lab manual anatomy

8/6/2019 Lab Manual ANATOMY

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MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY (MSU)

Workbook and Practical

Manual

FBD 0014

Foundation in Health Science

Name : ____________________________

ID : ____________________________

Lecturer : ____________________________


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Practical

Chapter Practical Page

Introduction to Practical 15

1 Tissues 17

2 Skeletal system 18

3 Digestive system 19

4 Respiratory system 20

5 Cardiovascular system 21

6 Urinary system 22

7 Nervous system 23

8 Blood test 24

9 Reproduction system 26

Introduction to Practical

Laboratory safety

There are few guide lines that each students need to follow:-


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a) Students can only be in the laboratory with the presence of a lecturer/tutorassigned.

b) Please do not run, play around or do any indecent behavior while in the lab.

c) In the case of an accident, injury of illness immediately informs the lecturer ortutor in the laboratory.

d) Please do not eat, drink, smoke or handle contact lenses in the laboratory.

e) Be aware of the location and operation of all emergency equipment and how tocall for help if needed.

f) Know the potential hazards, precautions and safety procedures beforeconducting a practical exercise.

g) Please wear comfortable, inexpensive clothing and most importantly a LABCOAT.

h) Please wash your hands after handling chemicals, animals or after removingyour gloves.

i) Please do not intentionally sniff any chemicals.

j) Please promptly report any faulty equipment, damage specimens, water or gasleaks to the lecturer or tutor in the laboratory.

k) Ask the lecturer or tutor if you are unsure of any part in the practical procedurebefore the practical starts.

l) Please clean work surfaces, switch off all electrical outlets after each practicalexercise.

m) If there is any fire or a fire alarms rings, immediately leave the lab in an orderlymanner4 to the designated safe area.

How to perform well in a practical class

Some of the tips to help you optimize your work in the lab are:

a) Try to arrive early to the practical class so that you are calm and in a clear mind.

b) Take notes on the instruction given at the beginning of the practical.

c) Ensure that you have all the necessary equipment and specimens for your work.


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d) Check that the equipment and specimens are in proper condition. Check anybroken or defective parts and if any one is detected please inform your lecturer ortutor.

e) Microscope will be prepared for you during practcal. Please remember they areexpensive and delicate instruments. Therefore it is your responsibility to handlethem properly.

f) Do not hesitate to call and ask the lecturer or tutor for guidance or if you r havingproblems.

g) Do your work promptly and avoid idle conversation.

h) When working with other students try to work quietly and efficiently so as not todisturb others.

i) Carefully handle and examine the specimens given without removing them fromthe worktable. Remember that the specimens are there for other students as wellas yourself.

j) Special care and consideration have to be given if you are working withpermanent slides. Please ask your lecturer or tutor for correct handling of slides.

k) Dissections must be performed by groups of students in a step-by-step basis withthe guidance of your tutor or lecturer. A hasty dissection would lead to a poordissection.

Anatomy of a good practical report

The criteria of a good report are as follows:

a) Facts and content is complete and well written.

b) Data obtained from practical is correct and concisely written.

c) Diagrams are neatly drawn and labeled correctly with eligible writing.

d) Presentation of your report is neat and appealing with contents in the right orderand sentences concise.

e) Give complete and correct answers to all questions in the practical manual.


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Practical 1: Tissues

ObjectiveTo identify and compare different type of tissues.

Materials and apparatusCompound microscope, lens paper, prepared tissue slides.

IntorductionThere are four primary tissues; epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscle

tissues and neuron tissues. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces, line cavities and formglands. Connective tissue supports and protects other tissues. Muscle tissue causesmovement. Neuron tissue receives and generates nerve impulses. Organs contain twoor more tissues working together to perform a specific function.

Procedure1. Using the microscope, examine the following tissue slides;

a)Skin tissue

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

c) Muscle tissued) Bone tissue

Compact bone

Spongy bone

e) Nerve tissue

2. Draw and label the tissues (maximum two drawings per page).

Question

1. Describe the location and function of the four primary tissue types.

2. Compare between;

a. Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle.

b. Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage.


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Practical 2: Skeletal System

ObjectiveTo observe the skeletal model and identify the bones in the human structure

Materials and apparatusSkeletal model

IntroductionThere are 206 bones in the adult skeleton, which can be separated into the areas

and the appendicular divisions. The axial skeleton is composed of 80 bones locatedalong vertical line, the longitudal axis at the body. The bones support and protect theorgans of the head, neck and torso. The appendicluar skeleton is composed of 126bones that are designed for a variety of movements and form the upper an lower limbs.The three main parts of the axial skeletons are the skull, vertebral column and thoraciccage.

Procedure1. Observe the skeletal model and examine the bones in the following regions:

a) Axial skeleton

Skull

Vertebrae

Sternum

Ribs

Sacrum

Hyoid

b) Appendicular skeleton

Pectoral girdle

Upper extremity

Pelvic girdle

Lower extremity

2. Draw and label the bones based on your observation.

Question

1. Differentiate between an adult skull and a fetal skull.

2. Based on your observation, compare between the appendicular skeleton andaxial skeleton.


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Practical 3: Digestive System

ObjectiveTo learn the structure and function of the digestive system.

Material and apparatusDisection kit and rat

IntroductionThe digestive system contain organs of the gastrointestinal tract and the

accessary digestive organs. The gastrointestinal tract or elimentary canal is a tube thatextends from the mouth to the anus. The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract opens to theexternal environment of either end. Therefore, anything inside the lumen is considered tobe external to the body. The gastrointestinal tract organs include mouth, most of thepharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. The accessary

digestive organs that assist in digestion are the salivary gland, tongue, teeth, pancreas,liver and gallbladder

Procedure1. Place the rat on the dissection tray and pin the four legs on the tray.2. Use the forceps to lift the skin, cut the layers of the skin and pin it to the tray.3. Observe and identify the organs involved in the digestive system.4. Draw and label the organs of the digestive system based on your observation5. Remove the organs of the digestive system, draw and label each organ

separately.

Question1. Based on your observation, compare the structure and function between the

small intestine and the large intestine.

2. Based on observation, differientiate the structure and function of the liver andgallbladder.


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Practical 4 : Respiratory System

ObjectiveTo learn the structure and function of the respiratory system.

Material and apparatusDissection kit and rat.

IntroductionThe respiratory system moves air in and out of the body. It is also the site where

oxygen diffuses out of the bloodstream to be exhaled. The organs of the respiratorysystem include the nose, pharyunx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their smaller branchesand the lungs. Gas exchanges with the blood happen only in the alveoli. Otherrespiratory system structures are only conducting passageways that allow air to reachthe lungs. However, these passageways that allow air to reach the lungs. However,

these passageways also humidity, purify and warm incoming air. Thus, the air that reachthe lungs has fewer irritants and is warm and damp.

Procedure1. Place the rat on the dissection tray and pin the four legs on the tray.2. Use the forceps to lift the skin, cut the layers of the skin and pin it to the tray.3. Observe and identify the organs involved in the respiratory system.4. Draw and label the organs of the respiratory system based on your observation5. Remove the organs of the respiratory system, draw and label each organ

separately.

Question1. Compare the structure of the human lung and the specimen lung.

2. Clinically, the airways can be divided into three areas according to their size. Listthem and state the structure involved.


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Practical 5 : Cardiovascular System

ObjectiveTo learn the structure and function of the cardiovascular system

Materials and apparatusDissection kit and rat

IntroductionThe major function of the cardiovascular system is transportation. The heart

works as a remarkable pump that works ceaselessly throughout life, forcing blood in anendless circuit through all the miles of living tubing that go to make up the circulatorysystem. Two thousand gallons of blood pass through the hearts chambers, carrying outthe endless tyask of transporting oxygen and food material for all of the bodys

requirements. Because there is a double circulation, blood in effect travels in a figureeight circuit. The heart lies at the point of crossover and can be regarded as the twolinked pumps.

Procedure1. Place the rat on the dissection tray and pin the four legs on the tray.2. Use the forceps to lift the skin, cut the layers of the skin and pin it to the tray.3. Observe and identify the organs involved in the cardiovascular system.4. Draw and label the organs of the cardiovascular system based on your

observation

5. Remove the major organ of the cardiovascular system, draw and label eachorgan separately.

Question1. Name the structures that are involved in the cardiovascular system.

2. Describe the component of the heart and the function of each component.


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Practical 6 : Urinary System

ObjectiveTo learn the structure and function of the urinary system

Materials and apparatusDissection kit and rat

IntroductionThe urinary system is concerned with the formation and elimination of urine. In

an adult, more than 2500 pints of blood pass through the kidneys each day. Blood entersvia the reanl arteries and is filtered to remove most of the waste products of metabolism.Seven pints of filtrate are produced every hour. Purified blood returns to the bodycirculation via the reanl veins. The filtering process is carried out by more than twomillion tiny kidney units or nephrons, which produced a highl\y concentrated solution ofchemicals, known as urine. Urine is harmful to the body if allowed to remain. Urine flows

from the nephrons and then into the ureters. Waves of muscular contraction passingdown the ureters push the urine into the bladder.

Procedure1. Place the rat on the dissection tray and pin the four legs on the tray.2. Use the forceps to lift the skin, cut the layers of the skin and pin it to the tray.3. Observe and identify the organs involved in the cardiovascular system.4. Draw and label the organs of the cardiovascular system based on your

observation

Question

1. Name the organs that are involved in the urinary system.

2. With the help of a diagram, describe the location and complete structure of akidney.


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Practical 7 : Nervous System

ObjectiveTo learn and understand the function of the nervous system.

Material and apparatusRuler, pencil, volunteers

IntroductionThe nervous system is a complex network of nerve cells and nerve fibers spread

throughout the body. Its function is to interpret, store and respond to informationreceived inside and outside, the central nervous system (CNS) consist of the brain andspinal cord and is responsible for processing information gathered from the rest of thenerves and transmitting instruction to the body. Messages passing to and from the CNS

are carried by the nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The autonomicnervous system, consisting of sympathetic and paasympathetic nerve fibers, controlssuch as involuntary body functions as heartbeat.

Procedure1. Knock the volunteers patella with a ruler and watch it in 5 minutes. Determine

and identify the reaction that you observed

Question1. Name the reaction that you observed in the experiment and describe it in details

in your discussion part.


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Practical 8 : Blood Test

Objective

1. To identify individual blood type2. To identify RBCs and WBCs on prepared blood smear slides.

Materials and apparatusCompound microscope, lens paper, prepared slides of normal human blood, disposablelancets, alcohol swabs, cotton balls, toothpicks, glass slides and antisera (anti-A andanti-B).

IntroductionBlood consisit of plasma, a yellowish fluid in which are suspended cells, or

corpuscles and other small particles. The cells, also called eryhtrocytes, and severalforms of white cells or leukocytes. The other particles are called platelets. Each of thesecomponents has its own special role to play in the day-to-day working of each of thebodys tissues and organs. When it leaks from a cut or pinprick in the skin, blood is anopaque, slightly sticky red fluid. Normally, within a matter of minutes, it clots, darkensand slidifies as the bodys defense mechanisms go to work to prevent further loss of thevital fluid and seal the gap.

There are certain important differences in the chemical compositon of the tissuefluids around the bodys cells and those that are actually contained within the cells, theintacellular fluids. The main difference however between the blood and and tissue fluid,or lymph, is the presence of red blood corpuscles and the proteins called plasmaproteins.

ProcedureA. Individual Blood Type Test

1. Obtain a clean glass slide, two new toothpicks and antisera.2. Divide the glass slide inhalf with a marker. Mark A on the left side and B on the

right side.3. Place one drop of anti-A serum on the left side and one drop of anti-B serum on

the right side.4. Wash hand throughly with soap and dry with a clean paper towel.5. Clean the tip of your index finger with an alcohol swab.6. Open a new, sterile blood lancet exposing the sharp tip only. Lance just to the

side of the finger pad with the new lancet. (NEVER REUSE A LANCET, evenyour own).

7. Wipe away the first drop of blood with a cotton ball. Then, gently squeeze onedrop of blood on each side of a clean prepared slide.

8. Using separate new toothpicks, mix each simple of blood with correspondingantiserum.

9. results may take up to 2 minutes. Observe each sample for agglutination odgranulation and interpret the results.

10. Write your results on the board to pool class data for comparison. Recordpercentage of ABO blood types for your class.


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Questions

1. Complete the chart below.

Blood type Number of students Percentage

AB

AB

O

2. Complete the blood group interaction

Blood type A B AB O

Antigen on RBCs

Antibody in plasma

Compatible donor

Non-compatible donor

B. Observation of Prepared Slide

1. Observe the prepared slides of RBCs and WBCs.2. Draw and label your observation.

Question1. Differentiate RBCs and WBCs.


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Practical 9 : Reproduction System

Objective1. To identify the male and female anatomy and physiology.

2. To learn the male and female gametes.

Materials and apparatusCompound microscope, prepared slides, posters, human model.

IntroductionThe reproduction system starts to operate when puberty is reached. The gonads

or primary sex organs are the testes in male and ovaries in female. The gonads producesex cells or gametes and secrete sex hormones. The remaining reproductive systemstructures are accessory reproductive organs. The male reproductive system is

designed to reproduce male sex cells, spermatozoa, and deposit them in the femaletract the female reproductive system not only must produce egg cells, ova and receivespermatozoa, but also must be adapted to nurture of a growing embryo if fertilizationshould occur.

Procedure1. Observe all the prepared slide, posters and human model.

2. Draw, label and make shot notes for each diagram.

Question

1. Rearrange the following male duct systems, numbering them 1 through 5, fromthe production of sperm to their ejaculation:

a. ductus (vas) deferensb. epididymisc. ejaculatory ductd. seminiferous tubulese. urethra

2. Number the structures in order, 1 through 5, showing the pathway of a gametefrom the ovary to the uterus.

a. Body of uterusb. Fimbriae of uterine tubec. Fundus of uterusd. Ovarye. Uterine tube.

lab manual anatomy

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