l2a process skills (1)k
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SCIENCE FOR BEGINNERS
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Lesson 2a
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Objectives
By the successful completion of thischapter, you should be able to; Understand that scientists need to use many process skills to
understand and explain natural phenomena
Explain process skills used in science using suitable examples
Demonstrate the process skills
Differentiate between independent and dependent variables
Explain the need to control variables and how this is done in ascience investigation
Identify the type of graph that would best represent a set of data
collected in a science investigation. Interpret and make generalized conclusions on trends and
patterns represented by a graph
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WHAT ARE PROCESS SKILLS?
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What are Science Process Skills?
Science is more than a collection of facts.
Science Process Skills are “tools” scientist use to:
identify problems solve problems
Answer questions “known” about our world or use in
their work to “know” about the world
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Types of Science Process Skills
Process skills maybe grouped into two types: Primary or basic process skills
Integrated Process skills
Primary Process skills are simpler and provide the basis for
learning the integrated (more complex) skills;
Integrated (more complex) skills: combines and builds on primary
process skills.
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1. Observing
Using senses to determine the properties of
an object or event, their characteristics,
properties, differences, similarities and
changes
Must pay close attention to everything
around you and sometimes use instruments
to assist you with your observations.
Observations are recorded.
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How many horses can you see
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2. MEASUREMENT
• using both standard and nonstandardmeasures or estimates to describe thedimensions of an object or event
• comparing an unknown quantity witha known quantity
• Measurements are to be recorded inan orderly and systemic fashion withlabeled units of measure.
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2.MEASUREMENT
A number is always associated with this.
Measurement can be for two types of quantities
Basic quantities
(Eg: mass, length, time, temperature)
Derived quantities
( Eg: volume, perimeter, weight, density, power etc)
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MEASUREMENT TOOLS
Length – linear measurementbase unit : meter
Volume – capacitybase unit : liter
Temperature – hot/cold
base unit : Celsius
Weight –
massbase unit : gram
http://oncampus.richmond.edu/academics/education/projects/webunits/measurement/temp1.htmlhttp://oncampus.richmond.edu/academics/education/projects/webunits/measurement/mass1.htmlhttp://oncampus.richmond.edu/academics/education/projects/webunits/measurement/volume1.htmlhttp://oncampus.richmond.edu/academics/education/projects/webunits/measurement/length1.html
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3. Classifying
Group information, objects or events
together according to their properties
(similarities and differences)
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4. Communicating
Process of describing, recording,and reporting experimentalprocedures and results to others…
Process of using words or graphic symbols
to describe an action, object or event.Oral, written, or mathematical
Example: Describing the change inheight of a plant over time in writing
or through a graph.
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5. Inferring
making an "educated guess" about an object orevent based on previously gathered data orinformation.
Example
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….saying a person who used the
pencil made a lot of mistakes
because the eraser was well worn.
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6. Predicting
The process of forming an idea of anexpected result—not a guess– but a belief ofwhat will occur based on present knowledge,observations, and inferences.
Forecasting a future occurrence based onpast observations or the extension of data
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Example: Predicting the height of a
plant in two weeks time based on agraph of its growth during the previous
four weeks.
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Who uses predictions?
Meteorologist –uses weather
trends of the past to predict
today’s weather.
Financial advisor – predicts
which investments will be
profitable.
Doctors – make predictions
of a patient’s future well
being/health.