vÝhdk lfEeyu ,oa i FkDdj.k dh izfØ;k}kjk la?k cukA

ukbZthfj;k us ,d vDVwcj 1960 dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls LorU=krk izkIr dh vkSj og ,dLorU=k lEizHkq jkT; cuk] 1963 esa jk"Vªe.My ds lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 3 esa dgk x;k gS fd ukbthfj;k,d vfoHkkT; vkSj vVwV lEizHkq la?kh; jkT; gS] ftls ukbthfj;k dk la?kh; x.krU=k* dk uke izkIrgqvk ftlesa 36 jkT; vkSj vklqtk dk la?kh; jkt/kkuh {ks=k lfEefyr gSA bl izdkj ogk¡ i FkDdj.kdh izfØ;k ds ifj.kke Lo:i la?k cukA3- vf/kdkj foHkktu dh n f"V ls & la?kh; lafo/kku esa 'kfDr forj.k dh nks izeq[k fof/k;k¡ gSaA izFke]lafo/kku esa dsUnz dh 'kfDr;k¡ mfYyf[kr jgrh gSa vkSj vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ jkT; dks izkIr gks tkrh gSAla;qDr jkT; vejhdk esa izFke i)fr dks viuk;k x;k gSA 'kfDr forj.k ds lEcU/k esa vejhdh la?kds rhu vk/kkjHkwr rRo mYys[kuh; gSaA izFke la?k ljdkj dks flQZ os 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSa tks izR;k;ksftr;k fufgr gSaA lafoèkku dh /kkjk 1 [k.M 8 esa la?k ljdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa dh ifjx.kuk dh xbZ gSA 10osala'kks/ku }kjk bls vf/kd Li"V fd;k x;k gSA ßlafo/kku }kjk tks 'kfDr;k¡ la;qDr jkT; dksizR;k;ksftr ugha dh xbZ gSa rFkk ftldk mlds }kjk jkT;ksa ds fy;s fu"ks/k ugha fd;k x;k gS os jkT;ksavFkok turk ds fy;s lqjf{kr jgsaxhAÞ f}Ùkh; jkT; ljdkjksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ lafo/kku esa mfYyf[kr ughagS] ysfdu os ekSfyd] vUroZÙkh vkSj eq[;r% vifjHkkf"kr gSA r rh; fdlh Hkh ljdkj dks vlhfervf/kdkj izkIr ugha gSA

iwoZ lksfo;r la?k vkSj fLoVtjyS.M esa izFke izfØ;k dks izJ; fn;k x;k gSA bu ns'kksa esavof'k"V 'kfDr;ksa dks jkT; ljdkjksa dks lkSai fn;k x;k gSA dukMk dh rjg Hkkjr esa f}Ùkh; jhfrdks viuk;k x;k gSA lafo/kku esa la?k o jkT; dh 'kfDr;k¡ dsUnzh; lwph vkSj jkT; lwph esa mfYyf[krgSaA ,d rhljh lwph Hkh gS& leorhZ lwph ftl ij nksuksa ljdkjksa dk leku vf/kdkj gS] ysfduvof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ dsUnz dks nh xbZ gSaA

dukfM;u la?k dk Lrj Mksehfu;u izd fr dk gS vkSj fczfV'k egkjkuh dks vHkh Hkhfo'ks"kkfèkdkj izkIr gSA dukMk ds la?k esa 'kfDr forj.k gsrq nks lwfp;k¡ gS ,d vf/kjkT; ds fy;s vkSjnwljh izkarksa ds fy;sA vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ vf/kjkT; esa fufgr gSA vesfjdk ds foijhr la?kh; ljdkjvR;f/kd 'kfDr'kkyh gSA dqN egÙoiw.kZ ekeyksa esa la?k dks gLr{ksi djus dk vf/kdkj gSA ;|fi 1982

'kks/k /kkjk 133

ds laoS/kkfud vf/kfu;e }kjk jkT;ksa dks muds izkd frd lalk/kuksa ij O;kid vf/kdkj fn;s x;s gSaAnf{k.k vÝhdk ds lgdkjh la?k ds varxZr vU; la?kh; lafo/kkuksa ls fHkUu foy{k.k O;oLFkk

gS ftlds vuqlkj 'kklu ds rhuksa Lrj&dsUnzh;] izkarh; o LFkkuh;&fof'k"V] varfuZHkZj o varl±caf/krgSA ftudk y{; 'kkafr] jk"Vªh; ,drk o fjifCyd dh oS;fDrrk cuk;s j[kuk gSA

ukbthfj;k ds lafo/kku ds }kjk la?k vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp nks lwfp;ksa ds ek/;e ls 'kfDr;ksa dkfoHkktu fd;k x;k gSA izFke&,deso fo/kk;h lwph vkSj f}rh;&leorhZ fo/kk;h lwphA ,deso fo/kk;hlwph ds fo"k;ksa ij la?kh; ljdkj nksuksa dks gh loksZPprk dh fLFkfr izkIr gS rFkk leorhZ lwph ijjk"Vªh; o jkT;h; ljdkjksa dks fu.kZ; djus dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA ysfdu vkilh fojks/k dh fLFkfr esala?k dks loksZPprk izkIr gSA dkuwu O;oLFkk vkSj lq'kklu dk nkf;Ro la?k dks izkIr gSA

vkLVªsfy;k dh la?kkRed O;oLFkk esa Hkh dsUnz rFkk jkT;ksa esa 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu Li"V :ils fd;k x;k gS] vU; la?kkRed ns'kksa dh Hkkafr vkWLVªsfy;k esa dsUnz ljdkj ds vkns'kksa dks izkFkfedrknh tkrh gSA ijUrq vejhdk ds foijhr vkWLVªsfy;k ds xouZj tujy ds :i esa ,dkRed O;oLFkk dsn'kZu gksrs gSa] okLro esa leLr 'kfDr;k¡ xouZj tujy esa gh dsUnzhHkwr jgrh gS] fudksyl ds fopkj lsvaxzsth Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh lalkj ds la?kkRed jkT;ksa esa vkWLVªsfy;k ds la?k ls bl ckr esa leku gS fd lafoèkku}kjk la?k dks dqN 'kfDr;k¡ lkSaih xbZ gS vkSj vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ jkT;ksa vFkok turk esa fufgr gS vkSjlkFk gh U;kf;d 'kfDr dh jpuk esa HkhA ;g dukMk ls bl ckr esa leku gS fd mlus mÙkjnk;h'kklu ds rU=k dks la?kkRed i)fr ds vuq:i cukus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA ijUrq dukMk ds la?k ls'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu vkSj dsUnzh; lÙkk dks ubZ 'kfDr;k¡ lkSaius ds <ax esa fHkUu gSA izfr"ks/k dh 'kfDrds ckjs esa Hkh ftldk izkUrksa ds dkuwuksa ij dsUnzh; lÙkk iz;ksx dj ldrh gS vkSj U;kf;d i)fr esaHkh dukMk ds lafo/kku ls fHkUu gSA

teZu la?k ds varxZr Hkh dsUnz o jkT;ksa ds chp 'kfDr;ksa dk forj.k fd;k x;k gSA vuqPNsn73 dsUnz dh 'kfDr;ksa ls lacaf/kr gS vuqPNsn 74 dk laca/k dsUnz o jkT; ls gS ;|fi fookn dh fLFkfresa dsUn dks loksZPprk izkIr gS vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ jkT;ksa ds ikl gSA4- ,ddksa dk lafo/kku & lHkh la?kksa vkSj jkT;ksa ds laca/k esa i;kZIr vUrj gSA la?khHkwr bdkbZ;ksa dhfLFkfr esa lekurk;sa de vkSj vUrj vf/kd gSA vesfjdk vkSj fLoVtjySaM ds ,ddksa dk viuk i Fkd~lafo/kku gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa jkT;ksa dks bPNkuqlkj vius lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku djus dk vf/kdkj gS] ysfdu muij nks izfrca/k gS& lafo/kku x.kra=kkRed gksuk pkfg;s rFkk mls la?kh; fof/k;ksa dsizfrdwy ugha gksuk pkfg;sA fLoVtjyS.M esa Hkh dSVuksa dk futh lafo/kku gSa ysfdu bl laca/k esa muij rhu izfrca/k gSA vejhdh izfrca/kksa ds vfrfjDr rhljk izfrca/k gSA dSVuksa dk lafo/kku turk }kjkLohd r rFkk la'kksfèkr gksuk pkfg,A lksfo;r la?k ds ,ddksa dk i Fkd~ lafo/kku ugha gSA Hkkjr esa HkhtEew&dk'ehj dks NksM+dj lksfo;r :l dh lh fLFkfr gSA

teZu la?k esa izR;sd bdkbZ ¼yS.M½ dk viuk lafo/kku gS tks fd teZuh ds csfld ykW ¼la?kh;lafo/kku½ ds vuq:i gksuk vfuok;Z gS vkSj bdkbZ mls la'kksf/kr dj ldrh gSA izR;sd bdkbZ dhukxfjdrk ds vius dkuwu gSaA

nf{k.k vÝhdh la?k dk lafo/kku ns'k dk loksZPp dkuwu gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh rjg dsUnzh;]izkUrh; ,oa LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dk izca/ku blesa fufgr gSA lafo/kku la'kks/ku esa izkarh; lgefr de ls

'kks/k /kkjk 134

de ¼6 izkarksa dh½ vfuok;Z gSA5- u;k jkT;&fuekZ.k vkSj lhek ifjorZu & la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa orZeku ,ddksa dh lhekvksa esaifjorZu djus vFkok fdlh jkT; ds {ks=k esa u;k jkT; cukus dk vf/kdkj dkaxZsl dks izkIr ugha gSAblds fy;s lacaf/kr jkT; vFkok jkT;ksa dh LohÑfr izkIr djuk vfuok;Z gSA blh izdkj fLoVtjyS.Mesa Hkh ,ddksa dh lhek esa ifjorZu djus dk vf/kdkj la?k dks ugha gS] ,ddksa dh Lohd fr vko';dgSA blds foijhr Hkkjrh; laln jkT;ksa dh bPNk ds vHkko esa Hkh mudh lhekvksa esa ifjorZu djldrh gS] uohu jkT;ksa dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gS vkSj fdlh jkT; dk vfLrRo feVk ldrh gSA iwoZlksfo;r la?k esa Hkh la?kh; ljdkj dks ;g vfFkdkj izkIr FkkA

nf{k.k vÝhdh lafo/kku ds varxZr Hkh izkarh; lhekvksa] 'kfDr;ksa] dk;ks± o laLFkkvksa rFkk fdlhizkar fo'ks"k ds ekeys esa ifjorZu djus gsrq jk"Vªh; lHkk ds lkFk 6 izkUrksa dh lgefr Hkh vko';d gSA6- ,ddksa dh lekurk & la?kkRed O;oLFkk esa lHkh ,ddksa ds lkFk lekurk dh vis{kk gksrh gSAla;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa ,ddksa dks lekurk izkIr gSA lHkh&jkT; leLrjh; gSA lhusV esa izR;sdjkT; dks nks lnL; Hkstus dk vf/kdkj gSA fLol la?kh; O;oLFkk esa Hkh ,ddksa dks lekurk ds fl)kUrij Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu mudh nks Jsf.k;k¡ gS& iw.kZ dSaVu vkSj v)Z dSaVuA Hkkjr esa Hkh jkT;leLrjh; gSA ;gk¡ nks rjg dh bdkbZ;k¡ gaS& jkT; vkSj dsUnz iz'kkflr {ks=k 1- tgk¡ vesfjdk esa jkT;ksadks la?kh; mPp lnu esa lekurk ds fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij izfrfuf/kRo feyrk gS] Hkkjr esa la?kh; mPplnu esa lekurk ds vk/kkj ij ugha vfirq tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij izfrfuf/kRo fn;k x;k gSA iwoZlksfo;r la?k esa ,ddksa dh iakp Jsf.k;k¡ Fkha vkSj la?kh; mPp lnu esa izR;sd Js.kh dk izfrfuf/kRoi Fkd~&i Fkd~ rFkkfuf'pr FkkA

nf{k.k vÝhdh la?k esa lHkh bdkb;k¡ leku gSA lHkh bdkb;ksa ds vf/kdkj leku gSA ljdkjds rhuksa Lrj dsUnzh;] izkarh; vkSj LFkkuh; rhuksa varfuZHkj] varl±caf/kr ,oa fof'k"V gSA

vkWLVªsfy;k la?k ds varxZr bdkb;k¡ lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLd frd :i ls fofHkUurk fy;sgq;s gSaA blds ckotwn vkWLVªsfy;k dk >qdko i Fkd~ jkT; vkSj la?kh; pfj=k dks cuk;s j[kuk gS tksmUgsa izfroknksa ,oa le>kSrksa ds ek/;e ls lek;kstu dks izsfjr djrk gS] TokbaV dkys cksMZ rFkk izheh;jdkaÝsal tSlh mi;ksxh laLFkk;sa Hkh gSaA The result isa process of compromise,sometimesfriendly more often bitterand grudging. ¼ifj.kke ;g gS fd le>kSrksa dh izfØ;k] dHkh&dHkhfe=kor izk;% dVq rFkk vlarks"ktud nsrh gSA½

teZuh la?k esa Hkh bdkb;ksa dh lekurk ikbZ tkrh gS] ukbthfj;k esa 36 jkT; ,oa 1 la?kh;jkt/kkuh {ks=k 'kkfey gSA7- lafo/kku dh loksZPprk rFkk nq"ifjorZu'khyrk & lHkh la?k jkT;ksa ds lafo/kku fyf[kr gSa ysfduloksZPprk vkSj ifjorZu'khyrk esa fHkUurk gSa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa lafo/kku dh loksZPprk dsfl)kUr dks viuk;k x;k gSA fLoVtjyS.M esa fo/kkf;dk dh loksZPprk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSAHkkjr esa nksuksa dk lkeatL; gS] lafo/kku dh loksZPprk rFkk lalnh; loksZPprk dk leUo; fd;k x;kgSA iwoZ lksfo;r la?k esa lafo/kku loksZPp ugha Fkk D;ksafd og lkE;oknh ny dk ,d jktuhfrddk;Z&lk/kd ek=k FkkA tgk¡ rd lafo/kku dh nq"ifjorZu'khyrk dk iz'u gS] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk

'kks/k /kkjk 135

vkSj fLoVtjyS.M esa lafo/kku nq"ifjorZu'khy lafo/kku dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSa] D;ksafd vesfjdk esarhu&pkSFkkbZ jkT;ksa dh fo/kkf;dk lHkkvksa ;k dUosa'ku }kjk vkSj fLoVtjyS.M esa tuer&laxZg }kjkvuqleFkZu vko';d gSA Hkkjr dk lafo/kku uE;rk vkSj vuE;rk dk viwoZ lfEeJ.k gSA iwoZ lksfo;rla?k dk lafo/kku uE; Fkk] D;ksafd loksZPp lksfo;r 2@3cgqer ls blesa la'kks/ku djrh FkhA6

dukMk dk lafo/kku fyf[kr o fufeZr gSA ftldk fuekZ.k fczfV'k laln }kjk fczfV'k ukFkZvesfjdk vf/kfu;e 1867 ds :i esa fd;k x;k ftlds vuqlkj fczfV'k laln dukfM;u laln dsfuosnu ij gh dksbZ la'kks/ku djrh gSA 1982 ds la'kks/ku }kjk lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds vf/kdkj esa dukMkdh laln dks vafre izkf/kdkj ns fn;k x;k gS] ;g dBksjrk o uE;rk dk feJ.k gS] tgk¡ la'kks/kuizfØ;k dks pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa j[kk x;k gSA

vkWLVªsfy;k dk lafo/kku Hkh fufeZr] fyf[kr o dBksj gSA ;gk¡ Hkh la?kkRed O;oLFkk ds vuq:ilafo/kku dks loksZPprk iznku dh xbZ gSA fczfV'k laln }kjk rFkk fufeZr lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku izfØ;kfo'ks"k izdkj dh gSA teZu lafo/kku lalnh; dkSafly }kjk fufeZr gS rFkk la'kks/ku izfØ;k fof'k"V gksusds dkj.k dBksj lafo/kku dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA tkiku ds lafo/kku dh rjg ;g 'kkafr dk izys[k gSA

nf{k.k vÝhdh lafo/kku la?kh; O;oLFkk ds vuq:i fufeZr] fyf[kr o dBksj lafo/kku gSA ;gfjifCyd dk loksZPp dkuwu gSA la'kks/ku izfØ;k fo'ks"k gSA dqN fof'k"V ekeyksa esa jk"Vªh; lHkk ds lkFkgh de ls de 6 izkarksa dk er Hkh vifjgk;Z gSA

ukbthfj;k ds la?kh; x.kra=k ds lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn ¼1½ esa Li"V :i ls dgk x;k gS fdlafo/kku loksZPp gS rFkk blds izko/kku ukbthfj;k la?kh; x.kra=k esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa ij vkSj lÙkkvksaij ck/;dkjh gksaxsA bl vuqPNsn dh mi/kkjk ¼2½ esa dgk x;k gS fd ukbthfj;k dk 'kklu bllafo/kku ds vuqlkj lapkfyr gksxk rFkk mi/kkjk ¼3½ esa blh ckr dks vkSj vf/kd Li"V djus gsrq cynsrs gq;s ;g dgk x;k gS fd ;fn dksbZ dkuwu bl lafo/kku ds izko/kkuksa ds izfrdwy gksxk] rks og dkuwuugha oju bl lafo/kku ds izko/kku ykxw gksaxs rFkk ;g dkuwu ftl lhek rd lafo/kku ds izfrdwy gSml lhek rd voS/k gksxkA8- Lora=k ,oa loksZPp U;k;ikfydk &

vf/kdkjksa ds foHkktu ds dkj.k la?k vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa esa fookn gksus rFkk vf/kdkj {ks=kksa dsvfrØe.k dk Hk; lnk cuk jgrk gSA la/kh; lafo/kku dh loksZPprk dk nkf;Ro Hkh U;k;ikfydk dkgksrk gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dks U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu dk vf/kdkj izkIr gSAfLoVtjyS.M vkSj iwoZ lksfo;r la?k esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj izkIr ugha gSA

dukfM;u la?kh; O;oLFkk esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dks la?kh; o izkarh; ljdkjksa ds chp ,Eik;j*dk dk;Z lkSaik x;k gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; us U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrs gq,lafo/kku ds laj{kd dk dk;Z fd;k gS rFkk la?kh; o izkarh; ljdkjksa ds chp ln~Hkkoiw.kZ larqyu dk;efd;k gSA7

nf{k.kh vÝhdh la?k ds varxZr fjifCyd dk U;kf;d izkf/kdkj laoS/kkfud U;k;ky;] vihyds loksZPp U;k;ky; mPp U;k;ky;ksa rFkk ,oa eftLVªsV U;k;ky;ksa ,oa ,sls U;k;ky;ksa esa vofLFkrgSa ftUgas laln dkuwu }kjk cuk;sA laoS/kkfud U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; vafre ekuk tkrk gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 136

vejhdh laoS/kkfud iz.kkyh dh Hkk¡fr vkWLVªsfy;k ds mPp U;k;ky; dks U;kf;d iqujkoyksdudh 'kfDr izkIr gSA la?kh; o jkT;ksa ds dkuwuksa esa mRiUu fooknksa esa mudk fu.kZ; vafre gSaA lafo/kkuds fuoZpu dk vf/kdkj Hkh mls izkIr gSA ;|fi blds fo#) vihy baXyS.M dh fizohdkSafly esa gksldrh gS] ;|fi ,slk cgqr gh de gksrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; lafo/kku dk laj{kd gS ijUrq vejhdhloksZPp U;k;ky; ftruk 'kfDr'kkyh ugha gSA

la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] dukMk] tkiku ,oa Hkkjr esa LorU=k o loksZPp U;kf;d laxBu ns'kdh dkuwu O;oLFkk ds laj{kd gksus ds lkFk dkuwu dh O;k[;k Hkh djrs gSaA J.R. Mallory dk fuEudFku mDr rF; dks dukfM;u la?kkRed O;oLFkk ds lUnHkZ esa Li"V djrk gS

"While the relations between the federal Governmentand the provisions of theconfederationwere essentially the Colonial model ofsuperiorandsubordinate it wasclear that the courtssaw the relationships ina more federal form inwhich theprovinceswerewithin their jurisdiction, the equals of the dominion.Þ8

teZuh esa ;g vf/kdkj la?kh; laoS/kkfud U;k;ky; dks fn;k x;k gSA vkWLVªsfy;k esa Hkhlafo/kku dh loksZPprk o laj{k.k dk nkf;Ro mPp U;k;ky; dks fn;k x;k gS] ijUrq xouZj tujydh fo'ks"k fLFkfr mls vesfjdk dh O;oLFkk ls fHkUu cuk nsrh gSA ukbthfj;k ds lafo/kku }kjk vuq-¼i½ o ¼ii½ esa mfYyf[kr rRoksa vFkkZr~ lafo/kku dh loksZPprk ,oa ukbZthfj;k ds la?kh; x.krU=k nksuksadh j{kk dk nkf;Ro loksZPp U;k;ky; dks fn;k x;k gSA tks fd U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu ds vf/kdkjds vUrxZr vkrk gSA9- }S/k 'kklu O;oLFkk & la?kkRed 'kklu dk ,d vk;ke nksgjh 'kklu O;oLFkk Hkh gSA la;qDr jkT;vesfjdk ,d vkn'kZ la?k jkT; gSA ogk¡ nksgjh ukxfjdrk] nksgjh U;k;ikfydk rFkk nksgjk iz'kklu ;a=kgSA fLoVtjyS.M esa Hkh ;gh O;oLFkk gSA iwoZ lksfo;r la?k esa i Fkd&i Fkd~ O;oLFkk;sa Fkha ysfdulkE;oknh ny dh dsUnzhHkwr fLFkfr ds dkj.k ;s egRoghu FkhA Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj ,d:irkds mís'; ls ,d ukxfjdrk rFkk ,d U;k;ikfydk dk izko/kku gSA

teZu la?kh; O;oLFkk ds varxZr izR;sd izkar ¼ySaM½ dh ukxfjdrk ds vius dkuwu gSaAdukfM;u la?k esa Hkh dsUnz rFkk izkUrksa dh ljdkjsa gSaA mudk vk/kkj 1867 dk fczfV'k ukWFkZ vesfjdkvf/kfu;e gS tks dukMk ds lafo/kku ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA lafo/kkur% dsUnz rFkk izkUrh; ljdkjsa,d nwljs ds v/khu ugha cfYd leLrjh; gSaA bl izdkj ewyr% dukfM;u lafo/kku esa nksgjh 'kkluO;oLFkk ikbZ tkrh gSA

vkWLVªsfy;k esa Hkh la?kh; ,oa izkUrh; ljdkjsa gSaA 1975 rd tks la?k vlUrq"V bdkb;ksa dk¼Cocercive federation½ Fkk og uohu la?k ds :i esa csgrj la;kstu gSA blh izdkj nf{k.k vÝhdkdh lgdkjh la?k iz.kkyh esa }S/k 'kklu O;oLFkk gS rFkk bdkb;k¡ varfuHkZj gSA ukbthfj;k esa Hkh 36izkUr o 1 la?kh; jkt/kkuh {ks=k gSaAfu"d"kZ& la?kksa ds rqyukRed foospu ls Li"V gS fd la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dk la?k ,d ^vkn'kZ la?k*gSA ;gk¡ jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj lqj{kk] jkT;ksa dh LorU=krk vkSj lkoZHkkSfedrk ij leku :i ls tksj fn;kx;k gSA fQj Hkh dsUnzh;dj.k dh izo fÙk izcy gSA blesa ftu rRoksa dk izeq[krk ls ;ksxnku gS os gSavkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu] laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku ¼14oka] 15oka] 19oka½ fufgr 'kfDr;ksa dk fl)kUr]

'kks/k /kkjk 137

fo/kk;h vkSj U;kf;d dk;Z vkfnA dsUnzh; ljdkj dh 'kfDr esa vikj o f) gqbZ gS ysfdu jkT;ksa dhLok;Ùkrk vkSj lkoZHkkSfedrk Hkh lqjf{kr gSA fLoV~tjyS.M esa Hkh la?k dh 'kfDr;ksa esa vikj o f) gksjgh gSA Hkkjr esa rks lafo/kku }kjk gh ,slh O;oLFkk dh x;h gS fd dsUnz 'kfDr'kkyh jgs vkSj jkT;ksadh lkoZHkkSfedrk ij dsUnz dk fu;U=k.k jgsA bls Lo;aHkw la?k dgk x;k gSA Hkkjr esa la?kh; ljdkjds 'kfDr'kkyh gksus ds dkj.kksa esa laoS/kkfud izko/kku] jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; ifjfLFkfr;ka jgh gSAlksfo;r la?k esa ,dnyh; izFkk ds dkj.k bdkb;ksa dh fLFkfr ux.; Fkh] mUgsa jktuhfrd Lok;ÙkrkizkIr ugha Fkh] blhfy,s vkWx vkSj ftad us dgk gS fd& ßoLrqr% ;g O;oLFkk fdlh Hkh vFkZ esa la?kkRedugha gSAÞ9

dukfM;u vf/kjkT; esa ik;h tkus okyh ,dkRed lafo/kku dh izo fÙk;k¡ izeq[k LFkku j[krhgSa] tSls izkUrh; lwph dk ux.; gksuk] vof'k"V 'kfDr;ksa dk dsUnzh; ljdkj dks lkSaik tkuk] la?kh;ljdkj dks izkUrh; fo"k;ksa ij fu"ks/kkf/kdkj izkIr gksuk] f}Ùkh; lnu esa lHkh izkUrksa dks lekuizfrfuf/kRo izkIr u gksuk] izkUrh; xoZujksa dh vf/kjkT; ljdkj }kjk fu;qfDr vkfn ds dkj.k vf/kdka'klafo/kkuosÙkk bls iw.kZr% la?kh; u ekudj v)Zla?kh; ekurs gSaA ysfdu buds ckotwn dukMk dklafo/kku ewyr% la?kkRed gSa] ftuds vk/kkj fuEu gS&¼v½ vf/kjkT; dh laln fczfV'k laln dh nsu ugha gS cfYd bls vius {ks=k ij iw.kZ vf/kdkj gSA¼c½ izkUrh; O;oLFkkfidk;sa Hkh fczfV'k laln dh nsu ugha gSA¼l½ izkUrksa dks Lora=k vkSj Lok;Ùk j[kk x;k gSA

bl n f"Vdks.k ls dukfM;u lafo/kku Hkkjr ;k vejhdh lafo/kku ls dgha vf/kd la?kh; gSAnf{k.kh vÝhdh la?k lgdkjh la?kokn* dk izfreku gSA ftlesa ljdkj ds lHkh {ks=kksa ,oa jkT;

ds leLr vaxksa dks 'kkafr] jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj fjifCyd dh oS;fDrdrk cuk;s j[kuk gSA ,d la?kh;iz.kkyh dh izeq[k leL;k vyxkooknh izo fÙk;ksa dks fu;af=kr j[kuk gSA bl n f"V ls nf{k.k vÝhdhlafo/kku ,ddksa dks ;wfu;u NksM+us dh vuqefr nsrk gS] lkFk gh mlds ikl fØ;kUo;u gsrq djus ;ksX;e'khujh Hkh gS tks ns'k dks ,dtqV j[k ldsA vr% og la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh rjg vfouk'kdkjhjkT;ksa dk vfouk'kdkjh ;wfu;u cu x;k gSA10 Hkkjrh; la?k dh dqN laLFkkvksa tSls foÙk vk;ksx]varjkZT;h; ifj"kn] jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn] jkT;ikyksa o eq[;eaf=k;ksa ds lEesyu dh rjg nf{k.kvÝhdh la?k esa okf"kZd izhfe;j dkaÝsal] dsUnz jkT; laca/kksa dks lkekU; cuk;s j[kus dk dk;Z djrh gSA

vkWLVªsfy;u la?k izkd frd ;k xSj&ljdkjh* la?kokn dk izfreku gSA ;gk¡ /keZ] Hkk"kk] laLd frdh [kkb;k¡ pkSM+h ugha gSA ftlls la?kh; iz.kkyh esa lek;kstu dh izo fÙk vklku gSA de vkcknh gksusls LFkkuh;rk dh Hkkouk Hkh etcwr gSA ;g lgdkjh la?kokn ds fl)kUr dks fØ;kfUor djrk gSA ;gk¡dbZ mi;ksxh laLFkk;sa gSa] tks dsUnz jkT; la;kstu cuk;s gq;s gaSA tSls TokbaV dksy cksMZA vkWLVªsfy;kds yksx o jktusrk jkT;ksa dh Lok;Ùkrk ls vf/kd la?kh; iz.kkyh dks izHkkoh iz'kklu dk izrhd ekursgSA vkLVªsfy;u la?k&la;kstu] lg;ksx] la?k"kZ vkSj uohu lg;ksx ds pkj pj.kksa dks ikj djrk gqvkdsUnzhdj.k dh lkekU; izo fÙk rd vk igqapk gSA11

teZu la?k dks dsUnzhd r* la?k dgk tkrk gSA izFke dsUnz dk dkuwu jkT;ksa ij Hkh ykxw gksuk]f}rh; jkT; dsUnz ds funsZ'k ekuus gsrq ck/; gS] rhljs dsUnz dks vf/kdkj gS fd dkuwuh ,oa vkfFkZd,drk cuk;s j[kus gsrq fdlh Hkh {ks=k ds fy;s dkuwu cuk ldrk gSA prqFkZ leorhZ ekeyksa ij dsUnz

'kks/k /kkjk 138

dk gLr{ksi djus dk vf/kdkj xyr gks gh ugha ldrkA ikapos la?kh; laoS/kkfud U;k;ky; dks dsUnzh;dkuwu ds foijhr fdlh Hkh ySaM ¼bdkbZ½ ds dkuwu dks leku djus dk vf/kdkj gSA buds ckotwnteZu fo/kk;d vius la?k dks viuh laLd fr o jk"Vªh; ijEijkvksa ds vuq:i ikrs gSaA izFke la?koknds fy;s ftu fo?kVudkjh izo fÙk;ksa ls [krjk gksrk gS] os ;gk¡ cgqr gh de gksrk gSA f}rh; ;gk¡ la?kh;ifj"kn ewyHkwr :i ls la?kh; <kaps o jkT;ksa dh lgHkkfxrk ds chp 'kfDr larqyu cukus dk dk;Z djrkgSA

ukbZthfj;k esa lafo/kkuokn vFkkZr~ lhfer 'kklu dh /kkj.kk viuh tM+sa ugha tek ik;h gS vkSjlafo/kkuokn ds fcuk la?kkRed O;oLFkk LokHkkfod :i ls viuk dk;Z ugha dj ldrh gSA ukbZthfj;ula?k jkT; esa la?kh; dsUnzhdj.k dh fLFkfr vkSj izo fÙk cgqr vf/kd izcy :i ls gSA

fLoVtjyS.M esa U;k;ikfydk dh iz/kkurk ds vfrfjDr lHkh la?kh; y{k.k fo|eku gSAlafo/kku ds vuq-3 esa dgk x;k gS fd& ßla?kh; lafo/kku dh lhekvksa ds varxZr dS.Vu izHkqrk laiUugSAÞ ysfdu O;ogkj esa dsUnz dh fLFkfr gh loksZPp gSA dS.Vu dk dkuwu la?kh; dkuwu ds fo#) ughagksuk pkfg;s] dS.Vuksa dk varjkZ"Vªh; Lora=k O;fDrRo ugha gS] lHkh laizHkq 'kfDr;k¡ dsUnz ds ikl gSAysfdu mDr foospu dk vFkZ ;g ugha fd dS.Vu dsoy laoS/kkfud 'kwU; ek=k gSA okLro esa dS.Vugh la?k ds vk/kkj gSA ukxfjdksa ds thou esa la?k dh vis{kk dS.Vuksa dk izHkko gh vf/kd O;kid gSAczqDl ds 'kCnksa esa& ßizR;sd dS.Vu lfØ; jktuhfrd thou dk dsUnz gSAÞ12 dkykarj esa la?k dh'kfDr;ksa esa o f) gqbZ gSA mlesa dS.Vuksa dks Hkh fgLlk feyk gSA

xr o"kks± esa la?kh; ljdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa esa o f) gqbZ gS vkSj mÙkjksÙkj o f) gksrh tk jgh gSAblds fy;s mÙkjnk;h dqN dkjd lkekU; gS rFkk dqN fof'k"V gSA izk;% pkj ckrksa us dsUnzh;dj.kdh fn'kk esa eq[; :i ls izHkko Mkyk gS& ;q)] vkfFkZd volkn] lkekftd lsokvksa ds fy;s fujarjc<+rh gqbZ ekax vkSj ;krk;kr ds lk/kuksa rFkk m|ksx esa ;U=khdj.k vkSj vkS|ksfxd Økafr orZeku dkyesa oSKkfud vkfo"dkjksa ,oa vuqla/kkuksa us bl izo fÙk dks c<+k;k gSA jkT;lÙkk dk dsUnzh;dj.k ,ddY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh vfuok;Z n'kk gSA

lanHkZ1- Where, K.C.; Federal Constitution, P.-202- flag] ohjds'oj izlkn( ßrqyukRed 'kklu o jkt-Þ i -&1163- eSdMkuYM] lj tkWu( mn~/k r ohjds'oj izlkn flag] rqyukRed 'kklu vkSj jktuhfr*] i -&1244- Johri, J.C.; Select World Constitution, P. 4835- flag] ohjsds'oj izlkn( iwoksZDr] i -&1136- Miller, J.D.; B. Austrian Governmentand Politics, P. 3417- tkSgjh] ts-lh-( iwoksZDr] i -&4758- Mallory, J.R.; 'Thestruture of the Canadian Government', P. 3419- flag] MkW- ohjds'oj izlkn( iwoksZDr i -&11710- Johri, J.C.; Select World Constitution, P. 618.11- iwoksZDr] i -&61712- iwoksZDr] i -&121

'kks/k /kkjk 139

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 139-141Music

Xokfy;j vapy dh ,sfrgkfld laxhr ijEijkMkW0 eukst voLFkh

foHkkxk/;{k] LukrdksRrj bfrgkl foHkkx] ek/ko egkfo|ky;] Xokfy;j] e0iz0¼izkIr % 29 uoacj 2017 ½

Abstract

Hkkjrh; laxhr ds mn~Hko ,oa fodkl esa Xokfy;j dh laxhr ijEijk dk vxz.kh; LFkku jgk gSA ;gk¡ds laxhrkpk;ksZa ,oa 'kkL=kdkjksa us Xokfy;j gh ugha vfirq lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ esa laxhr dyk ds mRFkku] izpkj,oa izlkj esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA blhfy, Hkkjrh; laxhr txr esa Xokfy;j dh laxhr ijEijkviuk oSf'k"V~iw.kZ LFkku j[krh gSA Xokfy;j dh laxhr 'kSyh lqnh?kZ] iq"V rFkk rih gqbZ ijEijk dk izLQqVugS tks Hkkjrh; laxhr ds izkjfEHkd lw=kksa ls laca/k dk izrhd ekuk tkrk gSA vcqy Qty dh vkbZus vdcjh*esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd vdcj ds njckj esa 36 mPp dksfV ds dykdkjksa esa dsoy Xokfy;j ijEijk* ds15 dykdkj Fks ftlesa Xokfy;j ds rkulsu* dk LFkku loZizFke mfYyf[kr gS tks Xokfy;j dh lkaxhfrdnsu vkSj mlds oSHko dks izfrikfnr djrk gSA laxhr ds ;qx iq:"k laxhr lezkV rkulsu o Xokfy;j dsrRdkyhu jktk ekuflag rksej dh laxhr fuf/k;ksa dh J a[kyk ;gk¡ vck/k :Ik ls xfr'khy jgh gSA


Key Words : laxhr dh ijaijk] Xokfy;j ?kjkuk vkSj laxhr] laxhr ds fofo/k :i

Hkkjrh; laxhr ds mn~Hko ,oa fodkl esa Xokfy;j dh laxhr ijEijk dk vxz.kh; LFkku jgkgSA ;gk¡ ds laxhrkpk;ksZa ,oa 'kkL=kdkjksa us Xokfy;j gh ugha vfirq lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ esa laxhr dyk dsmRFkku] izpkj ,oa izlkj esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA blhfy, Hkkjrh; laxhr txr esa Xokfy;j dhlaxhr ijEijk viuk oSf'k"kV~iw.kZ LFkku j[krh gSA Xokfy;j dh laxhr 'kSyh lqnh?kZ] iq"V rFkk rih gqbZijEijk dk izLQqVu gS tks Hkkjrh; laxhr ds izkjfEHkd lw=kksa ls laca/k dk izrhd ekuk tkrk gSA vcqyQty dh vkbZus vdcjh* esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd vdcj ds njckj esa 36 mPp dksfV ds dykdkjksaesa dsoy ^Xokfy;j ijEijk* ds 15 dykdkj Fks ftlesa Xokfy;j ds ^rkulsu* dk LFkku loZizFkemYysf[kr gS tks Xokfy;j dh lkaxhfrd nsu vkSj mlds oSHko dks izfrikfnr djrk gSA laxhr ds ;qxiq:"k laxhr lezkV rkulsu o Xokfy;j ds rRdkyhu jktk ekuflag rksej dh laxhr fuf/k;ksa dhJ a[kyk ;gk¡ vck/k :Ik ls xfr'khy jgh gSA

Xkksikpy ioZr vkSj mlds vkl&ikl ds fuokfl;ksa ds jDr esa laxhr o u R; ds va'k Hkjs iM+sgSaA bl {ks=k dh dyk&lk/kuk dk LFkwy izek.k xqIrs'oj ,oa fy[kh Nkt ds 'kSy fp=kksa ds cknukxdkyhu rksj.k izLrj ij vafdr in~ekorh ds xhr&u R; ds n '; esa izkIr gksrs gSaA1 izLrj laxhrdh vU; lwpuk,a Hkh bl {ks=k esa feyrh gSaA ;'kksoeZu ,oa xqtZj&izfrgkj dkyhu xksikpyx<+] ujslj]cVslj] vejkSy vkfn ds eafnjksa ij izLrj ij ok|;a=k] urZdh vkfn ds vadu bl {ks=k esa yC/k izfrf"Brlaxhr ijEijk dh vksj fo'ks"k /;ku vkdf"kZr djrh gSA bu eafnj fHkfÙk;ksa ij v)ZuXu f'ko rkaMo u R;

'kks/k /kkjk 140

dh eqnzk esa] rqafny x.ks'k euksgkjh u R; djrs o f'ko dks Me: ctkrs iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA gkykafdizLrj ij bl dky ds laxhr ds izek.k i;kZIr feyrs gSa] fdUrq fyf[kr izek.k ds :Ik esa dksbZ xzaFkmiyC/k ugha gSA

Xokfy;j {ks=k dh laxhr ijEijk fujarj vius izokg esa jghA 12 oha] 13 oha 'krkCnh esa eafnjksads vo'ks"kksa ij dgha&dgha u R;&laxhr ds n '; fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA 14 oha 'krkCnh esa fQjkst rqxyd dhlaxhr lHkk esa xk;d&okndksa dh HkhM+ ,df=kr dh xbZ Fkh] ftlesa xksikpy {ks=k ls cgqr ls yksxlfEefyr gq,A2 egkdfo :nzkpk;Z ds f'k"; nsosUnz HkV~V rRdkyhu le; esa Xokfy;j esa fuokl djusyxs FksA mUgksaus 1350 bZ- ^laxhr eqDrkoyh* uked xzUFk dh jpuk dhA3 ckn esa bl laxhr ijEijkds lw=k dks laHkkyk ohj flag usA4 Xokfy;j ds 'kkld MwaxjsUnzflag ¼1425&1459 bZ-½ Hkh laxhr dkvkJ;nkrk FkkA rcdkrs vdcjh esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd mlus d'ehj ds lqYrku tSuqy&vkscsnhudks nks&rhu laxhr xzaFk HksaV esa Hksts FksA5 jktk MwaxjsUnz flag ds dfo&xq: fo".kqnkl Lo;a laxhr dseeZK fo}ku FksA mUgksaus egkHkkjr ds ik.Mopfjr ds lanHkZ esa viuh laxhr dyk dkS'ky dk ifjp;fn;k gSA6 blh izdkj rksej dkyhu Xokfy;j esa dfo ukjk;.k nkl us vius fNrkbZ&pfjr dh jpukdj ^ukn czã* dh laxhr vkjk/kuk dks vkdkj fn;kA7 rksej oa'k ds jktk ekuflag rksej us Hkkjrh;laxhr dk ifjo)Zu ,oa Å/ohZdj.k djrs gq, mls ,d vfojy /kkjk ds :Ik esa LFkkfir fd;k rFkklaxhr dh ,d ,slh /kqzin 'kSyh dk ifj"dkj fd;k ftlus Xokfy;j dk uke leLr Hkkjro"kZ esa vejdj fn;kA8 ekuflag us vius ;gk¡ ds mPpdksfV ds xk;d&okndksa dh lgk;rk ls ekudqrwgy* ukedxzUFk dh jpuk dh ftldk Qkjlh vuqokn 1673 esa ^laxhr niZ.k* ds uke ls Qdh:Yyk }kjk fd;kx;kA9 'kkgtgk¡ ds le; esa xk;d cDlw ds ,d gtkj /kqzinksa dk ladyu lgljl* ds uke ls fd;kFkkA muds lEiknd vte[kk¡ us ekuflag rksej dh laxhr lk/kuk ds fo"k; esa dyk dkS'ky dh ljkguk dhA10

Qty vyh dh ^dqfYy;krs Xokfy;jh* ds vuqlkj jktk ekuflag ds iq=k foØekfnR; us^rkulsu* dks rkuflag* dh mikf/k ls vyad r fd;kA11 Xokfy;j dh bl laxhr ijEijk dks ckcj dsXokfy;j lwcsnkj vcqyQrg us Hkh ;Fkkor j[kkA Xokfy;j njckj ds izeq[k xk;d ckck jkenkl Fkstks ckn esa vdcjh njckj esa laxhrKksa dh lwph esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA rUuw ik.Ms; ls rkulsu cus laxhrlezkV us viuk /keZ vkSj tkfr ^ukn czã* dh mikluk dks gh cuk fy;k FkkA

ekuflag dh laxhr lHkk ds vU; lnL;ksa esa cStw] xksiky] egewn vkSj d.kZ izeq[k FksA ckckjkenkl gfjnkl Mkxqj mlh lHkk dh f'k";&ijEijk ls gSaA12 rkulsu Hkh laxhr ds txn~xq: cuus lsiwoZ mlh lHkk esa ljxe lh[k jgs FksA dydÙkk laxzgky; esa vdcj ds njckj dk ,d fp=k gSAfouls.V fLeFk us mls rkulsu ds vdcjh njckj esa vkus ds miy{; esa lu~ 1562 bZ- esa cuk;k x;kfu/kkZfjr fd;k FkkA13 ekyok ds lqYrku 'kqtkr[kk¡ dk iq=k ok;thn ¼cktcgknqj½ rFkk rkulsuvkfny'kkg ¼vnyh½ dks viuk mLrkn ekurs FksA14 e/; dkyhu Xokfy;j dh ;g laxhr ijEijk vk/kqfud Xokfy;j esa Hkh dk;e jghA Xokfy;j ?kjkus dh LFkkiuk esa] laxhr ds 'kS{kf.kd] dykRed ,oajpukRed izpkj ,oa izlkj esa] /kzqin ls [;ky; 'kSyh ds izknqHkkZo esa ,oa laxhr dyk dks izJ; nsdjvuds egku laxhrkpk;ksZa dk fuekZ.k djus esa flaf/k;k jktoa'kh; 'kkldksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA15

'kks/k /kkjk 141

xqyke jlwy /kzqin o [;ky xk;dh ds izfl) fo}ku FksA muds iq=k xqyke uch us VIikxk;dhdh jpuk dhA16 xqyke jlwy ds nks f'k"; Fks 'kDdj [kk¡ o e[[ku [kk¡A buds iq=k eqgEen [kk¡ vkSjuRFku ihj c['k tks Xokfy;j njckj ds xk;d FksA uRFku ihj c['k ds nks iq=k gq, dknj cD'k vkSjihj c['kA dknj c['k ds rhu iq=k gq, gn~nw [kk¡] gLlw [kk¡ vkSj uRFkw [kk¡A ;s lHkh izfl) xk;d jgsAuRFku ihj c['k dks gh Xokfy;j ?kjkus dh [;ky xk;dh dk izorZd ekuk tkrk gSA laxhr 'kkL=khHkkr[k.Ms th us ^Xokfy;j ijEijk* dh yxHkx 400 cafn'kksa dh Øfed iqLrd ekfydk izdkf'kr dhgS tks bl ckr dh |ksrd gS fd bl ijEijk dh cafn'ksa fdruh izkekf.kd ,oa yksdfiz; Fkha tks dkykarjesa laxhr esa mi;ksxh fl) gqbZaA

gLlw [kk¡] gn~nw [kk¡ dh f'k"; ijEijk Hkh yEch jgh gSA gLlw [kk¡ ds f'k"; ckck nhf{kr] oklqnsotks'kh ,oa cMs+ ckyd ".k cqvk FksA gn~nw [kk¡ ds izeq[k f'k";ksa esa NksVs vgen [kk¡] fo".kqiar NÙks] cans vyh[kk¡] eath [kk¡ vkfnA uRFkw [kk¡ ds f'k";ksa esa fulkj gqlSu [kk¡] jked ".k cqvk o>s] ia- 'kadjko iafMr vkfnizeq[k FksA ns'k ds iz[;kr ljksn oknd mLrkn vetn vyh [kk¡ lkgc blh ijEijk dks thoUr cuk;sgq, gSaA bl Øe esa vU; vusd uke Xokfy;j dh laxhr fojklr dks yxkrkj izokg esa cuk;s gq, gSaftlls Xokfy;j dk laxhr oSHko ns'k&fons'k esa [;kr gSA Xokfy;j dh laxhr ijEijk dk oSHko blckr ls gh Li"V gksrk gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fn;s tkus okys loksZPp lEeku in~eHkw"k.k] in~eJh]laxhr ukVd vdkneh vkSj jkT; ljdkj dh jk"Vªh; QSyksf'ki ,oa iqjLdkjksa ls vc rd yxHkx nksntZu ls vf/kd laxhr dykdkjksa dks lEekfur fd;k tk pqdk gSA vR;Ur izkphu dky ls Xokfy;jvapy laxhr ijEijk dk iks"kd jgk gSA Xokfy;j vapy dh xkSjo'kkyh laxhr ijEijk Xokfy;j esaLFkkfir jktk ekuflag rksej laxhr ,oa dyk fo'ofo|ky; ds }kjk vkxs vkSj izxfr djsxh] ,slkfo'okl gSA

lUnHkZ1- f}osnh] MkW- gfjgj fuokl( Xokfy;j laxhr vkSj rkulsu] i - 1572- ogh] i - 1583- c gLifr] MkW- dSyk'kpUnz nso( Hkkjr dk laxhr fl)kar] i - 3114- f}osnh] MkW- gfjgj fuokl( xaxksykrky ys[k] Xokfy;j ds rksej] i - 235- fjtoh] lS;n vrgj vCckl( mÙkj rSewj dkyhu Hkkjr] Hkkx&2 ¼vuqokfnr½] i - 513&5196- f}osnh] MkW- gfjgj fuokl( egkdfo fo".kqnkl d r egkHkkjr] ikB Hkkx] i - 1107- f}osnh] MkW- gfjgj fuokl( fNrkbZpfjr] izLrkouk] i - 31

'kks/k /kkjk 142

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 142-152Philosophy

eqnzk ,oa eqnzk fpfdRlk % ,d fo'ys"k.kMkW0 lat; izdk'k

iksLV fjlpZ Qsyks] ,p-,u-ch- x<+oky fo'ofo|ky;] x<+oky] mRrjk[k.M¼izkIr % 11 tuojh 2018 ½

Abstract

vkRek ds ckgjh vkoj.k dks dks'k* dgrs gSaA dks'k] osnkUr dk ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn gS ftldk rkRi;ZgS& vkPNknu*A dks'k og [kksy gS] ftlds Hkhrj fpUe; vkRek cUn jgrh gSA tSls E;ku ryokj ds Qydks <ds jgrk gS] oSls fpnkRek ¼lR;½ vius pkjksa rjQ ds HkkSfrd vkoj.k ls vko Ùk gSA osnkUr n'kZu esaik¡p izdkj ds vkoj.k ;k dks'k Lohdkj fd;s x;s gSa& vUue; dks'k] izk.ke; dks'k] eukse; dks'k] foKkue;dks'k vkSj vkuUne; dks'kA ;s dks'k vkRek dk vkPNknu djus okys gSaA vkRek ds Åij ik¡p vkoj.k p<+sgq, gSa] ftUgsa iapdks'k dgk tkrk gSA Qwyksa esa ftl izdkj jax] vkd fr] xa/k] jl] uke vkfn lexz :i lslekfgr gksrs gSa] mlh izdkj dk; lÙkk esa ik¡pdks'kksa dk lexz lekos'k dgk tk ldrk gSA viuh ghfnO;'kfDr ls fufeZr vUue; vkfn iapdks'kksa ls vko Ùk gksdj vkRerÙo izdkf'kr ugha gksrkA tSls rkykcdk ty mlh ty ls fufeZr dkbZ ¼'kSoky ;k 'ksokj½ ls vko Ùk gksdj fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk gSA vkRek 'kq) :ils fufoZ'ks"k gSA Lo;a viuk lk{kh gS] D;ksafd ;g Lo;a ds }kjk gh Lo;a dk vuqHko dj ysrk gSA rÙoKkuls thoHkko lekIr gksrs gh vkReHkko izkjEHk gks tkrk gSA vkReHkko vk tkus ls vgaHkko nwj gks tkrk gSvkSj v[k.M vkRek ds izdk'k ls tkxfrd Nk;k feV tkrh gSA vfo|ktU; iapdks'kksa ls vkRek ds vuko Ùkgksrs gh] loZ=kk vkRek dk vuUr izdk'k txexkus yxrk gS] tks fd ije lR; gS] ije Kku gS] ije vkuUnLo:i gSA


Key Words : eqnzk 'kkL=k] eqnzk fpfdRlk] eqnzk ds izdkj

izLrkouk &eqnzk ,d laLd r 'kCn gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ÞizrhdkRed ;k vuq"Bkfud Hkko ;k HkkoHkafxek gSA dqN eqnzkvksa esa iwjk 'kjhj 'kkfey jgrk gS] ysfdu T;knkrj eqnzk;sa gkFkksa ,oa maxfy;ksa lsdh tkrh gSA ,d eqnzk ,d vk/;kfRed Hkko Hkafxek gSA ;s eqnzk;sa vrhfUnz;] HkkoukRed] HkfDriw.kZ vkSjlkSUn;Zcks/kd gks ldrh gSaA ;ksfx;ksa us bu eqnzkvksa dh vuqHkwfr 'kfDr izokg dh fLFkfr;ksa ds :i esa dh]ftudk mn~ns'; gksrk gS] O;fDr dh izk.k'kfDr dks czãk.Mh; izk.k'kfDr ls tksM+ukA

izk.khtxr esa leLr izkf.k;ksa esa lokZf/kd lkeF;Zoku izk.kh euq"; gh gSA ;g loZfofnr gS ijUrqvius laiw.kZ thoudky esa vius lkeF;Z ds nlaok Hkkx dk Hkh lnqi;ksx fcjys gh dksbZ euq"; dj ikrkgS] ;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gSA 'kjhj esa vikj lkeF;Z dk vdwr Hk.Mkj O;FkZ gh u"V gks tkrk gSA tSlk fdge lHkh tkurs gSa fd euq"; dk 'kjhj] iaprRoksa ¼i Foh] ty] vfXu] vkdk'k rFkk ok;q½ ls fufeZr gSAlk/kkj.kr% vkgkj&fogkj dk vlarqyu bu iaprRoksa ds larqyu dks fo[kf.Mr dj nsrk gS vkSjQyLo:i euq"; dk 'kjhj Hkkafr&Hkkafr ds jksxksa ls xzflr gks tkrk gSA jksx dk izHkko c<+us ij gefpfdRldksa ds ikl tkrs gSa vkSj orZeku esa ,yksiSFkh; fpfdRlk esa vHkh rd fdlh Hkh O;kf/k ds fy,

'kks/k /kkjk 143

,slh dksbZ Hkh vkS"kf/k miyC/k ugha gS] ftldk lsou iw.kZr% funksZ"k gksA bldk nq"ifj.kke vU; jksxksa dhmRifRr ds :i esa izdV gksrk gSA

ekuo 'kjhj esa jksx izfrjks/ku dh og vifjfer {kerk gS] ftls ;fn iz;ksx esa yk;k tk; rksfcuk vkS"kf/k ds lsou ls jksxksa ls eqfDr ik ldrs gSaA fu;fer O;k;ke rFkk larqfyr vkgkj&fogkjlgt LokHkkfod :i ls dk;k dks fujksx j[kus esa leFkZ gSA orZeku ds nqzrxkeh O;Lr~re le; esa dqNrks vkyL;o'k vkSj dqN O;Lrrk ds dkj.k fu;fer ;ksx lcds }kjk laHko ugha gks ikrk gS] ijUrq ;ksxesa dqN ,sls lk/ku Hkh gSa] ftuesa u vf/kd Je dh vko';drk gS vkSj u vfrfjDr le; dhA eqnzkfpfdRlk bl mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS ftlesa dqN nsj ds vH;klksa ls 'kjhjdks jksxeqDr j[kk tk ldrk gSA vr% bl 'kks/k i=k esa eqnzk ,oa eqnzk fpfdRlk ds Lo:i dk v/;;udjus dk iz;kl djsaxsA

izLrqr 'kks/k&i=k esa eqnzk dk vFkZ] izdkj] eqnzk ds mn~ns'; ,oa ;kSfxd eqnzkvksa }kjk fofHkUu jksxksadh fpfdRlk vkfn i Fkd fcUnqvksaa ij foe'kZ djus dk iz;kl djsaxsA izkphu dky ls vkt rd fofHkUuxzUFkksa esa eqnzkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS rkfd vkxs dh ih<+h ds fy, bUgsa lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldsAfQj Hkh bl fo"k; ij foLrkjiwoZd izdk'k ugha Mkyk x;k gS ;k Li"Vrk ls o.kZu ugha fd;k x;k gSD;ksafd bu fof/k;ksa dks iqLrdksa ls lh[kuk mfpr ugha ekuk x;k FkkA bu vH;klksa dks izkjEHk djusls igys xq: ls bu fof/k;ksa dk O;ogkfjd Kku izkIr djuk ges'kk vko';d ekuk x;kA pawfd eqnzkmPpdksfV ds vH;kl gSa ftuesa izk.kksa] pØksa ,oa dq.Myuh tkxj.k gksrk gS vkSj mPp lk/kdksa dks egkuflf);k¡ izkIr gksrh gSaA vr% eqnzkvksa dk vH;kl xq: ds funsZ'ku esa ykHkizn gksrk gSA ;ksx ds izkekf.kd,oa ikSjkf.kd xzUFkksa ds lanHkZ esa ;fn n f"Vikr djsa rks Li"V gksrk gS fd ikarty ;ksxlw=k* tks fd ;ksxdk lcls ikSjkf.kd ,oa izkekf.kd xzUFk gS esa eqnzkvksa dk Li"V o.kZu ugha feyrk gS ogha nwljh vksj gBiznhfidk] xksj{k'krd o ?ksj.M lafgrk esa eqnzk dk Li"V o.kZu feyrk gSA bu lHkh ewyxzUFkksa esa eqnzkdks mPpdksfV dk vH;kl ekuk x;k gS tks ekufld fLFkjrk ,oa ,dkxzrk ds fy, vko';d ekukx;k gSA

vk/kqfud ifjizs{; esa ;fn n f"Vikr djsa rks ;g ik;k x;k gS fd eqnzk dk mYys[k o izlkjfoLrkjiwoZd ugha fd;k x;k gSA ;Fkksfpr ;g laHko gS fd eqnzk ,d mPpdksfV dk vH;kl gS] ftlsfdlh dq'ky xq: ds funsZ'ku esa djuk mfpr ekuk x;k gS vU;Fkk xyr vH;kl ls ukuk izdkj dhO;kf/k;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA gBiznhfidk* o ?ksj.M lafgrk* esa eqnzk dk vH;kl ,d xw<+fo"k; ekuk x;k gSAeqnzk dk vFkZ & eqnzk 'kCn dh O;qRifRr ^eqn* /kkrq ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ izlUurk ;k mYykl gksrkgS vkSj nz* ds dkj.k :i nzO;* dk vFkZ gksrk gS [khapuk*A eqnzk 'kjhj dh ,d fo'ks"k Hkko&Hkafxek ;kfLFkfr gS ftlesa ml fLFkfr dks yEcs le; rd fcuk fopfyr gq, cuk;s j[kuk iM+rk gS] ftllsizk.k'kfDr dk czgek.Mh; 'kfDr ls ,dhdj.k gks ldsA eqnzk;sa lw{e 'kkjhfjd xfr;ksa dk la;kstu gS]tks eukso fRr] euksn'kk vkSj lgtcks/k esa ifjorZu ykrh gS vkSj ltxrk ,oa ,dkxzrk dks xgjk cukrhgSA1 fdlh eqnzk esa vklu] izk.kk;ke vkSj ekul n'kZu ds vH;klksa ds lkFk laiw.kZ 'kjhj dh lgHkkfxrk

'kks/k /kkjk 144

gks ldrh gSA gB;ksx iznhfidk ,oa vU; ;ksx'kkL=kksa esa eqnzk dks ;ksxakx dgk x;k gS( ftlesa cgqr lw{eltxrk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vklu] izk.kk;ke vkSj cU/k esa dqN n{krk izkIr gks tkus ,oa vojksèkksadks nwj djus ds i'pkr~ eqnzk ds vH;kl ls ifjfpr djk;k tkrk gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd eqnzk ,dmPpdksfV dk vH;kl gS ftlesa 'kkjhfjd] ekufld n{krk izkIr djus ds i'pkr~ gh mfpr ykHk laHkogSA

izkphudky ls vkt rd ;ksx ds fofHkUu xzUFkksa esa eqnzkvksa dh vyx&vyx O;k[;k dh x;hgSA ijUrq lHkh xzUFkksa esa eqnzkvksa ds fo'ks"k.k egRo dks mYysf[kr fd;k x;k gSA fpÙk dks izdV djusokys fdlh fo'ks"k Hkko dks eqnzk dgrs gSaA2

mPp Js.kh ds Hkkjrh; u R;ksa esa eqnzk gkFkksa dh fo'ks"k voLFkk gS tks vkUrfjd Hkkoksa ;klaosnukvksa dk ladsr djrh gSA izfrfnu lkekU;r% ?kVus okyh ckg~; txr dh fØ;kvksa ds izfr gelpsr jgrs gSaA dqN eqnzkvksa }kjk bu vuSfPNd 'kjhjxr izfrfØ;kvksa ij fu;a=k.k izkIr fd;k tkrkgSA eqnzkvksa dk vH;kl lk/kd dks lw{e 'kjhj fLFkr izk.k&'kfDr dh rjaxksa ds izfr ltx cukrk gSAvH;klh bu 'kfDr;ksa ij psru :i ls fu;a=k.k izkIr djrk gSA Qyr% O;fDr vius 'kjhj ds fdlhvax esa mldk izokg ys tkus ;k vU; O;fDr ds 'kjhj esa mls ig¡qpkus dh ¼vU; O;fDr dh izkf.kd;k ekufld fpfdRlk ds fy,½ {kerk izkIr djrk gSA ;ksx ds ewyxzUFkksa gB iznhfidk* esa eqnzk dk vFkZLi"V djrs gq, dgk x;k gS Þ'kjhj dh og fofHkUu 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr;k¡ ftlesa lk/kd bM+k&fiaxyk dsfeyus ls izk.kok;q dks lq"kqEuk esa izfrf"Br gksus ij tc og /khjs&/khjs phaVh tSls Åij ljdrh gS rcml vykSfyd vkuUn dks ikdj laosxkRed vuqHko dks cM+h lQyrkiwoZd ,dkxzrk ds lkFk vuqHkodjuk ;k ns[kuk gh eqnzk gSA

lk/kd dks loZizFke ckg~; fo"k;ksa dh vksj mUeq[k bfUnz;ksa dks Hkhrj dh vksj mUeq[k djukiM+rk gS] vFkkZr~ izR;kgkj dh fLFkfr ykuh iM+rh gSA ¼bfUnz;ksa dks o'k esa djuk½ blesa lHkh bfUnz;kavUrZeq[k gks tkrh gaS] rc vius eu dks vkUrfjd laosxkRed vuqHko dks ns[kus esa gh yxkdj eqnzk dkvH;kl fd;k tkrk gSA eqnzk 'kjhj ls lEcfU/kr fØ;k gSA bldk vH;kl djus okys dks 'kjhj dhfofHkUu fLFkfr;ka ;k vkd fr;ka cukuh iM+rh gSaA blfy, bl fof'k"V fØ;k dks eqnzk dh laKk nh x;hgSA ^gB iznhfidk* esa Lokeh LokRekjke us eqnzk dks r rh; mins'k ds :i esa O;k[;kf;r fd;k gSAmUgksaus eqnzk dks ,d mPp dksfV dk vH;kl ekuk gSA

^?ksj.M lafgrk* esa eqnzk dk o.kZu rhljs mins'k ds :i esa fd;k x;k gSA egf"kZ ?ksj.M usvklkuksa dh flf) ds i'pkr~ eqnzk ds vH;kl dk o.kZu fd;k gSA eqnzkvksa ds vH;kl }kjk gekjs Hkhrjizk.k'kfDr ds izokg dks fu;af=kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA egf"kZ ?ksj.M ds vuqlkj izk.k gekjs 'kjhj dsHkhrj 'kfDr vkSj rki mRiUu djrs gSaA mPp lk/kuk esa O;fDr tc yEcs le; rd ,d voLFkk esa cSBrkgS rks mlds 'kjhj ls xehZ fudyrh gS( 'kjhj dk rkieku de gks tkrk gS D;ksafd gekjs Hkhrj izk.k'kfDr fu;af=kr ugha gS] ysfdu eqnzkvksa ds vH;kl ds }kjk izk.k'kfDr ;k ÅtkZ dks vius 'kjhj ds Hkhrjokil [khap ysrs gSa vkSj mls u"V ugha gksus nsrsA izk.k dks 'kjhj ds Hkhrj jksdus ds fy, egf"kZ ?ksj.Mus eqnzkvksa ds vH;kl dks vko';d ekuk gSSA

'kks/k /kkjk 145

^gB iznhfidk* ds leku ?ksj.M lafgrk esa eqnzk ds vFkZ dks O;k[;kf;r fd;k x;k rFkkgBiznhfidk ds leku dq.Myuh tkxj.k ds QyLo:i eqnzk dk vH;kl mfpr ekuk x;k gSA f'kolafgrk esa Hkh eqnzk ds vH;kl dks vko';d ekuk x;k gSA eqnzk o cU/k dks Li"V djrs gq, dgk x;kgS fd %&

ukMhtkyknzlO;wgks ew/kkZaua ;fUr ;ksfxu%AmHkkH;ka lk/k;sRinH;kesdSad lqiz;Rur%AA ¼f'ko lafgrk 4%40½ ¼3½

;ksxh ds ukM+htky ls jl&lewg f'kjksHkkx esa izokfgr gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ m/oZHkkx esa xeu'khygks mBrk gSA vr% eqnzk cU/k bu nksuksa dks gh izR;sd vax }kjk Hkyh izdkj ls djuk vko';d gSA

xksj{k lafgrk esa Hkh eqnzk dk vH;kl izk.k'kfDr ds ,dhdj.k ds fy, vko';d ekuk x;k gSAegkeqnzka uHkkseqnzkeqfMM;kua tyU/kje~~AewycU/ka p ;ks osfÙk l ;ksxh flf) ektue~AA

¼xksj{k 'krd lw=k& 32½ ¼4½tks ;ksxh egkeqnzk] uHkkseqnzk] tkyU/kj ,oa ewycU/k dks tkurk gS] og peRdkjh xq.kksa&'kfDr;ksa

dk Lokeh cu tkrk gSAxksj{k 'krd esa Hkh eqnzk dks ,d mPpdksfV dk vH;kl ekuk x;k gSA tc ;ksxh rhuksa cU/kksa

ds vH;kl esa flf) izkIr dj ysrk gS rks dq.Myuh tkxj.k ds i'pkr~ eqnzkvksa ds vH;kl lspeRdkfjd ykHk feyrs gSa] vkSj bu eqnzkvksa dk vH;kl izk.k 'kfDr ds ,dhdj.k djrs gq, mldsfc[kjko dks jksdrk gSA eqnzkvksa ds vH;kl esa tks Hkko&Hkafxek;sa viuk;h tkrh gSa( os vUue;dks'k]eukse; dks'k vkSj izk.ke; dks'k ds chp lh/kk lEcU/k LFkkfir djrh gSA izkjEHk esa blls vH;klh dsHkhrj 'kjhj esa izk.k&izokg ds izfr ltxrk fodflr gksrh gSA varr% ;g dks'kksa esa izkf.kd lUrqyuLFkkfir djrk gS vkSj lw{e ÅtkZ dks mij ds pØksa esa fn'kkUrfjr djrk gS] ftlls psruk dh mPpfLFkfr izkIr gksrh gSA /khjs&/khjs fujUrj vkSj fu;fer vH;kl ls eqnzkvksa esa flf) izkIr gksrh gS] tks;ksx ds mPprj vH;klksa esa lgk;d gksrh gSAeqnzk ds izdkj &;ksx ds izkekf.kd xzUFkksa esa eqnzk ds fofHkUu izdkjksa dh foospuk dh x;h gSA ;ksx dhvHkh"B flf);ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, fofHkUu eqnzkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA gBiznhfidk esa LokehLokRekjke us 10 eqnzkvksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS%&

egkeqnzk egkcU/kks egkos/k'p [kspjhAmfM~M;kua ewycU/kLrrks tkyU/kjkfe/k%AAdj.kh foijhrk[;k ctzksyh 'kfDr pkyue~AA ¼g0iz0 3%6½ ¼5½

^gBiznhfidk* esa dq.Myuh tkxj.k ds fy, mijksDr 10 eqnzkvksa dk vH;kl crk;k x;k gS ;sgSa%& egkeqnzk] egkcU/k] egkos/k] [kspjh] mfMM;ku] ewycU/k] tkyU/kj cU/k] foijhdj.kh] ctzksyh'kfDrpkyuA bu nl ¼10½ eqnzkvksa ds vH;kl ls izk.k lq"kqEuk esa izfo"V gksdj Åij dh vksj xeudjrk gS rFkk ewyk/kkj esa lksrh gqbZ dq.Mfyuh dks txkus ds fy, eqnzk dk vH;kl mi;qDr ekuk x;kgSA

blh izdkj ^?ksj.M lafgrk* esa egf"kZ ?ksj.M }kjk 25 eqnzkvksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ftl

'kks/k /kkjk 146

izdkj ls ,d fof/k ds ek/;e ls ge vius Hkhrj mRiUu laosnukvksa dks rhoz cukrs gSa] mudk foLrkjdjrs gSa vkSj foLrkj djus ds ckn vius vki dks mlesa yhu dj nsrs gSaA mlh izdkj eqnzkvksa vkSj cU/kksa ds vH;kl esa ge bl izfØ;k dks viukrs gSaA egf"kZ ?ksj.M ds vuqlkj ge vius 'kjhj dk iz;ksxdjds vUue; dks'k] izk.ke; dks'k vkSj eukse; dks'k dh laosnukvksa dks rhcz cukdj vius dks mudsHkhrj ys tkrs gSaA bl i)fr esa nqfu;k vkSj 'kjhj dks ,d ek/;e ekudj vius Hkhrj tkus ds fy,budk lgkjk ysrh gSaA bl i)fr esa eqnzk vkSj cU/k dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA

egkeqnzk uHkkseqnzk mM~Mh;ku tyU/kjeA ewycU/kks egkcU/kks egkos/k'p [kspjhAA ¼1½foijhrdkjh ;ksfucZtzksf.k 'kfDrpkyuhA rkMkxh ek.Mqdh eqnzk'kkeHkoh iap/kkj.kkAA ¼2½v'ouh ik'kuh dkdh ekraxh HkqatxuhAA iapfo'ka eqnzk'p flf)nk bg ;ksfxukeAA ¼3½

¼?ks0l0 3%1] 2] 3½ ¼6½egf"kZ ?ksj.M us dgk&egkeqnzk] uHkkseqnzk] mfM~M;ku] cU/k] tkyU/kj cU/k] ewycU/k] egkcU/k]

egkos/k eqnzk] [kspjh eqnzk] foijhrdj.kh] eqnzk ;ksfu eqnzk] ctzksyh eqnzk] 'kfDrpkyuh eqnzk] rkM+kxh eqnzk]ek.Mqdh eqnzk] 'kkEHkoh eqnzk] ikFkZoh /kkj.kk] vkEHkklh /kkj.kk] vkXus;h /kkj.kk ok;qoh; /kkj.kk] vkdk'kh;/kkj.kk] v'ouh] ikf'kuh] dkdh] ekraxh vkSj Hkqtaxuh bR;kfn 25 eqnzk;sa gSaA ;s ;ksfx;ksa dks flf) iznkudjus okyh gSaA ?ksj.M lafgrk esa eqnzkvksa dks mPpdksfV dk vH;kl ekuk x;k gSA mi;qZDr lw=k esa lksygeqnzkvksa] pkj cU/kksa vkSj ikap /kkj.kkvksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA vk/;kfRed {ks=k dh ekU;rk gS fdeqnzkvksa dh flf) v"Vflf) iznku djrh gSA izk.kksRFkku rFkk dq.Mfyuh tkxj.k ds fy, Hkh eqnzkvksadk vH;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ?ksj.M _f"k us eqnzkvksa dk bruk foLr r o.kZu blfy, fd;k gS] ftllsvkxs ds mPprj vH;klksa esa flf) izkIr gks ldsA ^f'ko lafgrk* esa Hkh eqnzkvksa dk Li"V o.kZu feyrkgSAegkeqnzk egkcU/kkS fu"Qyks os/koftZrksA rLek|ksxh iz;Rusu djksfr f=kr;a Øekr~AA ¼f'ko lafgrk 4%47½7

os/k ds vHkko esa egkeqnzk vkSj egkcU/k esa nksuksa gh laHko ugha gks ldrsA vr,o ;ksxkH;klh dksps"VkiwoZd bu rhuksa gh lk/kuksa dk vH;kl izfrfnu djuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr f'ko lafgrk esa[kspjh eqnzk dk Hkh foLr r o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ^f'ko lafgrk* esa Hkh eqnzk dks mPpdksfV dk vH;klekuk x;k gSA eqnzkvksa ds fujUrj vH;kl ls mPprj vH;klksa esa vHkh"V flf) dh izkfIr gksrh gSA

blh izdkj xksj{k 'krd esa Hkh eqnzkvksa ds vH;kl dk o.kZu feyrk gSSAegkeqnzka uHkkseqnzkeqfM~M;kua tyU/kje~A ewycU/k p ;ks osfÙk l ;ksxh flf)ek tue~AA¼xksj{k 'krd 321½

eqnzkvksa ds izdkj dh O;k[;k djrs gq, xksj{k 'krd esa dgk x;k gS fd tks ;ksxh egkeqnzk]uHkkseqnzk] mfM~M;ku] tkyU/kj ,oa ewycU/k dks tkurk gS og peRdkjh xq.kksa o 'kfDr;ksa dk Lokeh cutkrk gSA

;kSfxd n f"V ls eqnzkvksa dks yxHkx ik¡p lewgksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS] ftlesa eqnzkvksa dhfof'k"Vrk o Kku Hkyh&Hkk¡fr gks ldsA ;s fuEufyf[kr gSa &1- gLr eqnzk;sa & os eqnzk;sa tks gkFkksa ls dh tkrh gSa rFkk ;s /;ku eqnzk;sa gksrh gSaA os gkFkksa }kjkmRlftZr gksus okys izk.k dks iqu% 'kjhj esa okil dj nsrh gaSA ,slh eqnzk;sa ftuesa vaxwBs o rtZuh dks

'kks/k /kkjk 147

feykdj j[kk tkrk gS] cgqr lw{e Lrj ij eksVj dkVsZDl dks izsfjr djrh gaSA ftlesa ÅtkZ dk ,difjiFk fufeZr gksrk gS] tks efLr"d ls fudydj gkFk rd vkrk gS vkSj fQj okil efLr"d esa tkrkgSA

bl izfØ;k dh lpsru ltxrk ls cgqr 'kh?kz vUreqZ[krk dh voLFkk izkIr gksrh gSA bl lewgesa fuEufyf[kr eqnzk;sa vkrh gSa &

1- Kku eqnzk 2- fpgu eqnzk 3- ;ksfu eqnzk 4- HkSjo eqnzk 5- ân; eqnzk2- eu eqnzk;sa & ;s vH;kl dq.Mfyuh ;ksx ds vfHkUu vax gSa vkSj buesa ls dbZ vius vki esa è;kudh fof/k;ka gSaA buessa vk¡[k] dku] ukd] ftºok] ,oa gksBksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl lewg esafuEufyf[kr eqnzk;sa vkrh gSa &

'kkEHkoh eqnzk ukfldkxz eqnzk [kspjh eqnzkdkdh eqnzk Hkqtaxuh eqnzk Hkwpjh eqnzkvkdk'kh eqnzk 'k.eq[kh eqnzk mUeuh eqnzk

3- dk;k eqnzk;sa & bu vH;klksa esa 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk 'olu vkSj ,dkxzrk dks tksM+ktkrk gSA bl lewg esa fuEufyf[kr eqnzk;sa vkrh gSa &

izk.k eqnzk foijhrd.khZ eqnzk ;ksx eqnzkikf'kuh eqnzk ek.Mqdh eqnzk rM+kxh eqnzk

4- cU/k eqnzk;sa & bu vH;klksa esa eqnzk ,oa cU/k dk ;ksx gksrk gSA ;s 'kjhj dks izk.k ls ÅtkZfJrdjrs gSaA bl lewg esa fuEufyf[kr eqnzk;sa vkrh gSaA

egkeqnzk egkos/k eqnzk egkHksn eqnzk5- vk/kkj eqnzk;sa & ;s vH;kl izk.k dks fuEu dsUnzksa ls iqu% efLr"d dh vksj fn'kkUrfjr djrsgSaA dke ÅtkZ ds m/oZxeu ls lEcfU/kr eqnzk;sa bl lewg esa vkrh gSaA

vf'ouh eqnzk ctzksyh eqnzkbl lewgksa dh eqnzk;sa izefLr"dh; izkUrLFkk ¼lsjsczy dkVsZDl½ ds vf/kdka'k {ks=k dks izHkkfor

djrh gaSA flj rFkk gkFkksa ls lEcfU/kr eqnzkvksa dh vis{kkd r vf/kd la[;k esa gksuk bl ckr dk ladsrgS fd bu nks {ks=kksa ls vkus okyh lwpukvksa dk vFkZ le>us vkSj rnuq:i dk;Z djus esa izefLr"d dkipkl izfr'kr fgLlk O;Lr gksrk gSA

eqnzkvksa ds izdkjksa dh O;k[;k djus ds i'pkr~ vc ge eqnzk ds mn~ns'; dh O;k[;k djus dkiz;kl djrs gSaAeqnzk ds mn~ns'; & eqnzk dk ewy mn~ns'; eu o izk.k dks fLFkj dj ,dkxzfpr gksuk] rFkk 'kjhj o izk.kds chp leUo; LFkkfir djukA D;ksafd ;ksx ds mPprj vH;klksa esa eu dh ,dkxzrk rFkk 'kjhj oeu dk lUrqyu gksuk vko';d gS( rHkh mPp dksfV ds vH;klksa esa lQyrk izkIr gks ldrh gSA eqnzkvksads vH;kl esa tks Hkko vkSj Hkafxek;sa viuk;h tkrh gSa( os vUue;dks'k] eukse; dks'k rFkk izk.ke; dks'kds chp lh/kk lEcU/k LFkkfir djrh gSaA izkjEHk esa blls vH;klh ds Hkhrj izk.k&izokg ds izfr ltxrkfodflr gksrh gSA vUrr% ;g dks'kksa esa izkf.kd lUrqyu LFkkfir djrk gS vkSj lw{e ÅtkZ dks Åij

'kks/k /kkjk 148

ds pØksa esa fn'kkUrfjr djrk gS ftlls psruk dh mPp fLFkfr izkIr gksrh gSAftl izdkj izdk'k ;k /ofu ds :i esa ÅtkZ rjaxsa tc fdlh niZ.k ;k [kM+h pV~Vku ls

Vdjkrh gSa rks ogk¡ ls ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSaA mlh izdkj eqnzk;sa Hkh izk.k dh fn'kk dks ifjofrZr djrhgSaA ukfM;ksa vkSj pØksa ls fujUrj izk.k dk fofdj.k gksrk jgrk gSA tks lkekU; :i ls 'kjhj ls ckgjfudydj ckg~; txr esa fc[kj tkrk gS] eqnzkvksa ds vH;kl ls 'kjhj esa vojks/kd mRiUu fd;s tkrsgSa tks ÅtkZ izokg dh fn'kk dks cnydj mls iqu% 'kjhj ds Hkhrj okil ys vkrs gSaA

mnkgj.k ds fy, 'k.eq[kh enzk esa maxfy;ksa ls vk¡[kksa dks cUn djus ls vk¡[kksa ds }kjk ckgjfudyus okyk izk.k ijkofrZr gksdj 'kjhj esa okil vk tkrk gSA blh izdkj ctzukM+h }kjk mRlftZrgksus okyh dke ÅtkZ ctkzsyh eqnzk ds vH;kl ls iqu% efLr"d dh vksj fn'kkUrfjr gks tkrh gSA

rU=k'kkL=kksa esa dgk x;k gS fd izk.k ds fc[kjko dks ;fn eqnzk ds vH;kl ls jksd fn;k tk;rks eu vUreqZ[kh gks tkrk gS] ftlls LokHkkfod :i ls izR;kgkj vkSj /kkj.kk dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gSAizk.kksa dks okil ykus dh {kerk izkIr gksus ds dkj.k dq.Mfyuh ds tkxj.k esa eqnzkvksa ds vH;klksa dkegRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA

vf/kdka'k eqnzkvksa dk laxBu cU/k] vklu ,oa izk.kk;ke ds lfEeyu ls gksrk gS] tks fd ,dgh vH;kl dgykrk gSA izR;sd vH;kl ds fuf'pr ykHk gSaA vr% ;ksx 'kfDr'kkyh vH;kl dk fuekZ.kdjrk gSA buds vH;kl ls okg~; txr ls lEcU/k VwV tkrk gSA bfUnz;ka vUreqZ[kh gksdj izR;kgkj dhfLFkfr fufeZr djrh gSaA blfy, ;s vH;kl vk/;kfRed lk/kdksa ds fy, vR;f/kd mi;ksxh gSA fpÙkdks ,dkxz djus esa Hkh ;s vH;kl leFkZ gSaA ;|fi budk izkFkfed mn~ns'; vk/;kfRed gS] ijUrq bulsekufld o 'kkjhfjd ykHk dh izkfIr gksrh gSA ^gB iznhfidk* esa eqnzk ds ykHkksa ds fo"k; esa dgk x;kgS &

bna gh eqnzkn'kda tjkej.k uk'kue~A vkfnukFkksfnra fnO;e"VS'o;Ziznk;de~AcYyHka lokZfl)kuka nqyZHke:rkefiAA ¼g0iz0 3%7½ ¼8½

vkfnukFk }kjk crk;h x;h ;s nl eqnzk;sa & egkeqnzk] egkcU/k] egkos/k] [kspjh] mfMM;ku]ewycU/k] tkyU/kjcU/k] foijhrd.khZ] ctzksyh] 'kfDrpkyu gSa tks cq<+kik vkSj e R;q dks nwj djus okyhgaS vkSj vkB izdkj ds fnO; ,s'o;Z dks nsus okyh gSaA lHkh fl)ksa ds fy, fiz; ;s eqnzk;sa nsokrkvksa dsfy, Hkh nqyHkZ gSaA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd eqnzk gB;ksx dh og fLFkfr gS] ftlesa gB;ksxh dk fpÙk,oa eu iw.kZ 'kkUr gksdj ek=k vkUrfjd vuqHko dks gh vklUu xzg.k djrk gSA

?ksj.M lafgrk essa eqnzk ds ykHkksa ds fo"k; esa ?ksj.M _f"k us Li"V O;k[;k dh gS%&bna rq eqnzkiVya dfFkra p.MdikysA oYyHka lokZflf)uka tjkej.k uk'kueAAfuR;eH;kl 'khyL; tBjkfXu fofo/kue~ A ¼3%97½ ¼9½

egf"kZ ?ksj.M dgrs gSa & gs p.Mdikfy vHkh rd eSaus ftruh eqnzkvksa ds ckjs esa rqEgsa crk;kgS os lHkh bPNkvksa dh iwfrZ djrh gSaA tjk e R;q ls nwj j[krh gSaA buds fu;fer vH;kl ls lc jksxksadk fuokj.k gksrk gS vkSj tBjkfXu rhoz gksrh gSA ?ksj.M _f"k us eqnzkvksa ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld ovkè;kfRed mn~ns'; dks vf/kd Li"V :i ls O;k[;kf;r djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 149

blh izdkj f'ko lafgrk esa eqnzk ds ykHkksa ds fo"k; esa dgk x;k gS &,r=k;a izR;usu prqokZja djksfr pA 'k.eklkH;Urj e R;aq t;R;so la'k;%AA f'ko lafgrk ¼4%48½,r=k;L; ekgkRE;a fl)ks tkukfr usrj%A ;TKkRok lk/kdk% losZ flf)a lE;d yHkfUr oSA f'ko

lafgrk ¼4%49½ ¼10½vFkkZr~ tks iq:"k eqnzk] cU/k vkSj cs/k bu rhuksa dk pkj ckj fuR; vH;kl djrk gS] og N% eghus dsvH;kl }kjk e R;q ij fot; ik ysrk gSA

vU; 'yksd esa bu rhuksa ¼eqnzk] cU/k o os/k½ dh egRrk ls dsoy fl) iq:"k gh ifjfpr gksrsgSaA vU; dksbZ Hkh bls ugha tku ldrkA mDr rhuksa lk/kuksa ds KkuksijkUr lk/kd laiw.kZ flf);ksa dksizkIr djus esa lQy gks tkrk gSA

mi;qZDr lw=kksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ^gBiznhfidk* ,oa ^?ksj.M lafgrk* dh Hkkafr ^f'ko lafgrk*esa Hkh eqnzk ds vH;klksa ds ykHk leku gh gSaA

eqnzk ds mn~ns';ksa dh O;k[;k djus ds i'pkr~ vc ge fofHkUu ;kSfxd eqnzkvksa }kjk jksxksa dhfpfdRlk O;k[;k djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA5- ;kSfxd eqnzkvksa }kjk fofHkUu jksxksa dh fpfdRlk & orZeku thou 'kSyh esa euksdkf;d midj.k¼'kkjhfjd o ekufld {kerk½ dk vR;f/kd mi;ksx ,oa HkkSfrd thou 'kSyh viukus ds dkj.k euq";dks fofHkUu euksdkf;d jksxksa dk lkeuk djuk iM++ jgk gSA fpfdRlk vuqla/kkuksa us tgk¡ fofHkUu jksxksads mipkj gsrq fofHkUu izdkj dh vkS"kf/k;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k] ogha izfrLi/kkZRed thou 'kSyh ds dkj.kvkn'kZ LokLF; ¼ekufld o 'kkjhfjd½ dh izkfIr ds fy, fofHkUu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgkgSA euq"; fofHkUUk jksxksa dh fpfdRlk gsrq fdlh Hkh izdkj dh vkS"kf/k dk lsou ls gh vusd jksxksa lseqfDr ik ldrk gS] ogha nwljh vksj fu;fer O;k;ke rFkk larqfyr vkgkj&fogkj lgt LokHkkfod :ils dk;k dks fujksx j[kus esa leFkZ gS] ij orZeku nqzrxkeh O;Lr~re le; esa dqN rks vkyL;o'k vkSjdqN O;Lrrk ds dkj.k fu;fer ;ksx lcds }kjk laHko ugha gks ikrk gS] ijUrq ;ksx esa dqN ,sls lkèkugSa ftuesa u vf/kd Je dh vko';drk gS vkSj u gh vf/kd le; dh] bls eqnzk fpfdRlk dgrs gSaAfofHkUu gLr eqnzkvksa ls vusd O;kf/k;ksa ls eqfDr laHko gSA gekjs gkFk dh ik¡pksa maxfy;k¡ oLrqr% iaprRoksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSa &1- vaxwBk & vfXu 2- rtZuh & ok;q3- e/;ek & vkdk'k 4- vukfedk & i Foh 5-dfuf"Bdk & ty

'kjhj esa iaprRo bl izdkj ls gSa] 'kjhj esa tks Bksl gS ogh i Foh rRo gS( tks rjy ;k nzo gSog ty rRo dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS( tks m"ek gS vfXu rRo( tks izokfgr gksrk gS og ok;q rRo( vkSjleLr fNnz vkdk'k rRo gSaA

vaxqfy;ksa dks ,d nwljs ls Li'kZ djrs gq, fLFkfr fo'ks"k esa tks budh vkd fr curh gS] mlseqnzk dgrs gSaA eqnzk fpfdRlk esa fofHkUu eqnzkvksa }kjk vlk/; jksxksa ls Hkh eqfDr laHko gSA oLrqr% fofHkUurRoksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gqbZ gkFk dh bu m¡xfy;ksa ls fo|qr izokg fudyrs gSa] maxfy;ka pØ rFkklqlqIr 'kfDr;ka tkx r gks 'kjhj ds LokHkkfod jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk dks vk'p;Ztud :i ls mn~nhiu

'kks/k /kkjk 150

rFkk ifjiq"V djrh gSaA iap rRoksa dk lUrqyu ltg ,oa LokHkkfod :i ls 'kjhj dks jksx eqDr djrhgaSA jksx fo'ks"k ds fy, funsZf'kr eqnzkvksa dk rc rd vH;kl djrs jguk pkfg, fd tc rd fd mDrjksx ls eqfDr u fey tk,A eqnzkvksa ls dsoy dk;k gh jksxeqDr ugha gksrh cfYd vkReksRFkku Hkh gksrkgS] D;ksafd eqnzk;sa lw{e 'kkjhfjd Lrj ij dk;Z djrh gSaA eqnzkvksa ds vH;kl dk le; fdlh Hkh jksxfpfdRlk ds fy, pkyhl feuV dk gksrk gSA

;ksx ds ikSjkf.kd ,oa izkekf.kd xzUFkksa esa eqnzkvksa ds fpfdRldh; ykHk crk;s x;s gSaA^gBiznhfidk* esa egkeqnzk ds vH;kl ls fofHkUu jksxksa dk mUewyu ,oa vusd nks"k u"V gks tkrs gSaA

{k;dq"BxqnkorZxqYekthZ.k iqjksxek%ArLFk nks"kk% {k;a ;fUr egkeqnzka rq ;ks H;lrsAA ¼g0iz0 3%16½ ¼11½

vFkkZr~ tks egkeqnzk dk vH;kl djrk gS mlds {k; ¼risfnd½] dq"B jksx ¼peZ jksx½ dks"Bc/krk ¼dCt½]ok;q xksyk ¼xSl½] vth.kZ ¼vip½] rFkk laHkkfor vU; vusd nks"k Hkh u"V gks tkrs gSaA

blh izdkj ?ksj.M lafgrk* esa Hkh eqnzkvksa ds fo'ks"k fpfdRlh; o vk/;kfRed ykHkksa dh O;k[;kdh x;h gSA ?ksj.M lafgrk esa foijhrd.khZ eqnzk ds izHkkoksa ds fo"k; esa dgk x;k gS%&

m/oZokn% fLFkjksHkwRok foijhrdjherkAeqnzka p lk/k;sfuR;a tjk e R;qa p uk'k;sr ¼47½l fl) loZyksds"kq izy;;svfi u lhnfrAA ¼48½ ¼3%47] 48½ ¼12½

flj dks Hkwfe esa yxkdj nksuksa gkFk Vsdsa vkSj nksuksa ikoksa dks Åij mBkdj dqEHkd ds }kjk ok;qdks jksdsa] ;gh foijhrdj.kh eqnzk gSA bldk fuR; vH;kl djus ls o )koLFkk ,oa e R;q u"V gksrh gSAbldk vH;kl djus okyk lc yksdksa esa flf) lEiUu ,oa izy;dky esa Hkh nqf[kr ugha gksrk gSA

;g eqnzk vYifØ;k'khy FkkbjkbM dks larqfyr cukrk gS rFkk lnhZ] tqdke o xys dh lwtu,oa 'olu lEcU/kh jksxksa dk fujks/kd gSA ;g Hkw[k o ikpu fØ;k c<+krk gSA ;g eqnzk dCt] xqnk Hkaz'k]coklhj] gkfuZ;k dk mipkj djrk gSA efLr"d esa fo'ks"kdj lsjsczy dkVsZDl] fiV;qVjh ,oa fifu;yXkzfUFk esa jDr lapkj c<+ tkrk gS] rFkk ekufld lrZdrk c<+rh gSA

blds vfrfjDr dqN vU; eqnzkvksa ds fpfdRlh; ykHk dk laf{kIr fooj.k ;gk¡ ij nsukegRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA1- Kku eqnzk & fdlh Hkh lq[kklu dh fLFkfr esa cSBdj vaxwBs o rtZuh ds iksjksa dks vkil esa lgt:i ls tksM+us ij Kku eqnzk curh gSA bl eqnzk ds fuR; vH;kl ls fpM+fpM+kiu] Øks/k] papyrk]vfLFkjrk] fpark] Hk;] ?kcjkgV] O;kdqyrk vfunzk jksx] fMizs'ku tSls vusd eu] efLr"d lEcU/khO;kfèk;k¡ fu;fer vH;kl ls lekIr gks tkrh gSaA2- viku eqnzk & vaxwBs ls nwljh maxyh ¼e/;ek½ o rhljh maxyh ¼vukfedk½ ds iksjksa dks eksM+dj vaxwBsds iksj ls Li'kZ djus ls tks eqnzk curh gS] og viku eqnzk dgykrh gSA

bl eqnzk ds fu;fer vH;kl ls dCt] ey&ew=k dh leL;k vkfn nwj gksrh gSA 'kjhj dsfotkrh; nzO;ksa ,oa ey fu"dkflr djus ds fy, ;g eqnzk fo'ks"k ykHkdkjh gSA3- lw;Z eqnzk & vukfedk ¼rhljh maxyh½ ds Åijh Hkkx uk[kwu okys fgLls dks eksM+dj maxyh ds tM+

'kks/k /kkjk 151

ij Li'kZ djrs gq, vaxwBs dk ncko vukfedk maxyh ij fujUrj cuk;s j[ksa rFkk 'ks"k maxfy;ka lh/khj[ksaA bls lw;Z eqnzk dgrs gSaA bl eqnzk ds vH;kl ls eksVkik nwj gksrk gS rFkk lnhZ tqdke nwj gksrhgSA lkFk gh tBjkfXu iznhIr gksrh gSA4- ok;q eqnzk & rtZuh dks eksM+dj mlds u[k Hkkx dk ncko ¼gYdk½ vaxwBs ds ewy Hkkx ¼tM+½ esa fd;ktk; rFkk 'ks"k maxfy;k¡ viuh lh/k esa lh/kh j[kh tk; bls ok;q eqnzk dgrs gSaSA bl eqnzk ds fu;fervH;kl ls ok;q lEcU/kh jksx&xfB;k] tksM+ksa dk nnZ] okr] i{k?kkr] gkFk&iSj ;k 'kjhj esa dEiUu] ydok]fgLVhfj;k] ok;q'kwy] xSl bR;kfn jksx Bhd gks tkrs gSaA5- izk.k eqnzk & vaxwBs ls rhljh maxyh vukfedk rFkk pkSFkh maxyh dfuf"Bdk maxfy;ksa ds iksjksa dks,d lkFk vaxwBs ds iksj ls ,d lkFk feykdj 'ks"k nksuksa maxfy;ksa dks viuh lh/k esa j[kus ls tks eqnzkcurh gS og ok;q eqnzk dgykrh gSA

bl eqnzk dk ykHk ân; jksx esa jkeck.k o us=k T;ksfr c<+kus esa ije lgk;d gSA ;g eqnzkizk.k'kfDr c<+kus okyk gksrk gSA n <+ izk.k'kfDr thou dks lq[kn cukrh gSA bl eqnzk dh fo'ks"krk gSfd blesa vof/k dh ck/;rk ugha gSA6- i Foh eqnzk & vukfedk maxyh ds iksj dks vaxwBs ds iksj ls Li'kZ djus ls i Foh eqnzk curh gSA 'ks"krhuksa maxfy;ka viuh lh/k esa [kM+h gksuh pkfg,A bl eqnzk dk ykHk 'kkjhfjd nqcZyrk dks nwj djus esarFkk LQwfrZ o rktxh nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g {kh.k dk;k ,oa ruko eqfDr ds fy, mRd "Veqnzk gSA7- o:.k eqnzk & dfuf"Bdk ¼lcls NksVh maxyh½ rFkk vaxwBs ds iksj dks feykdj 'ks"k maxfy;ksa dks ;fnviuh lh/k esa j[kk tk; rks o:.k eqnzk curh gSSA

bl eqnzk ds fu;fer vH;kl ls jDr lapkj dks larqfyr djus] peZjksx ls eqfDr fnykus] jDrvYirrk ¼,uhfe;k½ dks nwj djus esa ije lgk;d gSA o:.k eqnzk ds vH;kl ls 'kjhj esa tyrRo dhdeh dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA jDr fodkj vkfn jksxksa esa ;g eqnzk jkeck.k gSA8- vaxq"B eqnzk & ck;sa gkFk dk vaxwBk lh/kk [kM+k dj nkfgus gkFk ls ck;sa gkFk dh maxfy;ksa esa ijLijQalkrs gq, nksuksa iatksa dks ,sls tksM+s fd nkfguk va¡xwBk ck;sa vaxwBs dks ckgj ls vko r dj ysA bl izdkjtks eqnzk cusxh mls vaxq"B eqnzk dgrs gSaA

bl eqnzk ds vH;kl ls 'kjhj esa m"ek c<+rh gS pawfd vaxwBs esa vfXurRo gksrk gSA vr% 'kjhjesa tek dQ lw[kdj u"V gks tkrk gSA lnhZ] tqdke] [kkalh bR;kfn jksxksa esa ;g vR;Ur ykHkdkjh gSA'khr izdksi o BaM ls daidaikgV gksus ij bl eqnzk dk iz;ksx Rofjr ykHk nsrk gSA

mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd dqN lkekU; ljy eqnzkvksa dk vH;kl izR;sd O;fDrdj ldrk gSA bu eqnzkvksa dk vH;kl lHkh vH;klh cPpksa ls ysdj v'kDr o ) rd dj ldrs gSaA

buds fu;fer vH;kl ls izR;sd euq"; Lo;a dks LoLFk o fujksxh j[k ldrk gSA bu lkekU;eqnzkvksa ds vH;kl ls tgka O;fDr 'kkjhfjd o ekufld LokLF; vftZr dj ldrk gS] ogha nwljh vksjfofHkUu jksxksipkj esa ;s eqnzk;sa vR;Ur lgk;d fl) gksrh gSaA6- fu"d"kZ & mi;qZDr foospu ls ;g Li"V gks x;k gS fd eqnzkvksa ds vH;kl ls O;fDr tgk¡ 'kkjhfjd

'kks/k /kkjk 152

fLFkjrk dks izkIr djrk gS( ogha nwljh vksj eqnzk;sa O;fDr ds eu dks ,dkxz djus o vU; ;ksx dsmPprj vH;klksa ¼/kkj.kk] /;ku o lekf/k½ ds fy, 'kjhj o eu dks rS;kj djrh gSaA gBiznhfidk o?ksj.M lafgrk esa eqnzk ds egÙo dks fo'ks"k mYysf[kr fd;k x;k gSA eqnzk;sa 'kjhj ,oa eu ij fu;a=k.kds fy, ,d vuwBk lk/ku gSA tks lk/kd ;ksx ds mPprj y{;ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, n <+ ladfYirgSa( muds fy, eqnzk ,d mRd "V lk/ku gSA eqnzkvksa dh flf) ds i'pkr~ vU; lk/ku Lo;a gh fl) gksusyxrs gSa] D;ksafd eqnzkvksa ls eu fLFkj] ,dkxz o 'kkUr gks tkrk gS tks mPprj vH;klksa ds fy, vR;Urvko';d gSA

blds vfrfjDr vkt ds bl vk/kqfud ifjizs{; esa O;Lrre thou 'kSyh esa euq"; Lo;a dhns[kHkky djus esa ykijokgh djrk gSA le;kHkko ds dkj.k O;fDr ;ksx ds vU; vH;klksa ¼vklu]izk.kk;ke½ ds fy, le; ugha fudky ikrk gSA vr% bl n f"V ls ;fn O;fDr viuh thou 'kSyh esadqN lkekU; eqnzkvksa dk vH;kl djs rks og 'kkjhfjd o ekufld O;kf/k;ksa ls eqfDr ik ldrk gSA buvH;klksa dks djus ds fy, fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku rFkk le; dh vko';drk ugha gSA budk vH;kl dghaHkh] dHkh Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

bl 'kks/k i=k dk mn~ns'; Hkh ;gh gS fd tu lkekU; dks lkekU; eqnzkvksa ds ykHkksa ls voxrdjkuk gS( ftlls og ,d LoLFk thou th ldsaA

lanHkZ1- ljLorh] Lokeh lR;kuUn( vklu izk.kk;ke eqnzk cU/k] ;ksx ifCyds'kUl VªLV eqaxsj fcgkj] 1969] 4472- ljLorh] Lokeh lR;kuUn( vklu izk.kk;ke eqnzk cU/k] ;ksx ifCyds'kUl VªLV eqaxsj fcgkj] 1969] 2993- f=kikBh] ia0 gfj izlkn( f'ko lafgrk] pkS[kEck d ".knkl vdkneh okjk.klh] 2006] 484- nk'kZfud lkfgR; vuqla/kku foHkkx] xksj{k'krde~] Jh vkse izdk'k frokjh] lfpo dSoY;/kke JheUek/ko

;ksx eafnj lfefr yksukoyk iq.ks] 2013] 505- fnxEcj] Lokeh th( MkW0 ihrkEcj >k] gB iznhfidk] dSoY;/kke Jh eUek/ko ;ksx eafnj lfefr yksukokyk]

iq.ks 1980] 74&756- ljLorh] Lokeh fujatukuUn( ?ksj.M lafgrk] ;ksx ifCyds'kUl VªLV] eaqxsj fcgkj] 1997] 2057- f=kikBh] ia0 gfjizlkn( f'ko lafgrk] pkS[kEck d ".knkl vdkneh] okjk.klh] 2006] 498- fnxEcj] Lokeh th( Mk0 ihrkEcj >k] gB iznhfidk] dSoY;/kke Jh eUek/ko ;ksx eafnj lfefr yksukoyk]

iq.ks 1980] 329- ljLorh] Lokeh fujatukuUn( ?ksj.M lafgrk] ;ksx ifCyds'kUl VªLV] eqaxsj fcgkj] 1997] 27310- f=kikBh] i0 gfjizlkn( f'ko lafgrk] pkS[kEck d ".knkl vdkneh] okjk.klh] 2006] 4911- fnxEcj] Lokeh th( Mk0 ihrkEcj >k] gB iznhfidk dSoY;/kke Jh eUek/ko ;ksx eafnj lfefr yksukoyk

iq.ks 1980] 70&7112- ljLorh] Lokeh fujatukuUn( ?ksj.M lafgrk] ;ksx ifCyds'kUl VªLV] eqaxsj fcgkj] 1997] 242

'kks/k /kkjk 153

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 156-159Philosophy

ledkyhu Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud i)fr ,oa mifuos'koknMkW0 vuqjkx ik.Ms;

n'kZu'kkL=k foHkkx] bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn] m0iz0¼izkIr % 18 fnlEcj 2017 ½

Abstract

Hkkjrh; n'kZu ijEijk ds fodflr gksus ds nks izeq[k izfreku jgs gSa] ftuesa ls ,d dks n'kZu dh jpuk(Philosophy as authoring) rFkk ,rf}ijhr vU; dks nk'kZfud fpUru ds ,d=khdj.k (Philoso-phy as assembling) ds izfreku esa vkc) fd;k tk ldrk gSA izFke dk lEcU/k Jqfr&ijEijk lstcfd f}rh; eq[;r;k cknjk;.k ds czãlw=k rFkk vU;r% lw=kdky ls lEcfU/kr gSA bl izdkj vk|&Lrjij izLrqr Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh oSpkfjdh n'kZu dh jpuk ls lEc) jgh gSA osnksa rFkk mifu"knksa esa izkIr gksusokyh nk'kZfud fpUru&ijEijk ,slh gh gS tgk¡ ij n'kZu vuqHkwfrijd jgk gS rFkk tks orZeku ds dfri;fopkjdksa ds fy, :f<+ vFkok fu"iz;ksT; gks x;k gSA ;g lR; gS fd nk'kZfud oSpkfjdh dHkh Hkh :f<+oknhugha dgh tk ldrh gS rFkkfi mldk LFkkukUrj.k vo'; lEHko gksrk gSA ik'pkR; ijEijk esa n'kZUk dkizkjEHk ftl izdkj l f"Vehekalh; Lo:i esa Fkk] Hkkjrh; fpUru&/kkjk dk Hkh deksos'k Lo:i oSlk gh jgk]ijUrq i Fkdrk bl Hkko esa gS fd izkjEHk ls gh Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh oSpkfjdh esa thou rFkk txr ds ewY;ksads lkFk&lkFk lkekftd uhfr'kkL=k dks izJ; feykA


Key Words : ledkyhurk] Hkkjrh; n'kZu] mifuos'kokn] Hkkjrh; 'kZu esa mifuos'kokn

Hkkjrh; n'kZu ijEijk ds fodflr gksus ds nks izeq[k izfreku jgs gSa] ftuesa ls ,d dks n'kZudh jpuk (Philosophy as authoring) rFkk ,rf}ijhr vU; dks nk'kZfud fpUru ds ,d=khdj.k(Philosophy as assembling) ds izfreku esa vkc) fd;k tk ldrk gSA izFke dk lEcU/k Jqfr&ijEijk ls tcfd f}rh; eq[;r;k cknjk;.k ds czãlw=k rFkk vU;r% lw=kdky ls lEcfU/kr gSA blizdkj vk|&Lrj ij izLrqr Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh oSpkfjdh n'kZu dh jpuk ls lEc) jgh gSA osnksa rFkkmifu"knksa esa izkIr gksus okyh nk'kZfud fpUru&ijEijk ,slh gh gS tgk¡ ij n'kZu vuqHkwfrijd jgk gSrFkk tks orZeku ds dfri; fopkjdksa ds fy, :f<+ vFkok fu"iz;ksT; gks x;k gSA ;g lR; gS fdnk'kZfud oSpkfjdh dHkh Hkh :f<+oknh ugha dgh tk ldrh gS rFkkfi mldk LFkkukUrj.k vo'; lEHkogksrk gSA ik'pkR; ijEijk esa n'kZUk dk izkjEHk ftl izdkj l f"Vehekalh; Lo:i esa Fkk] Hkkjrh;fpUru&/kkjk dk Hkh deksos'k Lo:i oSlk gh jgk] ijUrq i Fkdrk bl Hkko esa gS fd izkjEHk ls gh Hkkjrh;n'kZu dh oSpkfjdh esa thou rFkk txr ds ewY;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd uhfr'kkL=k dks izJ; feykAiqu% ik'pkR; n'kZu dh ijEijk us 20oha 'krkCnh esa ftl izdkj viuh iwoZHkwfe dk iw.kZr;k ifjR;kxdjrs gq, fo'ys"k.kkRed Hkk"kk n'kZu rFkk mlesa Hkh n'kZu dk dk;Z ‘what there is" ls ifjofrZr dj‘What is given" esa LFkkfir fd;kA Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh ledkyhu fopkj/kkjk esa viuh iwoZHkwfe ls blizdkj dk iyk;u dFkefi Lohdk;Z ugha gqvkA ledkyhu Hkkjrh; n'kZUk ijEijk us mifuos'kokn ds

'kks/k /kkjk 154

izHkko ds ckotwn U;wukf/kd :i esa osnkUr n'kZu dh ekU;rkvksa ds ykSfdd o O;kogkfjd :i dksLohd fr iznku dhA

mifu"knksa dh ijEijk us oSfnd vuqHkwfrijdrk dks vFkZokn rFkk ladsr dk ek/;e iznku fd;kftlls og tu&lkekU; dh le> dk Ik;kZ; cu lds] ijUrq ,slk gqvk ughaA 'kkL=kksa us oSfndvuqHkwfrijdrk ds ekin.M vFkkZr~ rÙokUos"k.k ds vkfne lRiz;kl dks /keZ dk okafNr Lo:i rks iznkufd;k gh lkFk gh lkekftd ,oa tkxfrd ifjizs{; esa lR; o /keZ dh izfr"Bk gsrq Hkh os rÙo dh izd frdk lnqi;ksx djrs jgsA fgj.;xHkZ lwDr ls ysdj bZ'k o dBkfn mifu"knksa dk Lo:i izk;% ,slk ghgSA /;krO; gS fd 'kkL=kksa us rÙo dks dHkh lw=k vFkok cht :i esa izLrqr fd;k gS rks dHkh vFkZOkknds lkFk ,d le> ds :Ik esaA 'kkL=kksa dh i)fr laokn dh i)fr gSA tkuuk vuqHkwfr gS tks ladsrvFkok le> ls fu'p;r% fHkUu gSA vuqHkwfr dk iw.kZrk esa lEizs"k.k vlEHko gSA ;g vlEHkkouk oDrkds Lrj ij ugha izR;qr~ Jksrk ds Lrj dh gS] vr,o vuqHkwfrdrkZ ds laoknksa ds vk/kkj ij gh vFkZOkkndh jpuk dh x;h ftlls oS;fDrd vuqHkwfr dks loZtuhurk iznku dh tk ldsA 'kkL=kksa ls esjkvfHkizk; Jqfr;ksa ls gSA D;ksafd oLrqr% gekjs ikl tks dqN Kku&ijEijk esa miyC/k gS] mlesa HkhlokZfèkd Js"B Kku og gS] tks dgk x;k gSA tks dgk tkrk gS og oLrqr% O;fDrxr (Personal) gksrkgS] vuqHkwfrijd gksrk gSA mldk Jksrk lnSo Jo.k dk leFkZ vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA oDrk rFkk Jksrk dschp vUrjaxrk (Intimate Relation) gksrh gS tks lEizs"k.k ds fdlh vU; ek/;e esa lEHko ugha gSAgkyk¡fd rÙo dks dgus esa lnSo dqN ,slk gS] tks 'ks"k jg tkrk gSA ;g dFkuh;rk dh viuh lhekgS rFkkfi dguk] ladsr djuk gS rFkk ladsrksa ds vk/kkj ij tkuuk iqu% vuqHkwfrijdA tks fy[kk x;kgS] og voS;fDrd (Impersonal) gS] D;ksafd mlesa vf/kdkfj&Hksn lEHko ugha gSA og fdl ik=k dsfy, gS rFkk mlds fy[ks tkus ds ihNs D;k mn~ns'; vFkok Hkkouk gS] og Hkko lnSo vizkIr jg tkrkgSA

osnksa ds lkj dks mifu"knksa us laokn dh 'kSyh esa izLrqr fd;k rFkk Jqfr&ijEijk ls izkjEHk gqbZ;g okn&laokn dh oSpkfjdh Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds fofHkUu n'kZuksa esa dkykUrj esa n f"Vxkspj gksrh gSAvkpk;Z cknjk;.k us czãlw=k dh jpuk dj iwoZ esa lqLFkkfir leLr fpUruh;rk dks 545 lw=kksa esa fuc)fd;kA ;g fpUru&lexz dks ,df=kr djus (Philosophy as assembling) ds Øe esa Hkkjrh;n'kZu dks v{kq..k j[kus dk ,d lRiz;kl Fkk ftlds vk/kkj ij dkykUrj esa lw=k&jpuk dk ,d dkygh izkIr gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh ijEijk esa iwoZ dh oSpkfjdh Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud i)fr ds iqujH;klrd gh lhfer jghA gkyk¡fd mn;ukpk;Z vFkok eksVs rkSj ij U;k;&oS'ksf"kd ijEijk ds mi;ZUr thouo vfLrRo lEcU/kh n'kZu dh jpukRed oSpkfjdh dk lekiu gks x;k rFkk mÙkjdkyhu n'kZu]xzUFk&ijEijk ds oSpkfjd fo'ys"k.k o iks"k.k rd lhfer gks x;kA U;k; n'kZu dh oSpkfjdh esa okn&fookn vFkok 'kkL=kkFkZ dh izfof/k dk loksZRd "V o vfUre m)j.k izkIr gksrk gS tgk¡ v{kikn dsn f"Vdks.k esa lR; ds izkIR;FkZ rhu izdkj dh izfof/k;ksa dk mYys[k izkIr gksrk gS&okn] tYi rFkkfor.MkA U;k; n'kZu ds vUrxZr bls oknfo|k* ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA gkyk¡fd rkfdZd :ils n'kZu dh lajpukRed ijEijk ds dky dks jkekuqtkpk;Z rd foLr r fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldsmi;ZUr dh oSpkfjdh n'kZusrj vFkok HkfDr ds fodkl Øe esa jgL;okn esa ifj.kr gks x;h tgk¡rkfdZdrk o nk'kZfud LFkkiukvksa dk iVk{ksi gks x;k FkkA iqu% Jqfr&ijEijk rFkk Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh

'kks/k /kkjk 155

ijEijk dh iz.kkyh o i)fr esa izeq[kr;k vUrj fd;k tkuk vko';d gS fd 'kkL=kh;&ijEijk esa tgk¡bl iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx lR;kUos"k.k vFkok rÙofpUru gsrq Fkk ogha Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh oSpkfjdh esa blokn&laokn dh i)fr dk iz;ksx vkfLrd o ukfLrd lEiznk; ds chp rFkk dgha&dgha Lo;a dh ghfopkj/kkjk ds ifj"dj.k gsrq fd;k tkus yxk FkkA dfri; fopkjdksa rFkk oSpkfjd xzUFkksa dh 'kSyh esarks foi{kkfHker ds [k.MukFkZ iz;qDr ;g i)fr Lo;a foi{kh; vfHker ls vf/kd lE;d~] Li"V rFkkizHkkoiw.kZ O;k[;k ds :i esa n f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA loZn'kZulaxzg tSls xzUFk rFkk okpLifr feJ tSlsfopkjd fo}ku blds izd "Vre mnkgj.k gSaA

ledkyhu Hkkjrh; n'kZu izkphu vFkok 'kkL=kh; n'kZu ls Lo;a dks lEc) j[kus dk iz;klrks djrk gS ijUrq bl dky dh nk'kZfud oSpkfjdh esa lEokn rFkk foe'kZ dh i)fr dk yxHkx âklfn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, foosdkuUn ,oa egf"kZ vjfoUn us osnkUrh; n f"Vdks.k dkleUo;oknh Lo:i bl O;kogkfjd vFkZ esa izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tgk¡ vk/kqfud vFkZ esa osnkUrdk izLrqrhdj.k djrs gq, okn&fookn dh vUrghu lajpukRed rkfdZdrk dks 'kfer dj ewyr%vkn'kZokn rFkk oLrqokn ds chp ds vUrj dks foxfyr fd;k tk ldsA vkn'kZOkkn dks uohu ifj"d r<ax ls O;k[;kf;r djus ds bl miØe us jk"Vªh; LorU=krk ,oa jktuhfrd igpku ds vkUnksyu dksfpUrdksa ds Lrj ij ,d /kkfeZd vkUnksyu ds :i esa ifj.kr dj fn;kA johUnzukFk VSxksj] tks fdIndian Philosophical Congress ds izFke v/;{k Hkh Fks] us gkyk¡fd osnkUrh; iquizZorZu esa lgHkkfxrkugha dh rFkkfi mUgksaus vius izFke v/;{kh; Hkk"k.k Pathway to Mukti (1925) esa Hkkjrh; n'kZudh fn'kk dks nk'kZfud fo'ys"k.k rFkk lkSUn;Zehekalk ds la'ys"k.k dh vksj eksM+ fn;kA blh ifjizs{;esa izks0 ,0lh0 eq[kthZ us vkn'kZokn rFkk oLrqokn ds lUnHkZ esa foosdkuUn ,oa Jh vjfoUn d rla'ys"k.k dk iz;ksx laokfnrk rFkk lqlaxfr ds fl)kUr ds vkHkklh; }Sr ds la'ys"k.k gsrq fd;kA dqyfeykdj oSpkfjd rkSj ij mUgksaus Hkkjrh; ,oa ewyr% osnkUrh; nk'kZfud oxZ.kkvksa dks lUnfHkZr u djrsgq, Hkh mudk iz;ksx ik'pkR; n'kZu dh rRdkyhu nk'kZfud leL;kvksa ds ifjizs{; esa fd;k rFkkHkkjrh; n'kZu ds v/;srkvksa dks ,d uohu i)frxr vk;ke fn;kA bu leLr fpUrdksa ds Lo&Lovuqiz;klksa esa dgha vius mithO; dks iquthZfor djus dh pkg Fkh rks dgha uohu ekun.Mksa dks viuk,tkus dhA ijUrq ,d vU; leL;k ;g Fkh fd Hkk"kk ds rkSj ij bUgksaus vaxzsth dk gh iz;ksx fd;kAvaxzsth Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx ,d rks v&Hkkjrh; leqnk; ls Lo;a dks lEc) j[kus dk ek/;e Fkk rFkkvU;r% ;g Hkkjrh; laLd r&Kku&dks"k ds vk|ksikUr foe'kZ ls eqfDr dk vpwd mik; HkhA iqu%vaxzsth oLrqr% lEizs"k.k gsrq vUrjkZ"Vªh; ek/;e rks Fkh gh lkFk gh mifuos'koknh 'kfDr dh izrhd HkhAbl Hkk"kkxr LFkkukUrj.k ds iz;ksx us Hkkjrh; n'kZu&ijEijk dh vfxze lnh ds fu"ks/kkRed bfrgkldh jpuk dj nh FkhA

bl izdkj ds iz;ksx dk ,d vU; izeq[k dkj.k ;g Hkh Fkk fd ledkyhu fpUrdksa us izk;%viuh nk'kZfud i)fr ,oa Hkk"kk laLd r] ikfy] izkd r rFkk vU; cksfy;ksa dks U;wure O;ogk;Zrk ds :iesa ns[kk rFkk ik'pkR; n'kZu dh i)fr dks vaxhd r fd;k vFkok ml Hkkjrh; xos"k.kk dh i)fr dksvf/kd fodflr izfreku ds :i esa ns[kk ftls ik'pkR; fopkjd Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud izfof/k dk ;FkkFkZLo:i le>rs FksA laLd r Hkk"kk dh Kku&ijEijk ds {kj.k dk bl ifjizs{; esa cgqr vf/kd izHkko iM+kFkkA mifuos'koknh nkSj esa laLd r dh blh :X.k fLFkfr ds izfr viuh izfrfØ;k O;Dr djrs gq, 'ksYMu

'kks/k /kkjk 156

iksykWd dk dguk gS fd ^bl dky esa laLd r Hkk"kk esa of.kZr Kku iw.kZr;k 'kfDrghu gks x;k FkkA*,l0 ,u0 nklxqIrk us Hkh blh ifjfLFkfr&fo'ks"k ds lUnHkZ esa dgrs gS fd ^20oha lnh esa izkphuikjEifjd iz.kkyh o i)fr dk ikyu djus okys if.Mrksa dks Hkh ckS) rFkk tSu n'kZu dk Kku ughaFkk lkFk gh os Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh oSpkfjdh ls Hkh vifjfpr FksA ;fn dqN vioknksa dks NksM+ nsa rks osvius v/;;u dh lkexzh rFkk ifjiDo oSpkfjdh dks Hkh izk;% gh izdkf'kr djkrs Fks*A ,e0ih0 jht(M. P. Rege) us Hkh laLd r if.Mrksa rFkk vk/kqfud rdZ'kkfL=k;ksa ds chp laokn dh igy dh rFkk ik;kfd ^Hkkjrh; n'kZUk&ijEijk ,d c¡/kh gqbZ ifjf/k esa gh xfreku FkhA lHkh lEHkkfor iwoZi{kh; rdksZa dsfy, ogh iqjkus rdZ fn, tk jgs Fks rFkk fl)kUr&i{k ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh mUgha iqjkus rdksaZ dk vH;klfd;k x;k FkkA ;fn dqN ifjofrZr Fkk rks og rdksaZ dk izk:i Fkk lRo ughaA oLrqr% ledkyhuHkkjrh; fpUrdksa us Hkkjrh; n'kZUk rFkk lekt dh dfe;ksa dk ifj"dj.k u djrs gq, izkphu O;oLFkkdks yxHkx oSls gh cuk, j[kk Fkk rFkk mu dqjhfr;ksa dh fczfV'k fpUrdksa }kjk dh x;h leh{kk dks HkhrRdky mlh n f"Vdks.k ls viuk;k tSlk fd fczfV'k le>rs FksA izk;% egkRek xk¡/kh dh oSpkfjdh dqNblh izdkj dh n f"Vxkspj gksrh gS tcfd VSxksj bl lUnHkZ esa fHkUu er ds gSaA oLrqr% VSxksj us dHkhHkh fczfV'k uhfr;ksa dks Hkkjrh; lekt dh dfe;ksa ds fodYi ds rkSj ij ugha ns[kkA VSxksj us vk/kqfudjk"Vªokn rFkk lkekftd ewY;ksa dh lkFk&lkFk leh{kk dh rFkk nksuksa ds chp lnSo e/;e ekxZ dh uhfrdks viuk;kA

,d vU; rF; dk laf{kIrr% mYys[k fd;k tkuk ;gk¡ vko';d gS fd dfri; fopkjdksa usmifuos'koknh lUnHkZ esa rqyukRed oSpkfjdh dk :[k viuk;k FkkA rqyukRed n'kZu dh laHkkouk rFkkmi;ksfxrk dh igy ch0 ,u0 lhy us dh FkhA ftldk Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa vuqxeu MkW0 jk/kkd ".ku]ih0 Vh0 jktw rFkk ,0 lh0 eq[kthZ bR;kfn us fd;kA bl izdkj dh i)fr dks vaxhd r fd, tkusds ihNs mn~ns'; vUrlkZaLd frd n'kZu dh LFkkiuk ds ek/;e ls ikSoZR; o ik'pkR; oSpkfjd lkE;rkrFkk oSKkfud i)fr dh egÙkk dk izn'kZu FkkA gkyk¡fd ,0 lh0 eq[kthZ dh ijorhZ nk'kZfud jpukvksadks bl izdkj dh i)fr ls lEc) ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA gkyk¡fd bl rqyukRed i)fr dhLohdk;Zrk dk mn~ns'; uohu nk'kZfud laHkkoukvksa dh [kkst djuk rFkk xR;kRedrk dks cuk, j[kukgh Fkk rFkkfi bl i)fr dh Lohdk;Zrk us Hkh vUrr% izkphu Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud i)fr o foe'kZ dksLoHkkor% {kfr gh igq¡pk;hA

iqu% mifuos'koknh fopkj/kkjk ds izHkko dh LohdkjksfDr ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh fopkjdksa esa i;kZIreroSfHkU;rk FkhA mnkgj.k ds fy, egf"kZ vjfoUn rFkk vkuUn dqekjkLokeh tSls fopkjdksa dk ekuukFkk fd vkSifuosf'kd oSpkfjdh dk izHkko Hkkjrh; lekt o fpUru&/kkjk ij vf/kd xgu ugha FkkAbuds vuqlkj bl oSpkfjdh ls Hkkjrh; lekt o fpUru&/kkjk dh vkRek nwf"kr ugha gqbZ oju~ 'kjhjgh iw.kZr;k {kfrxzLr gqvk FkkA Jh vjfoUn ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; ekul vHkh Hkh iwoZ dh gh Hkk¡fr l'kDrFkk gkyk¡fd ;g {kfrxzLr] detksj rFkk fod r gks pqdk FkkA ,rf}ijhr izks0 n;kd ".k dk ekuuk Fkkfd mifuos'koknh gLr{ksi us Hkkjrh; n'kZUk rFkk Hkkjrh; tuekul dks iwjh rjg ls {kfrxzLr fd;kgSA blds nq"izHkko ls Hkkjrh; n'kZu dks iqjkrkfÙod vfHk#fp ,oa vuqlU/kku dk fo"k; ek=k cuk fn;kgSA blh vFkZ esa mUgksaus Hkkjrh; n'kZu dks e r ,oa eeh esa fyiVs gq, vo'ks"k ek=k* dh laKk ls vfHkfgrfd;k gSA ;fn bl ifjfLFkfr dks ledkyhu fopkjdksa ds }kjk iqu#Tthfor fd;k tkuk gS rks og

'kks/k /kkjk 157

ek=k bl vk/kkj ij gh lEHko gS fd izkphu Hkkjrh; ijEijk ds i)frxr vo'ks"kksa dks iqu% vaxhd rfd;k tk;A bls gh mUgksaus ‘Philosophy Proper' dh laKk nh gSA

mifuos'koknh fopkj/kkjk dk izHkko Hkkjrh; ijEijk ds fpUrdksa ij fdruk xgu Fkk ;g rF;bl fLFkfr dk vuqxeu djrk gS fd mifuos'koknh ewY;ksa dks ledkyhu o vk/kqfud fpUrdksa us fdlvFkZ o izdkj ls Lohdkj fd;kA ,l0,u0 nklxqIrk] dkfynkl HkV~Vkpk;Z rFkk ih0 Vh0 jktw vkfnfopkjdksa us U;wukf/kd :i esa mifuos'koknh fopkj/kkjk dh vfuok;Zrk ij cy fn;k rFkkfi tgk¡nklxqIrk us bl oSpkfjdh dh vko';drk dks le>k ogha dkfynkl HkV~Vkpk;Z us bldh dM+h leh{kkdhA gkyk¡fd lHkh ledkyhu fpUrd nklxqIrk dh Hkk¡fr vkSifuosf'kd fopkj/kkjk ds izfr vk'kkoknho O;ogkjoknh n f"Vdks.k ds ugha FksA buesa johUnzukFk VSxksj dk uke fo'ks"kr;k mYys[kuh; gSA VSxksjus Hkkjrh; lekt dh dfe;ksa dks Lohdkjrs gq, Hkh buds ewY;foghu gksus ds rFkkdfFkr vk{ksi dk[k.Mu fd;kA mifuos'koknh oSpkfjdh dks mUgksaus fonzwi] la{kkjd o fo?kkrd rÙo ds lkFk&lkFkviquyZH; vU/k rkdr dh oSpkfjdh ds :i esa ns[kkA blh izdkj dkfynkl HkV~Vkpk;Z us blfopkjèkkjk ds izHkkoksa ds vkyksd esa Hkkjrh; fpUru /kkjk ds iqu#Tthou gsrq vkRekoyksdu dhvko';drk ij cy fn;kA ,nfrfjDr ih0Vh0 jktw us ledkyhu fpUru ij fofHkUu pj.kksa esa iM+usokys blds izHkko dks n'kkZ;kA dqN fopkjdksa dh n f"V esa ik'pkR; ijEijk dk voxkgu gh Fkk tksHkkjrh; n'kZu iz.kkyh dks mldh rFkkdfFkr dwie.Mwdrk ls ckgj ykdj mls oSf'od fpUru/kkjk dkLFkku iznku dj ldrk FkkA bu fopkjdksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud i)fr o iz.kkyh le;o lekt dh O;ogk;Zrk ds n f"Vdks.k ls rFkk rkfdZdrk ds vHkko esa ;qxkuq:i ugha Fkh rFkk ik'pkR;izfof/k ij vk/k r gksdj gh ;g uohurk] fLFkjrk rFkk oSf'od igpku dks izkIr gks ldrh FkhA

dkykUrj esa vk/;kfRed psruk dh iqufoZospuk o LFkkiuk dk ;g iz;kl rkfdZdrk] ckSf)drk]oSKkfudrk o fo'ys"k.kkRed i)fr ds xos"k.kkRed lEizR;; esa ifjofrZr gks x;kA ftlds mnkgj.kds rkSj ij ch0 ds0 efryky rFkk tksuknZu xusjh tSls fopkjdksa us Hkkjrh; rdZ&i)fr fo'ks"kr;kU;k; o ehekalk'kkL=k dks ledkyhu ik'pkR; fo'ys"k.kkRed n'kZu ds ifjizs{; esa rqyukRed :i esans[kk rFkk ;g n'kkZus dk egÙoiw.kZ iz;kl fd;k fd Hkkjrh; n'kZu esa Hkh 'kCn&okD; ,oa txr dhikjLifjd laokfnrk dks vf/kfu;fer djus okys fl)kUrksa ls lEcfU/kr fpUru&'kSyh dk vHkko ughaFkkA ch0 ds0 efryky dk jpuk dk ;g lRiz;kl oLrqr% ik'pkR; nk'kZfud tsguj dks fn;k x;kizR;qÙkj Fkk ftudk ekuuk Fkk fd Hkkjrh; n'kZu esa jgL;kRedrk dk iqV vf/kd rFkk rkfdZdrk dkU;wure lekos'k ik;k tkrk gSA dqN blh izdkj dh foospuk dk iqV izks0 n;kd ".k dh oSPkkfjdh esaHkh n f"Vxkspj gksrk gS tgk¡ mUgksaus dkyZ ikWVj ds bl vfHker dk [k.Mu fd;k fd orZeku esa HkhHkkjrh; n'kZu eks{k ds n'kZu ls ,d:Ik gSA n;kd ".k us ;g Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k fd 12oha'krkCnh ls ysdj 17oha 'krkCnh rd ds Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk vHkh"V rdZ'kkL=k ds fodkl ls vfHkizsr gSAgkyk¡fd dkyZ ikWVj ls bl izdkj dh eroSfHkU;rk j[krs gq, Hkh dHkh&dHkh os bl vFkZ esa ikWVj lseè;e ekxZ ds Lrj ij ckrphr dks Hkh rS;kj gksrs gSaA ijUrq bl izdkj dh lqy>ko ds Lrj dhoSpkfjdh MkW0 jk/kkd ".ku rFkk ts0,u0 eksgUrh ds e/; ugha fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA tgk¡ MkW0 jk/kkd ".kuoSfnd fpUru/kkjk ls ysdj vkpk;Z 'kadj rd ds n'kZuksa esa vUrn Zf"V* dh egÙkk ij izdk'k Mkyrs gSarFkk fdlh Hkh rkfdZdrk ls bls mPpLrjh; nk'kZfud ek/;e ds :i esa foosfpr djrs gSaA bl lUnHkZ

'kks/k /kkjk 158

esa os ik'pkR; fopkjdksa esa czSMys] cxZlk¡] IysVks] vjLrw] nsdkrZ] fLiukstk rFkk ikLdy tSls fopkjdksads n'kZuksa esa vUrn Zf"V* fo"k;d foospuk dh Hkh ppkZ djrs gSaA egÙoiw.kZ rF; ;g gS fd izks0 eksgUrh]MkW0 jk/kkd ".ku ds lkFk gksus okys bl izR;{k foe'kZ esa mudk uke rd ugha ysrs gSaA blh izdkj dk,d vU; mnkgj.k dkfynkl HkV~Vkpk;Z rFkk nklxqIrk ds chp gksus okys foe'kZ esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSAnklxqIrk ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; n'kZu esa iqutZUe] deZ&fl)kUr rFkk eks{k dh vo/kkj.kk] ;s rhu ,sls:f<+oknh fl)kUr gSa ftUgksaus Hkkjrh; n'kZu dks uSfrdrk rFkk /keZ dk vuqlsoh cuk j[kk gSA dkfynklHkV~Vkpk;Z] nklxqIrk ds bl vk{ksi dk [k.Mu djrs gSa ijUrq mudk mYys[k ugha djrs gSaA dqN blhizdkj dh laokn i)fr ds mnkgj.k izks0 efryky rFkk tsguj] izks0 n;kd ".k rFkk ikWVj ds chp gksusokys foe'kksaZ esa Hkh izkIr gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ds foe'kZ ds mnkgj.k ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd fdl izdkjledkyhu fopkjd Hkkjrh; n'kZu&ijEijk ds [kf.Mr Hkkx dh Hkk¡fr izrhr gksrs gSa tks HkkSfrd :Ikls lfUudV gksrs gq, Hkh brus my>s gq, Fks fd os ijLij izR;{k lEizs"k.k ds ek/;e Hkh u cu ldsA

vUrr% bl izdkj ds 'kkL=kh; ifjn '; dk ledkyhu fpUru ls foxfyr gks tkus dk ,diz/kku dkj.k Hkkjrh; tuekul Hkh FkkA ikjEifjd fgUnw jhfr&fjoktksa rFkk dqjhfr;ksa ls vlEi Drtuekul rFkk caxkyh fgUnw ckSf)d oxZ us Hkh Hkkjrh; uotkxj.k dky esa viuh vfLerk dks igpkuusesa Ik;kZIr Hkwy dhA mUgksaus mifuos'kokn dks jktuhfrd ;kstuk ds rkSj ij Lohdkj fd;k tcfd ;gvkUrfjd :i ls lkaLd frd psruk rFkk eu%fLFkfr ij foijhr izHkko Mkyus esa vf/kd leFkZ fl)gqvkA lk=kZ tSls fopkjdksa dh Hkk¡fr gekjs vf/kdka'k ledkyhu fpUrdksa us Hkh mifuos'kokn ds ckávkoj.k dks gh igpkuk ijUrq os vk/kqfudrk (Modernity) dh vkUrfjd ;kstuk dks igpkuus ls pwdx,A ;FkkFkZr% ;g uohu fpUru/kkjk dk og vkosx Fkk ftlus ;wjksih; dkWijfudlh; ØkfUr dh Hkk¡frHkkjrh; tuekul dks vius ewy ls i Fkd gksus ds fy, oSKkfudrk] ekuorkokn o vk/kqfudrk tSlhlqn <+ oSpkfjdh dks izLrqr fd;kA oLrqr% vk/kqfudrk (Modernity) fdlh vfuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx lsizLQqfVr gksrh gS] lqn <+rk ds LFkku ij vlqj{kk dh ifjf/k ls Lo;a vkc) gksrh gS rFkk v'kDrrk ijdkcw ikus dh bPNk j[krh gSA oLrqr% ;g detksjksa dh fgalk dk Ik;kZ; gS tks nsdkrZ dh Hkk¡fr vlgk;fLFkfr esa fuf'prrk dh ;kpuk djrh gSA Lo;a ds ewy ls i Fkd gqbZ ;g ekufldrk nwljksa dh fujk'kkesa lgk;d gksus dk nkok djrh gS rFkk euksoSKkfud iz;Ru HkhA ;g mUgha LFkyksa rFkk lektksa esa viukfoLrkj dj ikrh gS tks viuh ekSfydrk vFkok LokHkkfod fuf'prrk [kks pqds gSaA oLrqr% fuf'prrkdh [kkst* dkj.k ugha] oju~ dk;Z gS ftldk dkj.k Lo;a dh ekSfyd dsfUnzdrk rFkk fuf'prrk dks[kks nsuk gSA ;g viuh dsfUnzdrk ls HkVdh gqbZ vkRek dh fuf'prrk dks ikus dh ykylk ek=k gSArÙokUos"k.k vFkok ^vkRekua fof)* rFkk vk/kqfudrk esa ,d izdkj dk lEcU/k ik;k tkrk gSA izFke dsdsUnzh; Hkko ls HkVdko] f}rh; vFkkZr~ vk/kqfudrk dh lEHkkouk dks tUe nsrk gS rFkk bl {kfriwfrZgsrq de ls de ,d fuf'prrk dh pkg j[krk gS Hkys gh og fuf'prrk ml ekSfyd rÙo ds vk|{kj‘ I" ls gh izkjEHk D;ksa u gksrh gksA

lUnHkZ ,oa fVIi.kh1. Tagore, R. (1925); "Pathway to Mukti," reprinted in N. Bhushan and Garfield (2011),

Indian Philosophy in English from Renaissance of Independence, Oxford UniversityPress, New York, P. 151-164.

'kks/k /kkjk 159

2. Bhushan, N., J. Garfield. (2008/2009); "Whose Voice? Whose Tongue? IndianPhilosophy in English from Renaissance to Independence," Journal of the IndianCouncil of Philosophical Research XXV: 2, pp 89-108.

3. Bhatacharya, Kalidas (1982); Traditional Indian Philosophy as Modern IndianThinkers View it. in S.S. Rama Rao Pappu and R. Puligandla (Eds.) Indian Philosophy:Past and Future, P. 173, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. Most of others who have donephilosophy in India since have more or less serviley accepted Western Philosophy,and that too as it was understood by the British thinkers.....

4. Pollock, Sheldon (2001); 'The Death of Sanskrit', Comparative Studies in Society andHistory 43(2): 431. In most disciplines Sanskrit knowledge proved completelypowerless in the face of its colonial counterpart s hardly open to dispute.

5. Dasgupta, S.N. (1982); Dogmas of Indian Philosphy, Philosophical Essays. MotilalBanarsidass, Delhi, P. 220. Even the best pundits of our age follow the old traditionalmethod, and are almost always profoundly ignorant of Buddhism and Jainism.

6. Krishna Daya, Rege, M.P., et. al. (eds.) Samvad : A Dialogue between two PhilosophicalTraditions, Indian Council of Philosophical Research, New Delhi, 1991. Indianphilosophy gives the impression of moving in a closed circle. ...the arguement whichcan be advanced in their support or for defending them against possible attacks arewell known.

7. Sri Aurobindo (1996) : The Brain of India, Vol. 3, Sri Aurobindo Birth Century Library,Sri Aurobindo library, Pondicherry, P. 15. The Indian brain is still in potentialitywhat it was; but it is being damaged, stunted and defaced.

8. Daya Krishna (1965); Three Conceptions of Indian Philosophy, Philosophy East andWest, Vol. 15, No. 1, University of Hawai Press, P. 37-51, Stable URL : http//www.jstor.org/stable/1397407

9. Fanon, Frantz (1961): The Wretched of the Earth, Grove Press, New York. NativeSociety is not simply described as a society lacking in values.... He is, let us dare toadmit, the enemy of values, and in the sense he is the absolute evil.

10. Dallmayr, Fred Reinhard (1996); Beyond Orientalism; Essays on Cress-CulturalEncounter, State University of New York Press, Albany, P. 136. Indian PhilosophicalTradition is "Philosophical" in he same sense as the Western Philosophical traditionis supposed to be.

11. Dasgupta, Suendranath (1941); Dogmas in Indian Philosophy, Philosophical Essays,University of Calcutta, Sree Saraswati Press Ltd. p.227-228

12. Bhattacharya, Kalidas (1982); Traditional Indian Philosophy as a Modern IndianThinker views It, Indian Philosophy; Past and Future, edited by S.S. Pappu RamaRao and R. Puligandla, Motilal Benarsidas, New Delhi, pp. 171-224.

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fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 160-164Sociology

LoPN Hkkjr LoLFk HkkjrMkW0 vtqZu feJk

,lksfl,V izksQslj] jktuhfr foKku] f'koifr ¼ih-th-½ dkyst] 'kksgjrx<+] fl)kFkZuxj] m0iz0¼izkIr % 03 tuojh 2018 ½

Abstract

LoLFk ru esa LoLFk eu gksrk gSA LoLFk ru ekuo dh vueksy laifRr gS] ftldh lqj{kk djus dhftEesnkjh lcls vf/kd Lo;a dh gSA fdlh ns'k ds ukxfjdksa ds LokLF; dks ns[kdj ml ns'k ds fodklds lac/k esa vanktk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA [kjkc LokLF; ds dkj.k ,d vksj dk;Z{kerk izHkkfor gksrh gSnwljh rjQ blds Bhd djus ds fy;s iSlk [kpZ djuk iM+rk gSA vLoPNrk ;k xanxh ds dkj.k cgqr lhchekfj;ka gksrh gSaA Hkkjr esa vLoPNrk ds dkj.k izfr o"kZ 53-8 vjc Mkyj dk uqdlku gks jgk gSA LoPNrkeuq";rk dk izFke fpUg gSA ge ftruk vf/kd LoPNrk ds djhc tkrs gSa] i'kqrk dk R;kx djrs gSaA gekjsizkphu _f"k&eqfu;ksa ,oa xka/kh us vkarfjd vkSj cká LoPNrk ij cy fn;k gSA u;s LoPN vkSj LoLFk Hkkjrdk ladYi ysdj orZeku ljdkj dh egRodka{kh ;kstuk ^LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku* esa ge lHkh dks lg;ksxdjuk pkfg,A LoPN vkSj LoLFk Hkkjr dk tu&tu rd lans'k igq¡pkdj&ns'k ds vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSjlkaLd frd fodkl esa lg;ksx djuk pkfg,A


Key Words : LokLF;] xanxh] vLoPNrk] chekjh] lkQ&lQkbZ] euq";rk] lH;rk] laLÑfr] /keZ] dqiks"k.k]xka/kh] fodkl] Hkkjar

LoLFk ru ekuo dh vueksy laifRr gSA mldh lqqj{kk djus dh lcls vf/kd ftEesnkjh Loa;dh gSA LoLFk ru es gh LoLFk eu gksrk gSA1 fdlh Hkh ns'k dh izxfr dk iSekuk ogka ds ukxfjdksa dkLokLF; gSA ns'k ds fodkl dks ns[kdj ;g vklkuh ls crk;k tk ldrk gS fd ogk¡ dk lekt LoLFkgS ;k fiNM+kA tks Hkh O;fDr] lekt o jk"Vª LokLF; dh n f"V ls fiNM+ tkrk gS og LokHkkfod :ils fodkl esa fiNM+ tkrk gSA ,sls lekt vkSj jk"Vª esa lkekftd thou ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk djuk HkhdfBu gSA LokLF; dk lh/kk lEcU/k dk;Z'kfDr ls gSA ;fn yksx LoLFk ugh gksaxs rks muds dk;Z djusdh {kerk de gksxhA de dk;Z{kerk ls dqy jk"Vªh; mRiknu de gksxkA dk;Z'kfDr dk lh/kklEcU/k jk"Vªh; mRiknu 'kfDr ls gSA bl izdkj jk"Vª ds fodkl ds fy;s ogk¡ ds ukxfjdksa dk LokLF;Bhd gksuk pkfg,A gj jk"Vª dk nkf;Ro gS fd og vius ukxfjdksa ds LokLF; dh j{kk djsA ,d rjQ[kjkc LokLF; ds dkj.k dk;Z&{kerk ?kVrh gS] nwljh rjQ LokLF; Bhd djus ds fy;s nok ij iSlk[kpZ djuk iM+rk gSA vi;kZIr LoPNrk ds ifj.kke Lo:i gj lky ns'k dk 53-8 vjc Mkyj dkuqdlku gks jgk gSA2 fudksyl vkslcVZ us 2017] flrEcj esa ,d dk;ZØe esa dgk Hkkjr ty ls gksusokyh chekfj;ksa dh Hkkjh dher pqdk jgk gSA ;g ckr mUgksaus fo'o cSad dh fjiksVZ ds vk/kkj ij dghAHkkjr dk ;g uqdlku mlds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼th0Mh0ih0½ dk 6-4 izfr'kr gSA

jksxxzLr@vLoLFk O;fDr fpM+fpM+k gks tkrk gS] volkn dk f'kdkj gks tkrk gS( ifj.kke

'kks/k /kkjk 161

Lo:i mlds lkekftd laca/k Hkh fcxM+ tkrs gSaA3 izk;% LoLFk gksus dk vFkZ chekj@'kkjhfjd jksxu gksus ls fy;k tkrk gS fdarq ;g lgh ugha gSA LoLFk O;fDr dk vFkZ 'kkjhfjd( ekufld o lkekftdrhuks :iksa esa LoLFk gksuk gSA fo'o LokLF; laxBu us LokLF; dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq;s dgk gS **LokLF;'kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj lkekftd dq'kyrk dh voLFkk gS] ;g dsoy jksxksa dh vuqifLFkfr ek=k lslacaf/kr ugha gSA**4 lfn;ksa rd ekuo ij egkekjh dk dgj <grk jgk vkSj yksx Kku&foKku ds vHkkoesa ;g ekurs jgs fd ;g egkekjh bZ'ojh; izdksi dk Qy gS] bZ'oj cqjs deZ dh ltk ns jgk gSAKku&foKku ds fodkl ls ;g irk pyk fd egkekjh dk dkj.k xanxh vkSj vkl&ikl ds NksVs&eksVstho&tarq] dhM+s&edksM+s gSaA lQkbZ ds izfr gekjh mnklhurk vkSj ykijokgh dk Qk;nk mBkdj pwgs]NNqUuj] frypV~Vk] fiIlw] eD[kh vkSj ePNj vkfn chekjh QSykrs gSaA

euq"; vkSj i'kq esa varj dk nks izeq[k vk/kkj gS& Hkk"kk vkSj LoPNrkA nwljs tho vius 'kjhjrFkk fuokl LFkku dks mruk LoPN ugha j[k ikrs ftruk vko';d gSA LoPNrk euq"; dk izkjfEHkdvfuok;Z xq.k gSA xanxh vkSj cncw dks ns[krs gh ge viuh ukd vkSj vka[k can djus yxrs gSa vFkkZr~xanxh ls euq"; LokHkkfod :i ls uQjr djrk gSA LoPNrk vkSj LokLF; dk lh/kk laca/k gSA tgkaxanxh jgrh gS ogka chekjh iyrh gSA tgka xanxh gksxh] lhyu gksxh] dwM+s dk <+sj gksxk] ey&ew=k lM+jgk gksxk] ukfy;k¡ dhpM+ ls Hkjh gksaxh( ogk¡ eD[kh] ePNj] [kVey] fiLlw mRiUu gksxkA ;fn nok vkfnfNM+dj mUgsa ekjk Hkh tk; rks vxys fnu iqu% iSnk gks tk;saxs vFkkZr~ xanxh gVk;s fcuk nok dkfNM+dko csdkj gSA fuokl LFkku ij ftruh xanxh jgsxh LokLF; dks mruk gh [krjk jgsxkA xanxhftruh ikl vkosxh vkx dh rjg mruh gh ?kkrd curh tk;sxhA5

vkpk;Z Jhjke 'kekZ LoPNrk dks euq";rk dk izFke fpUg ekurs gSaA mudk dguk gS fdLoPNrk dh vksj euq"; ftruk rRijrk ls vkxs c<+sxk ;g le>k tk;sxk fd og i'kqrk dks mrukgh NksM+ jgk gSA LoPNrk esa ekuork dk lEeku gSA6 QVs&iqjkus lkQ oL=k igus gq;s O;fDr dks Hkh]u;s xans oL=k igus O;fDr ls vf/kd lEeku feyrk gSA izk;% yksx xanxh ds fy;s le; dk vHkko]ukSdj dk u gksuk] ?kj ds vU; lnL;ksa dh :fp u gksus dk cgkuk cukrs gSaA mUgsa vkyL; ds dkj.kxanxh ugh v[kjrh] ?kj dh ukyh] fi'kkc ?kj] 'kkSpky;] Luku?kj dh xanxh ugha v[kjrhA mUgsaVwVh&QwVh csdkj oLrqvksa ij /kwy dh teh ijr ugha v[kjrhA ijarq ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd pksjogha izos'k djrk gS tgk¡ yksx cs[kcj gksrs gSaA tgka yksx tkxrs gSa] lrZd jgrs gSa] pksj dk izos'k u gksblds fy;s lko/kku jgrs gSa] ogka 'kk;n gh pksjh gksrh gSA ;gh ckr xanxh ds lanHkZ esa Hkh lgh gS( tksyksx mnklhu gksrs gaS muds ogka xanxh bdV~Bk gksrh tkrh gSA tks yksx xanxh cnkZ'r ugha djrs ogkaxanxh iSj ugha tek ikrhA tc rd 'osr jDr df.kdk;sa jksx dhVk.kq ls yM+us dks rS;kj jgrh gSa] rcrd chekjh iSj ugha tek ikrh] tc fucZy gks tkrh gS] jksx dhVk.kqvksa ls yM+us dh rRijrk de gkstkrh gS rks chekjh 'kjhj esa izos'k djus yxrh gSA blh izdkj xanxh ls yM+us dh rhoz izfrfØ;k tcrd gekjs LoHkko esa cuh jgrh gS rc rd mldk iSj fVduk laHko ugh gSA7

lQkbZ ekuoh; lH;rk ls tqM+h gSA eksgutksnM+ks dh [kqnkbZ ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 2000 o"kZiwoZ lQkbZ ds fy;s ukfy;ksa dk mi;ksx gksrk FkkA felz esa Hkh ukfy;ksa dk mi;ksx gksrk FkkA lHkh èkeZesa lQkbZ dk funsZ'k fn;k x;k gSA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd **lTturk ds ckn LoPNrk dk gh LFkkugSA** fgUnw /keZ eas 'kqfprk dk fo'ks"k LFkku gSA Hkkstu djus ls iwoZ Luku&/;ku djus dks dgk x;k

'kks/k /kkjk 162

gSA Luku djus ls xanxh lkQ gksrh gS] chekjh ls cpko gksrk gSA /kkfeZd LFkyksa ij twrk u igu djtkus ds ihNs Hkh ewy dkj.k lQkbZ gh gSA vkarfjd vkSj ckg~; LoPNrk ds fcuk bZ'oj dk lk{kkRdkjugha gks ldrkA jkepfjr ekul esa rqylhnkl dgrs gSa fd ftldk eu nwf"kr u gks ogh izHkq dks ikldrk gSA eu dh xanxh eksgs] diV vkSj Ny ds :i esa fn[krh gSA

fueZy eu tu lks eksfg ikokA eksgs diV Ny fNnz u HkkokAAxka/kh us Hkh HkkSfrd txr dh ckgjh LoPNrk ds lkFk vkarfjd LoPNrk dks vko';d crk;kA

mUgksaus dgk** esjh jk; esa ftl txg 'kjhj lQkbZ] ?kj lQkbZ vkSj xzke lQkbZ gks rFkk ;qDrkgkj vkSj;ksX; O;k;ke gks] ogk¡ de ls de chekjh gksrh gS vkSj vxj fpRr 'kqf) Hkh gks rc rks ;g dgk tkldrk gS fd chekjh vlaHko gks tkrh gSA jke uke ds fcuk fpRr 'kqf) ugha gks ldrhA vxj xzkeoklhbruh ckr le> tk,] rks mUgsa oS|] gdhe ;k MkWDVj dh t:jr u jg tk,A8

tc tkuoj Hkh vius cSBus ds LFkku dks Qw¡ddj] iw¡N ls lkQ dj cSBrk gS] fcYyh vius xanxhdks <+d nsrh gS rks ge LoPNrk ds izfr ykijokg jgdj chekfj;ksa dks D;ksa vkeaf=kr djrs gSa\ tcyksx 'kknh] fookg] tUefnu vkfn lekjksg ij yk[kksa [kpZ dj nsrs gSa rks 'kkSpky; cuokus ij [kpZD;ksa ugha djrs\ inkZ esa j[kus okyh viuh cgu&csVh&cgw dks [kqys es 'kkSp djus D;ksa Hkstrs gSa] tkschekfj;ka ykus ds lkFk] vU; gknls dk Hkh f'kdkj gks tkrh gSaA ;gka ij vkfFkZd vHkko ls vf/kd]lksp dk vHkko gSA dqN yksx xanxh ls rks ?k .kk djrs gSa ysfdu mls gVkus ls nwj Hkkxrs gSaA ;g ?k .kkdk dSlk rjhdk\ pksj ls ge ?k .kk djsa vkSj tc pksj vkos rks nwj [kM+s jgsa fQj pksj dSls HkkxsxkA9

xka/kh th us LoPNrk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k FkkA os viuk i[kkuk Lo;a lkQ djrs FksA lqcgmBdj vkJe dh lQkbZ djrs FksA vkJe esa jgus ds fy;s lQkbZ djuk vfuok;Z 'krZ FkhA os vkJeesa i<+us okys cPpksa dks Hkh lQkbZ ds fy;s izsfjr djrs FksA mUgksaus f'k{kk ij fopkj O;Dr djrs gq;sdgk fd tc cPpk nkar] thHk] ukd] dku] vka[k] flj] uk[kwu vkfn dks lkQ djus ds ckjs esa le>tk;s rks ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd cPps dh f'k{kk izkjEHk gks xbZ gSA mUgksaus xanxh ds fy;s Hkkjrh;ksadks QVdkj Hkh yxkbZA xanxh dks nqxqZ.k ekurs gq;s mlls gksus okyh chekfj;ksa ds izfr yksxksa dks lpsrfd;kA mUgksaus dgk fd **xk¡o ds ckgj vkSj vklikl bruh x¡nxh gksrh gS vkSj ogk¡ bruh cncw vkrhgS fd vDlj xk¡o esa tkus okys dks vk¡[k ew¡ndj vkSj ukd nckdj tkuk iM+rk gSA----- ftu tyk'k;ksaesa ifo=k gksus ds fopkj ls ge ugkrs gSa] muds ikuh dks fcxkM+us ;k xank djus esa gesa dksbZ fgpd ughagksrhA bl nqxqZ.k dk gh urhtk gS fd gekjs xk¡oksa dh vkSj gekjh ifo=k ufn;ksa ds ifo=k rVksa dhyTtktud nqnZ'kk vkSj xUnxh ls iSnk gksus okyh chekfj;k¡ gesa Hkksxuh iM+rh gSaA10** xka/kh ds dYiukds vkn'kZ xk¡o esa xanxh ds fy;s dksbZ LFkku ugha FkkA LoPNrk ij cy nsrs gq;s mUgksaus dgk fd xk¡oksdks bl rjg ls clkuk pkfg,] ftlls yksx fujksx jgsa] chekj u iM+saA >ksiM+h ;k edkuksa esa i;kZIrok;q vkSj jks'kuh igq¡puh pkfg,A11 mUgksaus fy[kk gS fd **esjs dkYifud nsgkr esa nsgkrh tM+ ugha gksxk& 'kq) pSrU; gksxkA og xanxh esa va/ksjs dejs esa tkuoj dh ftanxh clj ugha djsxk]------ ogk¡ u gStkgksxk] u Iysx gksxk] u pspd gksxhA12** mUgksaus yksxksa ls dgk fd os dqvksa vkSj uyksa ds vkl&ikllQkbZ j[kas] ftlls ihus okyk ikuh nwf"kr u gksA bl izdkj xka/kh us LoPNrk vkSj LokLF; esa laca/kLFkkfir djrs gq;s yksxksa dks xanxh ls nwj jgus dks dgkA

Hkkjr esa ,d rjQ tgk¡ vfunzk] cka>iu] dSalj] 'kqxj] ân; dh vlaØked chekfj;ksa ls tw>

'kks/k /kkjk 163

jgk gS ogha nwljh rjQ Vh0ch0] gStk] eysfj;k] dkyk Toj] Msaxw] Qkbysfj;k] Iysx tSlh laØkedchekfj;ksa ls tw> jgk gS] ftldk laca/k xanxh ls gSA ;fn LoPNrk dk /;ku j[kk tk; rks cgqr lhchekfj;ksa ls cpk tk ldrk gSA W.H.O }kjk tkjh fjiksVZ esa crk;k x;k gS fd nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k esa2012 esa laØked jksxksa ls ejus okyksa dk izfr'kr 40 Fkk] ogha Hkkjr esa ;g 41 izfr'kr FkkA13 flQZxanxh ds dkj.k Hkkjr eas 5 esa ls 1 cPpk ejrk gS] tks fo'o dh dqy ekSrksa dk 22 izfr'kr gSA14 dqiks"k.kdk dkj.k Hkh LoPNrk dk vHkko gSA ;wfulsQ ds 2013&14 ds loZ esa dgk x;k gS fd 5 lky ls demez ds 29-5 izfr'kr cPpksa dk otu lkekU; ls de gSaA15 blesa ls vf/kd la[;k >qXxh >ksifM+;ksadh gS] tgk¡ LoPNrk dk vkHkko gSA

vk;qosZnkpk;Z ,l0,l0 fo'okfe=k ds vuqlkj 'kjhj xank jgus ij peZjksx] Ropk jksx] ;ksfujksx] ekufld fod fr] xqIrkax jksx gksu yxrk gSA16 lkQ&lQkbZ ds vHkko esa iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esaefgykvksa esa vf/kd chekfj;k¡ gksrh gSaA fo'ks"kdj ew=k ls laØe.k] Y;wdksfj;k vkfnA vLoPNrk dsdkj.k efgykvksa esa gkeksZUl dk vlarqyu gks tkrk gS] ftlls fofHkUu chekfj;ksa dh vk'kadk c<+ tkrhgSA ekfld /keZ esa LoPN iSM ds vHkko esa fd'kksfj;ksa o efgykvksa es laØe.k dk [krjk c<+ tkrk gSAfiNys dqN n'kdksa esa vLoPNrk ls eysfj;k] Msxw] Vh0ch0 ls cM+h la[;k esa yksx ejsA 2007&11 esaeysfj;k ls 13&16 yk[k yksx izHkkfor jgsA 2012 esa Msaxw ls 47029 yksx izHkkfor jgs rFkk 242 yksxejsA bafM;u dkSafly vkQ esfMdy fjlpZ dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa 20&30 yk[k yksx izfro"kZVh0ch0 ls izHkkfor gksrs gSa] tks bl chekjh ds oSf'od ejhtkas dk 26 izfr'kr gSA izfr o"kZ 3 yk[k yksxblls ejrs gSaA17 ,d xzke ey esa 10]000]000 fo"kk.kq] 1000]000 cSfDVfj;k vkSj 1]000 ijthoh flLVgksrs gSaA bl vkdMs+ ls [kqys esa 'kkSp ds nq"izHkko dk lgt vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA

mi;qZDr fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd gj euq"; dks O;fDrxr vkSj lkoZtfud lQkbZ ij /;kunsuk pkfg,] ftlls og LoLF; jgsA O;fDrxr lQkbZ dk vFkZ gS& flj ¼cky½ dh lQkbZ] vka[k] dku]ukd ]eqag dh lQkbZ] Ropk dh lQkbZ] uk[kwu dh lQkbZ] tuukaxksa dh lQkbZ] 'kkSp ds ckn rFkk [kkuk[kkus ds iwoZ gkFk dh lQkbZ ¼lkcqu ls½A ;fn ge fu;fer Luku djsaxs rks Ropk jksx&QksM+k&QqUlh][kqtyh] nkn] [kkt vkfn ugha gksxkA fu;fer cky /kksus ls :lh] [kqtyh] twa] ugha gksxhA nksuksa le;fu;fer cz'k djus ls nkarksa esa xM~<k ugha gksxk] nkar ugha lM+saxs] ik;fj;k ugha gksxkA eq¡g ugha cncwdjsxkA vka[k lkQ j[kus ls vka[k dh chekjh ugha gksxh] dku lkQ djus ls dku esa [kqtyh vkfn ughagksxkA le;≤ ij uk[kwu dkVus ls isV esa xanxh ugha tk;sxhA [kqys esa ey R;kx u djus ls dbZchekfj;ksa ls cpk tk ldsxk] b/kj&m/kj u Fkwdus ls xanxh u djus ls [kkalh] Vh0ch0] ck;jy Qhojvkfn dk QSyko ugha gksxkA

LoPNrk vkSj LokLF; dh ppkZ djus ij bldk lh/kk vFkZ lM+d ij >kMw yxkuk vkSj'kkSpky; fuekZ.k ls fy;k tkrk gSA LoPNrk }kjk LoLFk jgus ds fy;s ges LoPN i;kZIr ikuh pkfg,Ablfy, ihus ds ikuh dk j[k&j[kko Bhd <ax ls gksuk pkfg,A crZukas dks Bhd <ax ls /kks;k tk;Atks vfrfjDr ikuh gks ;k xank ikuh gks mldk mfpr fucVku gksuk pkfg,A ekuo ey o dpjs dklgh <+ax ls fucVku gksuk pkfg,A LoPNrk ds lkFk rktk Hkkstu xzg.k djuk pkfg,A vius ?kj dslkFk&lkFk] vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k dks LoPN j[kk tk;sA W.H.O ds vuqlkj Hkkjr es chekjh dsdkj.k izR;sd ukxfjd dks 6500 :i;s dk uqdlku mBkuk iM+rk gSA18 chekjh esa vkVks fjD'kk okyk

'kks/k /kkjk 164

vkVks fjD'kk ugha pykrk] v[kckj okyk isij ugha ckaVrkA bl uqdlku dks ge viuh xanxh dh vknresa lq/kkj ykdj de dj ldrs gSa ;k lekIr dj ldrs gSaA u;s LoPN vkSj LoLFk Hkkjr ds fuekZ.kdk ladYi ysdj ljdkj dh egRodka{kh ;kstuk LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku esa lg;ksx djuk gksxkA iwjsfo'o esa Hkkjr dh xanxh okyh Nfo dks cnyuk gekjk jk"Vªh; /keZ gSA blls i;ZVd vkdf"kZr gksaxs vkSjns'k dh vk; c<+sxhA LoPNrk dh uhfr viukdj Loa; LoLFk jgrs gq;s ns'k ds lkaLd frd] lkekftd]vkfFkZd fodkl esa lg;ksx djuk gksxkA *u xanxh djsaxs u xanxh djus nsaxs^ ds fl)kUr ij pydjLoPN Hkkjr LoLFk Hkkjr dk lans'k tu&tu rd igq¡pkuk gksxkA

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2- www.livehalchal.com, 19 flrEcj 20173- jksx vkSj LokLF; esa dsoy 'kkjhfjd fo'ks"krk gh ugha tqM+h gS( cfYd mlesa lkekftd] lkaLd frd ,oa

vkfFkZd rRo Hkh vUrfuZfgr gSA gks ldrk gS fd jksx dh mRifr dh izfØ;k 'kkjhfjd ,oa izkd frd gksa fdarqmlds izlkj esa lkekftd] lkaLd frd o vkfFkZd vk;ke tqM+s gksrs gSaA jksxxzLr O;fDr dh 'kkjhfjddetksjh ls tgk¡ dke djus dh {kerk esa {kh.krk vkrh gS( 'kkjhfjd o ekufld d"V feyrk gS( vU;O;fDr;ksa ds lkekftd O;ogkj izHkkfor gksrs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i O;fDrxr( lkEiznkf;d] lkekftd ,oalaLFkkxr fgrksa dks uqdlku igq¡prk gS ;k uqdlku igq¡pus dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in, chapter1 , i0&1

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gfj}kj] iqujko fRr 2015] i 0 36- ogha] i 0 4 7- ogha] i 0 6&7 8- ;kstuk] tuojh 20159- fV0 5] i 0 710- xka/kh th] jpukRed dk;ZØe] uothou izdk'ku efUnj] vgenkckn] iqueZqnz.k 2014] i 0 24&2511- xka/khth] loksZn;] laiknd] Hkkjru~] dqekjIik] uothou VªLV izdk'ku efUnj] vgenkckn] iqueZqnz.k 2009]

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ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696SHODH-DHARA ; March 2018; Vol. 1; P. 165-169Education

Introduction: Jainism is the world’s oldest religion. Sometimes lord Mahaveeracalled Jainism’s founder, but that is not true. He only revived this ancient way oflife rather than originate a new religion. Jainism had brought changes in thesocial religious atmosphere of India. It enriched the Indian culture by contributingits valuable principle.

Jainism is closely connected to Buddhism in terms of their principles. LordMahaveera and Buddha were contemporaries and their teachings share somesimilarities like non violence, reincarnation still both are different. Jainism cameinto existence long before than Buddhism. Jain’s are concerned with the welfareof every being in the universe and with universe itself. That is why it promotesthe welfare of environment. Jainism is forbidden to unplug the flowers or evenleaf because this philosophy believes that plants also feel the same as we. Theydeny working in forestry because it involves cutting trees. Jainism does not allowto waste excess water because water also has life; if we waste it then we will killthe entire organism living in it and this act will be against the principles of ‘Liveand Let Live’.

This religion is not only benefiting our life but also our environment. Itshowers its jewels over many aspects of Indian culture like political, social, andenvironmental etc. Jainism has made a number of significant contributions to

LIVE AND LET LIVE; SIGNIFICANCE OF JAINISMDr. Shailja Gupta

Asso. Prof., Deptt. of Teacher Education, Dayanand Vedic College, Orai, U.P.¼Received : 08 Jan 2018½

AbstractRecent events lead to dissatisfaction with increasing insecurity and its impact

on society. In the present scenario people believe and accept the need of non violenceas a powerful mean to bring the social change. In modern time, non violent methodof action became an important weapon for social protest and social revolution. Inthe present scenario people are facing the problem of war, terrorism, cold war,violence, molestation, humiliation, female foeticide, indiscipline and many othercivil crimes like the domestic violence, dowry, making more money by illegal waysetc. So it is of utmost importance to revise the Jain principles to bring the worldpeace. People are running for money by hook and crook. At the present time peopleneed mental peace. By over viewing the above mentioned problems people need tofollow the path of teerthankara. So this study leads to exposure of precious teachingsof Jain lords.


Key words : Live, Let Live, Jainism

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Indian society, culture, political and other sphere of lives. Jainism emphasizes onequality of men and women and they reject cast system. These are two example ofJain influence on India’s social sphere. They also made a significant contributionsin the field of education, Jainism have tolerant attitude so they mix and coexistedwith other religion easily.

Jainism has three guiding principle called the ‘three jewels; are right belief(Samyak darshan), right knowledge (Samyak gyan) and right conduct (Samyakcharitra). The main and the most valuable contribution of Jainism are in the fieldof literature. Its contribution in the language is uncountable. Many investigationseven by the foreigners have been done based on its language and style used inwriting literature. This gave international recognition to the Indian literature.Jain literature was written in Ardha-Magadhi language and Prakrit (Samayasaarwritten by Acharya Kund-kund swami). The regional languages were enriched byJainism. 7Furthermore, the Jaina texts like ‘Anga’ Upanga’, Kalpastra’,Uttaradhyayanasutra’ etc. were also written in Sanskrit. Thus the Indian literaturealso grew due to the Jainism literature.

Mahaveera gave the principle of ‘Live and Let Live’ or non violence. Heemphasized that all living creature share the same life as we have, even plantsand water also have life. So we should not waste water or unplug the flower, orleaf unnecessarily. Live and allow others to live; hurt no- one; life is dear to allliving beings even water and plants also. Just I dislike the pain so the plants alsodislike the pain that is cut the tree or unplug the flower etc. This principle of nonviolence largely influenced the Indian history. Even a great leader like MahatmaGandhi followed the principle of non violence and got freedom by ousting theBritish from India.

Jainism also gave its valuable contribution in the Indian politics. Thereare so many rulers were the great follower of this religion. They made and alsocontributed for the enrichment of Indian art. The great Chandragupta Mauryabecame the famous follower of Jainism and Jain monk in Shravanbelgola(Karnataka). The mighty emperor Mahameghavahan Aira Kharavela became andevotee of Mahaveera. We can see their contribution in the field of art and sculpturein south region mostly. At Shravanbelgola the idol of Bahubali bhagvan (son offirst tirthankara of Jain religion, Rishabhdeva) is the unique example of Indianrich art. This idol is made up of only one stone and 57.65 feet long situated at thehill. This idol was made by the emperor Chamundrai to fulfill his mothers’ wish(archeological survey of India, Karnataka government). All these sculpture havegreat value to archeological department.CONTRIBUTION OF JAINAS TO SOCIETY- Tirthankara Mahaveera createda new era of hope and aspiration. It brings a successful social change for society.Jainas made a remarkable contribution in the social field. The significance of

'kks/k /kkjk 167

Jainism from a social point of view is briefly discussed here-(1) Social Equality- Jainas principles are very useful in establishment ofsocial equality. In vedic period, the society was composed of four classes: Brahman, Kshatriya,Vaishya, and Shudra. They were originated by the creator called Brahma.

Tirthankara Mahaveera also recognized the division of society into four classesbut based on profession or activities carried out by the people not on the basis ofbirth. He gave full freedom to all including women and the shudras. In this wayTirthankara Mahaveera gave equal opportunities to everybody; irrespective of hisclass or birth. All classes were considered as equal importance. All classes were equaland not neglected. They are free to follow any profession, they liked.

Thus the Tirthankara Mahaveera‘s principles have great social impact.The principle of social equality among the classes was finally established.

Jainism had improved the condition of shudras. Shudras were denied all rights,deprived of education, subjected to inhuman treatment and assigned the lowestposition in society. Obviously, Tirthankara Mahaveera‘s principles proved a greatsolace to the shudras (Adi Purana, sixteen chapter p-360). This resulted in therise of social status of the deprived people. Thus it broke the barriers of caste andclass. These principles promoted feelings of the social unity and brotherhoodaround the world.(2) Education And Emancipation Of Women. Another contribution ofJainism in the social field was in the direction of raising the status of women. Itwas believed to avoid seeing women, shudras, dead body etc. Thus practicallywomen had no place in society as they were neglected and degraded by the people.Thirthankara Mahaveera did not make any distinction between male and female.The householders are called sravakas and the female householders are termed assravikas. Both are quite free for adopting any religion.

Chandana; sister of Trishladevi (Mahaveera’s mother) assumed theposition of head of the sadhvies. In this way Tirthankara Mahaveera effectedemancipation of women by giving them similar opportunities like men to achievehighest objectives in life.(3) Emphasis On Female Education- In education female were givingequal treatment with the males. Even in ancient time women were impartingeducation. The first Tirthankara Rishabhdev had educated His two daughters,Brahmi and Sundari. He taught that a learned lady also occupies the highestposition in the society. According to Jaina’s tradition women were expected toknow 64 arts, which includes dancing, painting, music, medicine, science,mathematics etc. due to this high quality of education received by women, manyof them choose the teaching profession and remain unmarried throughout theirlife. Even today the data reveals that highly educated women found in this religion.The literacy rate of women is very high in Jain religion. It is approximately 99.9%.

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We can hardly find an illiterate woman in this religion.(4) Emphasis On Non Violence- Jainism has become synonymous of ahinsaor non violence. All the 23 Tirthankara preceeding Tirthankara Mahaveerapreached the significance of ahinsa. The principles of Jain religion have beenbased on the solid foundation of ahinsa or non violence or non injury to livingbeings. The principles of non injury were extended to cover all creatures on theearth. This religion is based on the fact that no one likes pain even animals orplants. Jain Tirthankara advocate non violence is of three kinds: first one isphysical violence, which covered killing, wounding and causing any physical pain,second is violence in words or speech consisted in using hard words, and third ismental violence, which implied bearing ill- feeling towards others.

He made it clear that violence or injury should be avoided in above threeways. It is only Jainism and Buddhism that teach the people of country about nonviolence and inefficiency of sacrificial animals.

Thus Tirthankara Mahaveera emphasized the basic fact that every livingbeing has its own dignity and therefore we must respect it as we expect to ourselves.He also emphasized that life is sacred irrespective of species, caste, color, creed ornationality on this basis He advocated the principle of “Live and Let Live”.(5) Respect To All Religion i.e. Anekantvada- Jaina acharyas never triedto prove that other religion are false. He propounded the principles of anekantvadai.e. many sideness. One event has so many aspects; it is impossible to know allaspects for one person. It is believes that other religions also have some truthfrom their point of view. Human beings have limited knowledge. That is whydifferent doctrines are inadequate, because they present only one-sided view oftruth not the whole. Religious tolerance is the characteristic of Jaina ideology aspropounded by Tirthankara Mahaveera.

Sometime Anekantvada is taken as synonym of Syadvada. But there isdifference between these two. Anekantvada is a part of metaphysics. It discussabout elements which are jeev, ajeev, bandh, aashrav, sambar, nirjara, and moksha;while syadvada is a relative principle of knowledge and a part of epistemology. It isprinciple of understanding all the aspects of any object relatively, and expressingit in an objective manner through words. Objects are changeable and have so manyproperties. Truth can only be realized by many attitudes or aspects or many pointof view. The whole truth cannot be realized only by considering one view. We haveto consider all the aspect of object.

Syat does not mean shayad or perhaps or it is not shanshyavada (doubtness).Acharya Mahaveera Prasad Dwivedi said that actually people who explainSyadvada as shanshyavada really don’t know what Syadvada is. They did not studythe original literature of Jainism. Syat is a Sanskrit word which means a particularstatement is a view or attitude of a one person; it is not a doubtful statement.

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Professor Mahendra Kumar has explained Syadvada clearly in his literature‘Jaindarshan Kriti’.

This principle is relevant for social religious equality and for developingsocial values, and tolerance.(6) Encouragement To Social Welfare- Jain Tirthankara stronglyadvocated that concept of ahinsa should not be confined only to the avoidance ofinjury to living beings of different categories but should be consistently applied inthe direction of increasing the welfare of all living beings. They always advised tothe people to bear good intentions about the prosperity of others, to show activeinterest in the welfare of the needy persons.

This positive encouragement to social welfare activities has been the mostuseful and noteworthy contribution of Jainism to Indian culture.Conclusion and suggestions-Jainism provide a more moral code for modernpeople like to avoid violence, pride, lies, rage, jealousy and anger etc. Jainism hasenriched the cultural tradition of India in many respects. Jainism has played asignificant role in the field of language and literature, art and architechture. Thehuge statue Bahubali Bhagwan known as Gommteshwar situated atShravanbelgola (Karnataka); is a marvel by itself. Jains also built cave temple atUdaygiri and Ellora and the Dilwara temples of Mount Abu are beautiful exampleof Jain architecture and sculpture.

In the above paper we have looked at the various aspects of Jainism whichare not only beneficial for Jain but also non- Jain community. Short term aim ofthese principles leads to live a moral and satisfying life in modern era. In thepresent scenario every country has to spend a good amount of money inmaintaining the defense affair but, if every person will follow these paths thenthere is no need to spend such amount and this amount can be used in thedevelopment of social welfare and humanity. If one applies these principles in his/her daily life then one can get inner peace and happiness of mind in real sense.By following these paths one will acts with caution to avoid harm to others. Hewill be free from ill-feeling towards others and this will definitely help to leadfriendly behavior to all people. Lord Mahaveera said to have compassion towardsall living beings. Hatred leads destruction. A wise person does not kill, nor causeothers to kill, nor consent to the killing by others.

This attitude of mind is perhaps more necessary today than ever before.REFERENCES

1 Acharya Jinsena- Adi Purana ( part first).2 Dundas, Paul (2003), Jainism and Buddhism.3 Dinkar, Ramdhari Singh- Sanskriti ke char adhayay.4 Jinendra Varni- Shanti Path Pradarshan.5 Jainworld.com6 Fasharward.edu

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ch-,M- izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fRr ,oaewY;ksa dk v/;;u

;ksxs'k dqekj iky'kks/kkFkhZ] f'k{kd f'k{kk foHkkx] n;kuUn oSfnd dkyst] mjbZ] m0iz0

MkW0 jkts'k ikyhokyvfl0izks0] f'k{kd f'k{kk foHkkx] n;kuan oSfnd dkWyst] mjbZ] m0iz0


Abstract

izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa ^ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fRr ,oa ewY;kas dkv/;;u** fd;k x;k gSA izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa dsoy egkRek xk¡/kh dk'kh fo|kihB fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klhls lEc)] ehjtkiqj] tuin ds foRrh; lgk;rk izkIr ,oa LofoRriksf"kr f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksaesa izf'k{k.kjr~ 100 ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks U;kn'kZ ds :i esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA midj.k ds :iesa MkW0 ,l0,y0 pksiM+k }kjk fufeZr ^^f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fRr ekiu gsrq lwph** ,oa MkW0 ,0vczkge ,oa MkW0 vkj0 iUr }kjk fufeZr ^laosnuk dk ewY; ekiuh** dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vk¡dM+kas dsfo'ys"k.k ,oa fu"d"kZ izkIr djus ds fy, lg&lEcU/k xq.kkad ,oa Vh&VsLV lkaf[;dh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kgSA ifjdYiukvkas ds vuqlkj fu"d"kZ fudyk x;k fd] ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfrvfHko fRr esa vUrj gS] foRriksf"kr egkfo|ky;kas esa v/;;ujr~ f'k{k.kkfFkZ;kas esa /kkfeZd] LokLF;] lkSUn;kZRedewY; mPp rFkk LofoRriksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa vkfFkZd ewY;] KkukRed ewY; ,oa 'kfDr ewY; mPp tcfdnksuksa egkfo|ky;ksa ds ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkekftd] yksdrkaf=d ,oa ikfjokfjd izfr"Bk ewY; esalekurk ikbZ x;h] foRriksf"kr ,oa LofoRriksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.kO;olk; ds izfr vfHko fRr ,oa /kkfeZd ewY;] LokLF; ewY;] lkSUn;Z ewY;] vkfFkZd ewY; ,oa ikfjokfjdizfr"Bk ewY; ds e/; vR;Ur fuEu /kukRed lg&lEcU/k ik;k x;k cfYd lkekftd ewY;] yksdrkaf=d ewY;]KkukRed ewY; ,oa 'kfDr ewY; ds e/; vR;Ur fuEu _.kkRed lg&lEcU/k ik;k x;k] foRriksf"kr ,oaLofoRriksf"kr egkfo|ky;kas esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds /kkfeZd] lkekftd] LokLF;] yksdrkaf=d] lkSUn;kZRed]vkfFkZd] KkukRed] 'kfDr ,oa ikfjokfjd izfr"Bk ewY; esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS] lkFkZdrk ds Lrj dkfuèkkZfjr eku -05 ,oa -01 ls rqyuk dh x;h gSA


Key Words : f'k{k.k O;olk;] losZ{k.k fof/k] ;kn fPNd izfrp;u] vfHko fRr ,oa ewY;A

izLrkouk&orZeku f'k{kk dk eq[; mn~ns'; lekt dh vko';drkvksa vkSj vkdk¡{kkvksa ds vuq:i ckyd

ds O;ogkj dks ifjekftZr djuk gSA O;ogkj ds fofHkUu vo;oksa esa vfHko fRr;k¡ viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkkuj[krh gSaA f'k{kk ,d f=kHkqth izfØ;k gS] ftlesa mn~ns';ksa ls lEcfU/kr ikB~;Øe fo|kFkhZ ,oa f'k{kdds e/; vUr%fØ;k gksrh gSA f'k{kk ds mn~ns'; lekt dh vko';drk dks iw.kZ djus dk iz;kl djrs

'kks/k /kkjk 171

gSaA f'k{kk dh izfØ;k esa f'k"; xq: ds izfr lefiZr gksdj vius dks lekt esa jgus ;ksX; cukrk gS]viuh thfodk pykus ds fy, vkRefuHkZj cukus dk iz;kl djrk gSA oqM fMLiSp ¼1954½ esa f'k{kdksadks izf'k{k.k ,oa f'k{kk ds egRo ij cy fn;k x;k gSA oqM fMLiSp us f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dkrqyukRed v/;;u ij vius fopkj fn;sA bl fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj vuqnku nsus ds fy, ,d u;s fl)kUrdks tUe fn;kA vuqnku nsus dk vk/kkj fdlh Ldwy izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh ek=kk dks ekuk x;kA bldsifj.kke Lo:i izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh ek¡x c<+hA blh dkj.k f'k{kdksa ds izf'k{k.k dks vf/kd egRrkfeyhA vfHko fRr dk fuekZ.k ml oLrq ds izfr tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA ,d dq'ky f'k{kd vPNsNk=k ,oa ukxfjd dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA f'k{kd okLro esa ,slk dkjhxj gksrk gS ftlds gkaFkksa ls gh ns'kdh ^uhao* dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ,d dq'ky f'k{kd gh fdlh ns'k dks mUufr ds f'k[kj ij ys tkus esal{ke gksrk gSA

tcfd blds foijhr ,d vdq'ky ,oa :Xu O;fDrRo dk f'k{kd fdlh Hkh ns'k dks voufrds }kj ij ys tkrk gSA ,d f'k{kd viuk dk;Z iw.kZfu"Bk] yxu ,oa ifjJe ls djrs gq, ;ksX; Hkkohih<+h dk fuekZ.k dj lds vkSj dyk dks mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;kasfd ;g rks tUetkr gksrhgSA ,d f'k{kd tks jk"Vª fuekZrk gksrk gSA jk"Vª esa fofHkUu ekuoh; ewY;ksa tSls n;k] d:.kk] lg;ksx]lkSUn;kZRedrk] ekr Ro] lkeatL;] lknxh] ferO;f;rk lg&vfLrRo dh Hkkouk ,oa izse dk gksukvR;Ur vko';d gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa n;k dks lkekftd thou dk vk/kkj crk;k x;k gSA vr%,d f'k{kd esa f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fRr esa /kukRed] _.kkRed rFkk /kkfeZd] lkekftd]LokLF;] yksdrkaf=kd] lkSUn;kZRed] vkfFkZd] KkukRed] 'kfDr ,oa ikfjokfjd izfr"Bk tSls ewY; dhHkkouk ds }kjk muds f'k{k.k O;olk; ds vfHko fRr dks ldkjkRed :i iznku dj ldrh gS ftlds}kjk og fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fcuk Hksn&Hkko ds dq'kyrk gks ldrk gSA ;g tkuus ds fy, 'kks/kkFkhZ us ch0,M~0izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr v/;;u djus dk iz;kl fd;kAv/;;u dh vko';drk ,oa egRo&

,d f'k{kd fdlh Hkh ns'k eas f'k{kk :ih ra=k ds lapkyu esa ,d /kqjh ds :i esa dk;Z djrkgSA ,d vPNs O;fDrRo ds fy, ,oa O;fDr ds vUnj LoLF; vfHko fRr ,oa vPNs ewY;ksa dk gksukvko';d gSA D;ksafd budk izHkko mlds O;fDrRo ij iM+rk gSA jk;] ch0,u0 ¼1980½ us dgk fd ,dO;fDr f'k{k.k ds fy, mi;qDr okrkoj.k rHkh fu;fer dj ldrk gS] tc og Lo;a ekU; ,oa LFkkfiriw.kZ vfHko fRr ,oa ewY;kas ds izfr iw.kZr% lefiZr gksA ,d f'k{kd vius drZO; dks fdl izdkj fuHkkldrk gSA ;g bl y{; ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd mlds fo"k; lEcU/kh Kku o mldh v/;kiu ;ksX;rkdk Lrj dSlk gS\ mldh vfHko fRr ,oa fo'okl dk Lrj dSlk gS\ vius O;olk; ds izfr ldkjkRedvfHko fRr u j[kus dh n'kk esa O;fDr vius drZO;ksa ,oa nkf;Roksa dk vuqikyu izHkkoh :i ls ugha djikrk gSA vr% is'ks ls lEcfU/kr ftEesnkfj;ksa dks fuHkkus ds fy, ml is'ks ds izfr ldkjkRed vfHko fRrds lkFk&lkFk mPp ewY; dk gksuk vko';d gSA xqIrk] ehjk ¼2010½ us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd izHkkoh ,oavizHkkoh f'k{kdksa esa f'k{kk ds izfr vfHko fRr esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA f=kosnh jkfguh ih0 ¼2012½us v/;;u fd;k fd izkFkfed ,oa ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa esa f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fRr

'kks/k /kkjk 172

esa lkFkZd izHkko ik;k x;kA bUnkSfj;k] fxjhtk ¼2015½ us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd dLrwjck xk¡/khmPp izkFkfed fo|ky; dh ckfydkvksa ds vkRefo'okl] lek;kstu ,oa ekuoh; ewY;ksa esa dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gSA iadt] vfer dqekj ¼2015½ us v/;;u esa ik;k fd mPp izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds fgUnh ek/;e ,oa vaxzsth ek/;e ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa LFkkfir uSfrd ewY;ksa esa lekurk ik;h x;hA v/;kiu dsf'k{k.k dks fofHkUu euksoSKkfud dkj.k izHkkfor djrs gSa tSls&vfHko fRr f'k{k.k ds izfr :fp larqf"V]ewY; vkfnA izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa v/;;ujr Nk=kksa ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu] euksoSKkfudksa pjksa ij 'kks/kdk;Z gq, gS tks vfHko fRr ,oa ewY;ksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSa tSls jk;] ch0,u0 ¼1980½] xqIrk] ehjk ¼2010½]f=kosnh jkfguh ¼2012½ bUnkSfj;k] fxjtk ¼2015½ iadt] vfer dqekj ¼2015½ vkfnA ysfdu ch0,M~0izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{kk O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fRr ,oa ewY;ksa ij euksoSKkfud n f"V ls 'kks/kijd~ v/;;u ugha fd;k x;k gSA vr% bldh vko';drk dks n f"Vxr ns[krs gq, 'kks/kdRrkZ }kjk izLrqr fo"k;dks 'kks/k v/;;u ds fy, pquk x;k gSA ftlesa ;g ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd ch0,M~0izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fRr ,oa ewY;ksa esa D;k lEcU/k gSa\ izLrqr f'k{k.kdk;ZØeksa] f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa] vfHko fRr ,oa ewY;ksa ds lEcU/k esa egRoiw.kZ ,ao izkalfxd fl) gksxkA

mi;qZDr leL;kvksa dks ysdj 'kks/kkFkhZ ds eu esa bl fo"k; dks ysdj y?kq 'kks/k dk;Z djus dhvko';drk ,oa egRo eglwl gqbZA blfy, 'kks/kkFkhZ us ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;kas dh f'k{k.k O;olk; dsizfr vfHko fRr ,oa ewY;ksa dk v/;;u ij 'kks/k dk;Z djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSAleL;k dFku& ^ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk ,oa ewY;ksa dk v/;;uA**leL;k dFku ds vUrxZr vk;s inksa dk ifjHkk"khdj.kAch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkFkhZ&ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ls rkRi;Z egkRek xk¡/kh dk'kh fo|kihB fo'ofo|ky;]okjk.klh ls lEc) ehjtkiqj tuin ds vUrxZr vkus okys egkfo|ky; ¼foRriksf"kr ,oa LofoRriksf"kr½esa v/;;ujr~~ ch0,M~ izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ls gSAf'k{k.k O;olk;& fdlh Hkh laLFkk esa izkpk;Z ds ckn f'k{kd dk LFkku eq[; gksrk gS] vr% izf'k{k.k iw.kZdjds tc og iw.kZr% f'k{kd cu tkrk gS vkSj thfodksiktZu gsrq f'k{k.k dk;Z djrk gS] rc og f'k{k.kO;olk; ds vFkZ esa tkuk tkrk gSAvfHko fRr&

vfHko fRr vuqHkoksa ds }kjk O;ofLFkr og izo fRr gS tks fd ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed ls fdlheuksoSKkfud inkFkZ dks djus dk izkd frd :>ku ;k O;fDr dh tUetkr dk;Z djus dh izo fRr ghvfHko fRr gSAewY;&

ewY; O;fDr dh vkUrfjd 'kfDr ;k bPNk gS tks mls deZ djus dh izsj.kk nsrh gS vkSj mldsthou i)fr dks fu/kkZfjr djds O;fDrRo dk fodkl djrh gSA'kks/k v/;;u ds mn~ns';1- ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk dk v/;;u djukA2- ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr ewY; dk v/;;u djukA

'kks/k /kkjk 173

3- ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk ,oa ewY;ksa ds e/; v/;;u djukA4- foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k

O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA5- foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k

O;olk; ds izfr ewY; dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA'kks/k v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk,¡1- ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA2- ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr ewY;ksa esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA3- ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk ,oa ewY;ksa ds e/; dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj

ugha gSA4- foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr

vfHko fÙk esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gSA5- foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr

ewY; esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gSAv/;;u dk ifjlhekadu%1- izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa dsoy egkRek xk¡/kh dk'kh fo|kihB fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh ls lEc)]

ehjtkiqj tuin ds foÙkh; lgk;rk izkIr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa esaizf'k{k.kjr~ ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

2- izLrqr 'kks/k esa 100 ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ¼50 foÙkiksf"kr ,oa 50 LofoÙkiksf"kr½ dks izfrn'kZ ds:i esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

leL;k ls lEcfU/kr v/;;u %&xqIrk] ehjk ¼2010½- us mPp ek/;fed Lrj ij f'k{k.k esa izHkkoh ,oavizHkkoh f'k{kdksa dh vfHko fÙk rFkk O;fDrRo dk rqyukRed v/;;u fd;k vkSj fu"d"kZ fudyk fdizHkkoh ,oa vizHkkoh f'k{kdksa esa O;kolkf;d n f"V ls dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha ik;k x;kA dkSj] gjizhr¼2013½ us 'kkldh; ,oa v'kkldh; foKku f'k{kdksa dh vfHko fÙk ,oa mudh opuc)rk dk mudsO;fDrRo ij izHkko dk v/;;u 'kh"kZd ij 'kks/k dk;Z fd;k x;k vkSj fu"d"kZ fudyk fd O;fDrRof'k{kdksa dh vfHko fÙk dks lkFkZd :i ls izHkkfor djrk gSA• lh- fnO;k ¼2014½ us ,VhV~;wM vkWQ VhplZ VwoMZl ns;j izksQs'ku ,.M ,MfefuLVªs'ku ukedfo"k; ij v/;;u fd;k x;k vkSj fu"d"kZ fudyk fd iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa esa f'k{k.k O;olk; dsizfr leku vfHko fÙk ik;h x;hA dqekj] v'ouh ¼2010½- us oafpr fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ewY;ksa dk rqyukRedv/;;u fd;k vkSj fu"d"kZ fudyk fd fiNM+h tkfr ds mPp oafpr fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa laoS/kkfud ewY; fuEuoafpr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vis{kk fuEu gSA

xqIrk] eqds'k dqekj ¼2013½ us ^mPp izkFkfed Lrj ds f'k{kdksa dh vfHko fÙk] ekufld ;ksX;rk,oa ewY;ksa dk mudh f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk ds fu/kkZjd ds lanHkZ esa v/;;u esa ik;k fd mPp izkFkfedLrj ds vf/kd izHkko'kkyh f'k{kdksa ds ewY;ksa ds r rh; vk;ke& ^lkSUn;kZRed ewY;* dh ek=kk de

'kks/k /kkjk 174

izHkko'kkyh f'k{kdksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ikbZ x;hA bUnkSfj;k] fxjhtk ¼2015½ us ^^'ks[kkokVh {ks=k dhdLrwjck xk¡/kh vkoklh; fo|ky;ksa dh ckfydkvksa ds vkRefo'okl] lek;kstu ,oa ekuoh; ewY;ksa dkrqyukRed v/;;u esa ik;k fd >qa>quwa ftys dh dLrwjck xk¡/kh mPp izkFkfed fo|ky; dh ckfydkvksads vkRefo'okl] lek;kstu ,oa ekuoh; ewY;ksa esa dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gSA'kks/k fof/k &

'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk vius mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k gSAizfrn'kZ &

'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk izfrn'kZ p;u ds fy, ^;kn fPNd izfrp;u fof/k* dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS rFkk100 ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks izfrn'kZ ds :i esa pquk x;k gSAmidj.k &vfHko fRr &

izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa MkW0 ,l0,y0 pksiM+k }kjk fufeZr ^f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fRrekiu gsrq lwph** dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSAewY; & izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa MkW0 vfer vczkge ,oa MkW0 jf'e iUr }kjk fufeZr ^^f'k{k.k O;olk;ds izfr laosnuk dk ewY; ekiuh** dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSAiznRrksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa ifj.kkeksa dk vkaf'kd fu"d"kZ %ifjdYiuk&¼1½ ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

lkj.kh la0 1

1- $2-01 ls vf/kd A Most Favourable 5 22- $1-26 ls $2-00 B Highly Favourable 31 203- $0-51 ls $1-25 C Above Average Favourable 11 264- &0-50 ls $0-50 D Average/Moderate Positive 4 25- &0-51 ls &1-25 E Unfavourable 0 06- &1-26 ls &2-00 F Highly Unfavourable 0 07- &2-01 ls de G Most Unfavourable 0 0

izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd foÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksaesa f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr mPp vfHko fÙk ik;h x;h tcfd LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vkSlr vfHko fÙk ik;h x;hA

vr% ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk esa vUrj gSA

Ø-la- tsM&eku xzsM f'k{k.k O;olk;ds izfr vfHko fÙk

foÙkiksf"kregkfo|ky;ksa ds

ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksadh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds

izfr vfHko fÙk

LofoÙkiksf"kregkfo|ky;ksa ds

ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksadh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds

izfr vfHko fÙk

'kks/k /kkjk 175

Ø-la- ewY; foÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa ds ch0,M~0izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk;

ds izfr ewY;

LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dsch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh

f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr ewY;

ifjdYiuk&¼2½ ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr ewY;ksa esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAlkj.kh la0 2

1- /kkfeZd ewY; 19-02 18-022- lkekftd ewY; 30-64 30-043- LokLF; ewY; 30-74 28-864- yksdrkaf=kd ewY; 29-40 29-105- lkSUn;kZRed ewY; 25-76 23-366- vkfFkZd ewY; 24-62 25-267- KkukRed ewY; 31-84 32-308- 'kfDr ewY; 22-38 24-089- ikfjokkfjd izfr"Bk ewY; 25-90 25-70

izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ls Kkr gS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ ch0,M~0izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa /kkfeZd] LokLF; ,oa lkSUn;kZRed ewY; mPp ik;s x;s rFkk LofoRriksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksaesa v/;;ujr~ ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa us vkfFkZd ewY;] KkukRed ewY; ,oa 'kfDr ewY; mPp ik;s x;stcfd nksuksa egkfo|ky;ksa ds ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkekftd] yksdrkaf=kd ,oa ikfjokfjd izfr"BkewY; esa lekurk ikbZ x;hAifjdYiuk&¼3½ ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk ,oa ewY; ds e/;

dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAlkj.kh la0 3

1- /kkfeZd ewY; 0-0369 vR;Ur fuEu /kukRed lg&lEcU/k2- lkekftd ewY; &0-0076 vR;Ur fuEu _.kkRed lg&lEcU/k3- LokLF; ewY; 0-1004 vR;Ur fuEu /kukRed lg&lEcU/k4- yksdrkaf=kd ewY; &0-0864 vR;Ur fuEu _.kkRed lg&lEcU/k5- lkSUn;kZRed ewY; 0-1275 vR;Ur fuEu /kukRed lg&lEcU/k6- vkfFkZd ewY; 0-0297 vR;Ur fuEu /kukRed lg&lEcU/k7- KkukRed ewY; &0-0365 vR;Ur fuEu _.kkRed lg&lEcU/k8- 'kfDr ewY; &0-0018 vR;Ur fuEu _.kkRed lg&lEcU/k9- ikfjokfjd izfr"Bk ewY; 0-0471 vR;Ur fuEu /kukRed lg&lEcU/k

Ø-la- f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk,oa ewY; ds e/; lEcU/k

lg&lEcU/kxq.kkad

lg&lEcU/k xq.kkad dh'kkfCnd O;k[;k

'kks/k /kkjk 176

izkIr vk¡dM+ks ls Kkr gS fd ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fRr ,oa/kkfeZd ewY;] LokLF; ewY;] lkSUn;Z ewY;] vkfFkZd ewY; ,oa ikfjokfjd izfr"Bk ewY; ds e/; vR;UrfuEu /kukRed lglEcU/k ik;k x;k tcfd lkekftd ewY;] yksdrkaf=kd ewY;] KkukRed ewY; ,oa'kfDr ewY; ds e/; vR;Ur fuEu _.kkRed lglEcU/k ik;k x;kAifjdYiuk&¼4½ foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k

O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk eas lkFkZd vUrj gSArkfydk la[;k&4

1 foÙkiksf"kregkfo|ky; 50 19.02 2.16

2 LofoÙkiksf"kregkfo|ky; 50 18.20 2.05

izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ls Kkr gS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksadh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk dk Vh&eku 2-14 gS tks fd -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij Lok;Ùkrkva'k 00 ds fy, fn;s x;s lkj.kh eku 2-63 ls de gS vr% e/;eku dk vUrj mDr lkFkZdrk Lrjij vlkFkZd gS vkSj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd r gksrh gS ,oa -05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij Lo;Rrrk va'k lsvf/kd gSA vr% e/;eku dk vUrj mDr lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Lohd r gksrhgSA fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksaesa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk esa lkFkZd vUrj gSAifjdYiuk&¼5½ foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds f'k{k.k

O;olk; ds izfr ewY;ksa esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAifjdYiuk 5¼d½ foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.kO;olk; ds izfr /kkfeZd ewY; esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSArkfydk la[;k&5 ¼d½

foÙkiksf"kregkfo|ky; 50 27.24 4.85

LofoÙkiksf"kregkfo|ky; 50 28.02 6.36

izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0

Ø-la- lewg la[;k¼N½

e/;eku¼M½

Ekkudfopyu¼SD½

e/;ekuksa dkvUrj

¼M1~ M2)

ekud=kqfV

¼SED)

ifj.kkeVh&ijh{k.k¼t-test)

0.82 0.421 2.14

lkFkZd<.05-(1.98)

vlkFkZd< .01.(2.63)

ewY; lewg la[;k¼N½

e/;eku¼M½

Ekkudfopyu¼SD½

e/;ekuksa dkvUrj

¼M1~ M2)

ekud=kqfV

¼SED)


0.78 1.13 0.689

vlkFkZd<.05-(1.98)vlkFkZd

< .01.(2.63)/kkfeZd e

wY;

'kks/k /kkjk 177

izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh /kkfeZd ewY; dk Vh&eku 0-689 gS tks fd 0-05 ,oa 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ijLok;Ùkrk va'k 00 ds fy, fn;s x;s lkj.kh eku 1-98 ,oa 2-63 ls de gSA vr% e/;eku dk vUrjmDr lkFkZdrk Lrj ij vlkFkZd gS vkSj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd r gksrh gSA fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrkgS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds /kkfeZd ewY; esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAifjdYiuk 5¼[k½& foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dslkekftd ewY; esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

rkfydk la[;k&5¼[k½

izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr lkekftd ewY; dk Vh&eku 0-655 gS tks fd -05 ,oa-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij Lok;Ùkrk va'k 00 ds fy, fn;s x;s lkj.kh eku 1-98 ,oa 2-63 ls de gSA vr%e/;eku dk vUrj mDr lkFkZdrk Lrj ij vlkFkZd gS vkSj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd r gksrh gSAfu"d"kZrk dgk tk ldrk gS fd foRriksf"kr ,oa LofoRriksf"kr egkfo|ky;kas esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksads lkekftd ewY; esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA vFkkZr~ nksuksa esa leku lkekftd ewY; fufgr gSAifjdYiuk 5¼x½ &foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds LokLF;ewY; esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ls Kkr gS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksadh LokLF; ewY; dk Vh&eku 2-31 gS tks fd 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij Lok;Ùkrk va'k 00 ds fy, fn;sx;s lkj.kh eku 2-63 ls de gSA vr% e/;eku dk vUrj mDr lkFkZdrk Lrj ij vlkFkZd gS vkSj


e/;eku¼M½

Ekkudfopyu¼SD½

e/;ekuksa dkvUrj

¼M1~ M2)

ekud=kqfV

¼SED)


0.60 0.915 0.655


< .01.(2.63)lkekft

d ewY

; foÙkiksf"kregkfo|ky;LofoÙkiksf"kregkfo|ky;

50 30.64 4.14

50 30.04 4.98


e/;eku¼M½

Ekkudfopyu¼SD½

e/;ekuksa dkvUrj

¼M1~ M2)

ekud=kqfV

¼SED)


1.88 0.813 2.31

vlkFkZd<.05-(1.98)

lkFkZd< .01.(2.63)Lo

kLF;

ewY; foÙkiksf"kr

egkfo|ky;LofoÙkiksf"kregkfo|ky;

50 30.74 3.93

50 28.86 4.20

'kks/k /kkjk 178

'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd r gksrh gSA fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij foÙkiksf"kr,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds LokLF; ewY; esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ughagSA

ifjdYiuk 5¼?k½& foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dsYkksdrkaf=kd ewY; esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

rkfydk la[;k&5 ¼?k½

izkIr vk¡dM+kas ls Kkr gksrk gS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Ykksdrkaf=kd ewY; dk Vh&eku 0-362 gS tks fd 0-05 ,oa 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ijLok;Ùkrk va'k 00 ds fy, fn;s x;s lkj.kh eku 1-98 ,oa 2-63 ls de gSA vr% e/;eku dk vUrjmDr lkFkZdrk Lrj ij vlkFkZd gS vkSj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd r gksrh gSA fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrkgS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds Ykksdrkaf=kd ewY; esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gS] vFkkZr~ leku yksdrkaf=kd ewY; fufgr gSA

ifjdYiuk 5¼³½& foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dsLkkSUn;kZRed ewY; esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA

rkfydk la[;k&5 ¼M+½

izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh LkkSUn;kZRed ewY; dk Vh&eku 2-66 gS tks fd -05 ,oa -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ijLok;Ùkrk va'k 00 ds fy, fn;s x;s lkj.kh eku 1-98 ,oa 2-63 ls vf/kd gSA vr% e/;eku dk vUrj


e/;eku¼M½

Ekkudfopyu¼SD½

e/;ekuksa dkvUrj

¼M1~ M2)

ekud=kqfV

¼SED)


0.30 0.828 0.362


< .01.(2.63)yksdr

kaf=kd

ewY; foÙkiksf"kr


50 29.40 3.75

50 29.10 4.50


e/;eku¼M½

Ekkudfopyu¼SD½

e/;ekuksa dkvUrj

¼M1~ M2)

ekud=kqfV

¼SED)


2.40 0.900 2.66

lkFkZd<.05-(1.98)

lkFkZd< .01.(2.63)lk

SUn;kZRe

d ewY


50 25.76 3.76

50 23.36 5.14

'kks/k /kkjk 179

mDr lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkFkZd gS vkSj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Lohd r gksrh gSA fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrkgS fd foÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds LkkSUn;kZRed ewY; LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksaesa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh vis{kk mPp ik;k x;kA blfy, lkSUn;kZRed ewY; esa vUrj gSA

ifjdYiuk 5¼p½&foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dsvkfFkZd ewY; esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

rkfydk la[;k&5 ¼p½

izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksadh vkfFkZd ewY; dk Vh&eku 0-676 gS tks fd -05 ,oa -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij Lok;Ùkrk va'k 00 dsfy, fn;s x;s lkj.kh eku 1-98 ,oa 2-63 ls de gS vr% e/;eku dk vUrj mDr lkFkZdrk Lrj ijvlkFkZd gS vkSj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd r gksrh gSA fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oaLofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkfFkZd ewY; esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

ifjdYiuk 5¼N½& foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dsKkukRed ewY; esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

rkfydk la[;k&5¼N½

izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh KkukRed ewY; dk Vh&eku 0-533 gS tks fd -05 ,oa -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ijLok;Ùkrk va'k 00 ds fy, fn;s x;s lkj.kh eku 1-98 ,oa 2-63 ls de gS vr% e/;eku dk vUrjmDr lkFkZdrk Lrj ij vlkFkZd gS vkSj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd r gksrh gSA fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrkgS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds KkukRed ewY; esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA


e/;eku¼M½

Ekkudfopyu¼SD½

e/;ekuksa dkvUrj

¼M1~M2)

ekud=kqfV

¼SED)


0.64 0.946 0.676


< .01.(2.63)vkfFkZd

ewY; foÙkiksf"kr


50 24.62 4.45

50 25.26 5.00


e/;eku¼M½

Ekkudfopyu¼SD½

e/;ekuksa dkvUrj

¼M1~ M2)

ekud=kqfV

¼SED)


0.46 0.862 0.533


< .01.(2.63)KkukRe

d ewY


50 31.84 4.04

50 32.30 4.57

'kks/k /kkjk 180

ifjdYiuk 5¼t½&foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds 'kfDrewY; esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

rkfydk la[;k&5 ¼t½

izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksadh 'kfDr ewY; dk Vh&eku 1-59 gS tks fd -05 ,oa -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij Lok;Ùkrk va'k 00 ds fy,fn;s x;s lkj.kh eku 1-98 ,oa 2-63 ls de gSA vr% e/;eku dk vUrj mDr lkFkZdrk Lrj ijvlkFkZd gS vkSj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd r gksrh gSA fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oaLofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds 'kfDr ewY; esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

ifjdYiuk 5¼>½&foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dsikfjokfjd izfr"Bk ewY; esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

rkfydk la[;k& 5¼>½

izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh ikfjokfjd izfr"Bk ewY; dk Vh&eku 0-193 gS tks fd -05 ,oa -01 lkFkZdrk Lrjij Lok;Ùkrk va'k 00 ds fy, fn;s x;s lkj.kh eku 1-98 ,oa 2-63 ls de gS( vr% e/;eku dk vUrjmDr lkFkZdrk Lrj ij vlkFkZd gS vkSj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd r gksrh gSA fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrkgS fd foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds ikfjokfjd izfr"Bk ewY;esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAfu"d"kZ&1- ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko fÙk esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA


e/;eku¼M½

Ekkudfopyu¼SD½

e/;ekuksa dkvUrj

¼M1~ M2)

ekud=kqfV

¼SED)


1.70 1.07 1.59


< .01.(2.63)'kfDr

ewY; foÙkiksf"kr


50 22.38 5.31

50 24.08 5.39


e/;eku¼M½

Ekkudfopyu¼SD½

e/;ekuksa dkvUrj

¼M1~ M2)

ekud=kqfV

¼SED)


0.200 1.03 0.193


< .01.(2.63)

ikfjokfjd

izfr"Bk e

wY; foÙkiksf"kregkfo|ky;LofoÙkiksf"kregkfo|ky;

50 25.90 4.16

50 25.70 6.01

'kks/k /kkjk 181

2- foÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa /kkfeZd] LokLF; ,oa lkSUn;kZRedewY; mPp ik;s x;s rFkk LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr~ ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esavkfFkZd ewY;] KkukRed ewY; ,oa 'kfDr ewY; mPp ik;k x;s tcfd nksuksa egkfo|ky;ksa dsch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkekftd] yksdrkaf=kd ,oa ikfjokfjd izfr"Bk ewY; esa lekurk ik;hx;hA

3- foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfrvfHko fÙk ,oa /kkfeZd ewY;] LokLF; ewY;] lkSUn;kZRed ewY;] vkfFkZd ewY; ,oa ikfjokfjd izfr"BkewY; ds e/; vR;Ur fuEu /kukRed lg&lEcU/k ik;k x;k tcfd lkekftd ewY;] yksdrkaf=kdewY;] KkukRed ewY; ,oa 'kfDr ewY; ds e/; vR;Ur fuEu _.kkRed lg&lEcU/k ik;k x;kA

4- foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds /kkfeZd ewY; esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

5- foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkekftd ewY; esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gS vFkkZr~ nksuksa esa leku lkekftd ewY; fufgr gSA

6- 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dsLokLF; ewY; esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

7- foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds Ykksdrkaf=kd ewY; esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gS vFkkZr leku yksdrkaf=kd ewY; fufgr gSA

8- foÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds LkkSUn;kZRed ewY; LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksaesa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh vis{kk mPp ik;k x;kA

9- foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkfFkZd ewY; esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

10- foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds KkukRed ewY; esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

11- foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds 'kfDr ewY; esa dksbZlkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

12- foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds ikfjokfjd izfr"Bk ewY;esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

13- vr% fu"d"kZr% foÙkiksf"kr ,oa LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa ch0,M~0 izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds ewY;ksa esadksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

lanHkZ1- mik/;k;] izfrHkk ¼2005½( Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh mnh;eku izo fRr;ka] bykgkckn % 'kkjnk iqLrd HkouA2-• vksM],y0 ds0 ¼2008½( f'k{kk dh nk'kZfud i "BHkwfe] t;iqj % fganh xzaFk vdkneh t;iqj A3- dqekj] vt; ¼2013½( ,VhV~;wM VwoMZ Vhfpax izksQs'ku bu fjys'ku Vw ,MtsLVesUV ,eax lhfu;j lsds.Mªh

Ldwyh VhplZ] bUVjus'kuy tuZy vkWQ lkbal ,.M fjlpZ] ISSN (Online) : 2319-7064, pp. 830-833, www.ijsr.net

'kks/k /kkjk 182

4- dkSj] gjizhr ¼2013½ us 'kkldh; ,oa v'kkldh; foKku f'k{kdksa dh vfHko fÙk ,oa mudh opuc)rk dkmuds O;fDrRo ij izHkko dk v/;;u] ih-,p-Mh0 'kks/k izcU/k ¼f'k{kk'kkL=k½] iatkc fo'ofo|ky;A

5- xqIrk] eatw ¼2007½( Hkkjr esa f'k{kk] ubZ fnYyh % ds,lds ifCy'klZ ,aM fMLVªhC;wVlZA6-• xqIrk] ,l0 ih0 ¼2009½( vk/kqfud ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu] bykgkckn % 'kkjnk iqLrd HkouA7- xqIrk] ,l0 ih0 ¼2010½( mPprj f'k{kk euksfoKku] bykgkckn % 'kkjnk iqLrd HkouA8- xqIrk] ehjk ¼2010½( mPp ek/;fed Lrj ij f'k{k.k esa izHkkoh ,oa vizHkkoh f'k{kdksa dh vfHko fÙk rFkk

O;fDrRo dk rqyukRed v/;;u] 'kks/k izcU/k ¼f'k{kk'kkL=k½] thokth fo'ofo|ky;] Xokfy;j ¼e0iz0½9- xSjsV bZ0 gsujh ¼1948½( f'k{kk euksfoKku esa lkaf[;dh ds iz;ksx] yqf/k;kuk % dY;k.kh ifCy'klZA10- ikBd] ihMh ¼1905½( f'k{kk euksfoKku esa lkaf[;dh ds iz;ksx] yqf/k;kuk % dY;k.k ifCy'klZA11- ik.Ms] vkj ,l ¼1983½( f'k{kk n'kZu] vkxjk % fouksn iqLrd eafnjA12- ik.Ms] vkj0 ,l0 ¼2003½( f'k{kk esa uokpkj ,oa rduhfd] y[kuÅ % vkyksd izdk'kuA13- ik.Ms vkj0 ,l0 ¼2003½( Hkkjrh; f'k{kk lelkekftd leL;k;sa] vkxjk % fouksn iqLrd eafnjA14- ik.Ms] ,l0 ¼1986½( thou ewY;] mn;iqj % vkj-bZ-vkbZ-bZ-vkj-Vh- ifCyds'kuA15-•cktis;h ,ych ¼2003½( f'k{kk esa uokpkj o rduhdh] bykgkckn % vkyksd izdk'kuA16 HkVukxj ] lqjs'k ¼2003½( vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; f'k{kk] esjB % vkj yky cqd fMiksA17-•Hkkouk ¼2005½( nsoh ikVu ds ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dh ÅtkZ f'k{kk ds izfr vfHko fÙk dks izHkkfor

djus okys dkjdksa ,oa ;ksX;rk O;fDrRo fo'ks"krkvksa ds lEcU/k dk v/;;u] 'kks/k izcU/k ¼f'k{kk'kkL=k½] MkW0jkeeuksgj yksfg;k vo/k fo'ofo|ky;] QStkckn] m0iz0

18- ekFkqj] ,l0,l0 ¼2009½( f'k{kk euksfoKku] vkxjk 2 % vxzoky izdk'kuA19- feJ] t;'kadj ¼1999½( izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd bfrgkl] iVuk % fcgkj fganh xazFk vdknehA20• yky] jeu fcgkjh ¼2002½( f'k{kk fl)kar] esjB % jLrksxh ifCyds'kUlA21-•'kekZ] ,u0ih0 ¼1997½( f'k{kd f'k{kk] vkxjk % ,p0ih0 HkkxZo cqd gkml] 4@230] i 0 33&36] ;wfuoflZVh

U;wt] vDVwcj 13] 1997] i 0 26&27A22 'kekZ] ih0lh0 ¼2006½( vk/kqfud ekiu ,oa ewY;kdau fof/k;ka] bykgkckn % vkyksd izdk'kuA23 lkjLor] ekyrh ¼2004½( f'k{kk esa vk/kqfud izo fRr;k]a bykgkckn % jkds'k esgjks=kk n;k ifCyf'kax gkmlA24 lyke rqYyk] f'k{kd f'k{kk] vkxjk % ,p0ih0 HkkxZo cqd gkml] 4@230] ist ua0 35&36] ,tqds'ku bu

lks'ky dkUVs~Dl] i 0 194&195A25 flag] v#.k dqekj ¼2006½( euksfoKku] lekt'kkL=k rFkk f'k{kk esa 'kks/k fof/k;ka] ubZ fnYyh % ujs'k tSu

izdk'kuA26- flag] ';ke/kj ¼1995½( lekt'kkL=k ds fl)kar] okjk.klh % okjk.klh izdk'ku eafnjA27- flag] jke iky ,oa 'kekZ] vks0 ih0 ¼2007½( 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa lkaf[;dh] vkxjk % vxzoky ifCyds'kuA28- lh- fnO;k ¼2014½ us ,VhV~;wM vkWQ VhplZ VwoMZl ns;j izksQs'ku ,.M ,MfefuLVªs'ku] The Criterion,

An Internatinational Journal of English, Vol. 5, Issue-IV, ISSN 0976-8165, pp. 69-74, www.the-criterion.com

29-•lksudj] dqekj nhid ¼2009½( ch0 ,M0 esa v/;;ujr~ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ewY;ksa ij lkekftd vkfFkZd Lrj dsizHkko dk rqYkukRed v/;;u] bykgkckn % usg# xzke Hkkjrh fo'of|ky;Awww.shodhganga.com, www.shreeprakashan.com

'kks/k /kkjk 183

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2017; Vol. 2; P. 183-186Education

chtd esa vUrfuZfgr Nk=k ,oa f'k{kd ladYiukMkW0 jRuk xqIrk

,lks- izksQs-] f'k{kd f'k{kk foHkkx] Lokeh 'kqdnsokuUn egkfo|ky;] 'kkgtgk¡iqj] m0iz0¼izkIr % 12 tuojh 2018 ½

Abstract

gekjs ns'k dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa oSfnd dky esa gh xq: vkSj f'k"; ds ifo=k lEcU/kksa ds leiZ.k dkHkko izTTofyr vfXu esa Qsdh xbZ ydM+h ;k lfe/kk ds leku jgk gSA ij ;g vkt nqHkkZX; iw.kZ igyw gSfd xq: ,oa f'k"; ds e/; O;kIr vfofPNUu lEcU/k vc {kh.k gksrs utj vkus yxs gaSA ifj.kke Lo:i gevius ,sfrgkfld ikSjkf.kd ,oa lkaLd frd Lof.kZe ewY;ksa dks rsth ls [kksrs tk jgs gSaA ,sls esa ;fn ge viusLof.kZe o ,sfrgkfld lkfgfR;d o 'kSf{kd xzUFkksa dh enn ls xq: f'k"; ds iqjkru lEcU/kksa dh foospukdjsa rks ;g muds uSjk';iw.kZ ekuoh; thou esa fdlh lathouh ls de Js"B fl) ugha gksxkA


Key Words : f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk] dchj ds lkfgR; esa xq: dk Lo:i

lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; okaM~xe; esa f'k{kd dks lnSo loksZPp LFkku fn;k x;k gSA izkphu Hkkjr lsysdj vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds xkSjo'kkyh vrhr ds l tu esa f'k{kd dh egrh Hkwfedk jgh gSA vkt vkèkqfudHkkjr esa f'k{kd dh egRrk ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, tgka dksBkjh deh'ku us f'k{kd ds izfr d rKrk bu'kCnksa esa O;Dr dh ;Fkk& ^^Hkkjr dk Hkfo"; mldh d{kkvksa esa fufeZr gks jgk gSA**

ogha nwljh vksj izkphu Hkkjr ,oa e/;dkyhu Hkkjr eas f'k{kd ;k xq: dh rqyuk bZ'oj ls djrsgq, lar dchj us rks 'kq: dks bZ'oj ls Hkh Js"B crk;k ;Fkk muds in esa&

xq: xksfoUn nksÅ [kMs+ dkds ykxksa ik¡;] cfygkjh xq: vkius xksfoUn fn;ks crk;AA1

gekjs ns'k dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa oSfnd dky esa gh xq: vkSj f'k"; ds ifo=k lEcU/kksa ds leiZ.kdk Hkko izTTofyr vfXu esa Qsdh xbZ ydM+h ;k lfe/kk ds leku jgk gSA ij ;g vkt nqHkkZX; iw.kZigyw gS fd xq: ,oa f'k"; ds e/; O;kIr vfofPNu lEcU/k vc {kha.k gksrs utj vkus yxs gaSA ifj.kkeLo:i ge vius ,sfrgkfld ikSjkf.kd ,oa lkaLd frd Lokf.kZe ewY;ksa dks rsth ls [kksrs tk jgs gSA ,slsesa ;fn ge vius Lof.kZe o ,sfrgkfld lkfgfR;d o 'kSf{kd xzUFkksa dh enn ls xq: f'k"; ds iqjkrulEcU/kksa dh foospuk djsa rks ;g muds uSjk';iw.kZ ekuoh; thou esa fdlh lathouh ls de Js"B fl)ugh gksxkA izLrqr gS chtd ds vk/kkj ij f'k{kd o f'k"; dh foospukAdchj chtd ds vk/kkj ij f'k{kd dh foospuk%&

dchj us viuh leLr okf.k;ksa esa f'k{kd dks xq: dh laKk ls foHkwf"kr fd;k rFkk mUgksaus xq:ds izfr viuh d rKrk O;Dr djrs gq, dgk fd&

vkÅ¡xk u tkÅ¡xk e:¡xk u thÅxk¡] xq: ds 'kCn esa jfe&jfe jgw¡xkA2

vFkkZr~ xq: ds izfr leiZ.k dk mudk ;g Hkko fd eS iwjh mez xq: ds 'kCnksa esa gh jeuk ilUn d:¡xkA

'kks/k /kkjk 184

dgha Hkh vkus&tkus dh ctk; dchj dh n .k fu"Bk Hkh fd ,d Js"B xq: gh f'k"; dh izKk dks iz[kjdj ldrk gSA rFkk xq: dh d ik ls gh f'k"; vius thou iFk ij pyrs gq, fo|k ;k Nk=k dHkh Hkhlqf'k{kk xzg.k ugha dj ldrkA dchj dk ;g in f'k{kd f'k{kkFkhZ dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij fo'ks"k :i lsizdk'k Mkyrk gSA ;Fkk&vuHkS dFkk dcu lks dfg,] gS dksbZ prqj fcosdh] dgS dchj xq: fn;k iyhrk] lks >y fojyS ns[khAA3

dchj nkl th viuh ok.kh esa ftruk egRo xq: dks fn;k] mruk egRo vkSj fdlh dks Hkhugha fn;kA xq: ds izfr dchj dh J)k dks esjs }kjk 'kCnksa ;k muds inksa esa O;Dr dj ikuk lw;Z dksfn;k fn[kkus ,oa iRFkj ij nwc mxkus ds leku gksxk mUgksus rks vius inksa esa dgha&dgha rks xq: vkSjxksfoUn esa dksbZ Hksn gh ugha ekuk ;Fkk&

xq: xksfoUn rks ,d gS] nwtk ;gq vkdkj] vkik esV thfor ejS] rks ikoS djrkjAA4

vFkkZr~ xq: vkSj xksfoUn rks nksuksa ,d gSa] dsoy :ikdkj fHkUu gS] pwafd xq: vius vgadkj dks feVkdjthokUe r n'kk dks izkIr dj pqdk gksrk gSA blfy, xq: vkSj bZ'oj esa vc dksbZ Hksn ugha jgkA xq:dh efgek esa muds }kjk fn, x;s lUns'kksa dks flQZ muds vuqlklh gh ugha oju eqDr daB ijEijkesa lHkh oxZ dk tu ekul ;Fkk [ksrksa eas gy tksrrs gq, fdlku] D;kfj;ksa esa dke djrh efgyk,a izkFkZuklHkkvksa esa mins'k nsrs lUrksa] ,oa xq: ds izfr vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gq, f'k";ksa }kjk lgt :i esa dghHkh lquk tk ldrk gSA ;Fkk&

xq: dh dhtS cUnxh yk[k ckj ijuke~] dhV u tkuS] Hk ax dh xq; dfj;ksa vki lekuAA5

dchj ds vuqlkj xq: euqtRo dks nsoRo ls feykrk gS rFkk og ckyd dks pkaSlB dykvksa ,oapkSng fo|kvksa dk Kku djkus okyk gSA ;Fkk muds bl in ds vuqlkj&pkSlB nhoka tksbZ dfj] pkSng pUnk ekfg] frfg ?kj fdldks pkfu.kkS] ftg ?kj xksfoUn ukfgAA6

dchj us lHkh izdkj ls xq: dh cUnxh djus dh ckr dgh vkSj ;g Hkh Li"V dj fn;k fdNk=kksa ,d ckj gfj Hkh vki ls :B tk;s rks vkidks 'kj.k fey ldrh gS] ij ;fn xq: vkils :Bx;k rks f'k"; dks dksbZ Hkh LFkku 'kj.k ysus dks 'ks"k u gh cpsxk ;Fkk muds bl in ls bl dFku dkfoospu Lor% gks tkrk gS&

dchj rs uj vU/k gS] xq: dks dgrs vkSj] gfj :Bs xq: BkSj gS xq: :Bs ufg BkSjAA7

mUgksus ekuo txr~ dks f'k{kk nsrs gq, xq: ds lEcU/k esa ;g Hkh dgk fd thou esa Nk=kksa lh[kukrc rd iw.kZ ugha gks ldrk tc rd fd ckyd dks ln~xq: dh izkfIr u gks tk;] D;ksafd ftl izdkjxq: lkalkfjd fo"k;ksa dk Kku djkdj Nk=kksa dh oLrq txr lEcU/kh ftKklk dks 'kkUr djrk gS] Bhdmlh izdkj f'k"; dks lrxq: vk/;kfRed thou dh ftKklkvksa dks 'kkUr dj mls jkx fojkx ls eqDrdjrk gSA vr% ckydksa dks pkfg, fd os vius dfBu iz;kl ls ln~xq: dks [kkst ysa] vudk ;g inbUgh ckrksa dh izkekf.kdrk dks fl) dj jgk gSA ;Fkk&

dchj lrxq: u feY;k] jgh v/kwjh lh[kA Lokax tkfr dk igfj dfj /kfj /kfj ekaxS Hkh[kAA8

bl izdkj leLr mi;qZDr fooj.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ,d f'k"; ds thou esa xq: dh HkwfedkBhd oSls izrhr gksrh gS tSls 'kjhj esa izk.k dh Hkwfedk D;ksafd ,d vPNk xq: vius f'k"; ds fy, vPNs

'kks/k /kkjk 185

fe=k ds :i esa iFk izn'kZd ds :i esa] 'kj.k nkrk ds :i esa] 'kqHkfpUrd o fgrS"kh ds :Ik esa vyx&vyx Hkwfedk,a fuHkkdj mlds thou dks d rkFkZ djrk gSA ;Fkk dchj ds inksa esa &1- iFk izn'kZd ds :i esa f'k{kd %& dchj us xq: dks Hkolkxj ikj djkus okys iFk izn'kZd ds :iesa Hkh mUgs Lohdkj fd;k gS] muds vuqlkj euq"; bl lalkj :ih leqnz esa Mwc&2 ej jgs Fks ij osxq: dh psrkouh dh ygj ls vuk;kl lko/kku gksdj cp x;s&

ek;k nhid uj irax Hkzfe&2 boS iMUrA dgS dchj xq; X;ku FkS] ,d vk/k mcjUrAA9

2- vfHkUu l[kk ds :i esa f'k{kd%& dchj ds vuqlkj f'k{kd vius f'k";ksa dk oLrqr% lPpk fe=k gksrkgS] mlds leku dksbZ vU; lxk lEcU/kh ugha gS] D;ksafd og ,d rRo'kks/kd gS ;Fkk muds in esa&

lrxq: lok¡u dks lxk lkaf/k lbZ u nfrA gfj th lok¡u dks fgrw gfjtu lbZ u tkfrAA10

3- vkJ;nkrk ds :i esa f'k{kd %& dchj us viuh ok.kh ls xq: dks vHk;nkrk ,oa foijhr ifjfLFkfresa f'k"; dh enn djus okyk crk;k vkSj ;g Hkh dgk fd xq: us gesa jke uke :ih ghjk iznku fd;k]cnys esa mls nsus ds fy, esjs ikl rks dqN Hkh ugha gSA ;Fkk muds 'kCnksa esa

jke uke ds iVrjs nsos dks dNq ukghaA D;k ys xq: larksf"k,] gkS"k jgh eu ekfgAA11

dchj chtd ds vk/kkj ij f'k"; ;k Nk=k ladYiuk %& dchj nkl th us vius dkO; esa f'k{kkFkhZ;k Nk=k 'kCn ds LFkku ij f'k"; 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] dgha&dgha mUgksus dgk fd f'k"; dks psyk;k lsod Hkh dgk gSA mUgksus xq: rks lnSo Kku dk nkrk gksrk gS tcfd f'k"; Kku dk xzkgh gksrkgSA vr% mudh n f"V ls f'k"; dks fuEukafdr xq.kksa ls ;qDr gksuk pkfg,Ad- drZO; lsok ijk;.krk %& dchj ds vuqlkj f'k"; dks lnSo vius xq: dh vkKk dk ikyu djukpkfg,] rFkk mls ru] eu ,oa /ku ls mldh lsok djuh pkfg,] rFkk mls xq: ds izfr drZO; rFkklsok&ijk;.krk dh Hkkouk mls nSfgd ,oa ijekfFkZd lq[k dh izkfIr djk ldrh gSA ;Fkk mudk ;gin bl dFku dh mi;qDr foospuk djrk gS&

f'k"; dks ,slk pkfg,] xq: dks lc dqN ns;A xq: Hkh ,slk pkfg,] f'k"; ls dqN u ys;AA12

[k- xq: HkDr %& dchj ds vuqlkj izR;sd f'k"; dks vius xq: dk HkDr gksuk pkfg, rFkk mlds izfrf'k"; ds ân; esa vikj J)k Hkh xq: dh HkfDr vkSj mlds izfr lR;fu"B O;ogkj okLro esa dfBuredk;Z gS ;Fkk mudk ;g in mlh Hkko dks O;Dr djrk gS&

xq: HkfDr vfr dfBu gS] T;ks [kkM+s dh /kkjA fcuk lk¡p ig¡qps ugha] egk dfBu O;ogkjAA13

x- fujkfHkekuh %&dchj us lPps f'k"; dks fujfHkekuh gksus dk ik=k Bgjk;k] os f'k"; ds vkRefHkeku]vkSj ek;kfHkeku ,oa fo|kfHkeku dks rqPN le>rs FksA mudh n f"V esa f'k"; rks f'k"; gh gksrk gS] pkgsog fu/kZu gks ;k /kuokuA vr% os f'k"; dks fujfHkekuh cukus ds fy, dgrs gSa fd&

dchj psjk lUr dk nklfu ij nklA dchj ,sls gqoS jgk] T;w rfy ikÅ ?kklAA14

?k- mRre y{k.k okyk %& dchj us ,sls f'k"; dks tks eksg] eerk jfgr] x gR;kxh] vkMEcj foghu] rFkkmPp pfj=k okyk gks dks vPNk f'k"; ekuk gSA mudk fopkj f'k";ksa dh xq.krk ds lEcU/k bl eqfDrds vR;f/kd djhc fn[krk gS&

dkd ps"Vk cdkS /;kua] 'oku funzk rFkSo pkA vYikgkjh] x gR;kxh] fo|kFkhZ iap y{k.kaAA15

'kks/k /kkjk 186

³- ikj[kh xq: dh igpku djus okyk%&dchj nkl th dk ;g ekuuk gS fd f'k"; dks xq: dhigpku djds gh mldh 'kj.k esa tkuk pkfg,A csesy laxr ls f'k"; vkSj xq: nksuksa dk izHkko u"Vgks tkrk gSA ;Fkk&

tkdk xq: Hkh va/kyk] psyk [kjk fuja/kA vU/ks] vU/kk Bsfy;k] nksukssas dwi iM+arAA16

xq: fefy;k u f'k"; Hk;k] ykyp [ksY;k nkoA nksÅ Mwcs /kkj esa pf<+: ikFkj dh ukoAA

muds vuqlkj nksuksa esa vkilh ln~Hkko dh Hkkouk gksus ij gh mudk dY;k.k lEHko gks ldrkgSA vr% vPNs xq: ds fy, f'k"; dks Hkh vPNk gksuk pkfg,A rHkh og xq: funsZf'kr ln~ekxZ dkvuqlj.k dj ldrk gSA xq: f'k"; lEcU/kksa dh ;gh og voLFkk gS] ftlesa ckyd dk lokZaxh.k fodkllaHko gSA

lanHkZ1- nkl] ';kelqUnj( dchj] jktdey izdk'ku izk0fy0 ubZ fnYyh] i 0 342- ogh] i 0 383- ogh i 0 394- ogha i 0 335- ogh] i 0 326- ogh] i 0 317- ogh] i 0 398- ogh] i 0 479- ogh] i 0 4910- ogh] i 0 4111- ogha] i 0 5112- ogha] i 0 5213- ogh] i 0 3614- ogh] i 0 2915- ogh] i 0 7016- ogh] i 0 3217- ogh] i 0 31

'kks/k /kkjk 187

AbstractAn attempt has been made to study and compare self-concept among high,

average and low modernity intermediate students. For this purpose Comprehensivemodernizatio Inventory (Ahluwalia & Kalia) was administered on 500 (250 maleand 250 female) students selected through stratified random sampling technique ofBundelkhand region. The students were divided into three categories high, averageand low modernity on the basis of Quartile3 and Quartile1 values. The self-conceptscale was administered on high, average and low modernity students. The mean,standard deviation and critical ratio were calculated. The results showed that thehigh modernity related students have significantly better self-concept as intellectualability, health, sociability, self-confidence, emotional stability, mental health thanaverage & low modernity related students.

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 187 -192Education

INTRODUCTION:The new born infant's state of consciousness is a "big blooming, buzzing

confusion" James (1890). The infant is not aware of himself as a person nor doeshe differentiate himself from environment. As Allport (1965) has explained, "Onething is quite certain: the young infant if not aware of himself as a self. He doesnot separate the "me" from the rest of the word. And it is precisely this separationthat is the pivot of later life. The infants, though presumably conscious lack self-consciousness completely." Gradually because of the sensations he experiencesfrom within his body and from his environment, he begins to differentiate betweenthe two. This is beginning of the long process of developing a concept of self. AsJersild (1965) has written : "The development of self awareness does not occur inall-or-none fashion which would enable us to assume that up to this point thechild does not possess it but beyond this point he does. It is more likely that achild perceives different aspects of what he eventually calls himself with varyingdegrees of clarity at different times. The process of self-discovery is actively goingto on at least as long as the child developing or discovering new potentialities andin a healthy person the discovery of self continues as long as he lives."

Self-Concept among Different Modernity StudentsDr. Shaily Gupta

PGT Teaher, Kendriya Vidyalaya-2, FaridabadDr. Taresh Bhatia

Associate Professor & Head, Psychology, Dayanand Vedic College, Orai¼Received : 22 Oct. 2017½


Key words : Self-Concept, Modernisation, Intermediate Students

'kks/k /kkjk 188

This factor closely corresponds with the popular conception of the ego stateor strong self-concept. It involves optimistic valuation of one’s character, abilitiesand personal dignity and is an essential element of healthy psychologicaladjustments. It is a multidimensional construct in which an individual mayexperience not only different feelings of worth about several areas of their abilities,but also have an overall feeling of self-worth (Harter, 1990). It indicates the extentto which the individual believes himself or herself to be capable, significant,successful and worthy (Roy, 1984). According to Steving and Dantach (1990), aperson’s perceptions and feelings about his or her abilities and efforts have thegreatest importance in shaping self-concept. Most theorists agree that self-conceptis a learned phenomenon, involving a lifelong process (Coopersmith, 1967;Stanwyck, 1983). Adolescence is a critical period in the development of self-conceptbecause of great physical and emotional changes, An adolescent lacking self conceptappropriate to normal personality experiences insecurity, because he fails toperceive in himself those qualities which are necessary to cope with the exigenciesof the world, such an individual will be afraid to seek new experiences, afraid ofbeing rejected as inferior. It will even depreciate his own achievements, becausethey surpass his self-image.Objective : Overall comparison of self-concept among high, averageand low modernity related studentsSample : The researchers selected 500 Intermediate students of Bundelkhandregion through stratified random sampling technique.Tools Used : i)1-Comprehensive Modernization Inventoryo- Dr. S.P. Ahluwalia & Dr. Ashok Kalia2- Self-Concept Scale- Dr. Taresh Bhatia, Dr. S. TripathiResults

In this section an attempt has been made to study compare the differentareas of self-concept among high, average and low modernity students. For thispurpose ‘Comprehensive Modernization Inventory’ and ‘Self-concept Scale’ wereadministered on 500 Intermediate students. The students were divided into threecategories i.e. high, average and low modernity on the basis of Quartile3 (Q3) andQuartile1(Q1) scores. The students got 176 (Q3) and above scores were placed inthe high modernity, while the students who got 160 (Q1) and below scores wereplaced in the low modernity category. The students who got scores between Q1and Q3 (161-175) were placed in the average modernity category.

Thus the ‘Self-concept Scale’ was administered on 147 highmodernity, 218 average modernity and 135 low modernity related students. TheTable : shows the Mean, S.D. and Critical Ratio of the different areas of self-concept-

'kks/k /kkjk 189

Table 4.10 Showing the Mean, S.D. and Critical Ratios of differentareas of self-concept among high, average and low modernity students

The table shows that the high modernity related students have relativelybetter self-concept as intellectual ability (mean 33.50), self-confidence (mean38.09), health (mean 34.55), sociability (mean 38.44), emotional stability (mean29.80), mental health (mean 40.87), temperamental qualities-ascendant (mean8.50), vigorous (mean 7.75), placid (mean 7.42) & responsible (mean 8.24) thanaverage and low modernity students. The students of average modernity havehigh persistence temperament (mean 8.14) and feeling of superiority (mean 25.77)than high & low modernity students. The students of high modernity haverelatively positive self-concept (mean 34.38) than average (mean 33.62) and low(mean 32.15) modernity related students. The Bar Diagram is also showing

33.50 7.07 32.36 6.51 31.31 6.69 1.56 2.67** 1.46

38.09 5.63 37.91 5.67 35.50 5.87 0.30 3.81** 3.82**

34.55 5.81 33.45 5.17 31.92 5.15 1.86 4.05** 2.73**

38.44 5.50 37.51 5.78 36.32 4.94 1.55 3.42** 2.05*

29.80 6.71 28.86 6.00 27.36 6.47 1.38 3.13** 2.17*

40.87 5.55 39.51 5.82 37.47 6.09 2.27* 4.93** 3.15**

8.50 1.41 8.17 1.51 7.96 1.62 2.13* 3.00** 1.23

7.75 1.61 7.51 1.54 7.21 1.53 1.41 2.84** 1.76

7.42 1.73 7.04 1.78 6.88 1.82 2.11* 2.57* 0.80

8.24 1.49 7.98 1.60 7.68 1.67 1.62 2.95** 1.67

7.78 1.55 8.14 1.48 7.35 1.89 2.25* 2.05* 4.16**

25.40 5.39 25.77 5.33 25.15 5.04 0.65 0.40 1.11

34.38 7.79 33.62 7.44 32.15 7.21 0.92 0.86 0.80

Self-Concept

Areas

a. Intellectual Ability

b. Self-confidence

c. Health

d. Sociability

e. Emotional Stability

f. Mental Health

g. Temperamental Qualities

(i) Ascendant

(ii) Vigorous

(iii) Placid

(iv) Responsible

(v) Persistence

h. Feeling of

superiority

Total

HighN=159

Mean S.D.

Critical RatioModernityAverageN=194

Mean S.D.

LowN=147

Mean S.D. A&B A&C B&C

Significance level at 0.01 2.59**0.05 1.96*

'kks/k /kkjk 190

the same results.To see the significant difference of self-concept among high, average & low

modernity students, the Critical ratio were calculated. The Critical ratio valuerequired to be significant at 0.01 level is 2.59 and at 0.05 level is 1.97. It may berevealed from Table that the students of high modernity have significantly betterself-concept as intellectual ability (Critical ratio found 2.67), self-confidence(Critical ratio found 3.81), health (Critical ratio found 4.05), sociability (Criticalratio found 3.42), emotional stability (Critical ratio found 3.13), mental health(Critical ratio found 4.93), ascendant temperament (Critical ratio found 3.00),vigorous temperament (Critical ratio found 2.84) and responsible temperament(Critical ratio found 2.95) than low modernity students at 0.01 level. The highmodernity students have also significantly high placid temperament (Critical ratiofound 2.57) and persistence temperament (Critical ratio found 2.05) than lowmodernity students at 0.05 level.

The student of high modernity have significantly good self-concept as mentalhealth (Critical ratio found 2.27, which is significant at 0.05 level), ascendanttemperament (Critical ratio found 2.13, which is significant at 0.05 level), placidtemperament (Critical ratio found 2.11, which is significant at 0.05 level) thanaverage modernity students, while the average modernity students havesignificantly high persistence temperament (Critical ratio found 2.25) than high

IntellectualAbility Temperamental Qualities

BAR DIAGRAM: SHOWING SELF-CONCEPT OF DIFFERENT AREASAMONG HIGH, AVERAGE & LOW MODERNITY RELATED STUDENTS

ME

AN

SC

OR

ES

HighAverageLow

Self-Confidence

Health Sociability EmotionalStability

MentalHealth

Ascendant Vigorous Placid ResponsiblePersistance Feeling ofSuperiority

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

DIFFERENT AREAS OF SELF-CONCEPT

'kks/k /kkjk 191

modernity students at 0.05 level.The students of high modernity have better self concept. Although there is

no significant difference in self-concept among high & average modernity (CriticalRatio 0.92), high & low modernity (Critical Ratio 0.86) and between average &low modernity students (Critical Ratio 0.80) at 0.05 level.

The average modernity students have also significantly better self-conceptas self-confidence (Critical ratio found 3.82, which is significant at 0.01 level),health (Critical ratio found 2.73, which is significant at 0.01 level), sociability(Critical ratio found 2.05, which is significant at 0.05 level), emotional stability(Critical ratio found 2.17, which is significant at 0.05 level), mental health (Criticalratio found 3.15, which is significant at 0.01 level) and persistence temperament(Critical ratio found 4.16, which is significant at 0.01 level) than low modernitystudents.

Thus the null hypothesis stating that “There is no significant difference inself-concept among high, average and low modernity students.” is rejected. Thehigh modernity related students have significantly better self-concept asintellectual ability, health, sociability, self-confidence, emotional stability, mentalhealth, ascendant temperament, vigorous temperament, placid temperament,responsible temperament and persistence temperament than average & lowmodernity students.

REFERENCES1. Ansari, M. Faim A. & Aijaz, Asiya (2010) Stress. Health and Positive Thinking.

Indian Journal of Psychology and Mental Health, V.4(6).2. Bamman, Sangeeta S. and Ksheersagar, Surekha (2008) Self-concept and academic

achievement among students. Indian Journal of Psychometry and Education,39(1), 57-59.

3. Chahal, Sonia; Pal, Rajinder and Bawa, S.K. (2002) Psychosocial impact on attitudetowards modernization. Indian Journal of Psychometry & Education, 33(1), 45-50.

4. Deo, Alka K. (2004) Type-A behaviour pattern and stress among twelth standardstudents. Journal of psychological Researches, 48(1), 33-40

5. Devi, T. Kalyani and Latha, B. Madhavi (2004) self-concept of adolescents inscheduled tribes and non-tribes. Indian Journal of Psychometry and Education,35(1), 21-25.

6. Edwards, A. L. (1969) Experimental Design in Psychological Research, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 1969.

7. Ferguson, G.A. (1976) Statistical analysis in Psychology and Education, McGrawHill, Koyakusha.

8. Gakhar, S. C. and Aseema (2004) Influence of self-concept stress, locality andgender on the academic achievement and reasoning ability of adolescents. Praachi

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Journal of Psycho-Cultural Dimensions, 20(1) 25-28.9. Gyani, Y. and Bhatia, Taresh (2002) Mental Health and Temperamental Qualities.

Paper presented in conference on Mental Health retrospects & prospects. Oct.17-19, 2002 at St. John’s College, Agra.

10. Sharma, Bhawna (2008) The effect of self-concept on school environment. IndianJournal of Psychometry and Education, 39(1), 88-90.

11. Srivastava, Sangita and Bhatia, Taresh (2004) Modernity attitudes of Hindusand Muslims in their social life. Praachi Journal of Psycho-Cultural Dimensions,20(1), 50-54.

12. Tripathi, Amita and Bhatia, Taresh (2008), Gender and Socio-economic statusinfluences on self-esteem. Indian Journal of Psychometry and Education, 39(1),63-66.

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ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol.1; P. 193-199

xka/kh n'kZu esa fufgr ewY;ksa dh orZeku f'k{kk esa izklafxdrkMkW0 js[kk 'kqDyk

foHkkxk/;{k] f'k{kk ladk;] gf.M;k ¼ih-th-½ dkyst] gf.M;k] bykgkckn] m0iz0

MkW0 c tsUnz dqekj flagvfl0 izksQslj] f'k{kk ladk;] gf.M;k ¼ih-th-½ dkyst] gf.M;k] bykgkckn] m0iz0

¼izkIr % 10 uoacj 2017 ½

Abstract

ekuoh; ewY; cgqr gh foLr r ,oa O;kid vFkksZa esa izpfyr jgk gSA Hkkjrh; f'k{kk esa ewY; ladV fdllhek rd O;kIr gSA le;≤ ij gksus okys lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds QyLo:i f'k{kk Hkh ifjofrZr gksrhx;hA f'k{kk esa uSfrd ewY;ksa] pfj=k fuekZ.k] ekuo dY;k.k ,oa vU; ln~xq.kksa dh mis{kk dh x;hA bls tkuusds fy, rRoksa dks ns[kuk gksxk ftUgsa fd mfpr f'k{kk ds }kjk nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA lekt ds lkFk&lkFkifjokj Hkh fo?kVu ds nkSj ls xqtj jgs gSaA vke Hkkjrh; vius vrhr ds xkSjo'kkyh f'k{kk&iz.kkyh] lH;rk,oa laLÑfr dks Hkwyrk ,oa mlls nwj gksrk tk jgk gSA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd ftUgsa jkstxkj ughafeyk muds vUnj dqaBk] iru ,oa ewY;ghurk fodflr gqbZA HkkSfrdoknh f'k{kk fodkl ds QyLo:i f'kf{krO;fä gh lqfo/kkHkksxh gks x;k] ftlls lekt esa f'kf{kr yksxksa us Hkh Hkz"Vkpkj QSyk;k vkSj fo|ky; ifjljruko xzLr] Nk=k vkUnksyu xzLr vkSj lkjk okrkoj.k vLr&O;Lr gks x;kA


Key Words : xka/kh n'kZu] thou ewY;] f'k{kk dh izklafxdrk

xka/kh th vkt ds ;qx ds egku O;fäRo gSaA xka/khth dk ;ksxnku Hkkjr dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd]jktuhfrd] 'kSf{kd ,oa /kkfeZd nklrk ls eqä djuk FkkA bUgha rF;ksa dks n f"Vxr j[krs gq, xka/khthus ,d ,sls Hkkjr dh ladYiuk dh tgk¡ ij lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd ewY;ksa dh LFkkiukgks lds vkSj f'k{kk dh /kkjk bu ewY;ksa ds lkis{k fuxZr gks lds ftlls lkekftd lajpuk Bhd jgsAlHkh dks U;k;] lqj{kk] f'k{kk fey lds ftlls O;fä dk lokZaxh.k fodkl gks ldsA

xka/kh ¼1940½ ds vuqlkj f'k{kk Kku gSA og euq"; dk rhljk us=k gS] Kku gVh;k euq;L; us=k%dk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd Kku ls euq"; ds var% p{kq [kqy tkrs gSa] mls vk/;kfRed ,oa ykSfdd izdk'kfeyrk gS tks thou dk ikFks; gSA f'k{kk ds }kjk gh leLr ekuo thou dk fodkl lEHko gSA

Hkkjr dh laLÑfr dk fodkl mldh f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls gqvk gSA izse] lR;] vfgalk] /keZ] 'kkfUrrFkk fo'o ca/kqRo QSykus esa f'k{kk fo'ks"k :i ls ;ksxnku nsrh gSA f'k{kk eqfä ds fy, ekxZ iz'kLr djrhgSA

ekuoh; ewY; cgqr gh foLr r ,oa O;kid vFkksZa esa izpfyr jgk gSA Hkkjrh; f'k{kk esa ewY; ladVfdl lhek rd O;kIr gS le;≤ ij gksus okys lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds QyLo:i f'k{kk HkhifjofrZr gksrh x;hA f'k{kk esa uSfrd ewY;ksa] pfj=k fuekZ.k] ekuo dY;k.k ,oa vU; ln~xq.kksa dh mis{kk

Education

'kks/k /kkjk 194

dh x;hA bls tkuus ds fy, rRoksa dks ns[kuk gksxk ftUgsa fd mfpr f'k{kk ds }kjk nwj fd;k tk ldrkgSA lekt ds lkFk&lkFk ifjokj Hkh fo?kVu ds nkSj ls xqtj jgs gSaA vke Hkkjrh; vius vrhr dsxkSjo'kkyh f'k{kk&iz.kkyh] lH;rk ,oa laLÑfr dks Hkwyrk ,oa mlls nwj gksrk tk jgk gSA bldkifj.kke ;g gqvk fd ftUgsa jkstxkj ugha feyk muds vUnj dqaBk] iru ,oa ewy;ghurk fodflr gqbZAHkkSfrdoknh f'k{kk fodkl ds QyLo:i f'kf{kr O;fä gh lqfo/kkHkksxh gks x;k ftlls lekt esa f'kf{kryksxksa us Hkh Hkz"Vkpkj QSyk;k vkSj fo|ky; ifjlj ruko xzLr] Nk=k vkUnksyu xzLr vkSj lkjkokrkoj.k vLr&O;Lr gks x;kA

vkt ds ns'k esa vyxkookn] tkfrokn] lEiznk;okn] Hkk"kkokn rsth ls c<+ jgk gSA blds fy,Hkh dgha u dgha orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh gh ftEesnkj gSA vkt O;fä ls O;fä dh nwjh c<+rh tk jghgS] xq#&f'k"; lEcU/k Hkh igys tSlk ugha jgk] f'k{kk dsUnz jktuhfr ds dsUnz gks x;s gSaA Nk=kjktuhfrd vkUnksyu vLr gks x;s gSaA

Nk=kksa esa ckSf)d mRFkku Hkys gks fdUrq uSfrd Lrj esa fxjkoV vk;h gS] vr,o bu lcds fy,vk/kqfud f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks gh ftEesnkj Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds vleku forj.k lsgh ,d izdkj ls lekt esa vlekurk Hkh vk;h gSA D;ksafd mPp Lrj ds lqfo/kk lEié fo|ky;ksa esaf'k{kk xzg.k djuk vke Hkkjrh; ds fy, lEHko ugha gSA

orZeku Hkkjrh; f'k{kk n'kZu ds vUrxZr f'k{kk vFkksZaiktZu ls tksM+dj ns[kk tk jgk gSA O;fäds vkfRed rFkk uSfrd fodkl dks fdukjs dj fn;k x;k gSA blh ds tM+ esa orZeku Hkkjrh; f'k{kkds ewY; ladV dk dkj.k fo|eku gSA

ewY; ladV ds lEcU/k esa vusd f'k{kk 'kkfL=k;ksa us] f'k{kk vk;ksxksa us f'k{kk txr dk /;kuvkdf"kZr fd;k gS vkSj f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa Øe'k% gksus okys ewY; ladV] pfj=k dk ál ,oa lkekftdlEcU/kksa esa dVqrk dk gksuk gekjh f'k{kk ds fy, pqukSrh cuk gqvk gSA ;fn ge ewY; ladV ds lekèkkuds fy, f'k{kk nk'kZfudksa dh rjQ ns[krs gSa rks egkRek xka/kh ds fopkj vR;Ur lgk;d gksrs gSaAHkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa jk"Vªh;rk dk vHkko ,d cgqr cM+s ewY; ál ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blewY; ds ál ds dkj.k /keZfujis{krk] lkekftd ,drk vkSj laLÑfr dh O;kidrk lHkh izHkkfor gksjgh gSA

vkt tks f'k{k.k&i)fr izpfyr gS] og nks"kiw.kZ gSA vkt dh f'k{kk izkfIr dk ewy /;s; ek=kfMxzh izkIr djuk gh jg x;k gSA Nk=k fo|ky; esa vkdj ek=k fo|ky; izkax.k esa pgydneh ogqYyM+ckth djrs gSaA fo|ky; f'k{kk laLFkk,a u gksdj euksjatu dk v[kkM+k ek=k cudj jg x;h gSaAvkt Nk=k usrkfxjh esa lcls vkxs gSaA ;s lc vjktdrkokn rRo f'k{k.k i)fr dks xyr fn'kk esa ystk jgs gSaA bu lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns[kus ds mijkUr eu esa ;g iz'u mBuk LokHkkfod gh gS fd dghagekjh f'k{k.k i)fr esa dksbZ nks"k rks ugha\ ;fn ,slk gS rks mlesa D;k dfe;k¡ gSa\ ,sls dkSu ls rRogSa ftldh vkt vko';drk ugha le>h tk jgh gS ,oa ,sls dkSu ls rRoksa dk lfEeJ.k gksuk vko';dgS tks vkt dh izpfyr nks"kiw.kZ f'k{kk i)fr dks O;ofLFkr djus esa lgk;d gksaxs\

'kSf{kd ifjljksa esa Nk=k v'kkfUr dh ijkdk"B bl Lrj rd igq¡ph fd Nk=kksa ds vUnj {ks=kokn]

'kks/k /kkjk 195

tkfrokn] lEiznk;okn fodflr gksus yxkA xk¡/kh lkfgR; esa xka/kh ds lkekftd] /kkfeZd] 'kSf{kd i{kksadks v/;;u dk fo"k; cuk;k gSA

xka/khokn] thou ds vusd {ks=kksa esa xka/kh ds rkfRod] uSfrd] /kkfeZd] lkekftd ,oa nk'kZfudekU;rkvksa ,oa vfHkizk; dk fo'ys"k.k gSA xka/kh&fopkj ds cgqr ls ys[kdksa ,oa fpUrdksa us ^xka/khokn*dk leFkZu Li"V :i ls fd;k gSA

lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa izR;sd jkT;ksa esa yksxksa dk lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd ,oa jktuSfrd thouladVxzLr gSA loZ=k gkgkdkj epk gqvk gSA dksbZ fdlh dks igpku ugha jgk gSA LokFkZ esa fyIr gksdjyksx inkFkZ dks Hkwy pqds gSaA fdlh ds vUnj thou ds fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa lsok dh Hkkouk ugha jg x;hgSA pksjh] MdSrh] ywV] nqjkpkj] vR;kpkj] vigj.k] fgalk vkfn dh leL;k,a fudVre gksrh tk jghgSaA lcds lc buls xzflr ,oa =kflr gSa] vlgk; gSa ,oa vius dks vlqjf{kr le> jgs gSaA blds izfrlekt vkSj 'kklu nksuksa fpfUrr gSaA dkuwu O;oLFkk pqLr vkSj nq:Lr djus dh lÙkk i{k ,oa foi{knksuksa ds }kjk nkos fd, tkrs gSa vkSj ekax dh tkrh gS fQj Hkh ;s leL;k,a c<+rh gh tk jgh gSaA ,slhfLFkfr dk dkjd dkSu gS tc bl ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k tkrk gS rks Li"V izrhr gksrk gS fd vktdh lkekftd ,oa 'kSf{kd fLFkfr esa ewY;ksa dk voewY;u gksrk tk jgk gSA ewY; dh LFkkiuk ds izfrO;fä] lekt vkSj jktusrk dksbZ Hkh xEHkhj ugha gS ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i ;g ifjfLFkfr;ka mRié gksx;h gSaA xka/kh th us rRdkyhu Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr esa ewY;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, vkUnksyu gh ugha NsM+kcfYd ewY;ksa ds ikyu mlds vuqlkj thou&;kiu djus ds fy, la?k"kZ fd;k vksj yksxksa dks bl ijpyus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k vkSj pydj fn[kk;k HkhA ftuds dkj.k gfFk;kjksa ls lEié jgrs gq, Hkhvaxzsth lÙkk dks Hkkjr NksM+uk iM+kA ;g Hkh fopkj.kh; gS fd ml oDr vkt dh rqyuk esa lk{kjrkugha FkhA vkt rks lk{kjrk gS ysfdu ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ml le; dh rqyuk esa f'k{kk dk vHkkogSA yksx ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk ls vksr&izksr Fks] lk{kjrk Hkys gh de FkhA ;fn vkt Hkh xka/kh th }kjk lq>k,x;s ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk O;ogkfjd :i esa iznku dh tk; rks orZeku dh mijksä leL;kvksa ls NqVdkjkfey ldrk gSA ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk gks] yksxksa dk thou 'kkUr] lq[k ,oa U;k; ls ;qä gksA ;g Hkkjrh;lekt ds fy, vkSj f'k{kk ds fy, cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gksxkA

eksgunkl djepUn xka/kh ml egkRek dk uke gS] ftls nks foijhr /kzqoksa ds chp leUo;LFkkfir djus dh dyk esa egkjFk gkfly FkhA os vius O;ogkj esa lUr Fks vkSj fopkjksa esa ØkfUrdkjhA[kncnkrh jktuhfr esa vkxs pyus okys fojkV jktusrk Fks rks lkekftd foÑfr;ksa ij pksV djus okyslekt lq/kkjd HkhA og bZ'oj esa vuU; vkLFkk j[kus okys vkfLrd Fks rks eafnjksa ds jhfr&fjokt dsfo:) [kM+k gksus okys ukfLrd HkhA xka/kh th ds fny dk ,d dksuk vfopy vkLFkkvksa ls Hkjk iM+kFkk] rks nwljs dksus esa mruk gh rh{.k rdZ 'kkL=k Hkh ekStwn FkkA og egkRek] fo'kq) lukruh fgUnw Fkkysfdu mudh izkFkZuk lHkkvksa esa lkjs /keksZa dh izkFkZuk,a xw¡trh FkhA Hkkjr ds fgrksa ds fy, ckj&ckj tkudh ckth yxkus okys jk"Vªoknh Fks] rks nwljh vksj fujUrj lEiw.kZ ekuork dk fgr pkgus okysvUrjkZ"Vªoknh HkhA chekjksa dh ns[kHkky djus okys Lo;alsod Fks] rks NksVh&cM+h chekfj;ksa dk Lo;abykt djus okys fpfdRld HkhA bl egkRek dk viuk ,d LoIuyksd Fkk ftlesa og lius esa Hkh

'kks/k /kkjk 196

liuk ns[k ldrk Fkk rks og bruk lfØ; Hkh Fkk fd NksVh ls NksVh leL;k dks ysdj xfr'khy gksldrk FkkA og gj jkst rhu&rhu gtkj 'kCn fy[k&cksy ldrs Fks vkSj yEcs le; rd ekSu Hkh jgldrs FksA og vfgalk dks vius lkekftd] jktuhfrd thou dk ewy&ea=k ekudj pyrs Fks rks djks;k ejks* dk ukjk Hkh ns ldrs FksA viuh e R;q ls igys vius ckjs esa dksbZ jk; u cukus dh lykg Hkhnsrs Fks rks 1909 esa fy[kh viuh iqLrd fgUn Lojkt* dks gh vafre ekuus dk vkxzg var rd cjdjkjj[k ldrs FksA dkaxzsl dks jktuhfrd laxBukRedrk vkSj yksdfiz;rk ds 'kh"kZ ij blh egkRek usigqapk;k Fkk vkSj viuh blh dkaxzsl dks Hkax djus dk lq>ko Hkh blh egkRek us fn;k FkkA mlds HkhrjdkSjo Hkh Fks vksj ikaMo HkhA os tUe ls cfu;k Fks ysfdu deZ ls egkRekA xka/kh th nsork ugha Fks ysfdunsonwr cu x;s FksA os bruk O;Lr Fks fd muds ikl vius fy, Hkh le; ugha Fkk vkSj muds ikl brukle; Fkk fd gj fdlh ls fey ysrs FksA og brus [kqys Fks fd muds ?kj vkSj vkJe esa njokts lcdsfy, [kqys jgrs Fks] bruk jgL;e; Fks fd muds O;fäRo dh xqfRFk;k¡ vkt Hkh my>h gqbZ gSaA mudsfy, bZ'oj gh lR; Fkk ysfdu gj lR; bZ'oj ugha FkkA og vufxur lkekftd ^lR;ksa* dks vlR;Bgjk ldrs Fks rks lR; ds lkFk iz;ksx djrs gq, vufxur vlR;ksa dks lR; eku ysrs FksA og czºep;Zds mins'kd Fks] ysfdu muds lR; ds iz;ksx esa L=kh Li'kZ* dk fof'k"V LFkku FkkA mudh lknxh lLrhugha dherh FkhA

os lR;kxzgh Hkh Fks vkSj f'k{kk'kkL=kh HkhA mUgsa fgUnh ls yxko Fkk exj vaxzsth ls ijgst ughaFkkA ;g v/kuaxk Qdhj [kqn yaxksVh igurk Fkk ij viuk vlyh okfjl foyk;rh iafMr usg: dksekurk FkkA Hkxr flag vkSj pUnz'ks[kj vktkn tSlksa dh ftUnkfnyh dh dnz Hkh djrk Fkk rks mUgsafljfQjk Hkh dg ldrk FkkA ikVhZ esa yksdrU=k dk;e djus ds fy, ;g egkRek dkaxzsl dh xkaodesfV;ksa ij tksj ns ldrk Fkk rks blh dkaxzsl dh jk"Vªh; dk;Zlfefr dks vius lkeus ?kqVus Vsdusdks etcwj Hkh dj ldrk FkkA xka/kh th bruk >qd ldrs Fks fd [kqn gfjtu cLrh esa tkdj jgs] vkSjbruk vM+ ldrs Fks fd fczVsu dh lewph lÙkk dks >qdk nsaA

xka/kh th vk/kqfudrk dks Lohdkj dj ldrs Fks vkSj iqjkru dks Hkh viuk, j[k ldrs FksA mUgsao.kZ O;oLFkk ij ,rjkt ugha Fkk ij mUgsa vLi ';rk Hkh fdlh gkyr esa eatwj ugha FkhA og lekt dsxSj cjkcjh ij lh/kk geyk ugha djrs Fks ij lekt dh cjkcjh dh ckr yxkrkj djrs FksA tks cM+sFks muds cM+Iiu* u"V ugha djuk pkgrs Fks ysfdu tks NksVs Fks] muds fy, gj fdLe dk laj{k.k pkgrsFksA xka/kh th bruk yksdrkfU=kd Fks fd gj ,d dh ckr euokuk pkgrs FksA og 'kgjksa ds fojks/k esa ugha[kM+s gksrs Fks exj Hkkjr dk dk;kdYi xkaoksa ls djuk pkgrs Fks vkSj fdlh vaxzstksa dh gR;k gks tkrhFkh] tks mlds fojks/k esa ^cSB* tkrs FksA og lewps ns'k esa vkUnksyu dh 'ka[kukn djrs Fks vkSjvkUnksyudkfj;ksa dh mxz vkSj m)sfyr gks tkus ij vkUnksyu okil Hkh ys ldrs FksA og ikfdLrkucurk gqvk ugha ns[kuk pkgrs Fks ysfdu cus gq, ikfdLrku dks lgk;rk nsuk pkgrs FksA og ftrukLohdk;Z Fks] mruk vLohdk;Z HkhA xka/kh th us djksM+ksa dks viuk vuq;k;h cuk;k vkSj djksM+ksa dks viukfojks/khA muds fy, tku nsus okys yksx Hkh Fks vkSj muds tku ds I;kls yksx Hkh FksA xqyke Hkkjr usmUgsa ^egkuk;d* cuk;k vkSj ;g =kklnh Fkh fd vktkn Hkkjr us mudh gR;k dj nhA

'kks/k /kkjk 197

f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa egkRek xka/kh dk ewY; ,oa fopkj f'k{kk ds ije y{;ksa ,oa mlds rkRdkfydizHkko esa leUo; LFkkfir djrk gSA muds f'k{kk n'kZu esa pfj=k fuekZ.k vkSj thfodksiktZu dk leUo;gSA xka/kh th f'k{kk dks lokZaxh.k fodkl dk lk/ku ekurs FksA muds vuqlkj tks f'k{kk ckyd ds fdlh,d igyw dk fodkl djrh gS og ,dkaxh f'k{kk gS vkSj ,dkaxh f'k{kk gh gekjh laLÑfr dk lcls cM+kvfHk'kki gSA xka/kh th us dgk Fkk f'k{kk dk rkRdkfyd ,oa vfUre mís'; thfodksiktZu ,oa mikf/kizkIr djuk gks ldrk gS ijUrq vfUre y{; vkRekuqHko dh vksj c<+kuk gSA xka/kh th us ^gfjtu* esaLi"V 'kCnksa esa dgk gS fd eSa O;fäxr LorU=krk dks egRo nsrk gw¡ ijUrq vkidks ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg,euq"; ewy :i ls ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA og vius O;fädrk dk lkekftd izxfr ds ekaxksa dsvuq:i lek;kstu djuk lh[k dj gh viuh orZeku fLFkfr ij igq¡pk gSA xka/kh th ds vuqlkj f'k{kkdk eq[; mís'; pfj=k fuekZ.k djuk gS] egku y{; ds fuekZ.k ds fy, izR;sd O;fä esa lkgl] 'kfä]ln~xq.k dk fodkl gksuk pkfg,A pfj=k&fuekZ.k ls lekt dh vusd leL;kvksa dk lek/kku Hkkohukxfjd Lo;a dj ldsaxsA ijUrq pfj=k fuekZ.k vkSj 'kkjhfjd] ekufld fodkl f'k{kk dk vfUre mís';ugha gSA vfUre mís'; rks vkRekuqHko gh f'k{kk dk loksZifj y{; gSA bZ'oj dh izkfIr dk loksZÙke lkèkunhu&nqf[k;ksa dh lsok gSA lPph f'k{kk esa vkRe lk{kkRdkj ,oa lsok dh Hkkouk dk fodkl fd;k tkrkgSA csfld f'k{kk i)fr esa xka/kh th us leUo; i)fr dk gh leFkZu fd;kA leUo; i)fr f'k{k.kvkSj thou dh izfØ;k dks nks u ekudj ,d v[k.M izfØ;k ekurk gSA f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls mUgksausO;fä dk izÑfr] iM+ksl] isV rFkk ijekRek ds lkFk vuqcU/k LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;kA fØ;k lsvyx cqf) dk fodkl lEHko ugha gS vkSj u rks foosd ds fcuk deZ gh lEié gks ldrk gSA mudkfopkj Fkk 'kjhj] cqf) vkSj ân; dk fodkl vyx&vyx ugha gksrkA xka/kh th f'k{kk ds }kjk ,dvfgald lekt dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrs FksA csfld f'k{kk ;kstuk vfgalk ij vk/kkfjr ,d f'k{kk;kstuk gS ftldk vU; dksbZ fodYi ugha gSA xka/kh ds vuqlkj& LokyEcu cqfu;knh f'k{kk dh lPphdlkSVh gSA fØ;k f'k{kk ls vkRefuHkZjrk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd 'kks"k.keqä fo"kerk jfgr] vfgald lekt dh jpuk ds fy, dqVhj m|ksx ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk gh mi;ksxhgSA ckSf)d dk;Z Js"B vkSj 'kkjhfjd dk;Z dk;Zghu gSA :f<+oknh Hkkouk rHkh lekIr gksxh tc lektesa csfld f'k{kk ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk i)fr fodflr dh tk;sxhA Kku vkSj deZ dks vyx& vyx djusls lekt esa vuko';d oxZ Hksn mRié gksrk gS] ijUrq tc 'kjhj vkSj Je dks vkil esa tksM+ fn;ktkrk gS rks lEeku vkSj lqfo/kk dh n f"V ls lHkh cjkcj gks tkrs gSaA

bl izdkj egkRek xka/kh ds f'k{kk n'kZu dk mís'; ,d u;s lekt dh LFkkiuk djuk FkkA xkaèkhth ekuo tkfr ds izfr ,dkReoknh n f"Vdksa.k dk fuekZ.k djuk pkgrs FksA xka/kh us f'k{kk ds ek/;els lkekftd iqufuZekZ.k] jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh ckr lksph vkSj LorU=krk] lekurk vkSj Hkzkr Ro ds turU=kh;vkn'kksZa dk vf/kd ls vf/kd ikyu fd;kA

egkRek xka/kh ds 'kSf{kd ewY;ksa ,oa dk;ksZa dh fo'kn :i ls O;k[;k djus ds mijkUr ;g fu"d"kZfudyrk gS fd xka/kh us thou ewY;ksa ds Åij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk dk leFkZu fd;k ftlls O;fä dkpkfjf=kd fodkl lEHko gks ldsA egkRek xka/kh us gh viuh cqfu;knh f'k{kk dh i)fr esa Je vkSj cqf)

'kks/k /kkjk 198

dk leUo; LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;kA egkRek xka/kh ds csfld f'k{kk i)fr dk izHkko muds le;esa o mlds ckn Hkh gekjh izkFkfed f'k{kk i)fr ij cgqr vf/kd iM+kA ;fn dqN fo|ky;ksa esa csfldf'k{kk i)fr dks iw.kZ:is.k ugha Lohdkj fd;k rks Hkh mlds dqN dk;ZØeksa dks vo'; viuk;k tSls& cPpksa esa ckxokuh] Ñf"k] lwr dkVuk] pVkbZ cquuk bR;kfn dk;Z vo'; izkFkfed ikB'kkykvksa esadjk;s tkrs Fks] ijUrq [ksn ds lkFk ;g dguk iM+ jgk gS fd jktuhfrd leFkZu ds vHkko esa izkFkfedLrj ij csfld f'k{kk i)fr dk yksi gksrk tk jgk gS vkSj fo|ky; ik'pkR; f'k{kk dh vU/kh udydj jgs gSa tcfd vktknh feyus ds 60 o"kZ ckn Hkh gekjk ns'k vius lk{kjrk y{; dks ugah izkIr djldk gS vkSj fo|ky; vius lhfer lk/kuksa dk jksuk jksrs gSaA v/;kid ljdkjh rU=k dks nks"kh BgjkrsgSa tcfd LFkkuh; lk/kuksa ds mi;ksx ls mudk y{; vklkuh ls iwjk gks ldrk gSA ;fn f'k{kk Nk=kksads vUnj thou ds mér ewY;ksa dk fodkl ugha dj ikrh gS rks f'k{kk dk y{; v/kwjk jg tkrk gSANk=kksa ds vUnj bZekunkjh] lsokHkko] ijksidkj] lR;fu"Bk vkfn ewY; f'k{kk ds }kjk fodflr gks tk;sarks i Foh LoxZ ds leku lqUnj gks tk;A

xka/kh lkfgR; esa lféfgr ewY;ksa ds lkjka'k ds rkSj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd xka/kh lkfgR;esa lféfgr ewY; vkt Hkh brus izklafxd gSa fd mudk fØ;kUo;u] 'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ djuk bl ns'kds fy, cgqr gh vko';d gS ;fn ge orZeku 'kSf{kd ifjn '; dk voyksdu djsa rks pkjks rjQ ewY;ksadk ál fn[kk;h nsrk gSA foKku] rduhdh] O;olkf;d f'k{kk ,oa dEI;wVj f'k{kk vkfn ds Åij f'k{kktxr dk /;ku dsfUnzrk gks x;k gS vkSj f'k{kk&fon~] ljdkjh vf/kdkjh] f'k{kd] fo|ky;] 'kSf{kd 'kksFklaLFkku lHkh us ewY;ksa ds rjQ ls vk¡[k ewan fy;k gS] ftldk ifj.kke gS fo|ky; ifjlj Nk=kvkUnksyuksa ls iwjs o"kZ Hkj v'kkUr jgrk gSA Nk=kksa esa fgalk] pksjh ,oa vU; lkekfftd cqjkb;ka c<+rhtk jgh gSaA bldk eq[; dkj.k thou ewY;ksa ds izfr lekt ,oa fo|ky; dh mnklhurk gSAvko';drk gS fd Nk=kksa ds vUnj rduhdh f'k{kk] uSfrd f'k{kk] 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk] oSKkfud f'k{kk ,oavU; fo"k;ksa dh f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk egkRek xka/kh ds vkn'kksZa ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk;]rks Nk=kksa ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld ,oa lkekftd fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk thou ewY;ksa dk Hkh fodkl gkslds tks thou ds mPpre vkn'kksZa ds fy, vko';d gSA blds fy, f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa ,sls lq/kkjksa dhvko';drk gS ftlls HkkSfrd le f) ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd] jktuSfrd] v/;kfRed ,oa uSfrdméfr esa lUrqyu cuk;k tk ldsA

lUnHkZ1- voLFkh] tequk izlkn( uhfr'kkL=k dh Hkwfedk] gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh] p.Mhx<+] 19832- cqp] ,e0oh0( FkMZ losZ vkWQ fjlpZ bu ,twds'ku3- ,.Mjlu] ,y0,0 vkyfou( , dEifjtu vkWQ LVMh vkWQ oSY;wt , dkslZ vkWQ lsysDVsM lsds.Mjh ,.M

dkyst VhplZ] 19664- gfj;Urk] Hkkjrh; % n'kZu dh :ijs[kk] jktdey izdk'ku] fnYyh] 19655- dkp:] izks0 ts0,y0( izxfr eatw"kk xka/kh n'kZu] eueksgu ,l0,u0 nkl] xqIrk jkds'k] ubZ fnYyh] 1990]

i 0 45&506- xka/kh] eksgunkl djepUn( fgUnh uothou] vxLr 1929] i 0 16&29

'kks/k /kkjk 199

7- dqyJs"B] ,l0ih0( eSuqvy vkQ fgUnh ,MkIVs'ku vkQ LVMh oSY;wt8- dkSy] ,y0( QSDVksfj;y LVMh vkQ ilZukfyVh vkQ ikiqyj VhplZ bu lsds.Mjh Ldwy ih0,p0Mh0

Fkhfll dq:{ks=kA9- xqIr] y{ehukjk;.k( egku Hkkjrh; f'k{kk'kkL=kh10- pUnzk] Mh-( tujy vkWQ bf.M;u ,tqds'ku] flrEcj 197611- ekfud/kj % izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k] Hkkjr esa xka/kh i'pkr 'kkfUr vkUnksyu] vDVwcj 1997] i 0 474&47612- fd'kksj] nsojkt uUn( Hkkjrh; n'kZu] fgUnh xzUFk vdknehA13- ik.Ms;] jke 'kdy( fo'o ds Js"B f'k{kk'kkL=kh] fouksn iqLrd efUnj] vkxjk] prqFkZ laLdj.k] 1990] i 0

284&310] 222&24214- ik.Ms;] Mk0 jke 'kdy( fo'o ds Js"B f'k{kk'kkL=kh] vxzoky ifCyds'kUlA15- pkScs] ,l0ih0( jhlsUV QhyklQh ,.M ,twds'ku16- yky] jeu fcgkjh( f'k{kk ds nk'kZfud ,oa lekt'kkL=kh; fl)kUr] jLrksxh ifCyds'kUlA17- ik.Ms;] jke 'kdy( f'k{kk n'kZu] fouksn iqLrd efUnj18- pkScs] lj;w izlkn( vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds nk'kZfud ,oa lekt'kkL=kh; fl)kUr] 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkcknA19- vksM+] y{eh yky ds0( f'k{kk dh nk'kZfud i "BHkwfe] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdknehA20- ekyoh;] jktho( f'k{kk ds uwru vk;keA21- xqIrk] ,l0ih0( xqIrk] vydk( Hkkjr esa f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk fodklA22- xka/kh] eksgunkl djepUn % izkFkZuk izopu] e;ad izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA23- dkp:] izks0 ts0,y0( izxfr eatw"kk] xka/kh n'kZu] eueksgu ml0,u0 nkl] xqIrk jkds'k] ubZ fnYyhA24- xka/kh] eksgunkl djepUn( fgUnh uothou] vxLr 1929] i 0 18&2925- xqIrk] y{eh ukjk;.k( egku Hkkjrh; f'k{kk 'kkL=kh] izdk'ku efUnj] bykgkckn] i 0 247&25026- tSu] vkj0lh0( lkekU; Kku fnXn'kZu] midkj izdk'ku] Lons'kh chek uxj] vkxjk] i 0 506

'kks/k /kkjk 200

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 2; P. 200-203

twfu;j gkbZLdwy esa v/;;ujr n f"Vckf/kr ,oa lkekU; ckydksds O;fDrRo dk rqyukRed v/;;u

MkW0 iz'kkUr 'kqDykizoDrk] gf.M;k ¼ih-th-½ dkyst] gf.M;k] ¼bykgkckn½ m0iz0

¼izkIr % 10 tuojh 2018 ½

Abstract

orZeku esa tgk¡ lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku pyk;k tk jgk gSA rFkk lkFk gh lkFk lHkh dhf'k{kk dks vfuok;Z ekuk tk jgk gSA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk n f"Vckf/krksa dh f'k{kk ij Hkh tksj fn;k tk jgkgS rFkk blds fy, bUgs mfpr f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk Hkh dh tk jgh gSA ijUrq n f"Vckf/krksa dh euksoSKkfudvko';drkvksa] muds O;fDRkRo xq.kksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa] muds lkekftd lek;kstu vkfn dks tkus fcUkkn f"Vckf/krksa ds lexz fodkl vkSj mudh f'k{kk&nh{kk ds fy, dh tkus okyh O;oLFkkvksa dh lQyrk lafnXèkgks ldrh gSA


Key Words : O;fDrRo] n f"Vckf/kr] ckydksa dh thou 'kSyh] f'k{kk dk mn~ns';

f'k{kk ekuo fodkl dk ewy lk/ku gSA blds }kjk O;fDr dh tUetkr 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl]mlds Kku ,oa dyk dkS'ky esa o f) ,oa O;ogkj esa ifjoZru fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj mls lH;] lqlLad r,oa ;ksX; cuk;k tkrk gSA ckyd tc bl lalkj esa vkrk gS rks og ,d vcks/k ,oa vlgk; izk.kh ek=kgksrk gSA og cksyuk] pyuk] galuk] [ksyuk] bR;kfn fØ;k;sa vius ekrk&firk rFkk ifjokj ls lh[krkgSA tc ckyd ifjokj ls fudydj fo|ky; esa izos'k djrk gS] rks ogk¡ ij mls uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksadk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus gsrq og vuqdj.k dk lgkjk ysrk gSAfo|ky; esa og i<+uk&fy[kuk] lkekftd vkpj.k] vPNh vknrsa vkfn dks lh[krk gSA lh[kus dh ;gfØ;k vkthou pyrh jgrh gSA vkSj bl lh[kus dh izfØ;k ds }kjk og vius O;ogkj esa ifjektZu,oa ifjorZu djrk tkrk gSA1 fdlh lekt esa lnSo pyus okyh lh[kus&fl[kkus dh ;g lksn~ns';izfØ;k gh f'k{kk dgykrh gSA

orZeku esa tgkW lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku pyk;k tk jgk gSA rFkk lkFk gh lkFk lHkhdh f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z ekuk tk jgk gSA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk n f"Vckf/krksa dh f'k{kk ij Hkh tksj fn;ktk jgk gS rFkk blds fy, bUgs mfpr f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk Hkh dh tk jgh gSA ijUrq n f"Vckf/krksa dheuksoSKkfud vko';drkvksa] muds O;fDRkRo xq.kksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa] muds lkekftd lek;kstu vkfndks tkus fcUkk n f"Vckf/krksa ds lexz fodkl vkSj mudh f'k{kk&nh{kk ds fy, dh tkus okyh O;oLFkkvksadh lQyrk lafnX/k gks ldrh gSAn f"Vckf/kr %&

n f"Vckf/krk ljyrkiwoZd igpkuh tk ldus okyh fodykaxkoLFkk gSA fdUrq bldk vFkZ blds

Education

'kks/k /kkjk 201

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fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 204 -211Physical Education

Introduction. The beneficial effect of using music in sport and exercise contextshas a long history and a strong intuitive appeal. Music has the capacity to captureattention, lift spirits, generate emotion, change or regulate mood, evoke memories,increase work output, reduce inhibitions, and encourage rhythmic movement –all of which have potential applications in sport and exercise. Considerable effortby researchers has been directed at understanding these effects, althoughmanyearly studies used poor methods and had no underlying theoreticalframework; issues we have addressed in a previous review (Karageorghis & Terry,1997). Since that review, much new research has been published. The purpose ofthe present paper is to update theoretical developments, to critically review recentresearch into the psychophysical and ergogenic effects of music, and to provideexamples of evidence-based music interventions for practitioners.Theoretical Developments. Our original conceptual framework for predicting

Psychophysical Effects of Music In Sport andExercise: Theory, Research and Application

Manish BhattAsstt. Prof., Deptt. of Physical Education, M.H. (P.G.) College, Moradabad, U.P.

¼Received : 01 Feb 2018½

AbstractThis paper provides a narrative review of recent theory, research and

applications pertaining to the psychophysical effects of music in the sport and exercisedomains. A conceptual framework is presented, which emphasises that the principalbenefits of music – improved mood, arousal control, reduced perceived exertion,enhanced work output, improved skill acquisition, flow states, dissociation fromfeelings of pain and fatigue – are determined by the four factors of rhythm response,musicality, cultural impact, and extra-musical associations. A simple exampleinvolves the tendency for humans to respond to the rhythmical qualities of musicby synchronising movement patterns to tempo. Synchronous music has been reliablyshown to produce an ergogenic effect. Therefore, if athletes or exercisers work intime to music, they will likely work harder for longer. Responses to asynchronous,or background, music are less predictable and beneficial effects are less reliable,although considerable potential remains if certain principles are followed. Anexample is that fast, upbeat music produces a stimulative effect whereas slow, softmusic produces a sedative effect. Several evidence-based examples are presented ofhow music has been used effectively in our work as applied practitioners with groupsranging from exercise participants to elite athletes.


Key words : Psychophysical Effect of Music, Effect of Music in Sport

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psychophysical effects of music held that four factors – rhythm response, musicality,cultural impact, and association – contribute to the motivational qualities of apiece of music (Karageorghis, Terry, & Lane, 1999). Rhythm response relates tonatural responses to musical rhythm, especially tempo (speed of music as measuredin beats per minute [bpm]). Musicality refers to pitch-related elements such asharmony (how the notes are combined) and melody (the tune). Cultural impact isthe pervasiveness of the music within society or a sub-cultural group. Associationpertains to the extra-musical associations that music may evoke, such as thecomposition Chariots of Fireby Vangelis, with Olympic glory. The four factors wereshown to be hierarchical, with rhythm response the most important and associationthe least important. One implication of the conceptual model is that music caninfluence exercise enjoyment and participant retention, and by extension, hasthe potential to contribute to improved public health. We later focused theconceptual framework in a sport context (Karageorghis & Terry, 2001), postulatingthat the main benefits athletes might derive from listening to music would be (a)increased positive moods and reduced negative moods; (b) pre-event activation orrelaxation; (c) dissociation from unpleasant feelings such as pain and fatigue; (d)reduced ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) especially during aerobic training;(e) extended work output through synchronization of music with movement; (f)enhanced acquisition of motor skills when rhythm or association is matched withrequired movement patterns; (g) increased likelihood of athletes achieving flowtates; and (h) enhanced performance via the above mechanisms. As reviewed below,recent research has provided support for these proposed benefits (see Figure 1).Practitioners in sport and exercise environments tend to select music in a ratherarbitrary manner without full consideration of its motivational characteristics(Priest, Karageorghis, & Sharp, 2004), highlighting the need for a standardised,theory-based method of selecting music. To date, there have been two attempts atdeveloping a scale to rate the motivational qualities of music, the Brunel

Antecedents Intermediaries Potential BenefitsPersonal Factor Rhythm Response Improved MoodSituational Factor Musicality Arousal control

Cultural Impact DissociationAssociation Great work output

Improved SkillAcquisitionEnhanced Performance

Figure 1: Conceptual framework for benefits of music in sports andexercise contexts.

Music Rating Inventory (BMRI; Karageorghis et al., 1999) and the BMRI-2 (Karageorghis, Priest, Terry, Chatzisarantis, & Lane, 2006). Karageorghis andcolleagues proposed that the key characteristics of motivational music are that ithas a fast tempo (>120 bpm), a strong rhythm, enhances energy, and promotes

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bodily movement. They also introduced the term oudeterous(from the Greek wordmeaning neutral) to denote music that is neither motivating nor demotivating.Despite a good fit ofthe four-factor measurement model (rhythm response,musicality, cultural impact, and association), limitations were apparent with theoriginal version of the BMRI. Some were reported in the validation article whileothers became apparent after its application in exercise, sport, and researchcontexts. Given the importance of measurement to the testing of theory,Karageorghis et al. (2006) radically redesigned the BMRI. This began with anextensive qualitative appraisal of the scale by exercise participants, results of whichcontributed to a new item pool. Each new item was structured to refer to an action,a time, a context and a target at the same level of generality (c.f., Azjen & Fishbein,1977).

The action concerned motivation, the time reference was during exercise;the context was exercise (although this could be changed to reflect alternativephysical activity/sport settings); and the target was a property of the music suchas rhythm or tempo. Hence, the generic form of each item was: 'The property [e.g.,melody] of this piece of music would motivate me during exercise'. The BMRI-2focuses on the internal (music-related) factors of the conceptual framework ratherthan the external (person-related) factors. The qualitative analyses of Karageorghiset al. (2006) showed clearly that a psychometric measurement approach does notcensor for the multitudinous facets of musical response. Some aspects of aestheticexperience transcend scientific investigation and it is important that we recognisethe limitations of ardently applying a nomothetic approach to responses that maybe highly idiosyncratic in nature. Nonetheless, the brevity (6 items) and simplicityof the BMRI-2 facilitate rating large pools of musical selections for further tests oftheory and subgroup comparisons. In very recent work, Bishop and Karageorghis(under review) applied a grounded theory approach to studyingthe antecedents,intermediaries, and consequences of music among 14 young tennis players. Resultsindicated four main benefits of music use: Improved mood, increased activation,visual and auditory imagery, and recall of associated films or music videos. Theauthors concluded that a grounded theory approach yielded a rich source of dataand recommended its application to other sport contexts.Recent Research Findings

Asynchronous Music. Most research has examined the impact of musicas an adjunct to a physical task; where music is simply played in the background.Asynchronoususe of music, as this is known, occurs when there is noconscioussynchronisation between movement and music tempo. Withasynchronous applications, tempo is postulated to be the most importantdeterminant of response to music (Brown, 1979; Karageorghis et al., 1999) andpreference for different tempi may be affected by the physiological arousal of thelistener and the context in which the music is heard (North &Hargreaves, 1997).This suggests there might be a stronger preference for fast tempo music during

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physical activity, although some researchhas indicated that slower tempi mayincrease physiological efficiency and thus prolong exercise performance (e.g.,Copeland & Franks, 1991). To address this issue, Karageorghis, Jones, and Low(2006) examined the relationship between exercise heart rate and preferred tempo.Participants reported their preference for slow, medium, and fast tempo musicselections in each of three treadmill walking conditions at 40%, 60%, and 75% ofmaximal heart rate. A significant main effect for music tempo was found, wherebya general preference for fast and medium tempo music over slow music was evident(?p2= .78). An intensity by tempo interaction effect was also observed (?p2= .09),with participants reporting a preference for either fast or medium tempo musicduring low and moderate exercise intensities, but for fast tempo music duringhigh intensity exercise. Szabo, Small, and Leigh (1999) found that switching fromslow to fast tempo music produced an ergogenic effect during cycle ergometry.

The implication of this finding is that a change of music tempo from slow tofast may enhance participants" motivation and work output, especially when worklevel plateaus or in the latter stages of an exercise bout. Similarly, Atkinson, Wilson,and Eubank (2004) indicated thatthe careful application of asynchronous musicduring a simulated 10 km cycle timetrial could be used to regulate work output.The music was particularly effective in the early stages of the trial when perceivedexertion was relatively low. Utilising the BMRI to rate the accompanying music,results supported the prediction that the rhythmical components of musiccontribute more to its motivational qualities than melodic or harmoniccomponents. Karageorghis and Terry (1999) assessed affective and psychophysicalresponses to motivational and oudeterous music during submaximal treadmillrunning at 50% VO2max using RPE, affect, heart rate, and post-exercise mood asdependent measures. They found affect differences between all conditions in thepredicted direction and differences between the motivational music and controlfor the vigour component of mood and RPE. The results indicated thatasynchronous music was more effective in influencing howparticipants felt (affect)rather than whatthey felt (exertion).

This conclusion was corroborated in a subsequent study (Tenenbaum etal., 2004) using a hill running task at 90% VO2max which showed that althoughmotivational asynchronous music did not influence perceptions of effort, it didshape participants" interpretations of fatigue symptoms. Considerable researchhas confirmed the effectiveness of background music as a strategy for moodenhancement (e.g., Hewston, Lane, Karageorghis, & Nevill, 2005; Terry, insdale,Karageorghis, & Lane, in press). Research has not always supported the benefitsof motivational music. For example, Elliott, Carr, and Savage (2004) showed that,compared to a control condition, motivational music increased arousal andenhanced affect during submaximal cycle ergometry, but showed no benefits overoudeterous music; and neither music condition influenced the distance cycled.However, the motivational music tracks scored relatively low on the BMRI (M=

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20.93; BMRI max score = 33.33), which may explain the lack of support fortheoretical propositions. In an investigation of the physiological processesunderlying the benefits of music, Szmedra and acharach (1998) showed thatbackground music was associated with reduced heart rate, systolic blood pressure,exercise lactate, norepinephrine production, and RPE during treadmill runningat 70% VO2max. They suggested that music allowed participants to relax, reducingmuscle tension, and thereby increasing blood flow and lactate clearance whiledecreasing lactate production in working muscle.

However, it is notable that the beneficial effects of asynchronous musicseem to disappear once exercise intensity reaches close to maximum. For example,a study of performance on the Wingate anaerobic test (a maximal effort over 30s)showed no benefit of music (Pujol & Lengenfeld, 1999). It appears likely that theintensity of physiological feedback would overwhelm the effects of music atmaximal and supramaximal intensities. Although this review has been eclecticrather than exhaustive, emergent trends are: (a) slow asynchronous music isinappropriate for exercise or training contexts unless used with the intention tolimit effort exertion; (b) fast tempo asynchronous music played for high intensityactivity yields high preference scores and is likely to enhance in-task affect; (c) anincrease in tempo from slow to fast might engender an ergogenic effect in aerobicendurance activities; (d) asynchronous music played during submaximal exercisereduces RPE but it remains unclear whether this effect is moderated by themotivational qualities of music; (e) the most sensitive marker of the psychophysicalimpact of asynchronous music appears to be in-task affect, and (f) asynchronousmusic probably loses its benefits during very high intensity activities.Synchronous Music. The synchronous use of music involves performingrepetitive movements in time with its rhythmical elements such as the beat ortempo. One of the clearest examples of the benefits of synchronous music in sportwas observed when Ethiopian athlete, Haile Gebreselassie, broke the indoor 2000-metre record in 1998 while synchronizing his stride rate to the rhythmical popsong Scatman. Hayakawa, Miki, Takada, and Tanaka (2000) tested the effects ofmusic on mood during step-aerobics classes using synchronous, asynchronous,and control conditions. Participants reported more positive moods when classeswere conducted to synchronous music, although it was unclear whether effectswere associated with the music or the physiological demands of the class (e.g.,thermoregulation, oxygen uptake). Research has consistently demonstrated theefficacy of synchronous music as an ergogenic aid in aerobic activities such ascycle ergometry (e.g., Anshel & Marisi, 1978; Karageorghis & Jones, 2000).Typically, synchronous music has been used to extend exercise duration amongnon-highly trained participants. Until very recently, however, there was no researchinto the effects of synchronous music on anaerobic endurance. Simpson andKarageorghis (in press) addressed this gap in the literature by testing the effectsof synchronous music during 400m track running. Their results showed that both

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motivational and oudeterous music elicited faster times than no music (?p2= .24),but times associated with the two music conditions did not differ; suggesting thatthe motivational qualities of music are not of critical importance when it is beingused synchronously. In sum, it appears that synchronous music can be applied toaerobic and anaerobic endurance performance among non-elite athletes andexercise participants with considerable effect. However,there is limited researchand specific theory underlying the use of synchronous music, rendering this aparticularly fruitful area for further investigation.Pre-Task Music. A small body of research has investigated music as a pretaskstimulant or sedative. For example, Karageorghis, Drew, and Terry (1996)investigated effects of fast tempo, energizing music and slow tempo, relaxing musicon grip strength. Participants produced significantly higher handgripdynamometer scores after listening to stimulative music compared to sedativemusic or a white noise control. Sedative music yielded lower scores than whitenoise. The authors concluded that a simple motoric task such as grip strengthprovides a sensitive measure of the psychophysical effects of music. Karageorghisand Lee (2001) evaluated the effects of motivational music and imagery onisometric muscular endurance. They found that the combination of music andimagery, when compared toimagery only, enhanced muscular enduranceperformance, although it did not appear to enhance the potency of imagery. Thiswas in contrast to previous findings (Gluch, 1993) and might be explained, inpart, by the factthat an isometric muscularendurance task is highly motoric innature, whereas imagery use has proven more effective in preparation for cognitivetasks (see White & Hardy, 1995). Pates, Karageorghis, Fryer, and Maynard (2003)investigated the effects of pre-task music on flow states and shooting performanceamong three netball players. Two participants experienced increase perceptionsof flow and all three improved their netball shooting performance.

Participants also reported that the intervention had helped them to controlthe emotions and cognitions impacting upon their performance. The authorsconcluded that interventions including self-selected music and imagery couldenhance athletic performance by triggering emotions and cognitions associatedwith flow. Similarly Lanzillo, Burke, Joyner, and Hardy (2001) showed that self-selected music enhanced perceptions of state selfconfidence. Collectively, researchhas shown that pre-task music can manipulate activation states through its arousalcontrol qualities, facilitate task-relevant imagery, promote flow, and enhanceperceptions of self-confidence.Using Music in Sport and Exercise Contexts. Given that music preferencesare a matter of personal choice, as practitioners, we are reluctant to provide playlists or dictate to athletes what music they should listen to. Nonetheless, adherenceto a few simple guidelines can make it more likely that musical selections appliedto individuals or groups will have the desired effect. As a starting point, it isimportant to consider context. What type of activity are the athletes engaged in,

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and what is the desired purpose of the music? A particularly effective strategy isto get each member of the group to list their favourite music selections for differenttypes of activity (e.g., travelling to competition, psyching-up, receivingphysiotherapy, etc.) and to compile play lists based on tracks that are common to anumber of group members. The BMRI-2 is useful in this regard as various activitiescan be substituted into the generic item structure in order to select music that iscontext-specific (e.g. 'The rhythm of this music would motivate me duringplyometric training'). It should be noted, however, that the BMRI-2 is not suitablefor rating sedative qualities of music so there is scope for another music ratinginstrument to be developed. Some activities lend themselves particularly well tomusical accompaniment, particularly if they are repetitive and laborious in nature.Examples include warm-ups, weight/circuit training, stretching, etc. In each case,music of a rhythm and tempo to match the activity should be selected. For example,if the goal during warm-up is to elevate heart rate to 110 bpm, then limit choicesto music with a tempo in the range 100-120 bpm or, better still, selections thatincrease gradually in tempo from resting heart rate (around 70 bpm) up to 120bpm.Evidence-Based Examples of Music Use. In working with the Great Britainbobsleigh squad at the 1998 Olympic Winter Games in Nagano, Japan, the firstauthor impressed upon the four-man team that this was arare opportunity – theirmoment in time – to clinch an Olympic medal. As the team drove to the bob trackeach day for training and competition, they would listen to Whitney Houston"sOne Moment in Timewhile visualising themselves calmly and decisively seizingthe moment; which is precisely what happened on race day with a storming lastrun that clinched GB"s first Olympic medal in the sport since 1964. Exactly thesame strategy, indeed with the same song, was implemented successfully withgold medallist, double trap shooter Richard Faulds, at the Sydney 2000 OlympicGames. Another Olympic champion, superheavyweight boxer Audley Harrison,studied sport psychology under both authors in the four years preceding the 2000Olympics. He tapped the arousal control qualities of music through listening,perhaps counter-intuitively, to Japanese classical music prior to each bout. Thisserved to temper his pre-fight anxiety, reduce tension, and create an inner state ofcalm and tranquillity. The second author works with elite track and field athletesin the UK and has applied music interventions to athletes" training for manyyears. One such intervention entails first conducting a brief survey among theathletes to identify tracks they find most inspiring for training, which are mixedto punctuate circuit training so that work periods are accompanied by music andrest periods by silence. This approach to regulating the session reduces perceptionof effort while greatly enhancing in-task affect and enjoyment. A similar approachcan be adopted for a range of exercise activities. The second author has also appliedsynchronous music to training in several motoric activities, including long-distancerunning, cycling, and rowing.

'kks/k /kkjk 211

The use of synchronous music takes a great deal of preparation as the motorpatterns of training activities and preferred motor rhythms of the athletes needto be studied carefully before selections are made. The music tempo is digitallyaltered to remain constant from track to track. Also, tempo is selected to coincideeither with expected work rate, in which case the training activity is simply mademore pleasurable, or to be marginally ahead of an athlete"s preferred motor rhythm,in which case it stimulates athletes/exercisers to push their boundaries. Finally,the second author often uses music to improve young athletes" motor skills. Onesimple example uses the track Push Itby Salt-n-Pepa to help athletes hone shotputt technique. The lyric reinforces the need for athletes to putt (i.e., push) theshot rather than trying to throw it, the most common technical error, whichenhances the learning process. These few examples of applying music with athletesand exercise participants highlight the importance for practitioners to beconversant with the potential benefits of music in order to tap its psychophysicaland ergogenic properties with precision. It is also imperative that athletes orexercise participants are involved in the selection of tracks, as this is likely toincrease the potency of music related effects.

REFERENCES1. Anshel, M.H., & Marisi, D.Q. (1978). Effects of music and rhythm on physical

performance. Research Quarterly, 49,109-113.2. Brown, P. (1979). An enquiry into the origins and nature of tempo behaviour: II.

Experimental work. Psychology of Music, 9,32-43.3. Copeland, B.L., & Franks, D.D. (1991). Effects of types and intensities of background

music on treadmill endurance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness,15, 100-103.

4. Gluch, P. (1993). The use of music in preparing for sport performance.Contemporary Thought, 2,33-53.

5. Hewston, R., Lane, A.M., Karageorghis, C.I., & Nevill, A. M. (2005). Theeffectiveness of music as a strategy to regulate mood. Journal of Sports Sciences,22, 181-182.

6. Karageorghis, C.I., & Terry, P.C. (2001). The magic of music in movement. Sportand Medicine Today, 5, 38-41.

7. Tenenbaum, G., Lidor, R., Lavyan, N., Morrow, K., Thönell, S., Gershgoren, A., etal. (2004). The effect of music type on running perseverance and coping with effortsensations. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5,89-109.

'kks/k /kkjk 212

Abstract

_rqvksa dk pØ cny x;k gSA lqukeh] Hkwpky tSlh fouk'kdkjh ?kVuk,¡ ?kfVr gks jgh gSaA euq";tks czkákaM ds psru rRo ls Hkjiwj lcls vf/kd Kkuoku vkSj foosdoku izka.kh gS ogh bl izd fr ds mRihM+uvkSj 'kks"k.k ds fy, ftEEksnkj gS vkSj ogh Ik;kZoj.k ds izfr tkxj.k ds fy, Ik;kZoj.k fnol euk jgk gSAmnkj izd fr ls nwj pys vkus ds dkj.k gh euq"; vuqnkj gqvk gS vkSj =kklfn;ksa esa Q¡lk gSA euq"; us'ks[kfpYYkh dh dgkfu;k¡ x<+h vkSj [kqn 'ks[kfpYYkh dh rjg mlh Vguh dks dkV Mkyk( ftl ij og cSBkFkkA og Hkwy x;k fd izd fr gh mldh lgpj gS] mldk lk{kkr~ thou gSA mlus izd fr dks =kkln fLFkfr;ksaesa >ksad fn;k vkSj vkt [kqn mu fLFkfr;ksa dk f'kdkj gks jgk gSA vkt jpukdkj euq"; vkSj izd fr dsfj'rs dks ubZ n f"V ls ifjHkkf"kr dj jgk gSA Ik;kZoj.k {kj.k dks og viuh jpukvksa esa vfHkO;Dr dj jgkgSA {kfjr Ik;kZoj.k dh dbZ Nfo;k¡ O;kid :Ik esa lkfgR; esa lekfgr gSA gjthr dh xt+y Ik;kZoj.k dsizfr viuh lt+xrk dks izdV djrh gqbZ viuh lkekftd izfrc)rk ds xgjs lk{;ksa dks izLrqr djrh gSA

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 212-216Special

lkfgR; vkSj i;kZoj.k¼'kk;j gjthr flag ds xtyksa ds lanHkZ esa---½

MkW0 cyoar clar tsÅjdj,lks0 izks0] fgUnh] fofyaXMu egkfo|ky;] lkaxyh] egkjk"Vª


1gjthr flag fgUnh ds vyf{kr 'kk;j gSaA muds 2 xt+y&laadyu gSa ^;s gjs isM+ gSa rFkk ^,d iqy*AxeZtks'kh ls Hkjh xt+yksa ds ladyuksa dks gjthr us LOk;a gh izdkf'kr fd;kA pw¡fd ladyu fdlhukephu izdk'ku ls izdkf'kr ugha gq, blfy, 'kk;n yksxksa rd igq¡p ugha ik,A gjthr vkSj mudhxt+y ij fNViqV ys[k Nis Hkh mudh e R;q ds cknA 40 lky dh mez esa gjthr us nqfu;k ls vyfonkdgkA muds nks ladyu bl ckr ds xokg gSa fd mUgksaus fdrus izse vkSj f'kn~nr ls thou ft;kAizd fr ds izfr vikj izse vkSj Ik;kZoj.k dh fpark gjthr dh xt+y dk ,d O;kid vkSj vFkZoku vk;kegS tks mUgsa vU; 'kk;jksa ls fof'k"V fl) djrk gSA

2vkt iwjk fo'o Ik;kZoj.k j{kk vkSj tho j{kk ds fy, fpafrr gSA yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa esa vusd

laLFkk;sa vkanksyu dj jgh gSaA vkstksu csYV ds yxkrkj Nhtrs tkus ls euq"; ds fouk'k gksus ds ladsrLi"V :Ik ls utj vk jgs gSaA

_rqvksa dk pØ cny x;k gSA Rlqukeh] Hkwpky tSlh fouk'kdkjh ?kVuk,¡ ?kfVr gks jgh gSaAeuq"; tks czkákaM ds psru rRo ls Hkjiwj lcls vf/kd Kkuoku vkSj foosdoku izk.kh gS ogh bl izd fr


Key Words : i;kZoj.k izse] izÑfr dh O;kidrk] lkfgR; esa i;kZoj.k] xty vkSj i;kZoj.k

'kks/k /kkjk 213

ds mRihM+u vkSj 'kks"k.k ds fy, ftEEksnkj gS vkSj ogh Ik;kZoj.k ds izfr tkxj.k ds fy, Ik;kZoj.k fnoleuk jgk gSA mnkj izd fr ls nwj pys vkus ds dkj.k gh euq"; vuqnkj gqvk gS vkSj =kklfn;ksa esa Q¡lkgSA euq"; us 'ks[kfpYYkh dh dgkfu;k¡ x<+h vkSj [kqn 'ks[kfpYYkh dh rjg mlh Vguh dks dkV Mkykftl ij og cSBk FkkA og Hkwy x;k fd izd fr gh mldh lgpj gS] mldk lk{kkr~ thou gSA mlusizd fr dks =kkln fLFkfr;ksa esa >ksad fn;k vkSj vkt [kqn mu fLFkfr;ksa dk f'kdkj gks jgk gSA

vkt jpukdkj euq"; vkSj izd fr ds fj'rs dks ubZ n f"V ls ifjHkkf"kr dj jgk gSA Ik;kZoj.k{kj.k dks og viuh jpukvksa esa vfHkO;Dr dj jgk gSA {kfjr Ik;kZoj.k dh dbZ Nfo;k¡ O;kid :Ik esalkfgR; esa lekfgr gSA gjthr dh xt+y Ik;kZoj.k ds izfr viuh lt+xrk dks izdV djrh gqbZ viuhlkekftd izfrc)rk ds xgjs lk{;ksa dks izLrqr djrh gSA

3gjthr dh xt+y esa izd fr vius lkjs miknkuksa ds lkFk mifLFkr gSA gjthr dk fo'okl gS fd izd frls gh euq"; Lusg vkSj mtkZ miyC/k djrk gSA ;g izd fr ekuo fgrS"kh dY;k.kdkjh lzksrfLouh gS& [kq'kcw] jax] ifjans] iRRks] csysa] nyny] ftlesa Fks ml taxy ls ykSV ds ik;k geus [kqn dks rkt+k vkSjAA1

dkfynkl] rqylh] fujkyk dh ijEijk esa gjthr dk Hkh izd fr ds lkFk lg&Hkko gS blhfy, os iRFkjvkSj pV~Vkuksa esa Hkh ekuo ds fØ;k&dykiksa dks ns[k ikrs gSa& lk¡l ysrs gq, iRFkj eq>s fey tkrs gSaA isM+ pVVku ds Hkhrj eq>s fey tkrs gSaAA2

gjthr dh xt+y esa dne dne ij euq"; vkSj izd fr ds ukfHkuky c) fj'rs dk vuqHko gksrk gSAeuq"; us viuh vkfne voLFkk ls izd fr ls gh thuk lh[kkA thou thus vkSj l tu dh 'kfDr mlizd fr us gh nhA gjthr ,d fruds dks Hkh utjvankt ugha djrsA fruds dks jnhQ cukdj fy[khxty esa os ^fruds dk lgkjk* fdruk egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS crkrs gq, fy[krs gSa&

ns[kuk ?kkaslyk c;k dk rqexw¡Fk ldrs gks ?kkl ds frudsAA3

isM+] Qwy] Qy] i{kh] igkM+] mxus okyk jkst dk fnu bu lcds ckjs esa ,d ckyd eu dkdkSrqgy vkSj vn~Hkqr dYiuk gjthr ds ikl gS&

jax Hkh tk;ds esa 'kkfey gSdksbZ ve:n xqykch fudysAA4

gjthr dh xt+y esa fxygjh] fpfM+;k dsoy izkd frd miknku ugha gSaA gjthr dh buds lkFknksLrh gS vkSj gj ,d ds fy, vko';d xq.k dks vius esa latks;s gq, gSA izd fr ds izfr vfr eqX/krkds dkj.k tks 'ksj cus gSa] oks yktokc gSa&

bd fxygjh ls nksLrh djds] vkSj lc nksLrksa dks Hkwy x;kAA5

,d fpfM+;k ls nksLrh tks gqbZ] ge rks vc 'kksj gh ugha djrsAA6

gjthr dk nksLrh ij cgqr fo'okl gSA nksLrksa ls isze Hkh gSA vius ladyuksa dks Hkh mUgksaus

'kks/k /kkjk 214

nksLrksa dh f'kdk;r djus ij izdkf'kr fd, vkSj gjsiu ds lkFk nksLrksa dks gh lefIkZr fd, gSA mudh dfodYiuk ,d vkSj vuwBs nksLr dh pkg j[krh gSA bl cgkus rksrk Hkh mudh xt+y esa txg ikrk gSa

gksaB gksa yky vkSj ftLe gjkdksbZ rks nksLr gks rksrs tSlkAA7

gjthr dh xty esa izd fr viuh iwjh laqnjrk vkSj ,s'o;Z ds lkFk mifLFkr gSA mudh xt+ysai<+dj ,slk yxrk gS fd izd fr ds fcuk og jg ugha ldrsA tgk¡&tgk¡ isM+] Qwy] Qy] iaNh igkM+dk mYYks[k vkrk gS ogk¡ os thou ds vk;keksa esa ns[k jgs gksrs gSaA mudh dfork esa euq"; dh nqfu;kdsoy euq";ksa dh ugha rks lcdh feyh&tqyh ,d laiw.kZ nqfu;k gS] ftlesa dhM+s&edksM+ksa vkSj frudsdk Hkh lekgkj vkSj leku vf/kdkjh gSA

4,sls laosnu'khy dfo dks Ik;kZoj.k ds {kfjr gks tkus dh ?kVuk,¡ >a>ksM+ nsrh gSA gjthr

Ik;kZoj.k ds {kfjr gksus ds fp+=k Hkh nsrs gSa vkSj vklUUk ladVksa ls lko/kku Hkh djrs gSaA bu fLFkfr;ksadh f'kuk[r djus ij mUgsa bu lcds ihNs euq"; dh LokFkZijrk utj vkrh gSA ,d ,slk [kqnxtZeuq"; ftlus izd fr ls gtkjksa gkFkksa ls fy;k exj ,d gkFk ls dqN fn;k Hkh ughaA gjthr nsgjknwuesa jgrs FksA vius 'kgj ds fujh{k.k esa mUgksaus ik;k&

gks x, ckx nsgjknwu esa de;s uxj yhfp;ksa dks Hkwy x;kAA8

csLokn gksrs tk jgs thou vkSj vfLrRofofgu curs tk jgs Ik;kZoj.k ds dkj.kksa dks [kkstrs gq,os mu leL;kvksa dh tM+ esa mrjrs gSa vkSj mudk mRRkj xt+y esa 'ksj cudj izdV gksrs gSaA ,d&,ddj lHkh dkj.k lkeus vkrs gSa&

dkVdj taxykssa dks 'kgj clk] vkSj fQj 'kgj gks x;k taxyAA9

jksVh] diM+k] vkSj edku dh viuh cqfu;knh t:jrsa iwjh djus dh tnnkstgn esa euq"; usizd fr dh rjQ ihB Qsj nhA euq"; Hkwy x;k fd izd fr ds lzksr mlds vfLrRo ds lzksr Hkh gSaA ogdsoy viuh t:jrsa iwjh djrk jgk ftldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk

jkst c<+rs jgrs gSa dqN edku cLrh esa] jkst ?kVrk jgrk gS vkleku cLrh esaAA10

yksxksa us vius ?kj cukus dh dksf'k'k esa bekjrsa cuk nhaA tks izse vkSj lg&Hkko ds fcuk dsoydkafØV taxy cuds jg x,A yksx vius vius ?kjksa esa fleVdj jg x,&

yksx uxjksa esa bl rjg fleVs] tSls taxy ds lkeus xeysAA11

xeyksa esa fleVdj jguk euq"; ds NksVk cuus dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA euq"; us dsoy taxyksadks dkVk gh ugha rks rjg rjg ds [kkn Mkydj moZj i Foh dks catj cuk fn;k] ftlls Qy csLoknvkSj Qwy xa/kfoghu cu x,A gjthr us Ik;kZoj.k ds bl igyw dh vksj Hkh b'kkjk fd;k gS&

[kq'kcw ugha ;s f'kdk;r rks vke gSD;ksa f[ky lds u Qwy dksbZ lksprk ughaAA12

ekuo&eu ds varfoZjks/k dks gjthr cM+h ckjhdh ls idM+rs gSa&

'kks/k /kkjk 215

geus pkgk fd taxyksa esa fQjsvkSj ydM+h dh nqdkuksa esa jgsAA13

isM+ks dks dkVus] tykus dk nq[k gjthr dh xty esa dbZ ckj] dbZ rjg ls mHkjk gSA mudk,d lqfo[;kr 'ksj gS&

;s gjs isM+ gSa] budks u tykuk yksxksabuds tyus is cgqr jkst /kqvk¡ mBrk gSAA14

euq"; us izd fr dks mi;ksfxrk dh n f"V ls ns[kkA mlus dkVk rks cgqr dqN exj cks;k dqNughaA mlus isM+&ikS/kksa dks Hkh HkkSfrdoknh n f"V ls ns[kk] ftlls /kjrh ij [krjk iSnk gqvkA viuhlqfoèkkvksa ds fy, mls u"V fd;k vkSj ;g u"V djus dh izfØ;k dbZ o"kksZa ls py jgh gS&

isM+ ls njoktk cuus rd] fc[kjk jkst cqjknk vkSjA15

euq"; us viuk fodkl fd;k] vkleku dh cqyafn;ksa dks Nqvk] exj Ik;kZoj.k dh yk'k ij iSjj[kdj mlus jgus ds fy, edku rks cuk, exj rktk gok ds fy, og rjl jgk gS&

gjh tehu is rwus bekjrsa cks nhafeysxh rktk gok rq>dksa iRFkjksa esa dgk¡AA16

gjthr viuh xt+y esa isM+ foghu] gok foghu] Ik;kZoj.k foghu] Hkfo"; dk ,slk fp=k nsrs gSa]ftlls Mj iSnk gksrk gSA tc ;g lc ugha gksxk rks /kjrh vkx mxyus okyk jsfxLrku cu tk,xh&

dSls irk pys fd ;s ir>j gS ;k cgkj,s nksLr dksbZ isM+ ugha vklikl esaAA17

euq";] euq"; ds lkFk rks fgalk] Hkz"V vkpj.k] 'kks"k.k djrk jgk gS exj izd fr ds izfr Hkh ogvekuoh; jgk gSA fodkl ds uke ij pyh va/kh nkSM+ esa mls vius ijk, dk dqN Hkh [;ky ugha gSAmi;qZDr 'ksj ftl xt+y ls gS] mlh xty esa gjthr dgrsa gS&

lk¡lks ds VwV tkus dk [krjk gS nksLrksa] bl ftanxh dks rst cukus dh vkl esa18

viuh O;fDrokfnrk ds rgr O;fDrfu"B] LokFkhZ] nwljksa ls dVdj thus] Hkksxoknh n f"Vviukus] ds dkj.k vk;k gqvk [kkyhiu og vius xk¡o pkSikyksa esa Hkh Hkjuk pkgrk gSA ,d xt+y dsyxkrkj 'ksj euq"; dh d r?urk ds dkj.k gq, Ik;kZoj.k ds âkl dks ladsfrr djrs gSa&

viuh pkSikyksa esa dkyh vk¡f/k;k¡ ys vk;s rqebu gjs [ksrksa esa tcls fpefu;k¡ ys vk;s rqeAArqeus isM+kas dks ugha dkVk exj ;s Hkh gS tqeZ

lkFk esa rktk dVh dqN Vgfu;k¡ ys vk, rqeAA19

izd fr ds lHkh midj.k gjthr ds lgpj gSa vkSj lkFk os mUgsa Hkh thfor ns[kuk pkgrs gSaAisM+ksa dks os ,d euq"; dh rjg ns[krs gSa] ;gh dkj.k gS fd muds VwV tkus dk nq[k dqN bl rjggksrk gS&

ftank psgjs Hkh cny tkrs gSa rLohjksa esaIksM+ ejrs gSaa rks <y tkrs gSa 'kgrhjksa esaAA20

'kks/k /kkjk 216

ikuh esa QSys gq, iznw"k.k Hkh mudh fpark dk fo"k; gSA ?kVrk gqvk tyLrj vkSj xanyk gksrktkrk ufn;ksa ds ikuh ds ckjs esa gjthr dgrs gaS&

er ikuh esa yk'k cgkvks] ikuh dk ;g dke ugha gSA21

gjthr gjsiu ds izseh gSaA /kjrh ij gjkiu thfor jgus dh dkeuk mudh xty esa ckj&ckjfn[krh gSA fpfM+;k] fxygjh] rksrs dh rjg gjk eSnku Hkh mudk nksLr gS&

oks esjk nksLr gSoks esjk nksLr gS] cpiu dk lcls igyk nksLr

gS esjs lPPks xokg esa oks gjk eSnkuA22

ysfdu vkt gjs eSnku Hkh [kRe gks jgs gSa cPPkksa ds [ksyus ds fy, iSjksa dh tehu fldqM+rhtk jgh gS&[kq'k ;s cPPks 'kke rd vc jks jgs gSa ns[kdj] [kqn jgh gS lqcg ls uhosa tks eSnku esa dqNAA23

gjthr dh xt+y dk O;ax uqdhyk gSA ;g O;ax rc vkSj uqdhyk gksrk gS tc euq"; LoHkkods varfoZjks/k dks os rkj&rkj dj nsrs gSa&

?kj dh nhokjksa is rLohjsa Fkh taxy dh exj] ?kj ds ckgj dksbZ ikS/kk dksbZ iRRkk Hkh u FkkAA24

Ik;kZoj.k ds âkl ds lHkh igywvksa ij ckjhdh ls lksprs gq, gjthr euq"; dks izd fr dksviukus dh lykg nsrs gSa&

f[kM+dh ds ikl tkÅ¡ rks Hkhrj Hkh vk ldw¡] fpfM+;k ;s dg jgh gS fd tkyh mrkj nsAA25

euq"; vius nk;jksa dks rksM+sxk rHkh og izd fr dh mnkjrk dks vius Hkhrj mrkj ldsxkA f[kM+dhls tkyh mrkjsxk rHkh fpfM+;k Hkhrj vk ik,xh vkSj gjthr dh rjg og Hkh vuqHko dj ldsxk&

vkbZ fpfM+;k rks eSus ;s tkuk] esjs dejs esa vkleku Hkh FkkA26

izd fr dks ge vkRe ekuus ls gh Ik;kZoj.k lqjf{kr jgsxkA larksa us Hkh Ik;kZoj.k egRo le>djizd fr dh ihM+k dks viuh ihM+k ekuk FkkA vkt izd fr dk euksgkjh fp=k.k djuk fujh dYiuk gksxhAizd fr ds izfr vR;ar laosnuh;rk ds dkj.k gjthr dh xt+y vius vki esa le ) gSA lkFk gh vkRetk ;klgksnjk ds :Ik esa fd;k gqvk izd fr fp=k.k ikBdksa esa Hkh mlh izdkj dh laosnuh;rk dks Hkjrh gSA

lanHkZ1- gjthr ,d iqy i 0 23 8- cgh] i 0 12 15- cgh] ,d iqy i 0 172- cgh i 0 38 9- gjthr];s gjs isM+ gSa i 047 16- cgh gjs isM+ gSa]i 0283- cgh i 0 31 10- cgh] ,d iqy i 0 8 17- cgh i 0 504- cgh i 0 56 11- cgh i 0 28 18- cgh] i 0 505- cgh i 0 24 12- ;s gjs isM+ gSa i 0 23 19- dFkkns'k] flracj 1999 i 0 236- cgh i 0 24 13- ,d iqy] i 0 20 20- gjthr ;s gjs isM+ gSa i 0 297- cgh i 0 26 14- ;s gjs isM+ gSa i 0 21 21- ,d iqy i 0 3522- ogh] ;s gjs isM+ i 0 40 23- ogha] i 0 31 24- ,d iqy] i 0 5725- ogh] i 0 76 26- ogh ;s gjs isM+ i 0 43

'kks/k /kkjk 217

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 217-223Special

jsfM;ks rFkk Vsyhfotu esa lw{e /ofu xzkgd dk ;ksxnkuMkW0 nhid jkBh

lgk;d funsZ'kd] ØhMsl ehfM;k lksyw'ku izkbosV fy0] ubZ fnYyh¼izkIr % 01 tuojh 2018½

Abstract

lw{e/ofuxzkgd dk dk;Z fo|qr /ofu dh ÅtkZ ifjorZd }kjk /ofurjaxksa dk :ikUrj rnuq:Ik fo|qrrjaxksa esa ;k ladsrksa esa djuk gSA lw{e/ofuxzkgd dks eq[;r% nks izdkj esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA ifgys Hkkxesa izs'kj vkWijsVsM* lw{e/ofuxzkg dk lekos'k gS] rks nwljk Hkkx izs'kj xzsfM,aV*A izs'kj vkWijsVsM lw{eèofuxzkgdesa /ofu lw{e/ofuxzkgd ds iVy ij ,d gh rjQ fn'kk ls vk?kkr djrk gS] tc fd izs'kj xzsfM,aV esa vk?kkrnksuksa rjQ ls gksrk gSA vkt tks lw{e/ofuxzkgd bLrseky djrs gSa] os izs'kj vkWijsVsM izs'j xzsfM,aM ;k nksuksads la;kstu ls cus gq, gksrs gSaA

lw{e/ofuxzkgd (Microphone) dk dk;Z fo|qr /ofu dh ÅtkZ ifjorZd }kjk /ofurjaxksa dk:ikUrj rnuq:Ik fo|qr rjaxksa esa ;k ladsrksa esa djuk gSA

lw{e/ofuxzkgd dks eq[;r% nks izdkj esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA ifgys Hkkx esa ^izs'kj vkWijsVsM*lw{e/ofuxzkg dk lekos'k gS] rks nwljk Hkkx ^izs'kj xzsfM,aV*A izs'kj vkWijsVsM lw{e/ofuxzkgd esa /ofulw{e/ofuxzkgd ds iVy ij ,d gh rjQ fn'kk ls vk?kkr djrk gS] tc fd izs'kj xzsfM,aV esa vk?kkrnksuksa rjQ ls gksrk gSA vkt tks lw{e/ofuxzkgd bLrseky djrs gSa] os izs'kj vkWijsVsM izs'j xzsfM,aM ;knksuksa ds la;kstu ls cus gq, gksrs gSaA

/ofurjaxksa dks fo|qr rjaxksa esa ;k ladsrksa esa cnyus ds fy;s fuEu HkkSfrdh; vkfo"dj.kksa }kjkiz;ksx fd;k gSAv½ fo|qrd"kq±dh; izorZu c½ nkc&fo|qr ifj.kkel½ d"kq±dh; vkdkjkarj n½ /kkjdrk esa cnyv½ fo|qr d"kqZdh; ifjorZu % fdlh Hkh oy; vkd fr esa ls tkus okyh ¼vFkok mlls lacaf/kr½d"kq±dh; {ks=k esa js[kk la[;k esa cny gksus ij oy; esa fo|qr opZLo fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bl fØ;k dks^fo| r d"kq±dh; izorZu dgrs gSaAc½ neu ¼nkc½ fo|qr ifj.kke % dqN LQfVde; inkFkksZa] fpdus inkFkksZa ds ,sls xq.k/keZ gksrs gSafd mu ij ;kaf=kd ncko Mkyus ij muls fo|qr rjax mRiUu gksrk gS] vkSj ncko fdlh izdkj vkSjfdruk gS ml ij fo|qr izokg dk lapj.k vkSj izokg dh fn'kk] mlh izdkj ncko dh fn'kk vkSj mldkLQfVd&v{kls laca/k bUghsa dk Hkh fopkj djuk iM+rk gSA nkc fo|qr ifj.kke ftl oLrq ls feyrkgS] ml LQfVd dk mÙke mnkgj.k gS ßjkspsyh lkWYVÞ (Rochelle Salt)|


Key Words: /ofu xzkgd] /ofu foKku] ok| ;a=k

'kks/k /kkjk 218

d½ d"kqZdh; vkdkjkarj % ;k d"kqZdtU; vkdkj Hksn d"kqZdh }kjk d"kqZdh; inkFkksZ dk vkdkj cnytkrk gS oSls gh nkc c<+kus ls gh d"kZqdh; xq.k fuekZ.k gksrs gSaAfo|qr /kkjd esa ifjorZu % fo|qr okgd vkSj fo|qr loZ=k dh lajpuk ls fo|qr e/;eksa}kj xq.kksa esacny tkrk gSA

fdlh Hkh izdkj ds lw{e/ofuxzkgd dh fuEu oSf'k"V; ¼fo'ks"krk,a½ jgrh gSaA&1- daXu dk izfrlkn ¼e;kZnk½ 2- laosnu {kerk3- rjax mfeZ;ksa dk Lianu 4- fod fr1- daiu e;kZnk % fdlh Hkh lw{e/ofuxzkgd dh {kerk] mldh ifj.kkeh daiu rhozrk fdruh devf/kd gS] ml ij fuHkZj gSA mls xzkQ }kjk n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA vkSj mlh ls /ofueqnz.k ds fy;sfdl izdkj dk ekbØksQksu bLrseky djuk pkfg;s] bldk vankt vkrk gSA mnkgj.k] fdlh rcykoknd ds rcyk lksyksa dk /ofueqnz.k djuk gSA rcys dh daiu e;kZnk lk/kkj.kr% 35 ls 1000 gVZl~gSA vr% ,sls /ofueqnz.k ds fy, bl daiu e;kZnk ds foifjr ¼de vFkok T;knk½ daiu e;kZnk dkekiØksQksu bLrseky djus ls mfpr ifj.kke lk/; gks ldrk ugha vkSj rcys ds ck;k¡ dh vkoktvPNh rjg lqukbZ ugh nsxhA blds fy;s /ofu izo/kZd Hkh vPNk gksuk pkfg;sA eq[;r% ekbØksQksu;ksX; daiu {kerk dk gksuk pkfg;s % ekbØksQksu ij lc fuHkZj jgrk gSA2- laosnu {kerk & nSuafnu O;ogkj esa bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx ge csf>>d djrs gSaA mnkgj.k dku dhlaosnu {kerk] ukd dh laosnu {kerk bR;kfnA bl dk vFkZ ge yksx vius vFkok nwljs O;fDr dsbafnz;ksa ds ckjs esa dqN dgrs gSaA mlh izdkj ekbØksQksu ds laosnu {kerk ds ckjs esa Hkh dgk tkrk gSdqN ekbØksQksu vPNs gksrs gq, Hkh de losnu'khy gksrs gSa rks dqN cgqr vPNs laosnu'khy gksrs gSa osutnhd vkSj nwj mRiUu gqbZ /ofu Hkh vPNh izdkj ls xzg.k dj ldrs gSaA3- {ks=k vkd fr ca/k % bl ls fdl izdkj dk ekbØksQksu fdl mís'; ds fy;s bLrseky djuk pkfg;s;g Hkh Kkr gksrk gSA bl ls ekbØksQksu dk /ofuxzg.k djus dk {ks=k vkSj fdl gn rd /ofu xzg.kdj ldrk gS ;g ekywe gksrk gSA blds fy;s ekbØksQksu j[kus dh txg vkSj mldk va'kkRed dks.kHkh Kkr gksrk gSA

ekbØksQksu ds {ks=k vkd frca/k fuEu izdkj ds gSav- loZ fn'kh; c- f}&fn'kh; l- ânh; izfr:i

v- loZ fn'kh; % ekbØksQksu dks /ofuxzkgd {kerk cgqr foLr r gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh fn'kk ls vkus okyh/ofu ;g xzg.k djrk gSA ;fn ,d gh ek;ØksQksu miyC/k gS vkSj ml ls rhu pkj okndksa dk /ofueqn.k djrk gS rks mudks ;ksX; txg fcBkdj /ofueqnz.k gks ldrk gSA /ofueqnz.k djrs le;ek;ØksQksu] j[kus ds dqN fu;e gSa fQj Hkh mÙke laxhr vkSj laHkk"k.k lquk;h ns] blfy;s dq'ky /ofu&eqnzd ;ksX; LFkku ij ekbØksQksu j[k nsrk gSA ,slk {ks=k vkd frca/k gksus okyk ekbØksQksu cM+kok|o an vFkok tulewg bR;kfn ds /ofuHkqnz.k esa bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSAc- f}&fnf'kd ekbØksQksu % ;g iVy ds nksuksa vksj ls fo#) fn'kk esa vkus okys /ofu dks xzg.k djrkgS vkSj 170° dks.k ds fn'kk esa /ofuxzg.k dj ldrk gSA blfy, ;g ekbØksQksu flQZ nks oDrk ;k

'kks/k /kkjk 219

xk;d ;k nks ok|ksa ds /ofueqnz.k ds fy, vfrmÙke gSA fdlh dh eqykdkr ds fy, ;g mi;qDr gSAbl ek;ØksQksu dks Figure of eight Hkh dgrs gSA D;ksafd ;g vaxzsth vkB vad tSlk fn[krk gSAl- ân; izfr#i ekbØksQksu % ;g v vkSj c izdkj ds ekbØksQksUl ds {ks=k vkd frlaca/kksa dk la;ksxgSA bl ds uke ls gh vanktk yxrk gS fd ;g ekbØksQksu dk {ks=k vkd frca/k ân; dks vkdkj tSlkgksrk gSA bl esa /ofu xzg.k iVy ds lkeus ls ;k fdafpr nksuksa cktw ls gksrk gSA blfy, ;g cgqrmi;qDr gSA 'kkL=kh; xk;u esa lkekU;r% ,d xk;d vkSj mlds pkj lkFkhnkj jgrs gSaA xk;d izeq[kmlds nfguh rjQ rcykoknd ihNs nks lkFkhnkj rkuiqjk fy, gq, ck;ha rjQ gkeksZfu;e ;k lkjaxh;k ok;fyuoknd ,slh lkekU;r% cSBus dh i)fr gSA bl izdkj ds ekbØksQksu esa 2800 dks.k dsdksu}kjk Hkh lhfer /ofuxzkgd {kerk gksus ls lkFkhnkjksa dk rkjrE; eq[; xk;d ds vuq:Ik jgrk gSAblfy, xk;d ds vkokt ls nks ok|ksa dh vkokt dqN de lqukbZ nsrh gSA ysfdu ekbØksQksu mÙkeizdkj gksus ij gh mijksDr ckrsa lp gks ldrh gSaA D;ksafd xk;d ;k oknd gh izeq[k gSA ;gek;ØksQksu iVy ds nwljs rjQ dh /ofu xzg.k ugha djrkA blfy, Jksrkvksa dh ckrphr lqukbZ ughansrhA bl dkj.k ;g ekbØksQksu lcls T;knk iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrkA mÙke izfr ds ¼O;kolkf;d½èofueqnz.k ds fy, mPp izfr dk ekbØksQksu dk gksuk vko';d gSAekbØksQksUl ds LFkkiu % lkekU;r% ekbØksQksUl ds LFkkiu ,sls gksuk pkfg, fd lkeus mRi=k gqbZ /ofu dk vklkuh ls xzg.k gksA ;fn nks ;k nks ls T;knk ekbØksQksUl iz;ksx esa ykus gaS rks mudks ,slsLFkku ij j[kuk pkfg, dh muds /ofuxzkg.k esa de ls de O;R;; gksA tc nks f}&fn'kh; ekbØksQksudk iz;ksx djuk gks rks mu dks ledks.k esa j[kuk pkfg,A /ofueqnz.k ;k dk;ZØe ds le; ekbØksQksudgka j[kuk pkfg;sA bl dk fopkj djus ls iwoZ fuEu rhu izeq[k ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;sA1- ekbØksQksu dk izdkj vkSj mldk {ks=k vkd frca/kA2- tgka ekbØksQksu iz;ksx esa ykuk gS ml LFkku dh /ofu dh (Acoustics)A3- fdl izdkj ds dk;ZØe dk /ofu eqnz.k djuk gSA

bl esa ekbØksQksu dk izdkj tkuuk vklku gSA iw.kZ /ofu eqnz.k i)fr vkSj lHkkxkj ds /ofudk vuU; lk/kkj.k egRo gSA /ofu dk vfr egRo gSA LFkku dh /ofu dh vPNh ugha gksxh rks fdrukgh mPp izfr dk ekbØksQksu fu#i;ksxh gksxkA rhljs izdkj ds ckjs esa foLr r fooj.k dj jgk gw¡Axk;u] laHkk"k.k ;k Hkk"k.k ds le; ekbØksQksu vyx&vyx rjhds ls j[kuk iM+rk gSA ekbØksQksude ls de 1"@10" nwjh ij gksuk pkfg;sA ¼fdUrq@xk;d@oDrk ds vkokt dh mPp uhprk] xk;k@cksyk ¼dgk½ tkus okyk vkSj og txg] ;s lHkh ckrksa dk fopkj djuk iM+rk gS½ xk;d dbZ izdkj dsgksrs gSaA& mnkgj.k 'kkL=kh; laxhr xk;dA mu esa Hkh /kqzin&/kekj] [;ky xkus okys mi 'kkL=kh;laxhr xk;d&mu esa Hkh VIik] Bqejh] dtjh bR;kfn vusd izdkj dk lekos'k gksrk gSA rhljk izdkjgS xt+y vkSj Hkkoxhr] HkDrhxhr bR;kfn xk;dksa dkA pkSFkk izdkj ds xk;d tkus ekus yksdlaxhrxk;dA vkSj xk;s tkus okys fofo/k mudks izkax.kh;* dg ldrs gSaA bu pkjksa gh izdkj ds /ofu eqnz.kds fy;s ;ksX; izdkj ds ekbØksQksuksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s % mPp dksfV ds ekbØksQksu ds fufeZrhls lqxe laxhr esa vewykxz cny gqvk gSA ekbØksQksu ds vkxeu ls mijksDr xk;u 'kSfy;ksa esa Hkkoukvksa

'kks/k /kkjk 220

dk izn'kZu cgqr izd"kZ esa is'k djuk vklku gksrk gSA mlls visf{kr ifj.kke lk/; gksus esa enn gksrhgSA 'kCnksPpkj Li"V lquk;h nsrs gSaA laxhr ok|ksa ds lanHkZ esa dgk tk,] rks mudk /ofueqnz.k djrsle; ekbØksQksu ds LFkkiu esa Hkh cgqr Qjd djuk iM+rk gSA ok| ds Hkh pkj izdkj gSa& ¼1½ rr¼rkj % rarq½ ¼2½ /ku ¼/kkrq ds cuk gqvk½ ¼3½ vou) ¼peM+k f[kapdj cuk gqvk½ vkSj ¼4½ lqf"kj ¼gok}kjk /ofu mRiUu djus okyk½A bu lHkh izdkjksa ls fuekZ.k gksus okys /ofu dk /ofueqnz.k djuk vklkuugha gSA ysfdu vuqHko vkSj ok| rku ;g nksuksa ckras /ofueqnz.k djrs le; dke vkrh gSA

vusd ckj ,slk ns[kk x;k gS fd iqu/oZfueqnz.k ds le; rcyk&ck;k ;k i[kkot dk /ofuvPNh rjg lquk;h ugha nsrkA bl esa ;g rF; gS brj ok|ksa ds lkFk bu dks Bhd lquk;h iM+ukvko';d gSA

lkekU;r% fQYe LVwfM;ks ;k vU; O;kolkf;d /ofueqnz.k&LVwfM;ks ls /ofueqnz.k dk ntkZvPNk jgrk gSA D;ksafd ogk¡ dh /ofueqnz.k lkexzh vkSj eq[;r% /ofu mPp dksfV dh jgrh gS vkSjlcls egÙoiw.kZ ckr ;g fd ogka dke djus okyk /ofueqnzd mij fufnZ"V lHkh izdkj viuk&viukegÙo j[krs gSaA ekbØksQksu dh varj±puk ij Hkh cgqr dqN fuHkZj jgrk gSA

/ofueqnz.k ,d dyk gSA ek;ØksQksu dh LFkkiuk dgha Hkh djus ij og /ofu xzg.k dj ldrkgS vkSj /ofu eqnz.k Hkh gks ldrk gS] fdUrq nSuafnd thou esa ftl izdkj /ofu lqukbZ nsrk oSlk gh/ofu iqu#Riknu esa lqukbZ nsuk vR;ar egÙo dh ckr gSA ysfdu nSufnu thou esa ge tSls lquAeqykdr ds fy;s ek;ØksQksu dh O;oLFkk

;fn fdlh O;fDr dh eqykdkr ysus ds fy;s fdl izdkj dk ek;ØksQksu bLrseky djukpkfg;s vkSj mls fdl izdkj ls j[kuk pkfg;s bldks vc le>k jgs gSaA blds fy;s f}fn'kh;ekbØksQksu mi;ksx esa ykuk mfpr lkfcr gksrk gSA ekbØksQksu ds lkeus nl bap varj ij nks vknehcSB ldrs gSaA mlds 1800 dks.k esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh vkokt xzg.k ugha gksxhA ;fn eqykdkr nsusokys O;fDr cgqr gh izfl) gks rks nks ek;ØksQksu bLrseky djuk pkfg;sA vkdk'kok.kh ¼jsfM;ks½ ijeqykdkr ,d gh ek;ØksQksu ij yh tkrh gSA nwjn'kZu ds fy;s nks ek;ØksQksu dk iz;ksx vo'; gksrkgSA D;ksafd ogk¡ mlesa dejk dk bLrseky gksrk gSA ,d ek;ØksQksu ls dejk ?kqekus esa fnDdr vkusdh laHkkouk gksrh gSA

ekbØksQksu dgk¡ j[kuk pkfg, ;g O;fDr dh vkokt ij fuHkZj djrk gSA nks oDrkvksa dsvkokt+ esa QdZ gksrk gS rks ekbØksQksu ,slh txg j[kuk pkfg, dh vkokt esa lekurk vk;sA

tc fdlh cM+s lewg mnkgj.kkFkZ yksdlaxhr ;k lewgxhr vkfn dks /ofueqnz.k djkuk gks] rks,sls izdkj dk ekbØksQksu bLrseky djuk pkfg;s fd og fdlh Hkh fn'kk ls vkus okys /ofu dks xzg.kdj ldsA blds fy;s *loZ fn'kh;* ekbØksQksu iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s vkSj yksxksa dh xksykdkj esa fcBkukpkfg;sA vkokt ;k ok| dks /ofu dh mPpfuprk lquus ij gh ekbØksQksu dh LFkkiuk djuk pkfg;sAftlls fd izR;sd dh vkokt leHkko ls lqukbZ nsA

ysfdu ;g leHkkork D;w¡\ blfy;s dh iqu%&mRiknu ds le; ok| ;k vkokt ;k nksuksa ,dgh izry ij mfpr rjg ls lqukbZ nsA

'kks/k /kkjk 221

dqN laxhr ok|ksa dk /ofueqnz.k %dqN ok| ,sls gksrs gSa fd mudk /ofueqnz.k ;nh vPNk u gqvk rks laxhr dk okrkoj.k fuekZ.k

gh ugha gksrkA mnkgj.kkFkZ gkeksZfu;e] rcyk cktk] fi;kuksa vkSj ok;sfyuA gkeksZfu;e dk /ofueqnz.kdjrk dfBu gSA igys dh 31-5 feuV dh jsdkMZl~ esa gkeksZfu;e dh vkokt+ xk;d ls rst vkrh gSAgkeksZfu;e ds /ofueqnz.k ds le; ekbØksQksu ;fn rkjlIrd ds utnhd j[kk tk; rks /ofueqnz.kvPNk gksrk gSA ;fn ekbØksQksu [ktkZ ds utnhd gks rks *vuqLinu* rhoz lquk;h nsrk gSA/ofu iqu#Riknu ns[kdj ekbØksQksau dh LFkkiuk djuh pkfg;sA fdUrq mij&fufnZ"V LFkkiu i)frvuqHkofl) gS vkSj vuqHkoh eqnzdksa dks ;g mi;qDr gks ldrh gSA 'kkL=kh; laxhr ;k fo'ks"kr% lqxelaxhr esa gkeksZfu;e Bhd rjg ls lqukbZ ugha nh rks mu mRiknu ds le; laxhr dks vkLokn ysrs le;laxhr dks vkLokn ysrs le; jaxr ugha vk ldrhA

fi;kuks&;g ok| Ikk'pkR; laxhr esa lc cgqrkZ'k bLrseky fd;s tkus okyk ,d ok| gSA bldk /ofu&eqnz.k gkeksZfu;e ds rjg ;ka ml ls Hkh dfBu gSA fi;kuks dk /ofueqnz.k djrs le; ¼bldk ekSdk feyuk gh dBh.k gSA½ fi;kuksa ds txg dk /ofu dk xq.k/keZ dSlk gS& bl dk vankt ysusds fy;s nks rhu ckj rkfy;k¡ ctkdj ns[kuk pkfg;sA rkfy;ksa dh izfr/ofu dqN le; rj jg tk;rks le>uk pkfg;s dh bl LFkku esa dqN vuqLianu gSA ;fn rkfy;ksa dh izfr/ofu 'kh?kz gh gok esafoyhu gks tk; rks ml LFkku esa vuqLianu ugha gSA vr% fi;kuksa ds /ofueqnz.k ds fy;s vuqLianu okykLFkku mfpr gS D;ksafd fi;kuksa esa rkjksa dks Qsy~V yxh gqvh NksVh lh gkFkkSM+h ls izgkj djds /ofumRi=k dh tkrh gSA bl fy;s ;fn ,d ckj iêh nckus ij ,d gh ckj /ofu lquk;h nsrk gSA gkeksZfu;eesa tc rd gok gksxh rc rd og /ofu lquk;h nsxkA blfy;s fi;kusa esa ctk;s gqvs Lojksa dks *vk;*ugha jgrhA ;fn vuqLianu gksxk rks fi;kuksa dk ,d Loj vYidky rV jgsxk vkSj mlls ?kqekjk vk;sxkvkSj Loj le ) gksxkA fi;kuksa ls /ofueqnz.k ds fy;s ek;dzksQksu tSls gkeksZfu;e ds fy;s j[kk tkrkgS oSlk gh j[kuk pkfg;s ftl ls dh /ofueqnz.k gks ldsA fi;kuks ds nks izdkj gSaA ,d **lh/kk** [kM+krFkk nwljk **xzW.M fi;kuks** xz¡M fi;kuksa ds vkSj nks izdkj gSA **csch xz¡M** vkSj **dUlVZ xz¡M** fi;kuksAcgqr ls yksxks usa fQYe esa xzW.M fi;kuks ns[kk gksxkA fi;kuksa ds /ofueqnz.k ds fy;s ekdØksQksu LFkkudh /ofu dh mfpr LFkku ij j[kuk pkfg;sA

oksfyu Hkh oSlk gh ,d ok| gSA fganqLrkuh 'kkL=kh; laxhr esa *lksyks* ds vykok ;k Dofpele; lkFk djus ds fy;s ;k dukZVd laxhr ds vykok ok;fyu de iz;ksx esa vkrh gSA ik'pkR;laxhr esa ok;fyu ,d izeq[k rFkk vfoHkkT; ?kVd gSA 10 izfr'kr ok| laxhr esa ok;fyu ok| jgrkgSA tc ok;fyu esa mPp daiu ds /ofu mRi=k gksrs gSa] bldk eryc tc ok;fyu ls mPp daizrk ds/ofu fuekZ.k gksrs gSa rc /ofudaiu gok lc fn'kkvkas ls u gksdj ,d gh fn'kk esa gksrk gSA vr% tcnks ok|ksa dk /ofueqnz.k djuk gksxk rc nksuksa dk /ofudaiu ,d nwljs ij Nk u tk; ;g ns[kukpkfg;sA

rr~ ¼Hkkjrh;½ ok|ks ds rqyuk esa lqf'kj vkSj vuu) ok|ksa dks ekkbØksQksu lsa dqN T;knk nwjj[kuk pkfg;sA ysfdu dqN ?ku ok| mnk +Vky] >kat bR;kfn ds /ofueqnz.k dqN dfBu gSaA ,sls cgqr

'kks/k /kkjk 222

ok| gSa ftudk /ofueqnz.k vklku ugha gSA vPNk /ofueqnz.k djus ds fy;s nks&rhu ckj /ofueqnz.k dsfy;s LFkku igys ls fufnZ"V jgrk gSaA vkSj /ofueqnz.k ds le; ek;dzksQksu dk LFkku esa dqN ifjofrZrfd;k tkrk gSA ;s lc *ekWfuVfjax* djuk laHko gS] blfy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu vuuqHkoh eqnzdksads ikl ;g lqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k u gksus ds dkj.k mUgs /ofueqnz.k iqu#Riknu ds iz;ksx dk voyacu djukiM+rk gSA

oSls ns[kk tk; rks Vsi fjdkMZj vPNk gksxk rks ekbØksQksu fdlh Hkh LFkku ij j[kdj/ofueqnz.k gks ldrk gS vkSj lkaizr bruh cM+h izxr /ofueqnz.k ;a=k.kk miyC/k gS fd dksbZ Hkh dgldrk gS fd ge /ofueqnz.k dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu ;g ckr lp ugha gSA vPNk /ofueqnz.k fdls dgukpkfg;s ;g ,d loky gSA D;ksafd og vusd ckrksa ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA vPNk /ofueqnz.k mls dgk tkrkgS fd og oSlk gh ewy/ofu ,slk lquk;h nsA ok| T;ksa oknd ctk jgk gks ;k laxhr tks xk;d xk jgkgks og oSlk gh lquk;h ns mls vPNk /ofueqnz.k dgrs gSaA

xk;d dh vkokt ls Jksrk ds dku rV vusd izokg gS gjsd viuk egÙo j[krk gS] bl IkjfQj dHkhA tgk¡ /ofu mRi=k gksrh gS vkSj og dSls lquk;h nsrh gS ;g /ofudh ij fuHkZj djrk gSAmtkZ ifjorZd % Transduxer d'kqdh; vkdkjkaÙkj % Magnetostrictionf}fnf'kd % Bidirectional ân; izfr:Ik % Cardioid Patterndairk izfrlkn % Frequency responsevkarj xksaxkV % Internal noise/ofudh % Acoustics Lkaosnu {kerk Sensitivityfur rh % Distortion loZ fn'kh; Omnidirectional/ofueqnzd % Sound recording /ofueqnz.k % Sound recordingfQreqnz.k % Tape Recording foo/kZd % Amplifier{ks=k vkd fr ca/k % Field Pattern/kkjdrsrhy cny % Variation in Capacitancenkcfo|qr~ ifj.kke % Piezeo Electric effectfo|qr d'kqZdh; izorZu %Electromagnetic Induction

lanHkZ1. Alect Nishet (1994), Use of Microphones Elsevier Science & Technology Books.

Tomhs David, Sound Recording, David and Chorles Ltd. UK.2. Alec Nishet (1979) The Technique of the Sound Studio for Radio, Recording Stu-

dio, Television and Film Focal Press, LondonAlkin Glyn (1992) Sound Techniques for Video and Sound Operations, Focal Press,London

3- ywFkjk ,p-vkj-] bfM;u czkMdkfLVax] ifCyds'ku fMohtu ¼1986½4- c:vk ;w- ,y-] fnl bt vky bafM;k jsfM;ks izdk'ku foHkkx] lwpuk vkSj izlkj.k eU=kky;] ubZ

fnYyh] 19835- 'kekZ dkS'ky] jsfM;ks izlkj.k] izfrek izfr"Bku] ubZ fnYyh ¼2004½

'kks/k /kkjk 223

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 224-229Special

iq#"k ekufldrk dk izfrjks/k jprh fgUnh fQYesalanhi lks- ykssVyhdj

fgUnh foHkkx] ih-bZ-,l- egkfo|ky;] QekZxqM+h] QksaM+k&xksok¼izkIr % 10 flracj 2017½

Abstract

fganh fQYeksa esa vk;k ;g cnyko blfy, Hkh lq[kn dgk tk ldrk gS fd fganh fQYeksa dk n'kZdvc çkS<+ gks pqdk gSA bDdhloha 'krkCnh esa bl çdkj dk oSpkfjd mgkiksg jprh fQYesa ,d cM+s n'kZdoxZ }kjk Hkjiwj ljkgh tk jgh gSaA bu fQYeksa dks feyh lQyrk ;g n'kkZrh gS fd fganh fQYeksa ds n'kZdksadh #fp;ksa esa foLrkj gks jgk gSA fganh fQYeksa dk n'kZd dsoy og n'kZd ugha jgk tks ogh iqjkus <jsZ ijpyus okyh fQYeksa ds fy, flusek?kjksa esa HkhM+ tqVkrk FkkA fiad] fDou] fyifLVd vaMj ek; cqdkZ] ikpZ~MtSlh oSpkfjd&dykRed fQYeksa ds n'kZdksa dh la[;k yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSA bu fQYeksa ds ek/;e lslkekftd thou ls tqM+s vke yksxksa ds fofHkUu leL;kvksa dks cM+s gh csckd vankt esa çLrqr fd;k tkjgk gSA lkekftd ifjorZu ds lanHkZ esa Hkh bl çdkj dh xaHkhj fQYesa dkQh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djldrh gSaA bu fQYeksa dks ns[kus ds ckn ;g fo'okl txrk gS fd vkus okys le; esa fgUnh fQYesa lkekftdifjorZu dk rFkk efgykvksa dks ysdj lekt dh ladh.kZ lksp dks cnyus dk ,d etcwr gfFk;kj lkfcrgks ldrh gSaA

Hkkjrh; lekt dh ;g fo'ks"krk gS fd ;g fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa] /keZ] tkfr ,oa laLÑfr esa c¡Vk gqvkgSA lekt ,d ,slh bZdkbZ gS] tks yksxksa dh ekufldrk rFkk lkekftd lksp dks çfrfcafcr djrh gSAlekt esa lkewfgdrk dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA ;gh otg gS fd lef"V ls gVdj tc dksbZ O;fäO;fäxr rkSj ij u, vkpkj&fopkj rFkk ekU;rkvksa dks viukus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS] rc lekt :ihlewg dks cgqrk;r esa ;s fopkj ekU; ugha gksrsA lewg ftl rjg ls lksprk&fopkjrk gS] mlh dsvuqlkj lekt esa jgus okys O;fä dks vius dk;Z dk lapkyu djuk iM+rk gSA ysfdu le; ds lkFkdqN fopkj rFkk ekU;rk,a fiNM+us yxrh gSa A ,slh fiNM+h ekU;rkvksa dks cnyuk] muesa ifjorZu ykukcsgn vko';d gksrk gSA euq"; le;≤ ij bu ekU;rkvksa&fopkjksa esa ifjorZu ykus dk ç;kldjrk jgk gSA blhfy, og bruh cM+h çxfr dj ldk gSA

çkphu dky ls ysdj vk/kqfud dky rd Hkkjr esa fL=k;ksa dh fLFkfr ifjorZu'khy jgh gSAçkphu dky ls gh Hkkjrh; lekt iq#"k ç/kku jgk gSA lekt dh fiNM+h gqbZ iq#"k ekufldrk dsdkj.k L=kh dks ges'kk ls viekfur ,oa çrkfM+r gksuk iM+k gSA blfy, ukjh ds n f"Vdks.k ls lcls cM+kvkSj egRoiw.kZ loky mlds vkRe lEeku dh lqj{kk dk gSA gekjs lekt ds fir lÙkkRed opZLo usfL=k;ksa ds vkRefo'okl ,oa vkRecy dks vDlj rksM+us dk dk;Z fd;k gSA vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; lektfL=k;ksa dks lEeku nsus ds ekeys esa fiNM+k gqvk lekt gh dgk tk,xkA bu lc ckrksa dk cM+k xgjk


Key Words : fgUnh fQYeksa dh laosnuk] fQYeksa esa lkekftdrk] fQYe vkSj ekuo laosnuk

'kks/k /kkjk 224

vlj fganh fQYeksa ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vxj ge fganh fQYeksa dh ckr djsa rks ikrs gSa fd bu fQYeksaus L=kh pfj=k dks ,d ?ksjs esa can dj mls çLrqr djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA iqjkuh fQYeksa esa L=kh dsR;kxe;h i{k dks mHkkjus dh dksf'k'k vf/kd gqbZ gSA ukjh ik=kksa dk fuekZ.k eerke;h eka] R;kxe;hiRuh] mPp vkn'kksaZ okyh çsfedk ds :i esa gksrk jgk gSA dg ldrs gSa fd fganh fQYeksa esa ukjh dks,d pkS[kV esa cka/kdj j[kus dk dke fd;k x;kA 'kk;n ;g ml le; ds n'kZd dh ekax jgh gksArRdkyhu fQYedkj ;g lksprs gq, fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa fd flusek ds n'kZd ukf;dkvksa dks blh R;kxe;h#i esa ns[kuk vf/kd ilan djrs gSaA ;gh otg gS fd fganh fQYeksa esa ukf;dkvksa dks mnkÙk] vkn'kZe;h:i esa çLrqr fd;k x;kA

ysfdu orZeku nkSj esa fgUnh fQYesa ml pkS[kV dks rksM+us dk Hkjiwj ç;kl dj jgh gSaA lfn;ksals pys vk jgs bu fo"k;ksa ds pkS[kV dks Hksn dj fganh flusek esa vfHkuo ç;ksx gks jgs gSaA dbZ lkjhefgyk fQYedkjksa us orZeku le; esa yhd ls gVdj flusek dk ltZu fd;k gSA buesa dYiuk ykteh]vi.kkZ lsu] xkSjh f'kans] ehjk uk;j] nhik esgrk] vya—rk JhokLro] yhuk ;kno tSlh efgyk funsZ'kdksadk uke fy;k tk ldrk gSA bu efgyk funsZ'kdksa us L=kh dh =kklnh ij fopkjksÙkstd fQYesa cukbZgSaA

bl nkSj ds fQYedkjksa esa ijaijk vkSj vk/kqfudrk ds chp dk varnZ~oan vklkuh ls ns[kk tkldrk gSA fganh fQYeksa esa ,d vksj L=kh dks ijaijkxr #i esa fn[kk;k tk jgk gS rks nwljh rjQ misf{krjg x, L=kh pfj=kksa dh Hkh [kkst gks jgh gSA dqN ,slh fQYesa orZeku nkSj esa vk jgh gSa] tks lekt dhcuh&cukbZ ikjaifjd lksp ls vyx fopkj dks flusek esa vfHkO;fä nsus dk ç;kl dj jgh gSaA tgka,d vksj L=kh thou ds vuNq, fo"k;ksa ij fQYesa ns[kus dks feyrh gS] ogha nwljh rjQ ijaijkxr lkspdh fQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gks jgk gSA bDdhloha lnh dh fQYesa bl ckr dks çekf.kr djrh gSa fdHkweaMyhdj.k ds bl nkSj esa ukjh dh foMacuk] vkdka{kkvksa] leL;kvksa ij vf/kd vljnkj :i esa fQYesafopkj&foe'kZ dj ldrh gSaA ukjh lfn;ksa ls vktknh ds fy, viuh vkokt cqyan djrh vkbZ gSAmldh vkokt dh cqyafn;ksa dk vkxkt fgUnh flusek esa rhoz xfr ls gqvk gSA lekt esa misf{kr dghtkus okyh fL=k;ksa dk okLrfod fp=k fganh fQYeksa esa rsth ls mHkj dj lkeus vk jgk gSA

b/kj ds o"kksaZ esa ukjh thou dks dsaæ esa j[kdj vusdkusd fQYesa cu jgh gSaA bu fQYeksa esaukjh thou ds fofHkUu dks.kksa dks çLrqr djus dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gSA ^fiad* ,d ,slh gh fQYedgh tk ldrh gS ftlesa cM+s 'kgjksa esa jgus okyh efgykvksa ds lkFk gksus okys nqoZ~;ogkj dks çLrqrfd;k x;k gSA vDlj Hkkjrh; iq#"k efgykvksa ds jgu lgu] ckrphr ds vankt rFkk muds diM+ksadks ysdj viuh ,d [kkl lksp cuk ysrs gSa A bl fQYe esa lsDl dks ysdj iq#"kksa dh ladh.kZfopkjèkkjk rFkk iq#"k ekufldrk dh ?kfV;k lksp dh iksy [kksyus dh iqjtksj dksf'k'k gqbZ gSA fQYeLi"V :i ls ;g lans'k nsrh gS fd pkgs fdlh Hkh çdkj dh efgyk D;ksa u gks rFkk fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfresa mlds vuqefr ds fcuk dksbZ Hkh iq#"k mlds lkFk tcjnLrh ugha dj ldrkA mls ^uk* dgus dkvf/kdkj loZJh mldk gSA ;gh bl fQYe dk eq[; fo"k; gSA vxj dksbZ L=kh eqä fopkjksa dh gS vkSjog viuh vktknh dks vuqHko djrh gS rks iq#"k bldk dqN xyr eryc fudkyrs gSaA fiad fQYe

'kks/k /kkjk 225

ml iq#"koknh ekufldrk ds f[kykQ dM+k lans'k nsrh gS] ftlesa L=kh vkSj iq#"k dks vyx&vyxiSekus ij ekik tkrk gSA fQYe dh dgkuh crkrh gS fd vxj iq#"k rkdroj ifjokj ls gks rks fdlrjg ihfM+r efgyk ds fy, U;k; dh yM+kbZ yM+uk vkSj Hkh eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA lekt dh lkjh;a=k.kk ftuls U;k; dh vis{kk dh tkrh gS og Hkh ml iq#"k dks cpkus esa yx tkrh gSA ;g fQYelekt dh ijaijkxr lksp ij dM+s loky [kM+s djrh gSA yM+fd;ksa ds igukos] muds ftanxh thus dsfcankl vankt vkSj iq#"k ds lkFk fMªad djus ij tks yksx muds pfj=k dks ysdj lokfy;k fu'kkuyxk ysrs gSaA ,sls yksxksa dks ;g fQYe crkrh gS fd dksbZ efgyk rok;Q gks] os';k gks ;k fQj fdlhdh iRuh gh D;ksa u gks ;fn og lsDl ds fy, u* dgrh gS rks fdlh Hkh iq#"k dks mls Nwus vkSj mldslkFk tcjnLrh djus dk dksbZ gd ugha gSA uks ehal uks gksrk gS ugha dk eryc ugha gksrk gSA iq#"kdks vius Hkhrj ^uk* lquus dh vknr Mky ysuh pkfg,A gesa ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd Hkkjr tSlsyksdrkaf=kd ns'k esa yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks ysdj HksnHkko okyh lksp ls fyiV dj jguk ,dnexyr gSA fdlh Hkh yM+dh dk ttesaV djrs gq, mlds igukos dks ysdj ;k mlds vktknh ls thusdh i)fr dks ysdj djuk ljklj xyr gSA vxj yM+ds vius euksjatu ds fy, dqN djuk pkgs rksbl ckr dh mUgsa [kqyh NwV nh tkrh gSA tSls nsj jkr rd ?kweuk] fMªad djuk] nsj rd ?kj u vkuk];g lc muds fy, tk;t gS ysfdu vxj ;gh lc yM+fd;ka djsa rks ogh phtsa lekt ds utj esauktk;t gks tkrh gSaA mUgsa bl ckr ds fy, xyr Bgjk;k tkrk gSA L=kh&iq#"k dks ysdj lekt esaO;kIr blh HksnHkko iw.kZ joS;s ij ;g fQYe djkjk O;aX; djrh gSA bDdhloha 'krkCnh esa L=kh iq#"kksads lkFk vkxs c<+ jgh gSaA og vc gj dke esa vkxs gSaA bl lnh esa fL=k;ka esgurh ,oa rkdroj curhtk jgh gSaA ftlds dkj.k og nsj jkr rd dke djrh gqbZ utj vkrh gSaA blds vykok mUgsa ?kjdh ftEesnkjh Hkh mBkuh iM+rh gSA yksx vius igukos esa rks cgqr e MuZ cu jgs gSa ysfdu mudh lkspogh iqjk.kiaFkh] iksaxkiaFkh okyh gSA

orZeku nkSj esa yM+fd;ksa dks vius ilan ds diM+s iguus dk] viuh ftanxh vius rjhds lsthus dk iwjk gd gSA gekjs lafo/kku us Hkh efgykvksa dh lqj{kk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, cgqr&lh;kstuk,a cukbZ gSA ,d rjQ rks ;g n '; fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fd efgyk,a gj fdLe ds dke esa vkxs c<+jgh gSA og iq#"kksa ds da/ks ls da/kk feykdj pyus dh dksf'k'k dj jgh gS rFkk lekt ds fuekZ.k esaviuk cgqewY; ;ksxnku ns jgh gSaA ysfdu lkFk&lkFk vkt Hkh ;g lksp dk;e gS fd yM+fd;ka dqNdj ugha ldrhA mudk dke iq#"k dk ?kj pykuk ek=k gSA vkt dh ekMuZ yM+dh tks ,d ubZ lnhesa th jgh gS vxj og fMªad djrh gS] iq#"kksa ds lkFk ikVhZ esa tkrh gS] rks iq#"k ;g le>rk gS fdbu yM+fd;ksa ds lkFk og tks pkgs dj ldrk gSA D;ksafd og fdlh efgyk dks bl rjg ns[kus dkvH;Lr ugha gqvk gSA og le>rk gS fd ,slh vktkn [k;kyksa okyh yM+fd;ksa ds lkFk mudh bPNkds fo#) tkdj vxj og muds lkFk ftLekuh laca/k Hkh j[k ys rks py ldrk gSA lekt xyfr;ksadk lkjk Bhdjk mUgha yM+fd;ksa ds flj ij QksM+us dks rS;kj cSBk gSA ysfdu ;gka loky ml L=kh dslsDl laca/kh pquko dk gS] tks vius 'kjhj dh [kqn ekfyd gSA vkSj fQj vxj dksbZ efgyk NksVs diM+sigurh gS ;k nsj jkr rd ?kwerh gS] ;gka rd fd ikVhZ esa tkdj fMªad Hkh djrh gS rks bl vk/kkj ij

'kks/k /kkjk 226

fdlh Hkh iq#"k ;g vf/kdkj çkIr ugha gksrk fd og L=kh dks mlds pfj=k dk çek.ki=k nsrk fQjsAbDdhloha 'krkCnh esa jgus okyk iq#"k vkt Hkh ml iqjkuh ekufldrk dk f'kdkj gS] ftlesa

efgykvksa ij vusdkusd ca/ku ykns x, FksA iq#"k pkgs rks og vklkuh ls vusd fL=k;ksa ds lkFk'kkjhfjd laca/k j[k ldrk Fkk ysfdu L=kh dks ;g lc djus dh vuqefr ugha FkhA dguk u gksxk fdfiad fQYe eq[; #i ls L=kh ds vf/kdkjksa dh ckr djrh gSA vkt dh L=kh vktknh pkgrh gS vkSjog vius nsg ls Hkh vktknh pkgrh gSA og dguk pkgrh gS fd mldk 'kjhj mldk viuk gS og fdlhvkSj dks vius eu ds fo#) O;ogkj djus ugha nsxhA vkSj vxj dksbZ ,slk djrk gS rks og mfpr naMnsus dk vf/kdkjh gSA ;gh bl fQYe dk eq[; fo"k; gSA

blh flyflys esa nwljh fQYe gS ^ fDou*A bl fQYe dk eq[; fdjnkj gS jkuh] ftldkeaxsrj 'kknh ds ,d fnu igys mlls 'kknh djus ls badkj dj nsrk gSA badkj dk dkj.k og jkuhdk jgu&lgu vkSj mlds thus dk lk/kkj.k&lk cgu th Vkbi okyk rkSj rjhdk crkrk gSAjkuh dks'kknh ds fy, u dgus ls igys og ,d ckj Hkh ;g ugha lksprk fd ;g lqudj jkuh rFkk mlds?kjokyksa ij D;k xqtjsxhA ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; iq#"kksa dh ekufldrk ik'pkR; vk/kqfudrkls vkt Hkh ca/kh gqbZ gSA vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa yM+dh dh 'kknh VwVus dk eryc gksrk gS] yM+dhdh ftanxh dh cckZnhA yM+dh ds eu ij mlds ?kjokyksa ij 'kknh VwVus ls D;k xqtjrk gSA bldsckjs esa fot; tSls LokFkhZ iq#"k ugha lksprsA fQYe ds ,d lhu esa fot; IysV ls /kwy fNM+drk gqvkutj vkrk gS /kwy fNM+duk tSls çrhd gS fd og jkuh tSlh yM+dh dks viuh ftanxh ls bl dnjfudky Qsadrk gS tSls dksbZ IysV ls /kwy fNM+drk gksA

bl fQYe esa lcls baVjsfLVax ckr ;g gS fd jkuh us 'kknh ds ckn guhewu ds fy, ;wjksi tkusds fVdV cqd fd, FksA og lksp jgh Fkh fd og vkSj mldk gksus okyk ifr fot; nksuksa feydj ;wjksi?kweus tk,axsA ysfdu bl chp fot; 'kknh rksM+ nsrk gSA ysfdu jkuh 'kknh VwVus ds ckotwn ?kj esacSBdj jksrh /kksrh ugha cfYd viuk eu cgykus ds fy, og vdsys gh ;wjksi tkus dk QSlyk ysrhgSAviuh ftanxh esa mlus [kqn ls fy;k gqvk ;g lcls cM+k QSlyk gSA jkuh tSlh Hkksyh&Hkkyh yM+dh}kjk fy;k x;k ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ QSlyk gSA jkuh esa vkRefo'okl dh csgn deh gSA mlds fy,vutku ns'kksa esa vdsys ?kweuk dksbZ NksVh ckr ugha gSA bl lcds ckotwn og ;wjksi ds fy, vdsyhfudy iMrh gSA isfjl esa ?kwers gq, mldh eqykdkr fot;ky{eh tSlh efgyk ls gksrh gS tks gjpht dk yqRQ mBkuk pkgrh gSA ;gka rd fd og lsDl dk Hkh [kwc etk ysrh gSA jkuh mlhds lkFkisfjl esa ?kwerh gS] 'kkfiax djrh gS] Dyc Hkh tkrh gSA ;gha ls jkuh esa gksrk cnyko utj vkrk gSA,d le; og Fkk ftlesa gj NksVh NksVh ckr ij og Mjk djrh FkhA ysfdu iSfjl esa mlh Mjiksdjkuh ds ihNs tc ,d pksj iM+ tkrk gS rks og mlls Mjrh ugha cfYd ml pksj ls yM+rh gSA ;g,d ,slh ?kVuk gS tks jkuh esa gqvk cnyko js[kkafdr djrh gSA mlesa vkRefo'okl mHkjrk gqvk utjvkrk gSA og ic esa tkdj 'kjkc ihrh gS vkSj viuh lkjh HkM+kl fudkyrh gSA jkuh vc rd nwljksaij fuHkZj FkhA mls vius fu.kZ; [kqn ysus dk vkRefo'okl ugha FkkA ;gka rd fd ?kj ls ckgj fudyrsgq, Hkh og vius NksVs HkkbZ fpaVw dks lkFk ys tkrh FkhA NksVs&NksVs dkeksa esa Hkh nwljksa dh enn ysuk

'kks/k /kkjk 227

jkuh dh vknr esa 'kqekj FkkA jkuh tSlh yM+fd;ka ifjokj ds ncko ds lkFk thus okyh ,slh yM+fd;kagSa tks gekjs lekt esa loZ=k fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA fQYe esa vk;k uk;d iq#"k ç/kku laLÑfr dk çrhd gSAog jkuh dks vius ncko esa j[kuk pkgrk gSA 'kknh esa Mkal djus dh otg ls mls MkaVus okyk] ukSdjhdjus ls euk djus okyk] ckr&ckr esa viuh jk; yknus okyk fot; ,d rjg ls jkuh ij viuk jksc>kMrk jgrk gSA mlesa iq#"koknh laLdkj bl dnj gkoh gS fd jkuh ls 'kknh rksM+us ds ckn Hkh ogjkuh dks vU; yM+dksa ds lkFk 'kjkc ihrs gq, ns[k dj MkaVuk 'kq: dj nsrk gSA og ckr&ckr ij jkuhdk vieku djrk gSA lekt esa ,sls iq#"kksa dh deh ugha gS tks vkSjrksa dks vius ncko esa j[kuk pkgrsgSaA mUgsa vktknh nsus ls badkj djrs gSaA ge djs lks dk;nk ;g budk czhnokD; gksrk gSA jkuh dsfdjnkj }kjk funsZ'kd ;gh lans'k nsus dk ç;kl djrk gS fd vc le; vk x;k gS fd Hkkjrh; L=khiq#"k ç/kku ekufldrk ds fo#) viuh vkokt cqyan djsa ugha rks mls ?kqV ?kqV dj thus ds vykokdqN ugha feyus okykA

Dohu fQYe mu lHkh efgykvksa ds fy, gS tks iqjkuh jkuh dh rjg Mjh&lgeh vkSj ijkoyachthou thrh gSaA ;g fQYe lans'k nsrh gS fd ftanxh cM+h vueksy gSA bl ftanxh dks [kqydj thukpkfg,A

bl Øe esa rhljh fQYe gS fyifLVd vaMj ek; cqdkZ*A ;g fQYe Hkksiky 'kgj esa jgus okyhpkj efgykvksa dh dgkuh c;ku djrh gSA fQYe esa vkbZ pkjksa efgyk,a fuEu e/;oxZ ls lacaf/kr vyx& vyx mez dh gSaA bl fQYe esa ,d çkS<+ efgyk gS] ftls cqvk th ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA cqvkth ,d jksekafVd miU;kl i<+ jgh gSa vkSj bl miU;kl esa ,d ik=k gS jksthAmiU;kl dh jksth viuslqugjs ftanxh ds lius ltkrh gSA fQYe dh 'kq#vkr gksrh gS ,d dkyst tkus okyh vBkjg &mUuhl lky dh eqfLye yM+dh fjgkuk ds lkFkA fjgkuk ?kj ls fudyrs gq, cqdkZ igurh gS] ysfduokW'k:e esa tkdj cqdkZ fudky nsrh gS vkSj thal vkSj Vh'kVZ igudj dkWyst esa ços'k djrh gSA fQYeesa nwljk L=kh ik=k gS yhyk tks ,d QksVksxzkQj ls çse djrh gSA QksVksxzkQj ls og viuh ;kSu bPNk,aiw.kZ djuk pkgrh gSA QksVksxzkQj ,d ,slk iq#"k gS tks yhyk ls ek=k viuh oklukvksa dh iwfrZ djukpkgrk gSA yhyk mlds fy, dsoy ,d miHkksx dh oLrq gSA fQYe dh rhljh fdjnkj ,d eqfLyeefgyk gS tks 'kknh'kqnk gSA og ,d lQy lsYl xyZ gSA lQy lsYl xyZ cuus ds lHkh xq.k mlesaekStwn gSA ysfdu mldk ifr bl ckr ds fy, mls btktr ugha nsrkA mlds ifr ds fy, og ek=kjkr esa miHkksx dh tkus okyh oLrq gSA jkr ds le; iRuh ds diM+s mrkjdj viuh gol dks cq>kusds fy, gh mls iRuh dh t:jr gSA iRuh dh bPNkvksa] mldh jtkeanh ls mls dksbZ eryc ugha gSAlsDl e'khu dh rjg og iRuh dk mi;ksx djrk gSA fQYe dh pkSFkh fdjnkj ,d ipiu o"khZ; foèkokefgyk gS cqvkthA mls ,d toku yM+ds ls çse gks tkrk gS tks ,d fLofeax dksp gSA og Qksu ijml dksp ds lkFk I;kj Hkjh ckrsa djrh gSA dksp dks ;g ugha ekywe fd Qksu ij og ftl efgykls ckr dj jgk gS og dkSu gSA bl fQYe esa vk, pkjksa ukjh ik=k ,d leku /kkxs ls cqus gq, gSaA ogleku /kkxk gS fuEu e/;oxhZ; ?kjksa ls vk;ha efgykvksa v/kwjh bPNkvksa dkA fQYe dk 'kh"kZd fyifLVdvaMj ek; cqdkZ esa fyifLVd dk vFkZ gS [kqf'k;kaA ysfdu bu efgykvksa dh [kqf'k;ka lekt :ih igkM+

'kks/k /kkjk 228

ds uhps nc lh xbZ gSA bu efgykvksa us viuh ftanxh dks ysdj cgqr gh lk/kkj.k ls lius ns[ksa FksAysfdu lekt ds iq#"koknh ekufldrk ds dkj.k vius NksVs&NksVss liuksa dks Hkh ;s efgyk,a iw.kZ djusesa vleFkZ ikrha gSaA dkWyst tkus okyh ;qorh fjgkuk cl bruk pkgrh gS fd og vius eupkgs diM+sigus] yhyk vius çse dks çkIr djuk pkgrh gS] 'kjhu pkgrh gS fd mlds Hkhrj tks xq.k gSa ml vkèkkjij og vius ifjokj dks vkfFkZd enn djsaA cqvkth dk lewpk thou uhjlrk ls Hkjk gqvk :[kkiufy, gq, gSA bl #[ks thou esa og dqN iy ds fy, gfj;kyh ykuk pkgrh gSA ysfdu dBksj lektbu efgykvksa dh bPNk vkdka{kkvksa dk xyk ?kksVus ij rqyk gSA

fyfifLVd vMj ek; cqdkZ ls feyrh&tqyrh fQYe gS ^ikpZ~M*A bl fQYe esa Hkh cqvk tSlkfdjnkj gS] ftuds fo/kok gksus ds dkj.k lkjh ;kSu bPNk,a tcju ekjh xbZ gSaA bl fQYe esa Hkh pkjefgykvksa ds csclh dh dgkuh dgh xbZ gSA fyifLVd vaMj ek; cqdkZ esa tgka 'kgjh ifjos'k gS oghaikpZ~M esa xzkeh.k ifjos'k gSA bl fQYe esa vkbZ pkjksa efgyk,a iq#"k neu dk f'kdkj gSaA fQYe dh'kq#vkr gksrh gS ,d xzke iapk;r lsA lqnwj fdlh xkao esa dqN iap cSBs gq, gSa vkSj os ,d L=kh ds fookglaca/kh thou dk QSlyk lquk jgs gSaA L=kh vius ifr dks NksM+dj vius ?kj ykSV vk;h gSA ml L=khdks iapk;r }kjk dgk tkrk gS fd og vius ifr ds ikl okil pyh tk,A ysfdu og yM+dh viusifr ds ?kj tkus ls badkj djrh gSA og viuh eka dks crkrh gS fd mlds ifr us 'kknh ds ckn mlsNqvk rd ugha gS] mldk llqj vkSj nsoj mlds lkFk fuR; nq"deZ djrs gSaA bu lc ckrksa dks tkuusds ckotwn mldh eka pqi jgrh gS vkSj yM+dh dks mlds bPNk ds fo#) ifr ds ?kj Hkstk tkrk gSAfQYe dh 'kq:vkr ls gh n'kZdksa dks bl ckr dk vans'kk gksus yxrk gS fd vkus okys nks ?kaVksa esa mlsukjh thou dh =kklnk;d ;a=k.kkvksa ls xqtjuk iM+sxkA fQYe esa vk, pkj L=kh ik=kksa esa ,d ik=k gSjkuh tks fo/kok gSA l=kg lky dh mez esa og fo/kok gqbZ Fkh vkSj vc mldh mez yxHkx cÙkhl lkygSA ysfdu rc ls ysdj vkt rd fdlh iq#"k ls mldk dksbZ 'kkjhfjd laca/k ugha gqvk gSA og viuhleLr bPNkvksa&oklukvksa dks ekjdj viuk thou O;rhr dj jgh gSA jkuh dks ckj&ckj fdlh iq#"kdk Qksu vkrk gS] og mlls I;kj Hkjh ckrsa djrk gSA mldh ckrsa jkuh dks xqnxqnkrh gSa] mlds Hkhrjjksekap iSnk djrh gSa] ysfdu lekt ds ncko esa og dqN dg ugha ldrhA fQYe esa ,d vkSj efgykgS yktks ftldk ifr mlds lkFk vk, fnu ekjihV djrs jgrk gSA og yktks ij bYtke yxkrkgS fd og ,d cka> vkSjr gSA ysfdu yktks cka> ugha gS cfYd mlds ifr esa gh 'kkjhfjd :i lsdetksjh gS vkSj bl ckr dks yktks dk ifr tkurk gSA blds ckotwn og yktks ij >wBk bYtkeyxkrs gq, mlds lkFk vk, fnu ekjihV djrs jgrk gSA cspkjh yktks ;g Hkh ugha tkurh fd iq#"kksaesa Hkh 'kkjhfjd :i ls dfe;ka gks ldrh gSa] og Hkh cka> gks ldrk gSAog le>rh gS fd lkjk nks"kmlh dk gSA mls yxrk gS fd cka> dsoy fL=k;ka gh gks ldrh gSaA fQYe esa rhljk ik=k gS fctyhdkA fctyh ,d ukpus okyh vkSjr gSA ukpus ds lkFk&lkFk og viuk ftLe cspus dk /ka/kk djrhgSA ftl O;fä ls og çse djrh gS og fctyh dks iSls dekus dh e'khu ekurk gSA fQYe esa pkSFkkik=k gS ,d ubZ uosyh nqYgu dkA og ,d yM+ds ls çse djrh gS ysfdu mlls fookg ugha dj ldrhD;ksafd lekt bl fookg dk fojks/kh gSA çLrqr fQYe xzkeh.k ifjos'k esa jgus okyh efgykvksa dh

'kks/k /kkjk 229

ukjdh; fLFkfr dk ;FkkFkZ vadu djrh gSA iq#"k viuh enkZuxh dk ftØ c<+k&p<+kdj djrs gSaysfdu efgykvksa dh 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld t:jrksa ds çfr os lathnk ugha gSa A ukjh dh nSfgdvko';drkvksa dh dnj iq#"k opZLo okys lekt dks fcYdqy ugha gSA vkt Hkh bl ns'k esa ,d ,slkoxZ ekStwn gS tks ukjh dks dsoy miHkksx dh oLrq ekurk gSA og iq#"k ds ek=k okluk iwfrZ dk lk/ku cu dj jg tkrh gSAbl rjg lekt ds iq#"koknh ladh.kZ lksp dh pDdh esa ihlrh Hkkjrh; xzkeh.kukjh dh nnZukd nkLrku gS fQYe ikpZ~MA

dguk u gksxk fd Hkkjrh; ukjh dh bPNkvksa vkdka{kkvksa dk gjne neu gksrk jgk gSAcM+s 'kgjesa jgus okyh dqN efgykvksa ds fy, Hkys gh vktknh] eqfä dh ckr djuk lgt laHko gksA ysfduvkt Hkh reke fL=k;ka iq#"koknh opZLo dh tdM+u esa fyiVh gqbZ gSaA og eqä gksuk pkgrh gSa ysfdulekt dh iq#"koknh ladh.kZ lksp mUgsa viuh ftanxh [kqydj thus ugha nsrhA gks ldrk gS fd 'kgjesa jgus okyh vehj ?kjksa dh dqN efgykvksa ds fy, vktknh dk ukjk 'kk;n lp lkfcr gqvk gksAysfdu e/; ,oa fuEu oxZ dh efgykvksa ds fy, ;g ukjk fdlh glhu [okc ls de ugha gSA mUgsa viuhreke [kqf'k;ksa] bPNkvksa dks nQu djrs gq, ftanxh clj djuh iM+rh gSA blh çdkj ds neudkjh?kqVu Hkjs ekgkSy esa jgrs gq, og thou thus ds fy, vfHk'kIr gSa A

xkSjryc gS fd ukjh thou ij vk/kkfjr ;g fQYesa L=kh thou dh nnZukd okLrfodrkvksa dkekfeZd fp=k.k çLrqr djrh gSaA bu fQYeksa esa efgykvksa ds thou ds Ñ".k i{k dks cM+h gh lathnxhls mBk;k x;k gSA fganh fQYeksa esa vk;k ;g cnyko blfy, Hkh lq[kn dgk tk ldrk gS fd fganhfQYeksa dk n'kZd vc çkS<+ gks pqdk gSA bDdhloha 'krkCnh esa bl çdkj dk oSpkfjd mgkiksg jprhfQYesa ,d cM+s n'kZd oxZ }kjk Hkjiwj ljkgh tk jgh gSaA bu fQYeksa dks feyh lQyrk ;g n'kkZrhgS fd fganh fQYeksa ds n'kZdksa dh #fp;ksa esa foLrkj gks jgk gSA fganh fQYeksa dk n'kZd dsoy og n'kZdugha jgk tks ogh iqjkus <jsZ ij pyus okyh fQYeksa ds fy, flusek?kjksa esa HkhM+ tqVkrk FkkA fiad] fDou]fyifLVd vaMj ek; cqdkZ] ikpZ~M tSlh oSpkfjd&dykRed fQYeksa ds n'kZdksa dh la[;k yxkrkj c<+jgh gaSA bu fQYeksa ds ek/;e ls lkekftd thou ls tqM+s vke yksxksa ds fofHkUu leL;kvksa dks cM+sgh csckd vankt esa çLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA lkekftd ifjorZu ds lanHkZ esa Hkh bl çdkj dh xaHkhjfQYesa dkQh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrh gSaA bu fQYeksa dks ns[kus ds ckn ;g fo'okl txrkgS fd vkus okys le; esa fgUnh fQYesa lkekftd ifjorZu dk rFkk efgykvksa dks ysdj lekt dhladh.kZ lksp dks cnyus dk ,d etcwr gfFk;kj lkfcr gks ldrh gSaA var esa cl bruk dg ldrsgSa fd bDdhloha 'krkCnh dh ;s fQYesa iq#"k oknh ladh.kZ lksp ds f[kykQ ;yxkj djrh gqbZ&lh utjvkrh gSaA

'kks/k /kkjk 230

Abstract

tc jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu dk vijk/khdj.k 'kq: gks tkrk gS rks oDr dks ^chgM+* curs nsj ughayxrhA nq[k vkSj nqHkkZX; dk fo"k; gS fd Hkkjr esa ;g fLFkfr fufeZr gks pqdh gSA jktuhfr vkSj fo'ks"k :ils iz'kklu ds vijk/khdj.k ls vjktdrk vkSj vijk/k dh uxjh clrh tk jgh gS vkSj ns'k esa bu u;s fdLeds ^chgM+ksa* dk nk;jk c<+rk tk jgk gSA bu u;s chgM+kas dk /kjkry vlery vkSj [kqjnjk ugha gS cfYd;s jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu ds os fpdus&pkSM+s xfy;kjs gSa] tgk¡ ls ns'k dks pykus okyh uhfr;k¡ fudydjckgj vkrh gSaA ftu xfy;kjksa dks bl ns'k dh ,d vjc ls Hkh T;knk turk cM+h mEehn Hkjh utjks lsfugkjrh gS] mls 'kk;n ;g ugha ekywe gksrk gS fd bu pepekrs xfy;kjksa esa bruh fQlyu vk pqdh gSfd muesa uSfrdrk] bZekunkjh o lPpkbZ dk fVdk jg ikuk eqf'dy gh ugha] ukeqefdu gks pqdk gSA

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 230-235Special

'kklu vkSj uSfrdrk&,d ifjizs{;uwj Qkfrek vUlkjh

'kks/k Nk=kk] yksd iz'kklu foHkkx] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ] m0iz0¼izkIr % 04 flrEcj 2017½

izLrkouk %&Hkkjr ds tuuk;d o jk"Vªfirk egkRek xk¡/kh us bl ns'k ds fy, ftl 'kqfprkiw.kZ 'kklu dh

ifjdYiuk dh Fkh] mldk vkn'kZ fcUnq Fkk&^jkejkT;*A blesa jktusrkvksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgksa nksuksa ls ;gvis{kk dh xbZ Fkh fd os vius pkfjf=kd] jktuhfrd] iz'kklfud] uSfrd o fu"Bkiw.kZ ;ksxnku ls jk"Vªdk fuekZ.k djsaxsA

uSfrdrk ekud fu;eksa dk ,d laoxZ gS] ftls lekt vius Åij gh ykxw djrk gS vkSj tksO;ogkj] fodYiksa vkSj dk;Zokfg;ksa ds ekxZn'kZu esa lgk;rk djrk gSA fdlh Hkh yksdra=k esa 'kklu dsfy, uSfrd <kaps ij dksbZ Hkh ppkZ vfuok;Z :i ls 'kklu esa uSfrd ewY;ksa ls gh vkjEHk dh tkuhpkfg,A 'kklu vkSj blesa yxs yksx] fdlh jkT; dh fo/kk;h vkSj dk;Zikfydk i{kksa esa ,d egRoiw.kZHkwfedk vnk djrs gSa] ftuds }kjk lafo/kku ds lapkyu esa d rkd r vkSj dkuwu ds fu;e U;k;ikfydkds fy, gLr{ksi dk iz'u cu tkrs gSaA tgk¡ 'kklu esa uSfrdrk dh n f"V ls ,d nks"k;qDr okrkoj.kesa] iw.kZrk dh vk'kk djuk vokLrfod vkSj ,drjQk gksxk] ogha nwljh vksj bl ckr ls badkj ughafd;k tk ldrk fd jktuhfr esa tks ekun.M LFkkfir fd;s x, gSa] os 'kklu ds vU; igyqvksa ijtksjnkj vlj Mkyrs gSaA tks yksx 'kklu esa gksrs gSa muds Åij ,d Li"V vkSj nwHkj mRrjnkf;Ro gksrkgSA Hkkjr dk ;g lkSHkkX; gh Fkk fd uSfrd vkpj.k ds Å¡ps ekun.M Lora=krk laxzke ds vVwV fgLlsjgsA nqHkkZX;o'k] lRrk ds gLrkarj.k ds ckn uSfrdrk dk ;g o {k VwVus yxkA pqukoksa esa T;knfr;k¡pquko vfHk;ku esa dks"k] vuqfpr /ku dk iz;ksx] vR;f/kd ek=kk esa O;;] nks"k;qDr fuokZpu ukekofy;k¡]pqukoksa ds ckn lRrk dks gfFk;kus ds gFkdaMs viukuk vkSj lkoZtfud in dk nq:i;ksx djuk] ;s lc


Key Words : jktuhfr vkSj uSfrdrk] iz'kklu ,oa uSfrd vkpj.k] jkt'kkgh ,oa yksdra=k

'kks/k /kkjk 231

ckrsa cjlksa ls jktuhfrd izfØ;k ds fy, eq[; osnuk,a cuh gqbZ gSaAdgrs gSa ^dgk¡ jktk Hkkst] dgk¡ xaxw rsyh*] ij tc nksuksa gh ns'k dh fLFkfr;ksa vkSj 'kkldksa]

iz'kkldksa ds fØ;kdyki ds fo"k; esa ,d ls fpafrr vkSj {kqC/k gks] ,d&lh ckrs dgus yxsa rks Li"VgS fd ladV dkQh xgjk gSA jk"Vª Lrjh; fo'ks"k voljksa ij Hkz"Vkpkj] jktuhfr ds vijk/khdj.k]lkEiznkf;drk vkSj tkfrokn dh cqjkb;ksa dks js[kkafdr fd;k tkrk gS] mRlkgh ukxfjdksa] izsl vkSjU;k;ikfydk ls bUgsa tM+ ls m[kkM+ Qsdus ds fy, lg;ksx dk vkg~oku Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA dkSutkurk Fkk fd xk¡/kh] usg:] iVsy vkSj ekSykuk vktkn ds ckn ns'k dks vkikrdky ns[kuk iM+sxk vkSjrRi'pkr] Hkz"Vkpkj ij Hkz"Vkpkj ns'k dh fu;fr cu tk;saxs\

tc jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu dk vijk/khdj.k 'kq: gks tkrk gS rks oDr dks ^chgM+* curs nsjugha yxrhA nq[k vkSj nqHkkZX; dk fo"k; gS fd Hkkjr esa ;g fLFkfr fufeZr gks pqdh gSA jktuhfr vkSjfo'ks"k :i ls iz'kklu ds vijk/khdj.k ls vjktdrk vkSj vijk/k dh uxjh clrh tk jgh gS vkSj ns'kesa bu u;s fdLe ds ^chgM+ks* dk nk;jk c<+rk tk jgk gSA bu u;s chgM+kas dk /kjkry vlery vkSj[kqjnjk ugha gS cfYd ;s jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu ds os fpdus&pkSM+s xfy;kjs gSa] tgk¡ ls ns'k dks pykusokyh uhfr;k¡ fudydj ckgj vkrh gSaA ftu xfy;kjksa dks bl ns'k dh ,d vjc ls Hkh T;knk turkcM+h mEehn Hkjh utjks ls fugkjrh gS] mls 'kk;n ;g ugha ekywe gksrk gS fd bu pepekrs xfy;kjksaesa bruh fQlyu vk pqdh gS fd muesa uSfrdrk] bZekunkjh o lPpkbZ dk fVdk jg ikuk eqf'dy ghugha] ukeqefdu gks pqdk gSAvfHk'kklu esa uSfrdrk dh fLFkfr %&

lkoZtfud thou esa viuh lk[k [kksrk gqvk vkt dk Hkkjrh; iz'kkld vijk/k] Hkz"Vkpkj]fgalk vkSj ifjokjokn ls f?kj dj eqtfje curk tk jgk gSA bl izdkj dk ?kVukØe foxr dqN o"kksZaesa bruh ckj nksgjk;k tk pqdk gS fd vc yksx pkSSadrs ugha cfYd mls jktuhfrd iz'kklu dsLokHkkfod pfj=k dk fgLlk ekuus yxs gSaA vc 'kk;n dksjs tulsod dh Nfo tks lekt ds fy, vfiZrgks] jktuhfr o iz'kklu ds fy, vizklafxd gks x;h gSA vkt iz'kklu ds gj {ks=k esa vkSj gj Lrj ijjktuhfr dk lRrk&lehdj.k vkSj ewY;ghu canjckaV lkQ fn[k jgk gSA bl miØe esa gj dksbZ'kkfey utj vkrk gSA ;g ,d vpwd 'kkVZdV gS] jkeck.k vkS"kf/k gS vkSj HkkSfrd lq[k&lqfo/kk dsljatke tqVkus dk vpwd uqL[kkA cM+s&cM+s iz'kklfud inksa ij igq¡pus okys vf/kdkjh dsoy viusdk;kdYi rd ls larq"V ugha gksrs] os vius gkFk vk;s bl vyknhu ds fpjkx ls vius tUe&tUekarjdh lk/k iwjh djus dh ps"Vk djrs gSaA mUgsa rqylhnkl dh dk flQZ ;g opu ;kn jgrk gS ^lejFkdks ufga nks"k xkslkbZa*A

vkt fLFkfr ,slh gks xbZ gS fd tu vkdka{kkvksa dks QyhHkwr djus okys iz'kklu dh laHkkouke x ejhfpdk lh gksrh tk jgh gSA lkoZtfud thou esa mPp inksa ij vklhu yksxksa ls dgk¡ rks vk'kkFkh fd os vius vkpj.k ls yksxksa dks vk'oLr djsaxs] lgh fn'kk nsaxs vkSj thus dh jkg fn[kk,axsA ijgks lc dqN mYVk jgk gSA iz'kklfud Hkz"Vkpkj ds :i] rduhd vkSj lUnHkZ esa fofo/krk gksus ds ckotwnbruk rks lkQ tkfgj gS fd bldh tM+sa xgjh iSB pqdh gSa vkSj O;oLFkk rFkk 'kklura=k ds fNnzksa ds

'kks/k /kkjk 232

pyrs og laLFkkxr :i ys pqdk gSA jktuhfrd ny xkgs&cxkgs blds f[kykQ /kheh vkokt mBkrsgSa] ijUrq fdlh rjg dh loZLohd r vkpkj lafgrk dk fodkl vHkh rd ugha gks ldk gSA

'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj dh O;kid mifLFkfr lkfcr djus ds fy, fdlh izek.k dh vko';drkugha gSA og gj fdlh ds vuqHko dk fgLlk curk tk jgk gSA Hkz"Vkpkj iz'kklu dh thou 'kSyh ds:i esa izfrf"Br gks jgk gSA vkt ns'k ds lkekftd f{kfrt ij la'k;] vfo'okl] Hk; vkSj Hkz"Vkpkjds dkys ckny bl rjg eaMjkus yxs gSa fd vke vkneh dk lc ij ls Hkjkslk mBrk tk jgk gSA mlsvius iSjksa ds rys dh tehu f[kldrh utj vk jgh gSA fnXHkze dh bl voLFkk esa mls dqN Hkh ughalw> jgk gSA 'kklu dh ckxMksj laHkkyus okys ljdkjh veys ds pfj=k] vkpj.k vkSj nkf;Ro dks ysdjmBus okys vkjksiksa rFkk izR;kjksiksa dk flyflyk tks 'kq: gqvk gS] lks Fkeus dk uke ugha ys jgk gSAlRrk vkSj mlls mith 'kfDr dh vuqHkwfr us mls lpeqp gh enkU/k cuk fn;k gSA blls feyus okysHkkSfrd lq[k dk jl mldh foosd cqf) dks u"V djrk tk jgk gS vkSj mlesa vkxs c<+us dh T;knkrjdgkfu;k¡ ,sls egkRokdka{kh] nqjkxzgh] fuyZTt rFkk vijk/k o fRr okys uk;dksa dk pfj=k mifLFkr djrhgS] tks vius dkjukeksa ls fdlh vkn'kZ dh ;kn ugha fnykrsA gk¡] oSHkoxzLr vkSj :X.k ekufldrk okys,d Øwj vekuq"k dh Nfo t:j mHkjrh gS] tks fdlh ds fy, Hkh nq%LoIu ljh[kh gksrh gSA lkekftdthou esa izfrekuksa dh bl izdkj dh fxjkoV vke vkneh esa grk'kk vkSj cspSuh dks tUe ns jgh gS]tks LoLFk yksdra=k ds ekxZ esa ,d cM+h ck/kk gSA

[kq'kgkyh vkSj lekurk dh ryk'k esa 'kklu dks ,d detksj dM+h ekuk tkrk gSA iz'kklfudHkz"Vkpkj dks nwj djuk ,d uSfrd vfuok;Zrk gh ugha gS cfYd fdlh ns'k dks nqfu;k ds ckdh fgLlksads lkFk xBtksM+ ds fy, ,d vkfFkZd vko';drk Hkh gSA LokfeRoghurk dh okilh] lafonk izorZu vkSjvf/kdkjh ra=k foyEcksa vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj esa deh ls gekjs th-Mh-ih- dh nj esa i;kZIr :i ls o f) gks ldrhgSA ,d vPNs 'kklu ds N% ekin.M le>s tkrs gSa tks dqN mi ekin.Mksa dks feykdj curs gSa( blizdkj gS% dFku vkSj tokcnsgh] jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk vkSj fgalk dh vuqifLFkfr] ljdkjh izHkko'khyrk]fofu;ked cks> dh ;qfDr;qDrrk] dkuwu fu;e] fj'or dh vuqifLFkfr] ljdkjh vuqifLFkfrA buesa lsvfUre nks uSfrd 'kklu ds lUnHkZ esa vR;Ur izR;{k :i ls egRoiw.kZ gSaA dkuwu ds fu;eksa dk ekin.Mbu phtksa ls fd;k tkrk gS] D;k n.M mfpr izdkj ls fn;k x;k gS ;k ugha] lafonkvksa dh izorZuh;rk]dkys /ku dh lhek] lEifRr ds izorZuh; vf/kdkj] dj pksjh dh lhek( U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk(O;kikj dh ;ksX;rk vkSj yksxksa }kjk ljdkj dh dk;ZokbZ dks U;k;ky;ksa esa pqukSrh nsuk vkfnA fj'r&[kksjh dh vuqifLFkfr* dk ekin.M bl izdkj fd;k tkrk gSA ljdkjh] jktuhfrd vkSj ukSdj'kkghds vf/kdkfj;ksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj dh] ijfeVksa vkSj ykblsUlksa dks izkIr djus lEcU/kh fj'or[kksjh dh]U;k;&ra=k esa Hkz"Vkpkj dh rFkk ml Hkz"Vkpkj] ftlds dkj.k fons'kh fofu;ksxdRrkZ Hk; [kkrk gks& bulc ckrksa dh laxr vuqifLFkfrA

;g /kkj.kk gS fd yksd lsok,a euekus <ax ls vkSj izfr'kks/kh dk;Zokgh ds fo:) laoS/kkfudxkj.Vh ls iSnk gksus okyh dk;Z i)fr;ksa ds dkj.k n.M ds vf/kjksi.k ls vf/kdrj cp tkrh gSaA mulaoS/kkfud lqj{k.kksa us O;ogk;Z rkSj ij vijk/kh dks yksd in dk vius futh ykHk ds fy, nq:i;ksx

'kks/k /kkjk 233

djus ds fy, dqN rst n.M nsus ls cpk;kA bldk ,d eq[; ifj.kke ;g gqvk gS fd tokcnsgh dhgkfu gqbZ gSA fof/k 'kkL=k ds vusdkusd iwoZ fu.kZ;ksa us bruk LFkku ys fy;k gS fd vuqPNsn 311 dhokLrfod ea'kk gh yqIrizk; gks xbZ gS ftlds dkj.k Hkz"Vkpkj dks de djus esa ck/kkvksa ds vackj lsyx x, gSaA ,slk izko/kku ;wukbVsM fdaxMe lfgr fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=kd ns'k esa ugha ns[kk x;k gSAbZekunkj O;fDr dk cpko djus dh vko';drk gS vkSj csbZeku vuqPNsn 311 dk iwjk ykHk mBkrkizrhr gksrk gSA vr% dk;Z i)fr;ksa dks ;qfDrlaxr cukus vkSj mudk ljyhdj.k djus ds fy,iz'kklfud fof/k 'kkL=k ds lewps <kaps dh o gr~ tk¡p djus dh vko';drk gSA izorZu dh ,d =kqfVl{ke izkf/kdkjh }kjk nks"kh O;fDr ds fo:) vfHk;kstu dh vuqefr esa nsjh djuk jgh gSA bl lEcUèkesa dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx dh 2004 o"kZ ds fy, okf"kZd fjiksVZ dk gokyk fn;k tk ldrk gSA Lohd frds fy, 153 ekeyksa esa ls 21 ekeys 3 o"kksZa ls vf/kd vof/k ls yfEcr Fks] 26 ekeys 2&3 o"kksaZ dschp vkSj 25 ekeys 1&2 o"kksZa ds chp ls yfEcr FksA foHkkxh; tk¡pks dk egRo ;k rks laj{k.k dk ik=kcuus ds dkj.k ;k fQj fdlh dh d ik dk ik=k cuus ds dkj.k de gks tkrk gSA

lR;fu"Bk foRrh; bZekunkjh ls dgha vf/kd gksrh gSA yksd dk;kZy; dks ,d U;k; ds :iesa le>k tkuk pkfg,A Hkz"Vkpkj ds nks i{k gksrs gSa ¼1½ og laLFkku tks cgqr gh Hkz"V gksrk gS] ¼2½ osO;fDr tks cgqr gh Hkz"V gksrs gSaA lkoZtfud ykHk ds fy, dke djus dh vko';drk gS vkSj vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk dh tk jgh lsokvksa dks Hkh egRo fn;s tkus dh vko';drk gSA vUrr% lEc) tokcnsgh,d izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ewY;kadu vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj tokcnsgh dks Hkh lqfuf'prfd;k tk ldrk gSA

fo'okl vkSj vkLFkk cukus ds fy, okrkoj.k dh vko';drk gksrh gS tgk¡ ikjnf'kZrk] [kqykiu]fuHkhZdrk] fu"i{krk vkSj U;k;iw.kZrk dk ewY; gksrk gSA gesa bls c<+kok nsuk pkfg,A

Li"V rkSj ij] fu;eksa dk u gksuk dksbZ leL;k ugha gSA bZekunkjh ij dksbZ dkuwu ugha cukldrkA dkuwuh fu;e dsoy Hkz"V fnekx dks fod r dj ldrs gSaA rFkkfi] ;g fny ls mls fod r ughadj ldrsA ,ysDtSMj lkstSfUl;u ds 'kCnksa esa ^vPNkbZ vkSj cqjkbZ dh tks js[kk gksrh gS og u rks ns'kksads chp ls fudyrh gS vkSj u gh oxksZa ds chp ls] cfYd izR;sd euq"; ds ân; ds chp ls gksdj xqtjrhgSA** gekjk dksbZ vU; HkkX; ugha gksrk] flok; blds fd tks ge Lo;a cukrs gSaA tks dsoy vius xq.kksads dkj.k 'kklu pykrk gS] mldh rqyuk ml /kqzorkjs ls dh tkuh pkfg, tks viuh txg ij jgrkgS ijUrq vU; lHkh rkjs mlds pkjksa vksj ?kwers gSaA tc 'kkld Lo;a lgh gksrk gS rks yksx mldh lghfn'kk esa vius vki pyus yxrs gSaA ;fn 'kklu mu yksxksa }kjk pyk;k tkrk gS] tks fdlh nks"k dsdkj.k ifjR;Dr gksa] rks yksxksa dks d"V gksxk ghA gesa IywVks ds bl O;kns'k dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A

^^;fn cqf)eku O;fDr 'kklu ds lapkyu esa Hkkx ysus ls euk djus ij n.M ds Hkkxh gksrs gSarks cqjs O;fDr;ksa }kjk ljdkj pykus ls yksxksa dks d"V Hkqxruk gh iM+sxkA**

vPNs 'kklu dh uhao fLFkjrk vkSj e/kqj lEcU/kksa dks lqfuf'pr djrs gq, uSfrd xq.kksa ij j[khtkuh pkfg,A egku phuh nk'kZfud dU¶;wf'k;l us lnkpkj dks vPNs 'kklu vkSj 'kkafr dhvkèkkjf'kyk ekuk gSA vPNh 'kklu&dyk phtksa dks lgh :i esa ysus vkSj mUgsa lgh txg ij j[kus

'kks/k /kkjk 234

esa gh gksrh gSA dU¶;wf'k;l }kjk crk;k x;k vPNs 'kklu dk ekxZ Hkkjr tSls ns'k ds fy, ,d vkn'kZds :i esa vuqdwyre gS tgk¡ gekjs 'kklu ds vkt ds f[kykM+h fdlh fl)kUr dk ikyu ugha djrsvkSj dsoy viuk mYyw lh/kk djrs gSaaA

dU¶;wf'k;l us thou vkSj pfj=k fuekZ.k ds fy, lnkpkj ij cy fn;k gSA ;g ml /keZ ;klnkpkj ds lkFk esy [kkrk gS tks lalkj ds lHkh /keksZa us fl[kk;k gS vkSj ckS)/keZ esa ,d pkSFks usdlR; ds :i esa yksxksa dks fl[kk;k x;k FkkA mlus ;g Hkh cy fn;k Fkk fd vkneh dks Lo;a lnkpkjhcuuk pkfg, vkSj dsoy rHkh fo'o esa lnkpkj vk,xkA bl ckr dh xk¡/kh th dh bu 'kCnksa ds lkFkrqyuk dh tk ldrh gS] ^^tks ifjorZu vki nqfu;k esa ns[kuk pkgrs gks og igys Lo;a esa ns[kksA**

,d yksdrkaf=kd ns'k esa jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu dh vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ;s nksuksagh yksdra=k dh vkRek gSa rks iz'kklu mldh jh<+ gSA nksuksa dk csgrj rkyesy yksdra=k dks ljlCtcukrk gSA ftl ns'k esa jktuhfr LoLFk gksrh gS vkSj iz'kklu ikjn'khZ gksrk gS] ml ns'k esa fodkl gksrkgS] izxfr gksrh gS vkSj oSf'od eap ij mldh mTToy Nfo curh gSA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS fd jktuhfrds LoPN o LoLFk gksus rFkk iz'kklu ds ikjn'khZ gksus ls ml ns'k esa vijk/k vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj tSls os ?kquiui ugha ikrs gSa tks lewph O;oLFkk dks gh [kks[kyk cuk nsrs gSaA bls =kklnh gh dgsaxs fd Hkkjr tSlsns'k esa O;oLFkk ls tqM+s ftu egRoiw.kZ vo;oksa dk dke vijk/kfoghu vkSj Hk;eqDr ifjos'k ds fuekZ.kdk gS] os Lo;a vijkf/k;ksa ds izJ;nkrk cu x;s gSaA vijk/k dh , ch lh Mh jktuhfr dh lh<+h cuxbZ gS vkSj iz'kklu esa egRoiw.kZ inksa ij cSBs ukSdj'kkg mu jktuhfrKksa ds gkFkksa dh dBiqrfy;k¡ cux, gSa tks vkdaB vijk/k ds nyny esa /kals gq, gSaA ns'k esa Hkz"V jktusrkvksa] ukSdj'kkgksa o vijkf/k;ksadk ,d etcwr xBcU/ku viuk opZLo LFkkfir dj pqdk gS ftlds pyrs fof/k dk 'kklu* tSls 'kCnfdrkch cu dj jg x, gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ns'k dh vke turk dk fo'okl laoS/kkfud 'kklu]uhfrxr lq/kkjksa rFkk dkuwu&O;oLFkk ls iwjh rjg mB pqdk gSA mls yxus yxk gS fd og ,d ,slsNn~e yksdra=k esa th jgk gS tgk¡ jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu nksuks laØe.kdky ls xqtj jgs gSaA vk, fnuns'k esa jktuhfr o iz'kklu ds vijk/khdj.k dh [kcjsa tgk¡ v[kckjksa dh lqf[kZ;k¡ curh gSa]ogha U;wtpSuyksa dh czsfdax U;wt*A 'kqfprk dh jktuhfr rks xwyj dk Qwy cu xbZ gS vkSj ikjn'khZ iz'kklu dhckrsa gok gks xbZ gSA ;g fLFkfr D;ksa vkSj dSls vkbZ] bl iz'u ij fopkj eaFku t:jh gSA vkf[kj D;ksaHkkjrh; jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu xrZ esa tk jgs gSa] vc ;g loky vge gks pqdk gSAfu"d"kZ %& jktusrkvksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgksa dh vijkf/k;ksa ls lkB&xkaB dh izo fRr;k¡ vktknh ds ckn lsgh fn[kus yxh Fkh] fdUrq rc ;s vrus cs'keZ <ax ls lkeus ugha vk;h FkhaA budk Lo:i <adk&eaqnkFkkA /khjs&/khjs ;s izo fRr;k¡ bl dnj cyorh gqbZ fd ns[krs gh ns[krs jktusrkvksa] ukSdj'kkgksa vkSjvijkf/k;ksa dk ,d laxfBr lewg rS;kj gks x;k vkSj O;oLFkk esa gj rjQ vlkekftd rRoksa dk izHkqRoLFkkfir gks x;kA blh ds lkFk LoLFk jktuhfr ,oa ikjn'khZ iz'kklu dh xfjeke;h ijEijk,a dyafdrgksus yxhaA jktuhfr vkSj ukSdj'kkgh ds vijk/k ds L;kg /kCcksa dk vkdkj bl rjg c<+uk 'kq: gqvkfd lewpk ra=k gh buls vkPNkfnr gks x;kA blds dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsa rks ge ikrs gSa fd lRrkvkSj 'kfä dh c<+rh yyd us bl fLFkfr ds fufeZr gksus esa cM+k ;ksxnku fn;kA 'kq:vkr vkfFkZd

'kks/k /kkjk 235

vijk/kksa ls gqbZ] D;ksafd jktuhfr esa Å¡pkb;k¡ Nwus ds fy, dkys /ku dks t:jh ekuk tkus yxkA bllsHkz"Vkpkj c<+k] xMcM ?kksVkys c<+s] lkFk gh FkSyh'kkgksa us Hkh viuh FkSfy;ksa ds eq¡g [kksydj jktuhfrdks nwf"kr djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA ia0 usg: ds le; esa igyk ^thi ?kksVkyk* mtkxj gqvk vkSj fQjmlds ckn ls vc rd fdrus ?kksVkys gq,] fxuk;k ugha tk ldrkA blh ds lkFk igys lQsniks'kvijkf/k;ksa dk inkiZ.k jktuhfr esa 'kq: gqvkA Hkkjr ds jktusrkvksa esa 'kfDr vkSj lRrk dh ykylkbl dnj c<+rh xbZ fd mUgksaus pquko thrus ds fy, vijkf/k;ksa dh enn ysus ls Hkh xqjst ugha fd;kA^cSysV* ij ^cqysV* Hkkjh iM+us yxhA jktuhfr 'kjhQ vkneh ls nwj gksrh pyh xbZA bldk izHkkoiz'kklu ij Hkh iM+uk LokHkkfod FkkA tc lRrk dks pykus okys ^nkxh* gksaxs rks iz'kklu dSls bllsvizHkkfor jg ldrk gSA jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu dk rks vU;ksU;kfJr lEcU/k gSA iz'kklu Hkh vijkèkds jax esa jax x;k vkSj gkykr bl dnj fcxM+s fd pan bZekunkj yksx] pkgs os jktuhfr ls tqM+s gksa;k iz'kklu ls] ?kqVu eglwl djus yxsA lR; yqIr gks x;k vkSj >wB bl nkSj dk fdjnkj cu x;kAfdruh izklafxd gS ia0 cqf)lsu 'kekZ dh ;s iafDr;k¡&

lR; ls fdldks ljksdkj gS [k+keks'k jgks>wB bl nkSj dk fdjnkj gS [k+keks'k jgksAvkSj Qal tkvksxs eqaflQ ls f'kdk;r djdsoks Hkh eqfYt+e dk rjQnkj gS [k+keks'k jgksA

vr% iw.kZ fo'ys"k.k ds ckn vc uSfrdrk dk gh iz'u gSA uSfrdrk dqN ekun.Mksa dh ,dÜk a[kyk gS tks vkpkj dk ekxZ fn[kykrh gSA ,d leL;k ;g gS fd fo|eku vkpkj lafgrk,¡ izR;{kvkSj lkjaxr ugha gSaA os dsoy vLi"V dFku gSa tks dHkh&dHkh lh/ks fu"ks/kkKk dks n'kkZrs gSaA uSfrdlafgrk dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy,] usiksfy;u dh lykg dks /;ku esa j[kuk ykHknk;d gksxk ftlusdgk Fkk] ^dkuwu bruk lkjxfHkZr gksuk pkfg, fd mls dksV dh tsc esa j[kdj ys tk;k tk lds vkSjbruk ljy gksuk pkfg, fd ,d fdlku Hkh bls le> ldsA**

lUnHkZ1- Hkkjr dk lafo/kkuA2- dsUnzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx] okf"kZd fjiksVZ ¼2004½3- f}rh; iz'kklfud lq/kkj vk;ksx] Hkkjrljdkj] ubZ fnYyh] 'kklu esa uSfrdrk % pkSFkh fjiksVZ] tuojh 2007A4- nqcs] vHk; dqekj( yksdrU=k ds lkr v/;k;] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA5- QkfM+;k] MkW0 ch0,y0 % ¼2010½] yksd iz'kkluA6- vln] Vh0 ¼2003½ QWkesZ'ku vkWQ n lsD;qyj LVSaMMZ % LVSUQksMZ ;qfuoflZVh izslA7- HkkxZo] oh0 ,.M cksyksaxkbVk] bZ0 ¼2004½ pSysfUtax djI'ku bu ,f'k;k] okf'kaxVu] Mh0lh0 % oYMZ cSadA8- ft+EejeSu] ts0 ,Q0 ¼1982½] ,fFkDl bu n ifCyd lfoZl] bu czwl] MCY;w ¼,M0½] DykflDl vkWQ

,MfefuLVªsfVo ,fFkDl] ckmYMj % osLV fo~;w izslA

'kks/k /kkjk 236

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 236-238Book-Review

laosnuk dh fofo/krkMkW0 iz.ko 'kkL=kh

,lks0izks0] fgUnh] mikf/k dkyst] ihyhHkhr] m0iz0¼izkIr % 10 fnlEcj 2017½

lkfgR; esa le;≤ ij fofHkUu /kkjkvksa dks çHkko ns[kk tkrk jgk gSA ;qxhu ifjfLFkfr;ksads QyLo:i lkfgR; esa ifjorZu ,oa uohu oknksa ,oa foe'kksaZ dk ifjy{k.k gqvk gSA nfyr lkfgR; dkmn~Hko egkjk"Vª esa ejkBh lkfgR; esa ,d lkfgfR;d&lkekftd foæksg ds :i esa gqvk gS] ftlds ek/;e ls nfyr] 'kksf"kr lekt dk foæksg eq[kfjr gqvk] mlh rjg lfn;ksa ls lrkbZ tkrh jgh fL=k;ksadh osnuk L=kh foe'kZ ds ek/;e ls eq[kfjr gqbZA vkfndky ls gh fL=k;ksa dk ftruk 'kks"k.k lekt }kjkfd;k x;k mruk fdlh vU; dk ugha ekuk tk ldrk D;ksafd gj tkfr esa L=kh flQZ L=kh gS vkSj 'kks"k.kmldh uh;frA vkfnoklh 'kCn vkfn vkSj oklh dk laf/k:i gS ftldk vFkZ ewy fuoklh gksrk gS] iajrqewy fuokfl;ksa dk foLFkkiuk rFkk ?kj ls cs?kj fd;k tkuk fujarj pkyw gSA taxyksa esa thou O;rhrdjrs vkfnoklh cgqr n;uh; voLFkk esa thrs gSaA vkfnokfl;ksa dh laosnuk dk ifjp; gesa vkfnoklhlkfgR; fnykrk gSA rhu /kkjk,a] rhu fn'kk,a] rhu laosnuk,a ijarq rdyhQ ;k nnZ lHkh dk leku vkSjog gS leqfpr :i ls 'kks"k.kA ;gka ;g ç'u mBrk gS fd tc lHkh dk nnZ leku gS vkSj eeZ Hkh lekugS rks mlds fy, vyx&vyx ukeksa dk çpyu D;ksaA og blfy, gks ldrk gS fd Hkkjr rks gS ghfofo/krkvksa dk ns'kA ,sls esa tc lc dqN fHkUu&fHkUu gSa rks Hkys gh nnZ leku gks ijarq ,d rks gksgh ugha ldrs Hkys gh ge vusdrk esa ,drk dk naHk çnf'kZr djrs jgsaA bfrgkl lk{kh gS Hkkjr ds yksxdHkh ,d ugha jgsA fdlh u fdlh :i esa QwV ns[kh gh tkrh jghA mlesa ls o.kZ O;oLFkk dk tgjrks ,slk ?kqyk gqvk gS lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; lekt esa fd mls eqfä ikbZ gh ugha tk ldrhA Åij ls Hkysgh lerk dk fn[kkok fd;k tkrk jgs ijarq vanj ls ge dHkh ,d jgs gh ugha vkSj gks Hkh ugha ldrsA

lekt ,d u Fkk] u gS vkSj u gks ldrk gS fQj Hkh ge lHkh ,d gh lekt ds vax gSa vkSjblh Hkkouk dks cycrh djrk gS MkW- fotsaæ çrki flag }kjk oafpr laosnuk dk lkfgR; ¼2015½ 'kh"kZdls rhu xzaFkksa dh ,d dM+h dk laikfnr fd;k tkukA çLrqr iqLrd ds rhu [kaM gSa&çFke [kaM nfyrfoe'kZ] f}rh; [kaM L=kh foe'kZ rFkk r rh; [kaM vkfnoklh foe'kZ ij vk/kkfjr gSA rhuksa gh [kaMksa esans'k ds tkus&ekus lkfgxR;dkjksa] foe'kZdkjksa dh jpuk,a 'kkfey djds ,d cgqr gh dfBu dk;ZlEiUu dj fn[kk;k gS laiknd usA rhu /kkjkvksa dks ,d lkFk çLrqr djus ls çrhr gksrk gS fd xaxk]

iqLrd dk uke & oafpr laosnuk dk lkfgR;ys[kd & MkW0 fotsanz izrki flagizdk'kd & vkdka{kk ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyhewY; & 2400 :0 rhuks [kaMo"kZ & 2015

'kks/k /kkjk 237

;qeuk vkSj ljLorh dk laxe dj fn[kk;k gSA 'kkfey fd, x, lHkh ys[k fganh lkfgR; esa nfyr] L=khvkSj vkfnoklh foe'kZ ds Øfed mHkkj] budh lS)kafrdh] miyfC/k;ksa vkSj lhekvksa ds foospu dkslefiZr gSaA

çFke [kaM esa nfyr foe'kZ ds 27 lqfpafrr vkys[kksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; lekt esa nfyrç'uksa dks mdsjk x;k gSA nfyr lekt ds laca/k esa laiknd dh ekU;rk gS fd vkt Hkh nfyr flQZvkSj flQZ nfyr gSa rFkk lfn;ksa ls pyk vk jgk tkfrxr la?k"kZ vkt Hkh muds thou dk vfHkUu vaxgSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa NwvkNkr dk ;g vkye gS fd ,d vui<+ czkã.k f'kf{kr ,oa Kkuh nfyr dksvius leku le>us dks vkt Hkh rS;kj ugha gSA eS=ks;h iq"ik ¼vNwr fL=k;k¡ eafnj esa½] 'kj.k dqekjfyEckys ¼nfyr flQZ nfyr gksrk gS½] xqjZedksaMk uhjtk ¼nfyr vkRedFkkvksa dk lektHkkf"kd lanHkZ½] rqylhjke ¼fy[kh ugha] jksbZ tkrh gSa nfyr vkRedFkk,¡½ ] _"kHk nso 'kekZ ¼ekuokf/kdkjksa dh yM+kbZesa nfyr dgkfu;k¡½ ] dey lkgw ¼nfyr lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk½ ] Hkkjrh lkxj ¼xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa nfyrefgykvksa dh çfLFkfr ,oa eqís½ ] jkts'kpaæ ikaMs; ¼ nfyr foe'k:Z iqu% fparu½ rFkk fotsaæ çrki flag¼nfyr] nfyr lkfgR;] Hkk"kk vkSj ledkyhu dFkklkfgR; esa nfyr psruk½ tSls laxzg.kh; vkys[kksa ls;qä bl [kaM ds ys[k nfyr fparu dks c[kwch mdsjrs gSaA

f}rh; [kaM L=kh foe'kZ ij vk/kkfjr gSA iy iy dgha&u&dgha lrkbZ tk jgh vkSjrksa okysgekjs egku ns'k dh 21oha 'krkCnh dh oSf'od miyfC/k;k¡ fxuokuh gksa rks 'kk;n ?kjsyw fgalk vkSjcykRdkj ;k dqyfeykdj fL=k;ksa ij vijk/k ds ekeys esa gekjs ns'k dks fufoZokn :i ls Lo.kZindfeyus pkfg,A njvly gekjk lekt Åij Åij ls rks cnyk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ij Hkhrj ls ;g?kksj tM+rk dk f'kdkj gSA fL=k;ksa ds ekeys esa rks ge viuh ekufldrk dks fry Hkj Hkh cnyus dksrS;kj ugha gSaA nksxys vkpj.k dk gekjk iqjkuk bfrgkl gSA ge fL=k;ksa dks lnk ls iwtrs Hkh vk, gSavkSj mUgsa lrkus esa Hkh gekjk lkuh dHkh ugha jgkA vkt Hkh ge fL=k;ksa dks vkxs vkus ;k Åij vkusds fy, [kwc y¶Qkth djrs gSa vkSj lkFk gh muds çfr Hkksxoknh joS;s dks rfud Hkh cnyuk ughapkgrsA vkt Lok/khu gksrh gqbZ Hkkjrh; L=kh ds pkjksa rjQ iq#"kopZLo us ubZ rjg dh xqykeh dh ckM+yxk nh gSA ge vkt Hkh L=kh dks iq#"k ls derj vkadrs gSa vkSj mlds euq"; gksus ds vf/kdkj dksO;kogkfjd :i esa pfjrkFkZ ugha gksus nsrs- L=kh foe'kkZRed lkfgR; Hkkjrh; lekt ds bl nksxys vkSjf?kukSus pgjs dks csinkZ djus dk dke djrk gSA og bruk Hkj pkgrk gS fd L=kh :i esa tUe ysus dsdkj.k fdlh tho dks euq"; gksus ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr u j[kk tk,A bl leqnk; dh oafpr laosnukdks ¼vFkok oafpr leqnk; dh laosnuk dks½ bl [kaM esa Hkyh çdkj foosfpr fd;k x;k gSA e nqyk xxZ]lq/kk vjksM+k] laxhrk iqjh] lq"kek csnh] lq'khyk VkdHkksjs] xqjZedksaMk uhjtk] jksfg.kh vxzoky] fxfjjkt'kj.k vxzoky] çhr vjksM+k vkSj fotsaæ çrki flag lfgr 29 ys[kdksa us bl [kaM esa cgqr lw{erk vkSjbZekunkjh vkSj foLrkj ds lkFk fganh ds L=kh foe'kkZRed lkfgR; dh O;kid iM+rky dh gSA L=kh foe'kZij 'kks/k djus okyksa ds fy, ;g ,d vko';d xzaFk gSA

oafpr laosnuk dk lkfgR; 'kh"kZd xzaFk&=k;h dk rhljk [kaM vkfnoklh foe'kZ dks lefiZr gSAbl [kaM esa jef.kdk xqIrk] fueZyk iqrqy] e/kq dkadfj;k] gsejkt eh.kk] xaxk lgk; eh.kk] fouksn

'kks/k /kkjk 238

fo'odekZ] fotsaæ çrki flag] lkrIik ygq pOgk.k vkfn lfgr 25 foe'kZdkjksa ds vkfnoklh vkSjtutkrh; lkfgR; dh iM+rky djus okys vkys[k lfEefyr gSaA laiknd us ;g Li"V fd;k gS fdL=kh vkSj nfyr foe'kZ dh rqyuk esa vkfnoklh foe'kZ dh çÑfr vkSj ço fÙk furkar fHkUu gSA L=kh foe'kZtkfr ds ç'u dks ugha le>rkA dsoy L=kh vf/kdkjksa rd lhfer jgrk gSA nfyr foe'kZ tkfr dksbruk vf/kd egRo nsrk gS fd L=kh ç'u dks Hkh tkfr;ksa esa ck¡V ysrk gSA ysfdu vkfnoklh foe'kZfodkl esa fiNM+s gq, L=kh iq#"kksa dk tkfrfujis{k foe'kZ gSA og viuh jpukRed ÅtkZ vkfnoklh foæksgdh ijaijk ls ysrk gSA blfy, vkfnoklh lkfgR; dks vU; lkfgR; dh rqyuk esa foæksgh lkfgR; ;kthouoknh lkfgR; dgk tkrk gSA vkfnoklh foe'kZ dks mUgksaus ml ifjorZudkeh psruk dk jpukRedgLr{ksi ekuk gS tks ns'k ds ewy fuokfl;ksa ds oa'ktksa ds çfr fdlh Hkh çdkj ds Hksn Hkko dk iqjtksjfojks/k djrh gS rFkk muds ty&taxy&tehu vkSj thou dks cpkus ds gd esa muds vkRefu.kZ; dsvf/kdkj ds lkFk [kM+h gksrh gSA vius v|ru lanHkksaZ ds dkj.k ;g [kaM lkekU; ikBdksa vkSj 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa nksuksa gh dks vR;ar mikns; çrhr gksxkA

çLrqr xzaFk =k;h ds çdk'ku ds ihNs laiknd dh ea'kk rhuksa foe'kksaZ dh lkexzh dks ,d lkFkikBdksa rFkk 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, mifLFkr djkus dh jgh gSA laiknd us leUo;d f"Vdks.k viukrsgq, vkeq[k esa Li"V fd;k gS fd ^oafpr laosnuk dk lkfgR;** 'kh"kZd ls nfyr foe'kZ dh çLrqr iqLrdvki lHkh dks lksairs gq, eq>s çlUurk gks jgh gSA ;wa rks nfyrksa ls lacaf/kr iqLrdksa dk uke j[krs le;vf/kdka'kr% nfyr 'kCn dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gS ijarq eSa nfyr 'kCn dk lgkjk u ysrs gq, Hkh nfyrfoe'kZ dh iqLrd çLrqr djus dh /k "Vrk dj jgk gwaA ;gh eku yhft, fd yhd ls gV dj dqN çLrqrdjus dk fopkj jgk gS ;g uke j[kus ds ihNsA------bl uke dk p;u djus ds iwoZ eSaus dqN LFkkfirfopkjdksa ls fopkj foe'kZ fd;k] dqN us uke cnyus dk lq>ko fn;k] dqN us fljs ls udkjk] dqN usLokxr fd;kA lHkh dks lk/kqoknA-------blh 'kh"kZd ls vkidks nks iqLrdsa vkSj Hkh i<+us dks feysaxh L=khfoe'kZ rFkk vkfnoklh foe'kZ ij vk/kkfjrA laiknd ds mä dFku ls Li"V gksrk gS fd og uke dsfooknksa ls nwj jgrs gq, rhuksa foe'kksaZ dh vPNh lkexzh ikBdksa dks nsus ds çfr vkxzgh gSa vkSj os bldk;Z esa lQy Hkh gq, gSaA rhuksa gh foe'kksaZ tkus ekus fpardksa ds lkFk u, vkykspdksa dh jpukvksa dksHkh LFkku fn;k x;k gS ftlls fd nksuksa ihf<+;ksa ds fopkjksa ls lqf/k ikBd txr ifjfpr gks ldsA

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