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, LA-13480-PR
5-ress Report
I 111111111111\1111\1111111111111111 11553
Radionuclide Concentrations in Honey Bees
jr01n Area Gat TA-54 during 1997
JAN. 1 1 1999
Los Alamos ~V!\ NATIONAL LABORATORY
Los Alamos Natwnal Laboratory is operated by the University of California
for the United States Department of Energy under contract W-7405-ENG-36.
Edited by Hector Hinojosa, Group CIC-1
This is the first report in this series.
An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither The Regents of the University of California, the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name; trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by The Regents of the University of California, the United States Government, or any agency thereof The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of The Regents of the University of California, the United States Government, or any agency thereof. Los Alamos National Laboratory strongly supports academic freedom and a researcher's right to publish; as an institution, however, the Laboratory does not endorse the viewpoint of a publication or guarantee its technical correctness.
'I
Radionuclide Concentrations in Honey Bees
from Area Gat TA-54 during 1997
T. K. Haarmann P. R. Fresquez
Los Alamos NATIONAL LABORATORY
Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
LA-13480-PR Progress Report
UC-2000 Issued: July 1998
RADIOI'\LJCLIDE CONCEl'TTRA TIONS IN HONEY BEES
FROM AREA GATTA-54 DURING 1997
T.K. Haarmann and P.R. Fresquez
ABSTRACT
Honey bees were collected from two colonies located at Los Alamos
National Laboratory's Area G, Technical Area 54, and from one
control (background) colony located near Jemez Springs, 1\M.
Samples were analyzed for the follo,,ing: cesium ct37Cs), americium
(141 Am), plutonium (!38Pu and 239•240Pu), tritium eH), total uranium,
and gross gamma activity. Area G sample results from both colonies
were higher than the upper (95%) level background concentration for 238Pu and 3H.
INTRODUCTION
As part of the ongoing
environmental surveillance program at
Area G (Fresquez et al. 1997a}--a 25.5-
ha (63-ac) low-level radioactive waste
management and disposal area located
on the east end of Mesa del Buey at
Technical Area (TA) 54 at Los Alamos
National Laboratory (LANL) (Figure
1 )--samples of honey bees were
collected from beehives during the
summer of 1997. Honey bees can be
thought of as mobile samplers that
efficiently cover a large sample area
1
and then return to a central location
(Bromenshenk 1992). Honey bees
forage in an area with a radius as large
as 6 km (3.7 nri) and often cover a total
area up to 100 square km (39 square mi)
Leita et al. 1996, Visscher and Seeley
1982). Each hive contains literally
thousands of bees, most of whom will
forage for nectar, water, pollen, and
plant resins, wlrich are all brought back
into the hive. During these foraging
flights, bees inadve1tently contact and
accumulate a wide array of pollutants,
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some of which are brought back to the
colony (Bromensbenk et al. 1985).
These contaminants often become
incorporated into the bee tissue, the \Vax,
the honey, or the hive itself (Wallwork
Harber et al. 1982).
Honey bee studies have been
conducted on many different t)1pes of
pollutants including fluoride
(Bromenshenk et al. 1988a, :rviayer et al.
1988), lead (Migula et al. 1989), zinc
(Bromenshenk et al. 1988b ), nickel
(Balestra et al. 1992), potassilm1
(Barbattini et al. 1991), cesium (Bertoli
ec al. 1987, Tonelli et a!. 1990), tritium
(White et al. 1983, Fresquez ec al.
1997b), and plutonium (Hakanson and
Bostick 1976). It is an inexpensive form
of monitoring, especially considering the
many different sampling points the
foraging bees visit. Collection of bees at
one location (the hive) can provide a
plethora of infonnation from numerous
points conceming the distribution and
bioavailability of contaminants.
Comparing the amounts of contaminants
in honey bees with the known amounts
of contaminants in the surrounding area
could be useful for modeling . the
redistribution of contaminants through
3
ecosystems. The very nature of honey
bee ecology makes them an excellent
living system from which to monitor the
presence of contaminants.
The objective of this study was to
compare various radionuclide
concentrations in honey bees from Area
G with honey bees collected from a
background location.
:METHODS
We monitored i~rea G usmg
beehives consisting of a standard
Langstroth hive stocked ·with Italian
honey bees (Apis mellifera ligu.stica).
During 1997, t\vo colonies \Vere
established on the south end of Area G
near the 3H shafts (Figure 2). These
colonies were brought into the study site
from an uncontaminated area. In
addition, a control (background) site
with one colony was established 1 0 km
(6 mi) south of Jemez Springs, NM.
After three months, bee tissue
samples were collected from all of the
colonies. Three separate samples (one
from each colony), each containing
approximately 100 g of bees, were
collected. _EachirulividuaL lOO .. g sample
consisted of approximately 1,000 bees.
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Figure 2. Site/sample location of bee hives at Area G.
Bee samples were collected usmg a
small, rechargeable vacuum. Bees were
vacuumed off :frames that were removed
from the honey supers, transferred to a
plastic resealable bag, weighed, and
double bagged into plastic resealable
bags. All samples were kept in a cooler
and frozen upon returning to the
laboratory. \Vith each sample collected,
the vacuum collection area was
thoroughly cleaned to avoid cross
contamination of samples.
All samples were analyzed by
LAL'U,'s Enviromnental Chemistry
Group for 3H, 137Cs, 241Am, 238Pu,
239•240Pu, total uranium, and gamma
activity. Analytical methods have been
previously described in Fresquez et al.
(1997a). The bee tritium samples were
analyzed by liquid scintillation counting
in the following manner: 5 ml of
moisture were distilled from each
sample, mixed · with 15 ml of a
scinti11ation solution, and counted on a
scintillation counter for 50 minutes. All
gamma-emitting radionuclide concen
trations were determined using high
resolution germanium detector gamma
ray spectrometry. Pu and Am samples
were dissolved in nitric acid, isolated by
5
anion exchange, e.lectroplated onto
stainless steel disks and counted using an
alpha spectrometer. Total uranium was
determined by kinetic phosphorescence
analysis.
RESULTS
Table 1 contains a summary of
the analytical results from samples
collected near Area G and the control
site. The original analytical reports are
included in Appendix A for future
reference. In general, most
radionuclides, with the exception of 238Pu and 3H, were within or just above
the regional statistical reference level
(RSRL). The RSRL is the upper (95%)
level background concentration (mean +
two std dev) from the present data. And,
of these two radionuclides e38Pu and 3H), only 3H concentrations were at
detectable levels-where the analytical
result was higher than two times the
counting uncertainty. Tritium levels in
the Area G bees, for example, were at
82.8 and 110.20 pCi mL-1; the control
colony contained only 1.03 pCi mL-1•
These data are consistent with other
surveillance studies of 3H (and other
radionuclides) at Area G in bees
(Fresquez et al. 1997b ), soils (Conrad et
al. 1996, Fresquez et al. 1997c), small
mammals (Biggs et a!. 1997), and
vegetation (Fresquez et al. 1997c).
ACKNO,VLEDGMENT
Thanks to Rebecca J. Wechsler,
Environmental Coordinator, EM-S\VO,
for technical assistance at Area G.
Table 1. Analytical Results from Honey Bee Samples Collected from Colonies at Area G and a Control Site in 1997.
Element/ AreaG AreaG Activity Units C-1 Au• C-2 AU Control AU RSRLb 131Cs pCifg' 0.52 0.78 0.86 0.29 -0.33 1.81 3.29
U-total pg/gc 0.18 0.02 0.13 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.15
241Am pCifgc 0.0329 0.0075 0.0234 0.0058 0.0165 0.0067 0.0299
~8Pu pCi/gc 0.0026 0.0039 0.0021 0.0034 -0.0089 0.0024 -0.0041
l39,240pu pCifgc 0.0113 0.0060 O.U020 0.0027 0.0095 0.0050 0.0195
~ pCiimLd 82.80 3.60 110.20 4.40 1.03 0.7,5 2.53
Gamma pCi/gc 36.0 16.3 28,9 14.1· 16.9 9.3 36.0
8 Analytical uncertainty; values are the tmcertainty in the analytical results at the 65% confidence level (one sigma). bRegional Statistical Reference Level; the·upper (95%) level background concentration (mean+ two sigma) from present control data. CUnits are in g per ash. dUnits are mmL tissue moisture.
..... .>-:.:··
REFERENCES
Balestra, V., G. CelJi, and C. Porrini, .. Bees, Honey, Larvae and Pollen in Biomonitoring
of Atmospheric Pollution," Aerobiologia 8:122-126 (1992).
Barbattini, R., F. Frilli, M. lob, C. Giovani, and R. Padovani R. "Transfer of Cesium and
Potassium PY- the "Apiarian Chain" in Some Areas ofFriuli .(NEiialy];.~ Apicoltura.-1.:.85.,...
87 (1991).
6
Biggs, J .R., K.D. Bennett, and P.R. Fresquez, "Radionuclide Contaminant Analysis of
Small Mammals at Area G, Technical Area 54, 1996 (with cumulative summary for
1994-1996)," Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-13345-MS (1997).
Bettoli, M.G., A.G. Sabatini, M.A. Vecchi, "Honey Produced in Italy since the Chernobyl
Incident," Apitalia 14(10):5-7 (1987).
Bromenshenk, J.J., "Site-specific and Regional Monitoring with Honey Bees: Case Study
Comparisons," In Proc. of Int. Symp. on Ecological Indicators, Volume 39, Fort
Lauderdale, FL. 16-19 Oc.t. 1990, Elsevier Sci.)'ubl. London, UK (1992).
Bromensbenk, J.J., S.R. Carlson, J.C. Simpson, J.M. Thomas, "Pollution Monitoring of
Puget Sound with Honey Bees," Science 227:800-801 (1985).
Bromenshenk, J.J., R.C. Cronn, J.J. Nugent, and G.J. Olbu, "Biornonitoring for the Idaho
National Engineering Laboratory: Evaluation of Fluoride in Honey Bees,'' American Bee
Journall28(12):799-800 (1988a).
Bromensbenk, J.J., J.L. Gudatis, R.C. Cronn, J.J. Nugent, and G.J. Olbu, "Uptake and
Impact of Heavy Metals to Honey Bees," American Bee Journal 128(12):800-801
(1988b).
Conrad, R., M., Childs, C. Rivera-Dirks, and F. Coriz, "Area G Perim~ter Surface-Soil
and Single-Stage WaterSanip1irig,''Los Alamos National LabotatoryTeport LA-13165-
PR (1996).
Fresquez. P.R., D.R. Annstrong. and L.H. Pratt, "Radionuclides in Bees and Honey
Within and Around Los Alamos National Laboratory/' Journal of Environmental Science
and Health; A32(5)"1309""-1323' (i997a):
7
I I
Fresquez, P.R., E.L. Vold, and L. Naranjo, "Radionuclide Concentrations in Soils and Vegetation at Radioactive-Waste Disposal Area G during 1996 Growing Season," Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-13332-PR (1997b).
Fresquez, P.R., D.R. Armstrong, and L.H. Pratt, "Tritium Concentrations in Bees and Honey at Los Alamos National Laboratory: 1979-1996," Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-13202-MS (1997c).
Hakonson, T.E., and K.V. Bostick, "The Availability ofEnvironmental Radioactivity to Honey Bee Colonies at Los Alamos," Journal of Environmental Quality 5(3):307-309 (1976).
Leita, L., G. Muhlbachova, S. Cesco, R. Barbattini, C. Mondini, "Investigation ofthe Use of Honey Bees and Honey Bee Products to Assess Heavy Metals Contamination," Environmental Monitoring and Assessments 43:1-9 (1996).
Mayer, D.G., J.D. Lw1den, L.H. Weinstein, "Evaluation ofFluoride Levels and Effects on honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)," Fluoride 21:113-120 (1988).
Migula, P., K. Binkowska, A. Kafel, M. Nakonieczy, "Heavy Metal Contents and Adenylate Energy Charge in Insects from Industrialized Region as Indices of Environmental Stress," Proceedings of the 5th International Conference, Bioindicatores Deteriorisationis Regionis, II. Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia: Institute of Landscape Ecology (1989).
Tonelli, D., E. Gattavecchia, S.- Ghiru, C .. Porrini, G. Celli, A.M:.11ercuri, "Honey Bees and their Products as Indicators of Environmental Radioactive Pollution," Journal of Radioanalyticai and Nuclear Chemistry 141(2):427-436 (1990).
8
Visscher, P.K., and T.D. Seeley, "Foraging Strategy of Honey Bee Colonies in a
Temperate Deciduous Forest," Ecology 63:1790-801 (1982).
Wallwork-Barber, M.K., R.W. Ferenbaugh, and E.S. GJadney, "The Use ofHoney Bees
as Monitors of Env]rorunental Pollution," .A.merican Bee Journal 122(11):770-772
(1982).
White, G.C., T.E. Hakonson, and K.V. Bostick, "Fitting a Model of Tritium Uptake by
Honey Bees to Data," Ec.ological Modelling 18(3/4):241-251 (1983).
9
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o.n 0.78 pCi/g
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0.0319 0 0075 pCi/g
1.95 pCi
5(125 %
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6.2 counls
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0.0234 0.!1058 pCi/g
195 pCi
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04/0R/98 MMIDO/YY
1 J-Arr-1998 d:n3 Page 2 4
Method Area: Ell-ALPHA Submission Id 100023448
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Cf·97 Am-243T Spike 1.95 pCi
ci:97 Am .. 24JT Recovery 4].)') %
C1_:97 Am-24JT Recovered 0.85 pCi
Cl~97 Am· 241 Gross Counts 10 cnnnls
cl.97 Am-241 Background Counrs 2.2 counts
~ Cl-97 Erf~eiency 20.24 %
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3001lft35R GJ-97 Pu-2311
Gl-97 Pu-239
Gl-97 Pu-242T Sflike
Gl-97 Pu-241T Recovery
Gt-97 Pu-l42T Recovered
Gt-97 Pu-2311 Gross Counts
GJ-97 Pu--238 l)ackgmuml Cnunts
Gl-97 Pu-l39 Gross Count~
(jJ 97 Pu-239 Background CoUIUs
Gt97 Efficiency
GJ-97 Count Time
Gl-97 Analy~is Oate
Gl-97 lnsuument
30011RJ67 Gi-97 Pu-l:lH
G2-97 1'11·239
Gl-97 Pu-242T Spike
G297 Pu-242T Recovery
Gl-97 Pu-242T Recovered
GZ-97 Pu- 2311 Gross Counts
* * * * FINAl. REPORT * * * *
c· C, 1) 7 . /
l'a~c I ul ~
Submission Id 100023448
Due Date: ZJ.OEC-97
Scneniug Data: NO SC"Rf;.ENING OATA REQUIRED
togged by: LBRANCI-I
Result Yalu~ lJncertaint y Units Qualifier
0.0026 O.OOJ9 pCi!g
00113 O.OOW pCi/g
1.95 pC'i
33.47 %
0.65 .,Ci
t. counts
4.2 counts
15 CUUIIIS
7.2 count~
30.54 %
JOOOOO min
04/21911 MM!DU/YY
ALPHA Jl NONE
0.0021 00034 pCi!g
() 01120 0.0027 fl(i/g
1.95 pC1
4(J.7ft 'Yo
0.91 rc• 10 counts
Uh·Arr-JtJlJ8 l'i:IJ
l';~gc 1 nf
Method Area: EH-ALPUA Submission Id 100023448
~cthod Sample ld Task ld Custom_g__M Com119nen_!. Result Value Uncertainty Units Qualifier
rtf RAS t<:I"'V 20004 J4')4 .100118367 G2-97 Pu-BS Background Counrs 7.6 r:onnt~
Gl-97 l'u-239 Gro~s Counts 8 counts
G'l.-97 Pu-239 Background Counts 5.8 counts
G2-97 EffiCiency • JO.Rl %
G2-97 Count Time 3000.00 min
G2-97 Analysis Datil . 0412/98 MM/00/YY
G2-97 Instrument AI.J>llA 32 NONE
=+=> ZllCK14.Wl7 J1Mlll8387 Cl-97 Pu-238 .(l.flCIR9 ll.IK124 pCi/g
' Cl-97 Pu-239 0.(111?5 O.IMI51l pCr/g.
- Pu-242T Spike 1.•15 11Ci
~ Cl-97
Cl-97 Pu-242T Rec~very 41UO %
Cl-97 Pu-242T Recovered 11.711 pCi
Cl-97 Pu-238 Gros~i'ounts 2 ClllllliS
Cl-97 l'u-2JR Background Count5 8.11 CllUIIIS
Cl-97 Pu-239 Gross Counts II C<,.IIIIS
CJ.I)? Pu-2Jf) Rar.kgrouod ('nnnts 4(1 c.nun1-;
Cl-97 Efficiency 31.12 %
Cl-97 Count Time JfKKUMI m1n
('1-97 Analysis O..ie <14fZI'IR MM/DD/YY
('1.')7 lnsrn•ment: AI.I'IIA Jl NONE
HUPUCATE 'f ASKS
Non~ run for lhis submission
* * * * FINAl, REPORT * * * *
!Jl ttf 13
Oli Apr-199R 15: II P<~gc 3 of 5
Method Are~: EH-ALPHA Submission Id 100023448
SAMPI.I': SPIKF$
None run for this submission
~
' ~
-~'
**** FINAL REPORT ••••
-1 t?'' f}
00-Apr 1998 15:11
Page 4 of ,r..
Method Area: EH-ALPHA SUbmission Id 100023448
,·~.
************ CST QUALITY ASSURANCE REPORT **********
BUNDQ(:
Nolle run for this submission
METHOD BLANKS
No~le run for this submission
OPENQC ·
None run for this submission
4> l
--+:.
•••• FINAL REPORT ••••
q 11(13
:>
f\
On 1\pr I IJ911 15. I I
Method Area: EH-ALPHA
~-Analyst w. t;p Team Leader
_j/!.<t Oate
_!:1-{''i ---·---~
4\,\q« lQ~t~
No Sample OiscreJ•:;l.scies Noted by Sample Management Sedion
The control stalll.'l ~f the preceeding data wa.'l evaluated using the standard statistical
criteria set forth in Quality Assurance for lteallh and Environmental Chemistry: 19412,
I.A-12790-MS, Vol ,, pp. 19-29.
"The reported uncehainties are at the I sigma cnnficlence level."
**** FINAL REPORT ****
1 t1f )
Page~ nf 5
Submission Id 100023440
________ w.t. .......... .. QAOfficer
_gj/11£j~
,.
27-Fch 199R 12:20
Method Are~:
Rrqnesl~r Nam~:
R~quester Group:
MailSfop:
Rr.qn~Jff'l" Pbo~
R~quesfer Fall 1:
EH-ALPHA
TIM HAARMAtJN
ESH-20
M8117
667·SOJ9
CUSTOMER SAMPLES
Method ~.!..I!!P.Ie ld
11-J LS I!:NV 200043493
200043494
200043497
OUPLICA'I'E TAS~
None mn for this submission
SAMPLE SPIKF.S
None mn for rhis submission
LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL lORATORY
CST Analytical CIA'I:!lllistry
Analytical Results Report
Cmtlllllft' Cost CC~ft:
l.oa~d P••~=
Study:
7C20WE6A 1000
23-0CT-97
ESH20 BIOlOGICAlS
Amllyflal Senlce q.--nent 1:
Ta."k ld Customer ld Com1!9nent
30011815.5 Gl-97 H-3
Gl-9"1 H-3 MDA
300118364 G2-97 H-·3
G2-91 lf.J MOA
100118392 Cl-97 iH
Cl-97 tl-3 MDA
**** FINAL REPORT ****
P:~ge I of .1
Submission Id 100023448
1M! Dllf~: 23-0EC-97
Scrc:f'l1inc Data: NO S('Rf:ENING OA TA REQIJIREO
Lourdby: LBRANCH
Result Value · tJncertainly tJnilc; Q~.!ll.if".it!r
82800 J(,(lO rCilt.
450 pCiiL .L'")
110100 «00 pCi/L 0
450 pCi/1.. 0
10.10 750 pCi/1.. 0
450 pCiiL 0
0
27-fcb-1998 12:20
Method Are<,1: EH-ALPRA Submission Id
************ CST QUALITY ASSURANCE REPORT **********
BUNDQC
NonF mn for this submission
METHOD BLAN~S
No~ run for this submissio'n
~ OPENQC
f3 NooF nm ror this submission
. '
-,.
**** FINAL REPORT ****
Page 1 uf 3
100023448
:~
.,.
<.C C.l 0 0 0 0
!>
p
27·h'h·l998 12~20
Method Ar~a: EH-ALPHA
,.~
a .. --·}"' An:alyst
.. ~P:~J~8 p;;-'-
_(2?.__ Review
·tn~
rJ \J.,.Acw, ~~
No Sample Discrepa~cies Noted by Sample Management Section
~ Team Leader
~i1lef3_ ~--rolte
The c.mtrol status of the prec~ding data was evaluated using the standard sta«Htical
criteria set forth in Quality Assur-ance for llealth and Environn1ental Chembtry: 199Z,
LA-:12790-MS, Vol I, pp. 19-l;.
"The reported uncertainties are at the I sipna r.onfidence level."
**** FINAL REPORT ****
Submission Id
Q~
J/t/9~ Date
Page J of
100023448
[ ...... 0 0 0 0 0
:::. I -D
....... __________ _
12-Mar-1998 08:12
Method Area: EH-GAMMA
Submission Id
•••••••••••• CST QUALITY ASSURANCJ.: RJi~PORT ••••••••**
BLINDQC
None run for this submission
MF.'TIIOD BLANKS
· Customerld
00.22776
OPENQC
Custlllller ld
00.31809
~ 3001-40432
Tnt rd J001404:n
c-~
GaiMIII
Comii!Ofllt
o.mm.
Result
Valqe
0.1
Rmdt
!!I!!L 31 . .5
UacertalaiJ
0.2
VI!C!I1!faty
3.1
Units
pCils
~ pCifs
~
~
**** FINAL REPORT ****
()C
~ 0.0
QC
Value
211.8800
QC QC
Uocert•hitt ..!!!!!_
0.0 pCilfl
QC QC
Votertalati ..!!!!!!!.._
0.9500 pCi/g
';•
Par,e 2 or J
100023448
QC F.•a'-Cion
UNDER CONTROL
QC E•lduatJoa
UNDER CONTROL
CD
:t> 1
CL> 0
12-Mar-1998 08:12
Method Ax-ea: EH-GAMMA
~F <t.)~ Rev w
____________ {;)z __ Team l.ettder
_ :j''7-.bL -~Date # 1 ~te ~z.lCJ'D
No Sample DWcr~pancie:l Noted by Sample Manacement Section
The control sta~ of the preceedinK data was evaluated usln& the standard statistical
criteria set fo~.r. Qu.lity Assurance for Health aad EaYirOIIIllelltal Chemistry: 1992,
LA-12790-MS, V~ll, pp. 19-19.
"1'he reported u~c:ertainties are at the I sipta confide11Ce level."
**** FINAL REPORT ****
f --
Page 3 .-""' ore '
Submission Id : 100023449
---------C!.~ !{ __ _ QA Ofr~ter
-----~/t~l.~~---"l;;.e
··.-::
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