SCIENCE SCIENCE PROCESS PROCESS

SKILLSSKILLS

What is science process What is science process skills?skills?

How a scientist works, thinks and How a scientist works, thinks and studies problem.studies problem.

(friedl 1995)(friedl 1995)

What is sps?What is sps?

A way of investigation that involves A way of investigation that involves specific skills which require the specific skills which require the following steps:following steps:

~ planning course of actions.~ planning course of actions.

~ carrying out activities.~ carrying out activities.

~ collecting data.~ collecting data.

~ organising & interpreting data.~ organising & interpreting data.

~ reaching a conclusion.~ reaching a conclusion.

BASIC SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLSBASIC SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS.. OBSERVINGOBSERVING CLASSIFYINGCLASSIFYING MEASURING AND USING NUMBERSMEASURING AND USING NUMBERS MAKING INFERENCESMAKING INFERENCES PREDICTING.PREDICTING. COMMUNICATING.COMMUNICATING. CONTROLLING VARIABLESCONTROLLING VARIABLES MAKING HYPOTHESES.MAKING HYPOTHESES. USING SPACE-TIME RELATIONSHIPUSING SPACE-TIME RELATIONSHIP INTERTING DATAINTERTING DATA DEFINING OPERATIONALLYDEFINING OPERATIONALLY EXPERIMENTINGEXPERIMENTING

WHAT IS MEANT BY WHAT IS MEANT BY OBSERVING?OBSERVING?

Observing involves collecting Observing involves collecting information about objects or information about objects or phenomenon by using the five senses.phenomenon by using the five senses.

-sight-sight -hearing-hearing -touch-touch -taste-taste -smell-smell

What are the characteristic of What are the characteristic of objects and phenomenon that objects and phenomenon that

we are observing?we are observing? Picture.Picture. PhotographPhotograph Video presentationVideo presentation Audio recordingAudio recording Real life thing or conditionReal life thing or condition Real object or 3D modelReal object or 3D model Life or preservation specimenLife or preservation specimen

Why do we need to Why do we need to observe?observe?

To compile / gather as much To compile / gather as much information as possible about objects information as possible about objects or phenomena.or phenomena.

How do we observe?How do we observe?

~Focus on the objects or phenomena to ~Focus on the objects or phenomena to

be studied.be studied. ~Identify the characteristics.~Identify the characteristics. ~Compare the objects or phenomena.~Compare the objects or phenomena. ~Identify changes & sequence of ~Identify changes & sequence of

events.events. ~Use appropriate apparatus for more ~Use appropriate apparatus for more

detailed observations.detailed observations.

You are observing when you are …

1. Using the five senses effectively.

Using the five senses effectively.

2. Identifying relevant particulars of an objects and its environment.

Identifying relevant particulars of an objects and its environment.

Focusing on relevant particulars from massive information.

3. Focusing on relevant particulars from massive information.

4. Identifying similarities and differences.

4. Identifying similarities and differences.

5. Identifying strange / unusual features.

Identifying strange / unusual features.

6. Realizing changes in environment.

Realizing changes in environment.

Identifying the correct sequence.

7. Identifying the correct sequence.

8. Using appropriate instrument(s) to enhance senses for the details.

MICROSCOPE STETHOSCOPE

What is meant by classifying?

Classifying is a process of grouping objects according to certain characteristic for a purpose.

When do we need to classify?

When there are:

~ many items or information.

~ items or information are not organised

How do we classify?

Identify the general characteristics of the items.

Sort out items of the same characteristics into their respective groups.

Identify other characteristics. Repeat steps 1-3 until there is only one item

in each group.

You are classifying when you are….

1. Detecting similarities.

2. Grouping objects based on certain criterion.

3. Using other criterion in grouping objects.

4. Grouping objects in different ways.

You are classifying when you are….

Classify

1. Detecting similarities .

Same shape

Same Colour

2. Grouping objects based on certain criterion.

..

3. Using other criterion in grouping objects.

..

4. Grouping objects in different ways.

..

CLASSIFYING

Grouping objects based on certain criterion.

Using other criterion in grouping objects.

Grouping objects in different ways.

What is meant by measuring and using numbers? Measuring and using numbers is

a process of observing quantitatively using numbers and standard or standardised measuring tool as the reference unit.

Why do we need to measure and use numbers?

To obtain more accurate observations.

How do we measure and use numbers? Identify the measurement required. Specify the instrument to be used. Compare the measurement with the specific

instyrument. Add up the total measurement.

You are measuring and You are measuring and using numbers using numbers when you are….when you are….

1. Able to count and compare quantity of items in different groups.

Able to count and compare quantity of items in different groups.

1. Able to count and compare quantity of items in different groups.

Able to count and compare quantity of items in different groups.

Able to recognized the pattern from a table of numbers.

2. Able to recognized the pattern from a table of numbers.

3. Using numbers to record phenomenon.

0 = STOP

1 = SLOW

2 = FAST

3 = FASTEST

Using numbers to record phenomenon.

1 = SLOW

2 = FAST

3 = FASTER

4 = FASTEST

3. Using numbers to record phenomenon.

4. Using scales and explaining ratios.

5. Compare objects using numbers.

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5. Compare objects using numbers.

6. Using tools correctly.

7. Recording unit correctly.

8. Choosing and using standard unit.

Comparing time, distance, area and volume with relevant units.

10. Determining the accuracy in measurements.

Which is more accurate?

What is meant by making What is meant by making inferences?inferences?

• Making inferences is a process of Making inferences is a process of making early conclusions by relating making early conclusions by relating previous experiences with previous experiences with immediate observations.immediate observations.

Why do we need to infer?Why do we need to infer?

• 1. To plan actions or to make a 1. To plan actions or to make a choice.choice.

• 2. To analyse the cause of effect of 2. To analyse the cause of effect of decisions.decisions.

How do we infer?How do we infer?

• Observe the situations or Observe the situations or circumstances.circumstances.

• State the reason why the situation or State the reason why the situation or circumstances happens.circumstances happens.

• Give reason to your statement(s).Give reason to your statement(s).• Check if the reasons given are based Check if the reasons given are based

on the opinions or observations from on the opinions or observations from the situations.If based on the situations.If based on opinions,state why.opinions,state why.

You are making You are making inferences when you inferences when you

are……………..are……………..

1. Using information from observations to make reasonable early conclusions.

2. Making various possible interpretations from single observation.

3. Able to identify the limitations of inferences.

4. Testing the accuracy of inferences through additional observations.

5. Using inferences as a tool to determine the appropriate additional observations.

1. Using information from observations to make reasonable early conclusions.

Making various possible interpretations from single observation.

Able to identify the limitations of inferences.

Testing the accuracy of inferences through additional observations.

Using inferences as a tool to determine the appropriate additional observations.

What is meant by What is meant by predicting?predicting?

•Predicting is a process Predicting is a process of forecasting events of forecasting events based on observations based on observations and previous and previous experiences or certain experiences or certain pattern of reliable datapattern of reliable data..

Why do we need to Why do we need to predict?predict?

•When accuracy is not When accuracy is not essential in :essential in :

•~reducing the number of ~reducing the number of choice.choice.

•~planning.~planning.•~considering choices~considering choices..

How do we predict?How do we predict?

•Observe to gather data.Observe to gather data.•Identify the pattern of Identify the pattern of the data.the data.

•Based on the pattern or Based on the pattern or past experiences, make past experiences, make suitable predictionssuitable predictions..

1. Using previous or present evidence to state incoming events.

2. Able to differentiate between prediction and guessing.

3. Able to determine the outcomes from an action.

4. Using pattern of data explicitly to make projections.

You are predicting when

you are….

7. Being cautious in making assumption about a certain pattern of data beyond the evidence at hand.

8. Extrapolating and inserting data as a tool to predict.

You are predicting when you are….

Using pattern of data explicitly to make projections.

Extrapolating and inserting data as a tool to predict.

What is meant by communicating?Communicating is a process

of receiving.spreading and sharing of information and ideas.

Why do we need to communicate?

To spread ideas or information.

To share idea or information.

How do we communicate?

Record information obtained from various resources.

Translate the information into other forms

such as charts,graphs and table.

Spread the information through various means and way.

1. Speaking, listening or writing to express ideas or meanings.

2. Recording information from investigations.

3. Drawing and making notes.

4. Using and explaining the meaning of symbols.

You are communicating when you are….

5. Using charts, graphs and tables to present information.

6. Posting questions clearly.

7. Using references.

8. Writing experiment report to enable others to repeat the experiment.

You are communicating when you are….

Drawing and making notes.

It is yellow in colour, tastes sour,rectangular in shape

Control variables

Size of salt

Volume of water

Temperature of water

Rate of stir

Size of salt

Volume of water

Temperature of water

Rate of stir

Identify variables in an investigation (manipulated and responding variables)

Size of salt

Volume of water

Temperature of water

Rate of stir

Identify fixed variables

Suggest suitable explanations in line with the evidence at hand

Quantity of sugar

Time taken to dissolve

5 spoons 10 min

3 spoons 5 min

1 spoon 2 min

Quantity of sugar

Time taken to dissolve

5 spoons 10 min

3 spoons 5 min

1 spoon 2 min

Suggest suitable explanations in line with the principles and concepts of science.

Quantity of sugar

Time taken to dissolve

5 spoons 10 min

3 spoons 5 min

1 spoon 2 min

Using previous knowledge to make explanations

Aware that there are more than one explanation for events.

Aware that the explanation is just a suggestion.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND

THINKING SKILLS.THINKING SKILLS.

SCIENCE SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLSPROCESS SKILLS

THINKING SKILLSTHINKING SKILLS

OBSERVING

-CHARACTERIZE

-TO COMPARE

-TO RELATE

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND

THINKING SKILLS.THINKING SKILLS.

CLASSIFYCLASSIFY

-CHARACTERIZE

- TO COMPARE AND TO CONTRAST

- TO COLLECT AND CLASSIFY

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND

THINKING SKILLS.THINKING SKILLS.

MEASURINGMEASURING AND AND

USING USING NUMBERSNUMBERS

- TO RELATE

-TO COMPARE AND TO CONTRAST

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND

THINKING SKILLSTHINKING SKILLS..

MAKINGMAKING

INFERENCESINFERENCES

- TO RELATE

- TO COMPARE AND TO CONTRAST

- TO ANALYZE

- INFERRING

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND

THINKING SKILLSTHINKING SKILLS..

- TO RELATE

- MENTAL IMAGE

PREDICTING

ThankThank YouYou..

1. Using the five senses effectively.

2. Identifying relevant particulars of an objects and its environment.

3. Focusing on relevant particulars from massive information.

4. Identifying similarities and differences.

You are observing when you are…

5. Identifying strange / unusual features.

6. Realizing changes in environment.

7. Identifying the correct sequence.

8. Using appropriate instrument(s) to enhance senses for the details.

You are observing when you are…

1. Able to count and compare quantity of items in different groups.

2. Able to recognized the pattern from a table of numbers.

3. Using numbers to record phenomenon.

4. Using scales and explaining ratios.

5. Compare objects using numbers.

You are measuring and using numbers when you are….

6. Using tools correctly.

7. Recording unit correctly.

8. Choosing and using standard unit.

9. Comparing time, distance, area and volume with relevant units.

10. Determining the accuracy in measurements.

You are measuring and using numbers when you are….

1. Using information from observations to make reasonable early conclusions.

2. Making various possible interpretations from single observation.

3. Able to identify the limitations of inferences.

You are making inferences when you are….

4. Testing the accuracy of inferences through additional observations.

5. Using inferences as a tool to determine the appropriate additional observations.

6. Determining the accuracy in measurements.

You are making inferences when you are….

5. Confident with the accuracy of the prediction.

6. Able to verify a statement of related to future events based on evidence or past experiences.

You are predicting when you are….

MODULE OF BASIC SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

MODULE MODULE OF OF BASIC SCIENCE PROCESS BASIC SCIENCE PROCESS

SKILLSSKILLS

9. Comparing time, distance, area and volume with relevant units.

You are making inferences You are making inferences when you are ….when you are ….

MODULE OF BASIC SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

1. Using previous or present evidence to state incoming events.

2. Able to differentiate between prediction and guessing.

3. Able to determine the outcomes from an action.

4. Using pattern of data explicitly to make projections.

You are predicting when You are predicting when you are….you are….

5. Confident with the accuracy of the prediction.

6. Able to verify a statement of related to future events based on evidence or past experiences.

You are predicting when You are predicting when you are….you are….

7. Being cautious in making assumption about a certain pattern of data beyond the evidence at hand.

8. Extrapolating and inserting data as a tool to predict.

You are predicting whenYou are predicting when you are…. you are….

1. Speaking, listening or writing to express ideas or meanings.

2. Recording information from investigations.

3. Drawing and making notes.

4. Using and explaining the meaning of symbols.

You are communicating You are communicating when you are….when you are….

5. Using charts, graphs and tables to present information.

6. Posting questions clearly.

7. Using references.

8. Writing experiment report to enable others to repeat the experiment.

You are communicating You are communicating when you are….when you are….