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Test Series & Assignment

1. What are the difficulties that you would face in classification of animals, if common fundamental features are not taken into account?

2. If you are given a specimen, what are the steps that you would follow to classify it?

3. How useful is the study of the nature of body cavity and coelom in the classification of animals?

4. Distinguish between intracellular and extracellular digestion?

5. What is the difference between direct and indirect development?

Exercise Questions

6. What are the peculiar features that you find in parasitic platyhelminthes?

7. What are the reasons that you can think of for the arthropods to constitute the largest group of the animal kingdom?

8. Water vascular system is the characteristic of which group of the following: (a) Porifera (b) Ctenophora (c) Echinodermata (d) Chordata

9. “All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates”. Justify the statement.

10. How important is the presence of air bladder in Pisces?

Exercise Questions

11. What are the modifications that are observed in birds that help them fly?

12. Could the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother be equal? Why?

13. Segmentation in the body is first observed in which of the following: (a) Platyhelminthes (b) Aschelminthes (c) Annelida (d) Arthropod

Exercise Questions

14 Match the following: (a) Operculum (i) Ctenophora (b) Parapodia (ii) Mollusca (c) Scales (iii) Porifera (d) Comb plates (iv) Reptilia (e) Radula (v) Annelida (f ) Hairs (vi) Cyclostomata and

Chondrichthyes

(g) Choanocytes (vii) Mammalia (h) Gill slits (viii) Osteichthyes

15. Prepare a list of some animals that are found parasitic on human beings.

Basis of Classification

1Level of organization

6Notochord

4Coelom

5Segmentation2

Symmetry

3 Diploblastic / Triploblastic

Broad classification of Kingdom Animalia based on common fundamental features

Level of Organization

Cellular level

Organ system level

Tissue Level

Organ level

Circulatory system (OPEN

/CLOSE )

Arrangement of body parts on the sides of the main median axis of the body.

This idea was given by Haeckel.

Symmetry

Asymmetry RadialBilateral

● Body cannot be divided into two ● equal halves through any plane ● passing through centre. ● Eg: sponges

● Body can be cut into two exact halves through any plane which pass through the central axis.

● Such animals have two ends in the main body axis the oral and aboral end, but no left and right sides.

● Eg: Coelenterates, Ctenophora and Echinodermata

Asymmetry

Radial

Symmetry

● Body can be divided into two identical halves only through a single plane passing through central axis.

● These animals have a front and rear end.

● They also have an upper and lower side.

● They have equivalent left and right lateral sides.

● Eg: Annelids, Arthropods, etc

Symmetry

Bilateral

This classification is based on number of embryonic cell layers and divided into two type

Diploblastic & Triploblastic

Diploblastic Triploblastic

Cells are arranged into two embryonic layers, i.e. outer ectoderm and inner endoderm and a middle undifferentiated mesoglea.

Eg: Coelenterates and Sponges

Diploblastic & Triploblastic

Diploblastic

● Three embryonic layers are present i.e. .outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm and inner endoderm.

● All the tissues and organs are formed from these three layers.

● Ectoderm give rise to epidermis and nervous system etc., mesoderm to muscles, endoskeleton, reproductive organs, coelom, etc, and endoderm to the alimentary canal, lungs, etc.

● Eg:Platyhelminthes

Diploblastic & Triploblastic

Triploblastic

The fluid filled body cavity in between the body wall and the digestive tract of animals is called the coelom.

● The coelom is lined by mesodermal epithelium on either side.

● All the internal organs are suspended in the coelom.

● The coelom allows greater body flexibility. ● It acts as a shock absorber.

● In soft bodied animals it protects internal organs from external shocks.

● In some animals it acts as an internal skeleton

● E.g.: earthworm

Coelom

Coelom

Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomates

Animals with true body cavity Eg: Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods,

Echinoderms, Hemichordates, and Chordates.

● Animals having false coelom. ● Body cavity is not formed from the mesodermal epithelium. ● Mesoderm appears as scattered pouches in between ectoderm and

endoderm.● In these animals pseudocoelom is formed from the embryonic cavity

called blastocoel. ● E.g. Aschelminthes

Body cavity is absent and coelomic space is occupied by parenchyma like cells,

e.g.PlatyhelminthesAcoelomate

Pseudocoelomate

Coelomates

Body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial repetition of at least some organs

In earthworm, the body shows this pattern called metameric segmentation and the phenomenon is known as metamerism.

Segmentation

Notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development in some

animals

Notochord

Chordates Animals With notochord

Non-Chordates Absence of notochord

e.g., porifera to echinodermata.

Phylum

1. Porifera

4. Platyhelminthes

2. Cnidaria

3. Ctenophora

11. Chordata

9. Echinodermata

6. Annelida

5. Aschelminthes

8. Mollusca

7. Arthropoda

10. Hemichordata

Which of the following animals havescattered cells with cell tissue grade organisation?

Homework Question

SpongeA

B

C

D

Liver fluke

AscarisHydra

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