Environmental Impact on the Production of Sorghum and Pearl Millet of Alwar District

Kulbhooshan Saini,Neerja Shrivastava &Shuchita Jain

Govt.P.G.College,Kota (Raj) J.D.B.Girls College,Kota (Raj)*

Climate change is expected to impact to crop yield both positive and negative ways, though the magnitude may differ at various location.

An assessment of the possible net impacts while sustaining positive impact of climate change on crop production through adaptation methodology.

Temperature is an important climatic factor, which can have profound affect on the yield of crops mainly through phonological development processes.

INTRODUCTION

Differential response to temperature change by various crops has been shown under different production environment. Variation in rainfall also affects the crop productivity.

The various studies conducted in the country have shown that the surface air temperatures in India are going up at the rate of 0.4°C per hundred years, particularly during the post-monsoon and winter season.

India is a large country with 15 agro-climatic zones, with diverse seasons, crops and farming systems. For a majority of people in India, to this day, agriculture is the main source of livelihood.

Agriculture is the most vulnerable sector to CC as it is inherently sensitive to climate variability and CC will leave its impacts on Indian agriculture in various direct and indirect ways.

The surface air temperatures will increase by 2 to 4°C by 2070-2100. As mentioned earlier, the rabi crop will be impacted seriously and every 1°C increase in temperature reduces wheat production by 4-5 million tons, as per a study by IARI.

This loss can be reduced to 1-2 million tons only if farmers change to timely planting. Increased climatic extremes like droughts and floods are likely to increase production variability.

Productivity of most cereals would decrease due to increase in temperature and decrease in water availability, especially in Indo-Gangetic plains. The loss in crop production is projected at 10-40% by 2100, depending upon the modeling technique applied.

Climate change is causing grave impact on global agriculture, threatening food security and livelihoods of farmers. Agricultural sustainability is being impacted in two interrelated ways: first, by diminishing the long-term ability of agro eco-systems to provide food for the world's population; and second, by inducing shifts in agricultural regions that may encroach upon natural Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns could alter the growing season and cropping patterns.

In the light of these facts present research was undertaken to known the Environmental impact on production of Sorghum and Pearl millet of Alwar district. An attempt has been made to assess the interactive impact of two important component of climate change i.e. temperature and rainfall on the productivity of the major food crops (Sorghum & Pearl Millet) taking Alwar as study area.

STUDY AREA The selected study site

is the Alwar District, which geographically lies between 27°04’ N and 28°07’ N latitudes and 76°07’ E and 77°13 E longitudes. It covers an area of 8.380 sq. K.M.

The district occupies about 2.45% of the total area of the state.

The district is the 17th largest by area in state.

To carry out this study preliminary survey of was made of study site for shake of convenience and systematic study.

The climatic data's i.e. Rainfall & Temperature (2001-2010) were collected from Agricultural Research station (ARS) Navgoan, Alwar.

Crops production data (2001-2010) were collected from Agricultural Department, Alwar.

To examine the relationship between the crop (Sorghum and Pearl Millet) and climatic data different statical methods are used to give perfect view of understanding work.

METHODOLOGY

Sorghum (Jowar) Botanical Name- Sorghum vulgare

Ecology of Plant- - Habit and Habitat – Annual Herb

- Inflorescence- Dense panicle with spikelet

- Part Used – Leaves and seed Cropping Condition

- Grown as Kharif - Black Cotton soil and Loam is suitable

- Annual rainfall of 40-100 cm - Mature within 140-160 days.

Medicinal uses- - Epilepsy

- Piles - Ulcer

- Blood disorder - Pathri

Pearl Millet (Bajra)Botanical Name- Pennesetum typhoids

Ecology of plants- - Habit and Habitat – Annual herb

- Inflorescence – Dense panicle with spikelet

- Part used – Leaves and Seed

Cropping Condition- - Grown as kharif

- Light soil and Semi arid condition is suitable

- Annual rainfall of 40-100 cm. - Sown in mid July and mature in October

Medicinal Uses- - Asthma

- Migraines - Heart Disease

S.NO.

YEARS SOWN AREA (In Hectares)

PRODUCTION (In Tons)

PRODUCTIVITY (In

K.G./Hact.)1. 2001 24008 13276 5532. 2002 33954 5137 1513. 2003 31738 16503 5204. 2004 29386 14906 5075. 2005 27767 8799 3176. 2006 28505 20138 7067. 2007 31535 21874 6948. 2008 24459 15189 6219. 2009 43288 14734 34010. 2010 31990 18042 564

Observation &ResultProduction of Sorghum

S.NO.

YEARS SOWN AREA (In Hectares)

PRODUCTION (In Tons)

PRODUCTIVITY (In

K.G./Hact.)1. 2001 188597 349521 18532. 2002 149753 110440 7373. 2003 232924 402602 17284. 2004 191980 302169 15745. 2005 219533 273938 12486. 2006 232214 417342 17977. 2007 246411 429718 17448. 2008 226349 364421 16109. 2009 276961 312113 1127

10. 2010 273147 358915 1314

Production of Pearl Millet

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

515

212

806

471

609

401

561

927

470

778

RAINFALL

RAINFALL (IN MM.)

YEARS

RAIN

FAL

LDistribution of Rainfall in Alwar district

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

17.2 16.819.3 18.1 17.6 18.5 18.2 17.6 18.2 19.2

31.5 30.4 31.8 32.7 32.7 33.7 32.5 31.7 33.1 32.9

TEMPERATURE

Temperature(Min.)Temperature(Max.)

Years

Tem

pera

ture

( ºC

) Distribution of Temperature in Alwar district

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

RAIN

FAL

LCorrelation between Rainfall and Productivity of Sorghum

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Min. Temperature(In ˚C) Max. Temperature (In ˚C)Productivity (In K.G./Hact.)

Correlation between Temperature and Productivity of Sorghum

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

RAIN

FAL

LCorrelation between Rainfall and Productivity of Pearl Millet

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Min. Temperature(In ˚C) Max. Temperature (In ˚C)Productivity (In K.G./Hact.)

Correlation between Temperature and Productivity of Pearl Millet

Climate is one of the main determinants of agricultural production throughout the world there is significant concern about the effects of climate change and its variability on agricultural production.

The higher expected temperature might lower the yields. However, at the same time, higher rainfall could enhance growing period of crops.

The world’s leading experts have recently concluded that increases in global mean surface temperature during the past century are unlikely to have been caused entirely by natural effects, and that change in both average temperature and the geographic, seasonal, and vertical patterns of temperature indicate the influence of human actions on global climate.

Conclusion

Our study correlates the results with the various studies (Royal Society London, 2005).Climate will have the greatest impact on boreal forests. But temperature first will be affected to a lesser extent and tropical forests will be least affected under climate change condition (Catrinus J. Jepma and Mohan Munasinghe, 1998).

Temperature increase may shorten the length of the growing period for these crops and, in the absence of compensatory management responses, reduce yields (Porter and Gawith 1999; Tubiello et al., 2000).

Jadhav et al., (2009) observed from the seven years data (2002 to 2008) that the crop sown in MW 26 (25th June to 01 July) recorded highest grain yield followed by the crop sown in MW 24 (11 to 17th June).

Cont…

Hussain et al., (1999) studied rainfall data for about 105 years covering the period from 1901 to 2005 was analyzed for this purpose it is observed that there has been a decreasing trend in rainfall during the months of June and August.

Decline in yield is observed to the tune of 15 to 25% in all major crops of the area including rice which is being the most predominant crop of Assam.

When the temperature was increased in the range of 1 to 3˚C. When temperature was decreased up to 3˚C, the increasing trends in the biomass and grain yield were observed to the tune of 20 to 80% and 19 to 79%, respectively.

Cont..

Cline, W. (2007) Global Warming and Agriculture: Impact Estimates by Country. Center for Global Development. Washington DC, USA. 250 pp.

Hussain R., K. K. Nath and R.L. Deka (2009) Climate variability and yield fluctuations of some major crops of jorhat (Assam). Workshop Proceedings: Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture ISPRS Archives XXXVIII-8/W3, 402.

Jadhav M.G., V. G. Maniyar and G.R. More (2009).Influnce of change in weather on phenology and yield of kharif sorghum at parbhani in maharastra.Workshop Proceedings: Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture ISPRS Archives XXXVIII-8/W3, 401.

Porter, J. R. and Gawith, M. 1999. Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: a review. European Journal of Agronomy 10, 23-36.

Saseendran, R.M., Smith, I.M. and Matson, P.A. 2000. Ecological and evolutionary responses to climate change. Science 284: 1943-1947.

Sinha, A.K. and Swaminathan, M.S. 1991. Long-term climate variability and changes.Journal of Indian Geographical Union 7(3): 125-134.

References

THANKS