kuliah orto indeks maloklusi
DESCRIPTION
oh gituTRANSCRIPT
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INDEKS MALOKLUSI
Arya brahmanta,drg, Sp.Ort
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Epidemiologi maloklusi
• Epidemiologi : Studi tentang distribusi penyakit atau kondisi fisiologis dalam populasi manusia dan faktor “ yang mempengaruhi distribusi tersebut. Meliputi : -Prevalensi (jumlah px, maloklusi utk daerah & waktu ttt)
-Insidensi ( frekuensi kejadian maloklusi ) -Keparahan
• Epidemiologi Maloklusi : Distribusi dan faktor “ yang menentukan maloklusi yang terjadi pada masyarakat luas
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Pengelompokan maloklusi n Pengelompokan jenis maloklusi, pen3ng untuk menentukan
skala pengukuran maloklusi
n Angle (1899) -‐ Kelebihan : mudah untuk ditentukan -‐ Kekurangan : hanya dari arah sagital, 3dak dapat menunjukan
keparahan maloklusi.
n WHO (1962) : sudah membuat indeks maloklusi tetapi 3dak lengkap ( cleI palate & lip, progna3sm, retrogna3sm, deep bite, open bite,crowding, spacing,etc) n (1971) : Oral Health Surveys Basic Methods mensurvey kesehatan rongga mulut termasuk maloklusi ( mesioklusi, distoklusi, cleI palate & lip, deep bite, open bite,crowding. )
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– Ackerman – Profit (1974, orthogonal analysis) Meliputi :
• Susunan geligi • Profil • Kelainan jurusan sagital • Transversal • Vertikal
• Penilaian subyektif obyektif
indeks maloklusi
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Indeks Indeks adalah sebuah angka atau bilangan yang
digunakan sebagai indikator untuk menerangkan suatu keadaan tertentu atau sebuah rasio proporsional yang dapat disimpulkan dari sederetan pengamatan yang terus menerus.
Dengan indeks à prevalensi,
keparahan maloklusi hasil perawatan.
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Indeks maloklusi
• Melihat dan menilai seberapa jauh penyimpangan yang terjadi atau menilai keparahan suatu maloklusi tidaklah mudah, dikarenakan adanya perbedaan persepsi antar individu yang menimbulkan unsur subyektif dalam menilai suatu keparahan maloklusi.
• Indeks maloklusi mencatat keadaan maloklusi dalam format kategori atau numerik sehingga penilaian suatu maloklusi dapat dinilai secara obyektif
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Indeks maloklusi
• Indeks maloklusi – Adalah nilai kuantitatif yang menggambarkan derajat
maloklusi yang didapatkan dari hasil pengukuran secara obyektif beberapa kriteria klinik.
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Syarat indeks maloklusi
n Harus handal (reliable) n Dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara klinik dan menghasilkan pengukuran yang sama meskipun oleh individu yang berbeda
n Sahih (valid) n Harus dapat membedakan beberapa 3ngkatan dengan jelas dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara sta3s3k serta 3dak menimbulkan banyak kontroversi
n Mudah dipelajari, dilaksanakan dan sederhana utk dioperasikan
n Disetujui oleh ikatan profesi
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Macam kegunaan indeks maloklusi
n Diagnosis clasifica3on n Epidemiologi indeks n Treatment need indeks n Treatment out come n Treatmant complexcity. n Degree of improvement
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Macam Indeks maloklusi n TPI : Treatment priority index (Graigner,1967) n HMAR : Handi capping Malocclusion Assesment Record
(Salzman) n OI : Oclussal Index n DAI : Dental Aesthetic Index (Cons et al,1986) n ABO : American Board of Orthodontists n SCAN : The standarized continum of Aesthetic Need n IOTN : index of orthodontic treatment need
( Brook & Shaw,1989 ) n PAR : Peer assessment rating index ( Richmond,1992 ) n Maloklusi severity indeks ( Hill, 1992 ) n ICON : Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (Daniel,2000) n ABO : American Board of Orthodontics (2003)
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IOTN ( index of orthodon3c treatment need)
• Indeks ini dibuat untuk mengetahui kebutuhan perawatan bagi masing – masing individu – Mencatat kebutuhan perawatan pada populasi dan skala
prioritas – Mencatat keberhasilan dari perawatan – Membantu menentukan kemungkinan dampak maloklusi
terhadap kesehatan gigi dan kesehatan psikososial seseorang
• IOTN, terdiri dari 2 komponen : – Dental health component (DHC) – Aesthetic Component (AC)
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IOTN The Dental Health Component
DHC : à menyatakan keadaan oklusal yang dapat
mempengaruhi fungsi dan kesehatan gigi dalam jangka panjang
Terdiri dari 5 Grade Gambaran gejala maloklusi yang paling parah dicatat dan dikategorikan pada salah satu dari lima grade yang mencerminkan kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti
• Grade1No treatment required
– 1.Extremely minor malocculsions, including displacements less than 1
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IOTN The Dental Health Component
• Grade 2Little
– 2.aIncreased Overjet > 3.5 mm but <= 6 mm (with competent lips)
– 2.bReverse overjet greater than 0 mm but <= 1mm – 2.cAnterior or posterior crossbite with <= 1mm discrepancy
between retruded contact position and intercuspal position – 2.dDisplacement of teeth > 1mm but <= 2mm – 2.eAnterior or posterior open bite > 1mm but <= 2mm – 2.fIncreased overbite >= 3.5mm (wthout gingival contact) – 2.gPrenormal or postnormal occlusions with no other
anomalies. Includes up to half a unit discrepancy
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IOTN The Dental Health Component
• Grade 3Borderline need – 3.aIncreased overjet > 3.5 mm but <= 6 mm
(incompetent lips) – 3.bReverse overjet greater than 1 mm but <= 3.5mm – 3.cAnterior or posterior crossbites witt >1mm but <=
2mm discrepancy between the retruded contact position and intercuspal position
– 3.dDisplacement of teeth >2mm but <=4mm – 3.eLlateral or anterior open bite > 2mm but <= 4mm – 3.fIncreased and incomplete overbite without gingival or
palatal trauma
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IOTN The Dental Health Component
• Grade 4Treatment required – 4.aIncreased overjet > 6mm but <= 9 mm – 4.bReverse overjet > 3.5 mm with no masticatory or speech difficulties – 4.cAnterior or posterior crossbites with > 2 mm discrepancy between the
retruded contact position and intercuspal position – 4.dSevere displacements of teeth > 4 – 4.eExtreme lateral or anterior open bites > 4 mm – 4.fIncreased and complete overbite with gingival or palatal trauma – 4.hLess extensive hypodontia requiring pre-restorative orthodontics or
orthodontic space closure ot obviate the need for a prosthesis – 4.lPosterior lingual crossbite with no functional occlusal contact in oneor
more buccal segments – 4.mReverse overjet > 1 mm but < 3.5 mm with recorded masticatory and
speech difficulties – 4.tPartially erupted teeth, tipped and impacted against adjacent teeth – 4.xExisting supenumerary teeth
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IOTN The Dental Health Component
• Grade 5Treatment required – 5.aIncreased overjet > 9 mm – 5.hExtensive hypodontia with restorative implications (more than
one tooth missing in any quadrant requiring pre-restorative orthodontics)
– 5.iImpeded eruption of teeth (apart from 3rd molars) due to crowding, displacement, the presence of supernumerary teeth, retained deciduous teeth, and any pathological cause
– 5.mReverse overjet > 3.5 mm with reported masticatory and speech difficulties
– 5.pDefects of cleft lip and palate – 5.sSubmerged deciduous teeth
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IOTN Dental health component
• Untuk mengatasi subyektifitas pengukuran dengan batas ambang yang jelas ( 5 tingkat keparahan maloklusi)
• Tingkat derajat keparahan dari DHC: – Skala 1 -2 : Tidak perlu perawatan / perawatan ringan – Skala 3 : Perawatan border line / sedang – Skala 4–5 : Sangat memerlukan perawatan
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IOTN
Aesthetic Component n Grade 1 = most aesthe3c arrangement of the Den33on n Grade 10 = least aesthe3c arrangement of the Den33on
n Grade 1-‐4 = li-le or no treatment required n Grade 5-‐7 = moderate or borderline treatment required n Grade 8-‐10 = treatment required
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Grade 1-4 = little or no treatment required
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Grade 5-7 = moderate or borderline treatment required
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Grade 8-10 = treatment required
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IOTN Aesthetic component
• Menujukkan tingkatan derajat yang berbeda dari penampilan estetik susunan geligi.
• Tingkatan derajat keparahan dari AC : – Skala 1-4 : tidak perlu perawatan / perawatan ringan – Skala 5-7 : perawatan border line / sedang – Skala 8-10 : sangat memerlukan perawatan
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IOTN
• Digunakan penggaris plastik khusus
• Dipakai sebagai panduan untuk menentukan suatu maloklusi termasuk grade berapa
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IOTN
• Dapat memilih salah satu dari keadaan berikut : gigi yang hilang (Missing) jarak gigit (Overjet) berdesakan (Crowding) perubahan titik kontak (Displacement) tumpang gigit (Overbite) ò MOCDO
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IOTN n Mudah, sederhana & singkat
Derajat kesesuaian yang baik antar pemeriksa (baik utk surve epidemiologi)
n Keunggulan IOTN : waktu pakai (30-‐60 de3k) untuk satu penderita dapat digunakan untuk survey dengan sampel yang besar.
n Meskipun maloklusi bisa merupakan gabungan beberapa keadaan à tetapi pada indeks ini hanya satu gambaran maloklusi yang terparah saja yang dicatat à 3dak ada efek kumula3f
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IOTN
Foto berwarna digunakan apabila ada pasiennya sedangkan foto hitam pu3h digunakan untuk membandingkan dengan model
Pasien dalam keadaan oklusi (demikian juga model dioklusikan) dan dibandingkan dengan foto yang ada dilihat dari aspek anterior, kemudian kategori ditentukan berdasarkan hambatan este3k yang kurang lebih sama dengan pasien
Skor akhir à (DHC + AC) : 2
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PAR (peer assessment rating - index)
• Membandingkan maloklusi sebelum dan sesudah perawatan untuk menentukan : – Evaluasi standar kualitas hasil perawatan – Efektifitas dan efisiensi perawatan utk penilaian
pribadi (self assesment) – Menentukan prioritas perawatan bagi sejumlah
pasien yang membutuhkan perawatan – Membandingkan sistem pelayanan ortodonsi secara
nasional / internasional
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PAR Index Beberapa komponen diskor dan diberi bobot yang besarnya tergantung kesepakatan ortodon3s di negara masing-‐masing
Skoring ditentukan dengan penggaris khusus untuk indeks ini
Skor akhir merupakan akumulasi dari 3ap komponen yang diskor
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PAR
Komponen yang diperiksa beserta besarnya bobot -‐ pergeseran 33k kontak (berdesakan) (bobot 1) -‐ relasi gigi posterior dalam jurusan sagital, transversal dan ver3kal (bobot 1) -‐ jarak gigit (bobot 6) -‐ tumpang gigit (bobot 2) -‐ pergeseran garis median (bobot 4)
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PAR
• All the scores are weighted and summed to produce an overall total. Start scores are usually in the region of 26-‐30.
• Excellent occlusions usually have a score of less than 5 PAR points.
• Finished treatments with scores greater than 10 are usually regarded as unacceptable.
• Another way of assessing success of treatment is to plot pre and post treatment scores on the graph to determine improvement.
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PAR Besarnya skor awal (sebelum perawatan) à keparahan maloklusi Perbedaan skor sebelum dan sesudah perawatan à keberhasilan
perawatan Perbedaan skor dinyatakan dalam persen penurunan skor lebih besar daripada 30% contoh : 8 à 2 penurunan 6 à 75% 40 à10 penurunan 30 à 75%.
apabila dinyatakan dalam angka perbedaan skor > 22. contoh : 40 à 16 (24) 15 à 0 (15)
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PAR -‐ ruler
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Maloklusi severity indeks
n Dikembangkan dengan memberi skor pada anomali yang terdapat pada gigi.
Perhitungan : -‐ Gigitan terbuka anterior : skor 10 -‐ Tumpang gigit trauma3k sampai mukosa palatum : skor 18
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Maloklusi severity indeks
-‐ Gigitan silang anterior bila melibatkan : 1 gigi skor 14 2 gigi skor 16 3 gigi skor 18 4 gigi skor 20
-‐ Gigitan silang posterior : skor 16 -‐ Diastema pada gigi depan atas ( mesial C, I1,I2 > 3 mm ) : skor 14
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Maloklusi severity indeks
n Jarak gigit dikategorikan menjadi: n 1 gigi skor 10 n 2 gigi skor 14 n 3 gigi skor 16 n 4 gigi skor 18
n Bila berdesakan Posterior RA/RB melibatkan C & P : n Bila unilateral skor 8 n Bila bilateral skor 10
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• Bila berdesakan RA dan RB, ada gigi yang tidak kontak / meleset :
• Bila RA kontak meleset skor 4 • Bila RB kontak meleset skor 3
• Maloklusi severity indeks – Bila skor 0 – 7 : Tidak perlu dirawat (ideal) – Bila skor 8 – 17: Moderat (perawatan selektif) – Bila skor18 – 32: Parah (perlu perwatan) – Bila lebih dari 32: Sangat parah (sangat perlu perawatan)
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ICON (Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need).
n Oclusal Trait scoring protocol n Kebutuhan perawatan. n Kompleksitas. n Hasil perawatan. n Derajat perubahan.
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Componenet Score 0 1 2 3 4 5 Aesthetic 1-10 using AC Upper arch crowding
Score only the highest trait either spacing or crowding
< 2mm 2.1 – 5 mm
5.1 – 9 mm 9.1 – 13 mm
13.1 – 17 mm
> 17 mm / impacted
Upper spacing Up to 2mm 2.1 – 5 mm
5.1 – 9 mm >9 mm
Cross bite Transverse relationship of cusp to cusp or worse
No crossbite Crossbite present
Incisor open bite
Score only the highest trait either open bite or overjet
Complete bite < 1mm 1.1 – 2mm 2.1- 4 mm
> 4mm
Incisor overbite Lower incisor coverage Up to 1/3 tooth
1/3 – 2/3 coverage
2/3 up to full covered
Fully covered
Buccal segment antero-posterior
Left and right added together
Cusp to embrasure relationship. Class I,II and III
Any cusp relation up to but not including cusp to cusp
Cusp to cusp relationship
Oclusal Trait scoring protocol
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Component Aesthetic - ICON
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ICON (Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need).
n Kebutuhan perawatan (pre treatment) Karakteris>k Oklusal Bobot
Komponen Este>k 7
Relasi sagital gigi posterior 3
Berdesakan atau Diastema 5
Tumpang Gigit 4
Gigtan Silang 5
Skor Kebutuhan Perawatan
43
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ICON (Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need).
Kompleksitas.
Penilaian Kompleksitas Skor
Mudah Kurang dari 29
Ringan 29-‐50
Moderat 51-‐63
Sukar 64-‐77
Sangat sukar Lebih dari 77
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ICON (Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need).
n Hasil perawatan (post treatment) Karakteris>k Oklusal Bobot
Komponen Este>k 7
Relasi sagital gigi posterior 3
Berdesakan atau Diastema 5
Tumpang Gigit 4
Gigtan Silang 5
Skor Hasil Perawatan 31
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ICON (Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need).
• Derajat perubahan. rumus : ( nilai ICON sebelum perawatan – 4 x nilai ICON setelah perawatan).
Penilaian Derajat Perubahan
Skor
Terjadi perubahan yang besar > -‐1
Sangat berubah -‐25 sampai -‐1
Cukup berubah -‐53 sampai -‐26
Sedikit berubah -‐85 sampai – 54
Tidak berubah / jadi jelek < -‐85
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ABO Discrepancy Index (ABO Index)
ABO = American Board of Orthodon3cs ABO Index à mengukur kompleksitas kasus. Suatu kriteria untuk dapat diterima dalam ujian yang diselenggarakan ABO
Penilaian kesukaran suatu kasus mengandung subjek3vitas, tetapi karena berkaitan dengan kompleksitas à bisa dikuan3fikasi.
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Ruler
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Mengukur overjet
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TERIMA KASIH https://sites.google.com/a/hangtuah.ac.id/arya-brahmanta-publikasi/