kst muoi
TRANSCRIPT
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§§¹¹ii cc¬¬ngng MuMuççii
MuMuççii ssèètt rÐtrÐt
BBéé mm««nn SSèètt rÐtrÐt -- KÝKÝ sinhsinh trtrïïngng -- CC««nn trtrïïngng
TSTS NguyÔnNguyÔn NgNgääcc SanSan
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Môc tiªu bµi häcMôc tiªu bµi häc
1. N¾m ®îc ®Æc ®iÓm sinh häc, vai trßy häc vµ biÖn ph¸p phßng chèngc¸c loµi muçi.
2. N¾m ®îc ®Æc ®iÓm sinh häc, vai trßy häc vµ biÖn ph¸p phßng chèngmuçi sèt rÐt.
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§§¹¹ii cc¬¬ngng MuMuççii
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Muçi thuéc líp c«n trïng, bé 2 c¸nh, r©udµi, chØ cã muçi c¸i hót m¸u, muçi ®ùc hótnhùa c©y.
Muçi ph©n bè ë kh¾p mäi n¬i, mäi vïngkhÝ hËu.
Muçi thuéc nhãm biÕn th¸i hoµn toµn.
Ph©n biÖt muçi ®ùc, muçi c¸i dùa vµo r©u,r©u muçi ®ùc rËm, r©u muçi c¸i tha.
§¹i c¬ng muçi§¹i c¬ng muçi
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Hä muçi Culicidae chia lµm 3 hä phô:
Hä phô Anophelinae cã chi Anopheles.
Hä phô Culicinae cã nhiÒu chi: Aedes,
Culex, Mansonia, Armigeres, Ficalbia,
Culiseta...
Hä phô Toxorhynchitinae cã khoang 66
loµi.
Ph©n lo¹i muçiPh©n lo¹i muçi
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4 chi muçi cã vai trß y häc:
Anopheles : TG cã 380 loµi, VN cã 59
loµi.
Aedes : TG cã 950 loµi, VN cã 40 loµi.
Culex : TG cã 550 loµi.
Mansonia : cã 25 loµi.
Ph©n lo¹i muçiPh©n lo¹i muçi
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Anopheles minimus (P.falciparum ).
Anopheles dirus (P.falciparum ).
Anopheles subpictus (P.vivax ) .
Anopheles sundaicus (P.vivax +P.falciparum ).
Anopheles barbumbrosus (W.bancrofti )./
Anopheles letifer (W.bancrofti ).
Muçi anopheles lµ vector chÝnhMuçi anopheles lµ vector chÝnh
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Aedes aegypti (SD/SXHD).
Aedes albopictus
(SD/SXHD).
Muçi aedes lµ vector chÝnhMuçi aedes lµ vector chÝnh
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Culex quinquefasiatus (W.bancrofti ).
Culex tritaeniorhynchus (viªm n · o B NhËt
Ban).
Culex bitaeniorhynchus (viªm n· o B NhËt
Ban).
Culex vishnui (viªm n· o B NhËt Ban +
W.bancrofti ).
Muçi culex lµ vector chÝnhMuçi culex lµ vector chÝnh
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Mansonia crassipes (Brugia malayi ).
Mansonia annulifera (Brugia malayi ).
Mansonia uniformis (Brugia malayi )
Mansonia indiana (Brugia malayi ).
Muçi mansonia lµ vector chÝnhMuçi mansonia lµ vector chÝnh
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• Vßng ®êi cña muçi ph¸t triÓn qua 4 giai®o¹n: trøng - Êu trïng (bä gËy) - thanhtrïng (quang) - trëng thµnh.
• Ba giai ®o¹n ®Çu sèng díi níc, giai ®o¹nmuçi trëng thµnh sèng tù do ë m«i trêng,chóng chØ hót m¸u ngêi khi ®ãi.
1. §Æc ®iÓm sinh häc1. §Æc ®iÓm sinh häc
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• Giai ®o¹n sèng díi níc: muçi ®Î trøngdíi níc, ë n¬i ®Êt Èm hoÆc n¬i cã l¸ c©ymôc n¸t nhng muèn ph¸t triÓn thi trøngr¬i xuèng níc míi në thµnh bä gËy.
• Sau khi në, bä gËy kh«ng ph¸t triÓn liªntôc, mµ phai qua bèn giai ®o¹n (tuæi) kh¸c
nhau.
Giai ®o¹n tríc trëng thµnhGiai ®o¹n tríc trëng thµnh
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• Bä gËy an tÊt ca c¸c chÊt huu c¬ vµ c¸c visinh vËt trong níc.
• Bä gËy thë oxy cña kh«ng khÝ qua èng thëhoÆc lç thë n»m ë ®èt cuèi bông.
• Bä gËy thêng tËp trung ë trªn mÆt níc(bä gËy Aedes, Culex, Anopheles) hoÆc c¾mèng thë vµo rÔ c©y thñy sinh ®Ó lÊy oxy(Mansonia).
Giai ®o¹n tríc trëng thµnhGiai ®o¹n tríc trëng thµnh
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• Bä gËy ph¸t triÓn thµnh quang cã hinh dÊuphÈy. Quang kh«ng an, cã søc chÞu ®ùng caovíi m«i trêng, ho¸ chÊt vµ hÇu nh chØ ë trªnmÆt níc.
• Toµn bé thêi gian tõ trøng ®Õn muçi trëngthµnh, ë ®iÒu kiÖn tèt nhÊt lµ khoang 7 - 13ngµy.
• Thêi gian hoµn thµnh vßng ®êi cña muçi phôthuéc vµo nhiÖt ®é vµ thøc an cña m«i trêng.
Giai ®o¹n tríc trëng thµnhGiai ®o¹n tríc trëng thµnh
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• Sau khi në 24 giê muçi trëng thµnh baythµnh tõng ®µn, giao phèi trong kh«ng gian(thêng vµo c¸c buæi chiÒu tèi) ca ®êi muçichØ giao phèi mét lÇn.
• Sau ®ã muçi bay ®i tim måi hót m¸u. MuçibÞ thu hót bëi mïi, CO2 vµ nhiÖt toa ra tõ c¬thÓ ngêi hay ®éng vËt.
Giai ®o¹n trëng thµnhGiai ®o¹n trëng thµnh
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• Mçi loµi cã vËt chñ thÝch hîp.
• Cã loµi muçi chØ thÝch hót m¸u trong nhµ(endophile), nhng cã loµi muçi chØ hót m¸ungoµi nhµ (exsophile).
• Cã loµi chØ hót m¸u vµo ban ngµy, cã loµi chØhót m¸u ban ®ªm, thêi gian cßn l¹i chóng ®ËunghØ.
• Muçi hót m¸u khoang vµi phót míi no.
Giai ®o¹n trëng thµnhGiai ®o¹n trëng thµnh
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• Khi ®· tim ®îc måi chóng theo måi rÊt daiphai an ®ñ no míi bay ®i n¬i kh¸c.
• Muçi no, tim n¬i tró Èn ®Ó tiªu m¸u, ®ã lµn¬i kÝn giã, Êm, Èm vµ tèi. Mçi loµi muçi cãn¬i tró Èn kh¸c nhau.
• Trong thêi gian tiªu m¸u, ®ång thêi trøngcòng ph¸t triÓn, m¸u tiªu ®Õn ®©u, trøngchÝn ®Õn ®ã.
Giai ®o¹n trëng thµnhGiai ®o¹n trëng thµnh
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• Khi muçi hoµn thµnh giai ®o¹n tiªu m¸u thitrøng ®· chÝn, muçi tim n¬i ®Î trøng.
• Tïy theo loµi, muçi c¸i cã thÓ ®Î tõ 30 ®Õn300 trøng mçi lÇn.
• NhiÒu loµi ®Î trøng rêi tõng chiÕc mét(Anopheles), hoÆc dÝnh thµnh bÌ (Culex) trªnmÆt níc.
Giai ®o¹n trëng thµnhGiai ®o¹n trëng thµnh
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• Mçi loµi muçi cÇn cã nhung æ níc thÝchhîp: níc suèi, ao hå, chum, v¹i, vòng nícnhá sau c¬n ma...
• Sau khi ®Î, muçi l¹i bay ®i tim måi hótm¸u.
• Thêi gian: an - tiªu m¸u, chÝn trøng - ®i ®Î- tim måi hót m¸u, gäi lµ chu ki sinh thùc.
Giai ®o¹n trëng thµnhGiai ®o¹n trëng thµnh
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• Mçi lÇn muçi ®Î ®Ó l¹i mét sÑo trªn d©ytrøng, sÑo nµy ®îc gäi lµ Polovodova.
• Sè sÑo trªn d©y trøng cho biÕt sè lÇn muçi ®·®Î, dùa vµo ®ã biÕt ®îc sè ngµy muçi ®· sèng.
• Mçi sÑo ®îc tÝnh lµ mét tuæi sinh lÝ cñamuçi.
Giai ®o¹n trëng thµnhGiai ®o¹n trëng thµnh
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• Muçi c¸i sèng khoang 2 th¸ng vµ ®Î trungbinh 6 - 8 lÇn, sau mçi lÇn ®i ®Î muçi chÕt50%.
• Trong phßng thÝ nghiÖm muçi sèng l©uh¬n cã thÓ tíi 3 th¸ng.
• Muçi ®ùc an nhùa c©y, sau khi giao phèisèng ®îc mét thêi gian khoang 10 - 15ngµy.
Giai ®o¹n trëng thµnhGiai ®o¹n trëng thµnh
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H×nh thÓ muçi Anopheles.
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• Muçi truyÒn bÖnh theo ph¬ng thøc
®Æc hiÖu, truyÒn ®îc c¸c mÇm bÖnh lµ
virut vµ KST cho ngêi vµ ®éng vËt.
• C¸c mÇm bÖnh thêng gÆp do muçi
truyÒn ë ViÖt Nam lµ: SD/SXHD, viªm
n·o B NhËt Ban, KSTSR, giun chØ...
2. Vai trß y häc2. Vai trß y häc
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• Dùa vµo ®Æc ®iÓm sinh lÝ, sinh th¸i cña tõng lo¹i ®Ó®Ò ra biÖn ph¸p phßng chèng thÝch hîp.
• KÕt hîp c¸c biÖn ph¸p: c¬ - lÝ - ho¸ - sinh häc nh»mt¹o ra hiÖu qua cao nhÊt ®Ó diÖt muçi.
• Dïng ho¸ chÊt phai c©n nh¾c kÜ, chó ý kha nangkh¸ng ho¸ chÊt vµ « nhiÔm m«i trêng.
• Muçi thÝch hót m¸u sóc vËt, dïng hµng rµo gia sóc.
3. Phßng chèng3. Phßng chèng
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MuMuççii ssèètt rÐtrÐt
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§¹i c¬ng muçi sèt rÐt
Cã 380 loµi. Trong ®ã cã kho¶ng 60 loµi cãthÓ cã vai trß truyÒn bÖnh sèt rÐt vµ mét sè loµicã thÓ truyÒn giun chØ, virut cho ngêi. ViÖt Nam cã 59 loµi. Cã 10 loµi lµ vectorchÝnh truyÒn bÖnh sèt rÐt. Vai trß truyÒn bÖnh vµ ph©n bè c¸c loµi muçisèt rÐt kh¸c nhau theo thêi gian vµ mçi vïngsinh c¶nh.
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ViÖt Nam cã kho¶ng 10 lo¹i Anopheleslµ vector chÝnh truyÒn bÖnh sèt rÐt.Trong ®ã cã 4 loµi quan träng nhÊt:
• An.minimus.
• An.dirus.
• An.subpictus.
• An.sundaicus.
§¹i c¬ng muçi sèt rÐt
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Anopheles minimus
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1. §Æc ®iÓm sinh häc
• Muçi Anopheles minimus ho¹t ®éng hót
m¸u: vÒ ®ªm, cao ®iÓm tõ 20 giê ®Õn 2 giê,
vÒ mïa ®«ng cã thÓ sím h¬n.
• VÞ trÝ tró Èn tiªu m¸u: muçi thêng ®Ëu
trong nhµ, gÇm giêng, gãc tñ, n¬i treo v¾t
quÇn ¸o, muçi ®Ëu cao kh«ng qu¸ 2 m so víi
sµn nhµ.
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1. §Æc ®iÓm sinh häc
• N¬i ®Î cña Anopheles minimus: thêng ë suèiníc trong chay chËm, cã cá, ¸nh s¸ng n¾nghoÆc ë c¸c ruéng bËc thang.
• Mïa ph¸t triÓn cña An.minimus phô thuéc vµokhÝ hËu tõng khu vùc .
• ViÖt Nam An.minimus cßn nh¹y víi DDT,nhng ë vïng phun DDT nhiÒu nam liÒn, muçithay ®æi sinh th¸i, hót m¸u trong nhµ nhngra tró Èn ngoµi nhµ.
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2. Vai trß y häc
• Muçi An.minimus ®· ®îc x¸c ®Þnh cã vai trß
truyÒn bÖnh sèt rÐt ë nhiÒu vïng trong níc
(chñ yÕu ë vïng miÒn nói, cao nguyªn).
• TØ lÖ muçi nhiÔm KSTSR tù nhiªn: 1,4% - 4%,
trong c¸c vô dÞch sèt rÐt mæ muçi ®Òu thÊy cã
KSTSR.
![Page 57: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
3. Phßng chèng
• Tïy tõng vïng mµ ®Ò ra c¸c biÖn ph¸pphßng chèng cô thÓ.
• Cã thÓ sö dông c¸ hoÆc vi khuÈn Bacillus®Ó diÖt bä gËy muçi An.minimus ë vïng venbiÓn gÇn nói.
• Vïng rõng nói dïng c¸c ho¸ chÊt ®Ó diÖtmuçi.
![Page 58: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
3. Phßng chèng
• C¸c biÖn ph¸p cai t¹o m«i trêng, bao vÖ c¸nh©n: nhµ ë tho¸ng m¸t, buæi tèi mÆc quÇn ¸odµi…
• Dïng ho¸ chÊt xua, diÖt muçi, ngñ trong mµn,dïng mµn tÈm ho¸ chÊt (permethrin...)
• Thêng xuyªn dän vÖ sinh, ph¸t quang bôirËm, kh¬i th«ng dßng chay c¸c vòng níc®äng.
![Page 59: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Anopheles dirus
![Page 60: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
1. §Æc ®iÓm sinh häc
• An.dirus thÝch hót m¸u ngêi, nhng cã thÓhót ca m¸u ®éng vËt.
• Muçi ho¹t ®éng hót m¸u vµo ban ®ªm, cao®iÓm tõ nöa ®ªm vÒ s¸ng, thêng hót m¸ungoµi nhµ, hoÆc nÕu vµo nhµ hót m¸u thi khino còng bay ra ngoµi tró Èn vµ tiªu m¸u.
• Cã tËp tÝnh rinh måi tríc khi hót m¸u vµ nothi nghØ mét thêi gian ng¾n råi bay ®i tim n¬itró Èn ë m¸i tranh hoÆc mÆt ngoµi têng nhµ.
![Page 61: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
1. §Æc ®iÓm sinh häc
• Muçi ph¸t triÓn vµo mïa ma, ®Ønh caovµo th¸ng ma nhiÒu.
• Muçi ®Î trøng vµo c¸c vòng níc ®äng,trong rõng, c¸c hèc c©y, bÑ l¸ cã níc, vá®å hép... ®Æc biÖt ë æ níc n¬i cã bãng c©yche phñ.
• An.dirus sèng hoang d¹i trong c¸c rõng giµb»ng ph¼ng cã nhiÒu bãng r©m. Ph©n bè tõB¸ Thíc (TH) ®Õn cuèi d·y Trêng S¬n.
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2. Vai trß y häc
• An.dirus lµ loµi muçi truyÒn BSR chñ yÕu ëvïng rõng nói ®«ng Nam ¸ vµ VN.
• TØ lÖ nhiÔm KSTSR tõ 1 - 36,4%.
• C¸c muçi thuéc nhãm An.leucosphyrus cßntruyÒn KSTSR cho khØ, truyÒn giun chØ cho
ngêi.
![Page 66: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
3. Phßng chèng
• An.dirus ë ViÖt Nam cßn nh¹y cam víi
DDT vµ nhiÒu thuèc diÖt muçi kh¸c.
• Song rÊt khã diÖt vi muçi sèng ngoµi
nhµ.
• C¸c biÖn ph¸p diÖt muçi trëng thµnh
gÆp nhiÒu khã khan.
![Page 67: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
3. Phßng chèng
• ®Ó phßng chèng muçi, thêng kÕt hîp víi biÖn
ph¸p diÖt bä gËy víi vÖ sinh cai t¹o m«i trêng,
triÖt ph¸ n¬i sinh ®Î, n¬i tró Èn cña muçi.
• ®Ó diÖt muçi trëng thµnh cã thÓ sö dông c¸c
ho¸ chÊt thuéc nhãm pyrethroid nh phun tån
lu hoÆc tÈm mµn b»ng permithrin...
![Page 68: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Anopheles subpictus
![Page 69: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
1. §Æc ®iÓm sinh häc
• Muçi An.subpictus lµ muçi truyÒn KSTSR ë
ven biÓn VN. Vïng dÞch tÔ do An.subpictus
truyÒn bÖnh cã tØ lÖ P.vivax cao: 90 - 100%.
• Muçi tró Èn trong nhµ vµ c¸c chuång gia sóc.
Ho¹t ®éng hót m¸u vµo ban ®ªm, thÝch hót
m¸u gia sóc h¬n m¸u ngêi. Muçi b¾t ë trong
nhµ, tØ lÖ hót m¸u ngêi thÊp (9,5%) hót m¸u
sóc vËt cao (90,5%).
![Page 70: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
1. §Æc ®iÓm sinh häc
• N¬i ®Î cña muçi lµ vïng níc lî ven biÓn tõ
B¾c vµo Nam, hµm lîng muèi thÝch hîp 5 -
7g/l.
• Mïa ph¸t triÓn cña muçi tïy thuéc vµo tõng
khu vùc ®Þa lÝ: ë miÒn B¾c cao ®iÓm vµo c¸c
th¸ng 6,7 vµ 9,10, miÒn Nam vµo c¸c th¸ng
®Çu mïa ma.
![Page 71: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
2. Vai trß y häc
• An.subpictus lµ muçi truyÒn bÖnh sèt
rÐt ë vïng ven biÓn miÒn B¾c.
• Cïng víi An.sundaicus ë ven biÓn
miÒn Nam, t¹o lªn vïng sèt rÐt lu
hµnh.
![Page 72: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
3. Phßng chèng
• An.subpitus ®· kh¸ng víi DDT. Nªn dïng c¸c
ho¸ chÊt kh¸c nh actelic hoÆc ICON...
• Muçi An.subpitus thÝch hót m¸u tr©u, bß nªn
lµm hµng rµo gia sóc ®Ó h¹n chÕ muçi hót m¸u
ngêi.
• Muçi tró Èn trong nhµ, nªn h¹n chÕ n¬i tró
Èn.
![Page 73: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Anopheles sundaicus
![Page 74: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
1. §Æc ®iÓm sinh häc
• Muçi An.sundaicus thÝch hót m¸u ngêi ë
trong nhµ, ho¹t ®éng hót m¸u suèt ®ªm, ®Ønh
cao vµo khoang 22 giê - 2 giê s¸ng, cã thÓ hót
m¸u ca ban ngµy ë nhµ Èm thÊp, thiÕu ¸nh
s¸ng.
• Muçi tró Èn ë trong nhµ. Muçi ®Î trøng ë ao,
ruéng, kªnh, r¹ch cã nhiÒu rong tao, ®é pH tõ 6
- 8, nång ®é muèi thÝch hîp 7 g/l.
![Page 75: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
1. §Æc ®iÓm sinh häc
• Mïa ph¸t triÓn cña muçi: quanh nam, cao®iÓm vµo th¸ng ®Çu mïa ma (th¸ng 5 - 6).
• Vïng ph©n bè cña muçi An.sundaicus thênggÆp ca muçi An.subpictus. An.sundaicus ph©nbè tõ ven biÓn Hµm T©n tíi ven biÓnCampuchia.
• ®ång b»ng s«ng Cöu Long muçi ph©n bèréng ë n¬i cã níc thñy triÒu lªn, xuèng.
![Page 76: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
2. Vai trß y häc
• An.sundaicus lµ vect¬ chÝnh truyÒn bÖnh sèt
rÐt ë ven biÓn miÒn Nam ViÖt Nam.
• An.sundaicus cã thÓ truyÒn ca P.falciparum
vµ P.vivax nhng ë vïng ph©n bè muçi nµy tØ
lÖ nhiÔm P.falciparum cao h¬n.
![Page 77: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
3. Phßng chèng
• Muçi An.sundaicus cßn nhËy cam víi
DDT, vµ c¸c ho¸ chÊt diÖt c«n trïng
kh¸c.
• Nhng ë mét vµi n¬i ®· cã hiÖn tîng
An.sundaicus kh¸ng DDT.
![Page 78: Kst muoi](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021418/58a3d6dc1a28ab7f0b8b4b23/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
BiBiÖÖnn phph¸̧pp phphßßng chng chèèng mung muççi si sèètt
rÐtrÐt
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XinXin cc¶¶mm ¬¬n !n !