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• Kryo – Very cold (frost)
• Genics – to produce
• Cryogenics is the science and technology associated with generation of low temperature below 123 K.
What is Cryogenics?
2Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
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Course outline
3Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• This course is aimed at students who are interested to study the science and technology of low temperatures.
• The purpose of this course is to give an introductory knowledge of Cryogenic Engineering.
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Course outline
4Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• The course is both theoretical as well as mathematical. It will engross the students.
• This course will interest students wishing to embark on a research career in Cryogenic Engineering.
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Course prerequisite• Engineering Mathematics.
• Heat Transfer.
• Thermodynamics.
• Refrigeration.
5Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
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Points to remember• Each lecture presentation ends with a self
assessment test based on that particular lecture.
• The best knowledge is gained when the student solves the self assessment honestly and with proper understanding.
• A greater insight into the subject can be obtained by referring to the books specified.
6Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
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Points to remember• Assignments are included where ever necessary in
order to have a clear understanding of concepts.
• Before each assignment, an example tutorial problem is solved with a detailed explanation.
• The best knowledge is gained when the student solves the assignment problems honestly and with proper understanding of concepts.
7Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
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Books/References
Text books/References
• Randall F. Barron, “Cryogenics Systems”, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, New York (1985).
• Timmerhaus, Flynn, ”Cryogenic Process Engineering “, Plenum Press, New York (1989).
• Pipkov, “ Fundamentals of Vacuum Engineering “, Mir Publishers, Moscow.
8Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
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Books/References
Text books/References
• Thomas M. Flynn, “Cryogenic Engineering”, second edition, CRC press, New York (2005).
• G.M Walker. “Cryocooler- Part 1 Fundamentals” Plenum Press, New York (1983).
• G.M Walker. “Cryocooler- Part 2” Plenum Press, New York (1983).
9Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
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Books/References
Additional Readings
• Proceedings of Advances in Cryogenic Engineering.
• Proceedings of International Cryocooler Conference.
• Proceedings of International Cryogenic Engineering Conference and International Cryogenic Materials Conference.
10Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
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Books/References
Additional Readings
• Cryogenics Journal.
• Indian Journal of Cryogenics.
11Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
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Course syllabus• The course syllabus is as follows.
12Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Sr No Topic
1 Introduction to Cryogenics and its Applications
2 Properties of Cryogenic Fluids
3 Properties of Materials at Cryogenic Temperature
4 Gas-Liquefaction and Refrigeration Systems
5 Gas Separation
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Course syllabus (contd)
13Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Sr No Topic6 Cryocoolers7 Cryogenic Insulations8 Vacuum Technology9 Instrumentation in Cryogenics10 Safety in Cryogenics
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14Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Space• Rocket propulsion
• Cooling of Infra-Red (IR) sensor
• Space simulation
Applications – Space
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15Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Space
• Cryogenic engines are powered by cryogenic propellants.
• Liquid Hydrogen is used as a fuel to propel the rocket.
• Liquid Oxygen is used as an oxidizer.
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16Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• Cooling of IR detectors, Telescopes, Cold probes, etc. are some of the major applications of cryogenics.
• Development of miniature and small cryocoolers for satellites for an improved accuracy and reliability of earth observation.
• Space simulations chambers are realistic environment for space craft. The cold space is simulated at cryogenic temperatures by use of LN2.
Applications – Space
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17Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• The levels of vacuum required in space simulation chambers are vey high.
• This is achieved by the use of cryo pumps and turbo molecular pumps.
Applications – Space
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18Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Mechanical
Mechanical• Magnetic Separation
• Heat treatment
• Recycling
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19Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• Magnetic separation technique is used in variety of applications like enhancing the brightness of kaolin, improving the quality of ultra-high purity quartz etc.- Superconducting Magnet ensures proper separation.
• The lives of the tools, die castings & their dies, forgings, jigs & fixtures etc increase when subjected to cryogenic heat treatment.
• The life of guitar strings increases by 4 to 5 times with no need for tuning.
Applications – Mechanical
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20Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• Cryogenic recycling - turns the scrap into raw material by subjecting it to cryogenic temperatures.
• This is mostly used for PVC, rubbers.
Applications – Mechanical
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21Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Medicine
Medicine• Cryosurgery
• Cell preservation
• Food preservation
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22Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• Cryosurgery is a novel technique in which the harmful tissues are destroyed by freezing them to cryogenic temperature.
• Cryosurgery has shorter hospital stay, less blood loss, and small recovery time.
• It is generally used in patients with localized prostate and kidney cancer, skin disorders, retinal problems, etc.
Applications – Medicine
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23Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• Preserving food at low temperature is a well known technique.
• Cooling of sea foods, meat (sea export), milk products for long time preservation is achieved by use of LN2.
• Systems are developed to preserve blood cells, plasma cells, human organs and animal organs at cryogenic temperatures.
Applications – Medicine
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24Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Gas Industry
Gas Industry• Liquefaction
• Separation
• Storage
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25Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Gas Industry
• The transportation of gases across the world is done in liquid state. This is done by storing the liquid at cryogenic temperature.
• The use of inert gases in welding industry has initiated higher demand for gas production in the recent past.
• Cryogens like LOX, LH2 are used in rocket propulsion while LH2 is being considered for automobile.
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26Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Gas Industry
• Liquid nitrogen is used as precoolant in most of the cryogenic systems.
• Steel industry – Oxygen is used in the production of steel. Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) uses oxygen instead of air.
• Nitrogen and argon are primarily used to provide an inert atmosphere in chemical, metallurgical and welding industries.
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27Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Supercond.
Superconductivity• NMR, MRI
• Maglev Locomotion
• Transformer & Generators
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28Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• The NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) is used by the pharmaceutical industry to study the molecular structure.
Sample
Sample tube
rF Coil
Magnetic scanning
coil
Magnet
LN2
LHe
Applications – Supercond.
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29Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• It has a superconducting magnet (10 T ~25 T) and the accuracy of measurement increases with field strength.
Applications – Supercond.
Sample
Sample tube
rF Coil
Magnetic scanning
coil
Magnet
LN2
LHe
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30Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• The MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machines are used for body scanning.
• The SC magnets for both NMR and MRI machines are cooled by liquid Helium.
Applications – Supercond.
LHe
Cryocooler 40K shield
20K
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31Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• Maglev Train runs on the principle of Magnetic Levitation.
• The train gets levitated from the guide way by using electromagnetic forces between superconducting magnets on the vehicle and coils on the ground.
• This results in no contact motion and therefore no friction.
Applications – Supercond.
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32Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• Superconducting transformers and generators have coils (and cores sometimes) maintained at low temperature to minimize the I2R (copper) losses.
Applications – Supercond.
LN2 InletLN2 Outlet
Cryostat
Winding
Core
Cryocooler
(LN2 vessel)
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33Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
High Energy Physics• CERN
• ITER
Applications – High E Physics
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34Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – High E Physics• CERN is an European organisation for nuclear
research which was founded in 1954.
• It consists of a 27Km accelerator ring with four detectors.
• All the magnet systems (SC) and its accessories are kept at 1.9 K using the liquid helium.
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35Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – High E Physics• A liquid nitrogen layer (77 K) is used as shielding
for liquid helium.
• It is an experiment seeking answers to Big Bang theory and collision of atomic particles.
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36Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – High E Physics• ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental
Reactor) is an engineering project for nuclear fusion reactor.
• The superconducting magnets are maintained at low temperature by gaseous helium.
• The experiments are carried out to enable mankind to generate energy for future.
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37Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Space• Rocket propulsion• Cooling of IR sensor• Space simulationMedicine• Cryosurgery• Cell preservation• Food preservation
Mechanical• Magnetic Separation• Manufacturing• Heat treatment• RecyclingHigh Energy Physics• ITER• CERN
Applications – Summary
Gas Industry• Liquefaction• Separation• Storage
Superconductivity• NMR, MRI• Maglev Locomotion• SC Transformer &
Generator
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38Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Thank You!