FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1(EEE111)

LAB REPORT

Lab Report No. 1 Experiment No. 1

TitleIntroduction to Course Outline/Objectives, Motivation, General

Safety, Component, Symbols, Schematic Diagrams, Pictorial Diagram, Datasheet, Tools and Type of Equipment

Date Performed 15 / 6 / 2014Date Due 22 / 6 / 2014Date submitted 22 / 6 / 2014Working days late: ____________ equates to ____________% reduction at 5% per day

Prepared by:NAME UiTM NO. GROUP

MUHAMMAD HAZIZI BIN AHMAD KHAIRI 2014207188 EE1101CMUHAMMAD NUR AIMAN BIN NUHAIRI 2014445714 EE1101C

MUHAMMAD NAJMI BIN JONIT 2014806562 EE1101C

Assessment:ASSESSMENT MARKS

Report Format / 5Introduction / Theory / 15Results / 30Discussion / Questions / 25Conclusion / 20References / 5Total Marks / 100Final Marks after Penalty / 100

Lecturers Name FADHILATUL SAADAH MUDA

Feedback Comment

...................................................................................................................................................

Report submission slip (Student’s copy)

Students: 1. Muhammad Hazizi Bin Ahmad Khairi2. Muhammad Nur Aiman Bin Nuhairi3. Muhammad Najmi Bin Jonit

Expt No. & Title : 1 & Introduction

(Signature & Stamp)

Date:

TITLE PAGE

Objective 3

Tools Required 3

Introduction 3

Safety Rules 4

Introduction to Basic Test Instrument

• Oscilloscope

• Multimeter

• Function Generator

• Power Supply

4 – 7

4

5

6

6

Introduction to Symbols, Schematics Diagram and Pictorial Diagram

• Symbol

• Schematic Diagrams

• Pictorial Diagrams

8 – 10

8

9

10

Introduction to Basic Tools 10

Result/Procedure

• Exercise 1 : Safety Rules

• Exercise 2 : Oscilloscope, Multimeter, Function Generator, Power

Supply

• Exercise 3 : Identifying Components in Schematic Diagram

• Exercise 4 : Basic hand tools

11 – 20

11

11 – 16

17 – 19

20

Discussion 21

Conclusion 22

Reference 22

CONTENT

EXPERIMENT 1

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OBJECTIVES

The main purposes of this experiment are:

To motivate and expose the students to laboratories environment and safety

precautions in the laboratories.

To expose the students to equipments/components and electronic and electrical

symbols.

LIST OF REQUIREMENTS

The equipments that are used in this experiment are listed as below:

Oscilloscope

Multimeter

Function Generator

Power Supply

INTRODUCTION

In this laboratory session, students will know in detail about the laboratory environment and

safety precaution in the laboratories.

THEORY

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PART A: SAFETY RULES

Use one hand only when measuring high voltage.

Always make sure that your working area and hands are dry.

Make sure that you always wear rubber shoes.

Before connecting the test instruments to the live circuit, switch off the power supply,

or when rearranging and connecting components in the circuit.

Evade wearing metal jewellery.

Use safety glasses while doing work that uses machines as drilling machines and

others.

Tread cautiously when using equipment that generates heat such as soldering iron

because it can cause injure and ignite clothing.

Handle the equipment with care and responsibility. Comprehend its function and

switch off its power supply when the job is completed.

Focus on the work and keep away from making jokes.

PART B: BASIC TEST INSTRUMENTS

a) Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope, previously called an oscillograph, and informally known as a scope,

CRO (for cathode-ray oscilloscope), or DSO (for the more modern digital storage

oscilloscope), is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of

constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional plot of one or more

signals as a function of time. Non-electrical signals (such as sound or vibration) can

be converted to voltages and displayed.

Oscilloscopes are used to observe the change of an electrical signal over time, such

that voltage and time describe a shape which is continuously graphed against a

calibrated scale. The observed waveform can be analyzed for such properties as

amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval, distortion and others. Modern digital

instruments may calculate and display these properties directly. Originally,

calculation of these values required manually measuring the waveform against the

scales built into the screen of the instrument.

The oscilloscope can be adjusted so that repetitive signals can be observed as a

continuous shape on the screen. A storage oscilloscope allows single events to be

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captured by the instrument and displayed for a relatively long time, allowing human

observation of events too fast to be directly perceptible.

Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, and

telecommunications industry. General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance

of electronic equipment and laboratory work. Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be

used for such purposes as analysing an automotive ignition system or to display the

waveform of the heartbeat as an electrocardiogram.

Before the advent of digital electronics, oscilloscopes used cathode ray tubes (CRTs)

as their display element (hence were commonly referred to as CROs) and linear

amplifiers for signal processing. Storage oscilloscopes used special storage CRTs to

maintain a steady display of a single brief signal. CROs were later largely superseded

by digital storage oscilloscopes (DSOs) with thin panel displays, fast analog-to-digital

converters and digital signal processors. DSOs without integrated displays (sometimes

known as digitisers) are available at lower cost and use a general-purpose digital

computer to process and display waveforms.

b) Multimeter

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an

electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one

unit. A typical multimeter would include basic features such as the ability to measure

voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a micro ammeter whose

pointer moves over a scale calibrated for all the different measurements that can be

made. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) display the measured value in numerals,

and may also display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being measured.

Digital multimeters are now far more common than analog ones, but analog

multimeters are still preferable in some cases, for example when monitoring a rapidly

varying value.

A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service

work, or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy.

They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and

household devices such as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances,

power supplies, and wiring systems.

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Multimeters are available in a wide range of features and prices. Cheap multimeters

can cost less than US$10, while laboratory-grade models with certified calibration can

cost more than US$5,000.

c) Function Generator

A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test equipment or software used

to generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies.

Some of the most common waveforms produced by the function generator are the

sine, square, triangular and sawtooth shapes. These waveforms can be either repetitive

or single-shot (which requires an internal or external trigger source). Integrated

circuits used to generate waveforms may also be described as function generator ICs.

Although function generators cover both audio and RF frequencies, they are usually

not suitable for applications that need low distortion or stable frequency signals.

When those traits are required, other signal generators would be more appropriate.

Some function generators can be phase-locked to an external signal source (which

may be a frequency reference) or another function generator.

Function generators are used in the development, test and repair of electronic

equipment. For example, they may be used as a signal source to test amplifiers or to

introduce an error signal into a control loop.

d) Power Supply

A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric power to an electrical

load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical

energy to another and, as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric

power converters. Some power supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas

others are built into larger devices along with their loads. Examples of the latter

include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices.

Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any

energy it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on

its design, a power supply may obtain energy from various types of energy sources,

including electrical energy transmission systems, energy storage devices such as a

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batteries and fuel cells, electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators,

solar power converters, or another power supply.

All power supplies have a power input, which connects to the energy source, and a

power output that connects to the load. In many power supplies the power input and

output consist of electrical connectors. Some power supplies have other types of

inputs and outputs as well, for functions such as external monitoring and control.

PART C: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS, SCHEMATIC

DIAGRAMS, RULES OF CIRCUIT DRAWING AND PICTORIAL DIAGRAMS.

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a) Electrical Symbols

Symbols An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and

electronic devices (such as wires,batteries, resistors, and transistors) in a schematic

diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit. Figure 1.1 shows some of the most

commons symbols used in schematic diagram

b) Schematic Diagram

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A schematic, or schematic diagram, is a representation of the elements of a system

using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic pictures. A schematic usually

omits all details that are not relevant to the information the schematic is intended to

convey, and may add unrealistic elements that aid comprehension. A neat-draw

schematic makes it easy to define how a circuit works and aids in troubleshooting. A

schematic diagram of a chemical process uses symbols to represent the vessels,

piping, valves, pumps, and other equipment of the system, emphasizing their

interconnection paths and suppressing physical details. In an electronic circuit

diagram, the layout of the symbols may not resemble the layout in the physical circuit.

In the schematic diagram, the symbolic elements are arranged to be more easily

interpreted by the viewer.

c) Rules of Drawing Circuit Diagrams

Schematic should label all pin numbers, part values, polarities, signal names, part

model numbers, etc.

All wires and components are aligned horizontally and vertically. Always use the standard symbol for a device. If more than one standard symbol can

be used, always be consistent and use the same symbol within a drawing.

If you use connectors in your circuit make sure to show the connector on the

schematic and to label all pin numbers for both sides of the connector.

Label pin numbers on the outside of a symbol and signals on the inside of a symbol.

Examine schematics drawn in commercial application notes, textbooks, etc. to see

examples of good schematics.

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d) Pictorial diagram

The simplest of all diagrams is the pictorial diagram. It shows a picture or sketch of

the various components of a specific system and the wiring between these

components. This simplified diagram provides the means to readily identify the

components of a system, even if you are not familiar with their physical appearance.

This type of diagram shows the various components without regard to their physical

location, how the wiring is marked, or how the wiring is routed. It does, however,

show you the sequence in which the components are connected.

PART D: BASIC HAND TOOLS

When working in the laboratory, the common hand tools such as screwdrivers, pliers,

long nose and soldering iron are required.

PROCEDURE

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PART A: SAFETY RULES

List down five safety rules when working with high voltage.

a) Always use one hand only

b) Always wear rubber shoes

c) Avoid wearing jewellery

d) Concentrate on the work and avoid making jokes

e) Operate the equipment with care and responsibility

PART B: BASIC TEST INSTUMENTS

Identify all the basic buttons on the equipment bellow.

a) Oscilloscope

Figure 1.3 shows the front panel of an oscilloscope. Identify all the basic buttons on

equipment listed in the table below.

Function Button / Connector

To measure DC voltage. Menu + Coupling DC

To measure AC voltage. Menu + Coupling AC

To get to the shifted button i.e: Period, dB,

dBm.

Measure + Add Measurement +

Period/dB/dBm

To measure DC current. SHIFT +

To measure AC current. SHIFT +

Displays the automated measurements menu. Measure

Automatically sets the oscilloscope controls

to produce a usable display of the input

signals.

Autoset

Continuously acquires waveforms or stops

the acquisition.

Run/Stop

Input connectors for waveform display. Ch1, Ch2, Ch3, …

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b) Multimeter

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Figure 1.4 shows the front panel of a Digital Multimeter. Identify all the basic buttons on

equipment listed in the table below.

Function Button

To measure DC voltage DC V

To measure AC voltage AC V

To get to the shifted button. i.e: Period, dB,

dBm

SHIFT

To measure DC current SHIFT + DC V

To measure AC current SHIFT + AC V

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Figure 1.5: Front/Rear Input Terminal Switch of Multimeter

By referring to the Front/Rear Input Terminal Switch of a digital multimeter shown above,

indicate the connectors combination used for:

Measuring voltage : A & B

Measuring resistance : A & B

Measuring current : A & C

Testing diode polarity : A & B

Testing breadboard connectivity : A & B

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c) Function Generator

Figure 1.6: Function Generator

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Function Button/Connector

Switch between Pk-Pk and rms value B

Adjust the amplitude E

Switch to Offset Voltage H

Adjust Offset Voltage C

Type to waveform F

Output terminals D

Adjust the frequency A

Select the range of frequency G

d) Power Supply

Figure 1.7 shows the front panel of a Power Supply. Identify all the basic buttons on

equipment listed in the table below.

Function Button/Connector

Positive terminal C

Negative terminal D

Amplitude adjust button B

Power switch A

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PART C: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS, SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS,

RULES OF CIRCUIT DRAWING AND PICTORIAL DIAGRAMS.

a) Pictorial Diagram and Schematic Diagram

Draw the appropriate schematic diagrams of the pictorial diagrams shown in Figure 1.8

below.

Pictorial Diagram Schematic Diagram

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b) Component and Electrical Symbol 1

F

Figure 1.9

Refer to Figure 1.9 above, list down all components used.

i. Regulators LM317 and LM337

ii. Diode D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, and D7

iii. Resistor R1, R2, and R3

iv. Variable Resistor VR1 and VR2

v. Capacitor C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6

vi. LED Light Emitting Diode

vii. Positive DC Supply

viii. Negative DC Supply

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c) Component and electrical symbol 2

Figure 1.10 show the schematic circuit.

Figure 1.10

List the number that corresponds to the listed components below:

Coil or inductor : 10

PNP transistor : 2

Diode : 3

Positive power supply : 7

Fixed resistor : 4

Capacitor : 9

NPN transistor : 1

Rheostat : 6

Negative power supply: 8

Circuit ground : 11

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Potentiometer : 5

Determine the value of the following components including their units:

R12 : 330 Ω

R13 : 3.3K Ω

C1 : 50w

PART D: BASIC HAND TOOLS

Identify the following tools and write their corresponding label into Table 1.1 below. Refer to

Farnell catalogue for their details.

Table 1.1

DISCUSSION

1) What does the result indicate clearly?

The result indicate that function of every devices and how to handle it.

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2) Compare the expected results with the experimental results.

At the beginning of the experiment, the result expected should be exactly as the experimental result. However, due to some error while using the instruments the experimental result is slightly different than the expected result.

3) Relate the result with objectives.

We were motivated and exposed to the laboratories environment with safety precautions in the laboratories. We also exposed to equipment/ components and electronic and electrical symbols.

4) Analyse what caused the errors.

One reason that it is impossible to make exact measurements is that the measurement is not always clearly defined. Besides, Parallax (systematic or random). This error can occur whenever there is some distance between the measuring scale and the indicator used to obtain a measurement. If the observer's eye is not squarely aligned with the pointer and scale, the reading may be too high or low (some analog meters have mirrors to help with this alignment).

CONCLUSION

From this experiment, we are able to understand main objective of this experiment.

Besides, we also can state the safety precautions in the laboratories. Thus, we can also

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identify the function of equipment and draw their electronic and electric symbol. Last but not

least, we are able to understand between schematic diagram and pictorial diagram.

REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/

http://www.ucr.edu/

Mitchel F. Schultz, Grob’s, Basic Electronics, McGraw Hill, 2007

Nigel P. Cook, Introductory DC/AC Electronics, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001

Lab Manual For Semester 1, EEE111 Electro Technology, Faculty Of Electrical

Engineering, UiTM

http://www.scribd.com/kamal_ahmad_9

Coil or inductor : 10

PNP transistor : 2

Diode :

Positive power supply :

Fixed resistor :

22

Capasitor : 9

NPN transistor :

Rheostat : 6

Negative power supply :

Circuit ground : 11

Potentiometer :

Determine the value of the following components including their units:

R12 : 330 Ω

R13 :

C1 : 50 w

23

1

8

5

KΩ3.3