l. andrew bollinger phd student section energy & industry faculty of technology, policy &...
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L. Andrew Bollinger
PhD studentSection Energy & IndustryFaculty of Technology, Policy & ManagementTU Delft
26 March 2012SPM 4530
ABM in practice – 2 models
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Contents
1. A finished model – Metals and mobile phones1. Problem formulation & actor identification
2. System identification & decomposition
…
10. Model use
2. A model in progress – Adaptation of electricity infrastructures to climate change
• What is the problem?• How am I using ABM to address it?
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A finished model – Metals and mobile phones
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Gold: 0.026-0.033gSilver: 0.11-0.90gPalladium: 0.00-0.09gCopper: 9.30-20.68g
In, Ta, Li, Ni, Zn, Sn, Al…
44% hibernating41% reused4% disposed3% recycled
Sources: R. Geyer, V.D. Blass, 2009; Nokia, 2008
How can we recover a larger proportion of metals in mobile phones?
1. Problem formulation and actor identification
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1. Problem formulation and actor identification
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OEMs and suppliers
Retailers
Consumers
3rd party collectors
Refurbishers
Metal recoverers
Service providers
2. System identification and decomposition
System scope: global flows of metals in mobile phones
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What are the relevant elements and relationships?
2. System identification and decomposition
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2. System identification and decomposition
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phoneManufactureAphoneManufactureBphoneManufactureCphoneManufactureDphoneRetailNSPCollectionphoneRetailNSPCollectionPayusedPhoneRetailnewPhoneConsumptionnewHighEndPhoneConsumptioncheapPhoneConsumptioncheapHighEndPhoneConsumptionusedPhoneConsumptionphoneCollectionphoneTestingRefurbishingDisassemblyindustrialMetalRecoverybackyardMetalRecovery
Complete agent set
Decision-making rules• Purchasing• Processing• Investment
for…if... then...else...while...
Goods• Mobile phones• Components (batteries, circuit boards, other components)• Metals (gold, copper, silver, palladium)
3 & 4. Concept formalization and model formalization
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3 & 4. Concept formalization and model formalization
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private static void pickContractsForThisGoodName(OWLModel owlModel, OWLIndividual buyingAgent, OWLIndividual techInstance, String goodLabelNeeded, double totalNeeded) throws Exception {
ArrayList<OWLIndividual> contracts = new ArrayList<OWLIndividual>();
//System.out.println("calculating expected profits");calculateExpectedProfits(owlModel, buyingAgent, techInstance,
goodLabelNeeded);
String agentName = AgentWrapper.getLabel(owlModel, buyingAgent);//System.out.println("buyingAgent is " + buyingAgent);
String query;query = "SELECT distinct ?physicalFlowContract " + "WHERE { " +
//get where this comes from"?physicalFlowContract :from ?from ."
+//"?from :label ?sellerLabel ." +
//get the physical flow"?physicalFlowContract :physicalFlow ?
physicalFlow ." +
//get the price"?
physicalFlowContract :economicProperties ?econProp ." +"?econProp rdf:type :Price ." +"?econProp :value ?priceValue ." +
//get the mass//"?physicalFlow :physicalProperties ?
physProp ." +//"?physProp rdf:type :Mass ." +//"?physProp :value ?massValue ." +
//don't pick contracts that have been signed already!
"?physicalFlowContract :signedByBuyer false ." +
"?physicalFlowContract :signedBySeller false ." +
5. Software implementation
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public void MassBalanceCalculations(OWLModel owlModel){
double worldMarketStockOfGold = worldMarketStockOfGoldForMassBalanceCalculation(owlModel);
double goldInInputStocksOfManufacturers = goldInInputStockOfManufacturersForMassBalanceCalculation(owlModel);
double stockOfGoldInPhones = stockOfGoldInPhonesForMassBalanceCalculation(owlModel);
double environmentStockOfGoldWaste = environmentStockOfGoldWasteForMassBalanceCalculation(owlModel);
double industrialMetalRecoveryAgentsStockOfGold = industrialMetalRecoveryAgentsStockOfGoldForMassBalanceCalculation(owlModel);
double backyardMetalRecoveryAgentsStockOfGold = backyardMetalRecoveryAgentsStockOfGoldForMassBalanceCalculation(owlModel);
double industrialMetalRecoveryAgentsStockOfGoldWaste = industrialMetalRecoveryAgentsStockOfGoldWasteForMassBalanceCalculation(owlModel);
double backyardMetalRecoveryAgentsStockOfGoldWaste = backyardMetalRecoveryAgentsStockOfGoldWasteForMassBalanceCalculation(owlModel);
double massBalance = initialWorldMarketStockOfGold -
worldMarketStockOfGold -
goldInInputStocksOfManufacturers-
stockOfGoldInPhones -
environmentStockOfGoldWaste -
industrialMetalRecoveryAgentsStockOfGold-
backyardMetalRecoveryAgentsStockOfGold-
industrialMetalRecoveryAgentsStockOfGoldWaste-
backyardMetalRecoveryAgentsStockOfGoldWaste;
System.out.println("Mass balance for gold is " + massBalance);
6. Model verification
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Video 1
Video 2
7. Experimentation
phoneManufactureAphoneManufactureBphoneManufactureCphoneManufactureDphoneRetailNSPCollectionphoneRetailNSPCollectionPayusedPhoneRetailnewPhoneConsumptionnewHighEndPhoneConsumptioncheapPhoneConsumptioncheapHighEndPhoneConsumptionusedPhoneConsumptionphoneCollectionphoneTestingRefurbishingDisassemblyindustrialMetalRecoverybackyardMetalRecovery
Complete agent set
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• 33,516 simulation runs
• 15 parameters varied
• 100 timesteps (quarters) each
• 400 GB of data collected
How can we recover a larger proportion of metals in mobile phones?
Technical lifetime of a mobile phoneMobile phone use time Metal content of a mobile phone Price of goldPrice of copperPrice of silverPrice of palladiumPrice of componentsPrice of batteriesAccessibility of collection pathwaysMotivation of consumersIncentive costDisposal tendency of consumersCost of mobile phone manufactureGold recovery rate of recyclersPreferences of consumers
7. Experimentation
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8. Data analysis
% query for the necessary datacursorA=exec(connA, [strcat('SELECT tick, age, price, remainingLifeTime, heldByName, goodname FROM andy_5dec2009_phonehistory WHERE runNumber = 60 order by goodname, tick;')]);
%Get the data out cursorA=fetch(cursorA); DataMat = cursorA.Data; a = DataMat;
tick = cell2mat(a(:,1)); age = cell2mat(a(:,2)); price = cell2mat(a(:,3)); remaininglifetime = cell2mat(a(:,4)); location = a(:,5);
…
quarterofmanufacture = tick - age;
scatter(age,price); newtick = sprintf('%03.0f', tick(1)); saveas(gcf, strcat(num2str(newtick),'.png'));
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8. Data analysis
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9. Model validation
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10. Model use
Bollinger, L.A., C. Davis, I. Nikolic and G.P.J. Dijkema. Modeling metal flow systems – Agents vs. equations. Journal of Industrial Ecology, In press.
Nikolic, I.; L.A. Bollinger and C.B. Davis: Agent Based Modeling of large-scale socio-technical metal networks, pp. 1-10. In: Proceedings of the TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition 2010, 14-18 Feb. (2010). At: Seattle, USA.
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A model in progress
Climate change adaptation of electricity infrastructures
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Source: Renewables International
Minutes
Average interruption time per customer per year (2007)
Reliability of the Dutch electricity infrastructure
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man
ufac
ture
r
grid
des
ign
insta
llatio
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oper
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exca
vatio
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subs
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ce
moi
sture
obse
lesc
ence
/ wea
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weath
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secu
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othe
r0
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2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
Causes of power failures in the Dutch high-voltage grid
Source: EnergieNed
Impact of weather on the Dutch electricity infrastructure
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(1) De Groot, 2006(2) Wilbanks, et al, 2008(3) Rothstein and Halbig, 2010(4) Bresser, et al, 2005
The (anticipated) impacts of climate change
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Climate change and energy infrastructures
(1) De Groot, 2006(2) Wilbanks, et al, 2008(3) Rothstein and Halbig, 2010(4) Bresser, et al, 2005
The (anticipated) impacts of climate change on energy systems
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2010 Pakistan floods: • Damage to 10,000 transmission lines, Power
shortfall > 3 GW, Shut down largest refinery
2005 Hurricane Katrina (Louisiana, USA): • Power cut to 2.3 million homes, Destroyed
significant oil and gas infrastructure
2006 drought / heat wave (Netherlands): • Imposition of cooling water restrictions, reduced
reserve capacity
Extreme weather events and energy infrastructure
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Netherlands
Europe
3. Altered investment strategies in the power sector
1. Cooling water restrictions and a reduced reserve capacity in the electricity grid
2. Increased market penetration of air conditioners
TenneT declares “code red” – Aug. 10, 2003
“Europe Decides Air-Conditioning Is Not So Evil” – NYT, Aug. 13, 2003
EU study: “Investment needs for future adaptation measures in EU power plants due to effects of climate change” – March, 2011
Effects of the 2003 drought / heat wave
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Key characteristics of climate change and energy infrastructures:
1. The impacts of climate change occur on multiple timescales
2. Actors will adapt independently to perceived climatic changes
3. There exist significant uncertainties associated with the nature and severity of climate change
Long-term evolution model
Operational performance model
Policy scenarios
Climate scenarios
(agent-based model)
Modeling framework:
Modeling framework
Research question:
How can we develop effective strategies to support the resilience of the Dutch electricity infrastructure to climate change?
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Source: TenneT Quality and Capacity Plan 2010-2016
The high-voltage electricity grid in the
Netherlands
Proof-of-concept model
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Consumers
Power companies
Grid operator
Neighboring countries
Agents
Load
Generators
Transmission grid
Loads & generators
Technologies
How much electricity to use
How much electricity to produce
When/where to repair/add capacity
How much electricity to produce/use
Decisions
Proof-of-concept model - setup
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Consumers
Power companies
Grid operator
Neighboring countries
Agents
Load
Generators
Transmission grid
Loads & generators
Technologies
How much electricity to use
How much electricity to produce
When/where to repair/add capacity
How much electricity to produce/use
Decisions
Demand distribution
Production distribution
Network topology
Voltages at nodes
Power flows of lines
Proof-of-concept model - setup
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5 climate change scenarios:
1. No climate change2. Mild3. Moderate4. Severe5. Very severe
4 investment strategies:
1. No investment2. Build new links3. Increase capacity4. Both
Consumers
Power companies
Grid operator
Neighboring countries
Agents
Load
Generators
Transmission grid
Loads & generators
Technologies
How much electricity to use
How much electricity to produce
When/where to repair/add capacity
How much electricity to produce/use
Decisions
Demand distribution
Production distribution
Network topology
Voltages at nodes
Power flows of lines
Proof-of-concept model - setup
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Climate change severity Climate change severity
Investment strategy
Investment strategy
Mean consumer satisfaction Average line load
Proof-of-concept model - results
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Case study 2
Multiple spatial scales
Case study 1Case study 3
1. How might different grid planning procedures affect resilience to climate change?
2. How might long-term changes in wind patterns and solar radiation across Europe affect the ability to meet demand with renewables?
3. How might evolving infrastructure interconnections at the local level affect resilience?
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Case studies - Implementation
AgentSpring platform
Base model
Case study 1
Case study 2
Case study 3
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