the final frost barrier!—a magazine advertisement for general motors’ frost-proof imperial...
TRANSCRIPT
The Final Frost Barrier!—a magazine advertisement for General Motors’ Frost-Proof Imperial Freezer (1959).
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The Cold War and the American Dream, 1945–1960
Conflict develops between the United States and the Soviet Union. Americans react to the economic prosperity and rapid change of the postwar period.
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SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold War
The Korean War and McCarthyism
The Fifties
The Cold War and the American Dream, 1945–1960
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Americans look for prosperity after World War II. They also fight Communism in the Cold War.
Section 1
Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold War
Good Economics
Adjusting to Peace
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• Industries lay off workers, returning servicemen flood job market
1SECTION
• Veterans win out over female workers for jobs
Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold War
• Women get jobs in traditional women’s fields, office work, teaching
Actress Grace Kelly (in 1950, a New York photographer’s model) demonstrating a Remington typewriter.
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1SECTION
• People want more goods, factories start making needed products
• William Levitt applies assembly-line technique to home building
• Demand for goods increases, prices skyrocket
• Controls on prices lifted, people have money, few goods to buy
The Postwar Economy
• Start mass-producing affordable homes to meet demand for houses
Demand is
high
inflation
NYWere there
because
of
WWII
Developers: mass-produced, standardized homes built using
assembly-line methods
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1SECTION
• Over 1 million workers join strikes, includes railway workers (1946)
• African Americans still face prejudice, especially in the South
• WW II raises hopes of African Americans for more equality
• President Harry S. Truman threatens to draft railway workers into army
• Truman backs off issues, makes equal rights national issue
• Truman wants Congress to pass equal rights laws, South resists proposals
Labor Unrest and Civil Rights
The Fair Deal
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1SECTION
• Republican Congress blocks Truman’s proposals, limits power of unions
• Truman takes campaign to the people, wins upset victory
• Few people believe Truman will win 1948 presidential election
• Republicans, Southern Democrats block most of the programs
• Calls for Fair Deal, projects that:- create jobs, build public housing, end
discrimination in hiring
Truman v. DeweyDemocrats Split
•Dixiecrats– States
rights party•New Progressive Party Issues
•Civil Rights
•Anti- Labor
Actions
Truman: threats to draft strikers
Truman: integration of the armed forces
Origins of the Cold War
1SECTION
• The West, Soviets allied against Nazis, Soviets free Eastern Europe
• U.S. thinks Soviet leader Joseph Stalin wants to spread Communism
• Does not want anti-Soviet governments on the borders of Soviet Union
• Stalin promises free elections but imposes Communism in Eastern Europe
• Cold War—U.S./Soviet conflict, never directly fight on battlefield
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Competition between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. for global power and influence.
Threat of all out war existed
DifferencesUntied States
• Democracy• Individual
Freedoms• Capitalistic
Economy
Soviet Union• Communist• State-run Economy• One-party rule• Suppression of
Religion• Force to crush
opposition
Containing Communism Abroad
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1SECTION
• Containment—use military, non-military ways to contain Communism
• Soviet Union, Eastern Europe form Warsaw Pact
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): - includes U.S., Canada, 10 Western
European countries- formed to counteract Communist control of
Eastern Europe
• Truman Doctrine—promises to aid people resisting threats to democracy
The Truman administration established a policy of containment to block further Soviet expansion. The Truman Doctrine declared that the U.S. would support any free country that was resisting a takeover by an outside or an armed force.
Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift
1SECTION
• Marshall Plan—$13 billion to help rebuild Western, Southern Europe
• After WW II, Germany is divided into 4 zones controlled by:- Soviet Union- United States- France- Great Britain
• Berlin in Soviet zone, city divided between East, West powers
Continued . . .NEXT
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1SECTION
• Soviets afraid Western powers will unite Germany
• Block access to Berlin, Truman approves Berlin airlift:- U.S., British planes carry supplies to city’s
residents
continued Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift
• Soviets call off blockade, Germany divided into:- Communist East Germany- Democratic West Germany
The U.S. flies food and supplies into
West Berlinduring the Berlin
airlift.
Fear of Communism at Home
1SECTION
• Fear of Communism in the U.S. grows • Alger Hiss accused of giving military info to
Soviets, sentenced 5 years • Ethel, Julius Rosenberg executed for passing
atomic secrets to Russians
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• President Truman orders loyalty checks for federal workers
• House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) issues blacklists: - names people (many in movie industry)
thought to be Communists
Actor Ronald Reagan, President of the Screen Actors Guild, testifying before the House Un-American Activities
Committee (October 23, 1947).
Explain the significance of each of thefollowing terms.
Fair Deal Cold War Marshall Plan
The Cold War and the Korean War produce a far-reaching form of AntiCommunism.
Section 2
The Korean War and McCarthyism
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Origins of the Korean War
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2SECTION
• Communists defeat U.S.-supported nationalists in China
• After WW II Korea is divided at the 38th parallel, or line of latitude: - Soviets troops north of parallel- U.S. troops south of parallel
• Communist takeover of China fuels Americans’ fear of communism
• Mao Zedong becomes head of Communist China
The Korean War and McCarthyism
• Soviets aid Communist government in North Korea
Fighting Breaks Out in Korea
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2SECTION
• North Korean forces cross 38th parallel into South Korea
• North Koreans push South Koreans to Pusan
• Korean War—North Korean forces fight U.S., UN, South Korean forces
• Pursue enemy into North Korea
• MacArthur, troops push North Koreans back across 38th parallel
• U.S. General MacArthur commands UN forces
• Women serve in armed forces, also join Army, Navy Nurse Corps
United Nations forces fighting to recapture Seoul, South Korea,
from communist invaders, September 1950
China Enters the Conflict
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2SECTION
• China warns UN forces not to advance further, UN ignores warning
• President Truman denies MacArthur’s request to blockade, bomb China
• Chinese troops force UN troops south to the 38th parallel
• Truman fires MacArthur, orders him home
• MacArthur goes over the president’s head to win support:- speaks, writes to newspapers, magazine
publishers- writes Republican leaders
War Ends in Stalemate
2SECTION
• Korean War becomes unpopular in U.S., truce talks begin
• Republican General Dwight D. Eisenhower wins presidency (1952)
• Agrees to a compromise to end the war (July 1953)
• 2 Koreas left where they had been in 1950, border near 38th parallel
• Communism is contained in Korea
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Nationalists; because they
opposedCommunism
South Korea; because it was democratic and
North Korea was Communist
The Communists won the war, forcing the
Nationalists to flee to Taiwan.
stalemate; Korea remained two
nations dividedby a demilitarized
zone.
McCarthy and Communism
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2SECTION
• Senator Joseph McCarthy uses Korean War to fan fear of Communism
• Senate holds Army-McCarthy hearings:- McCarthy accuses Army of “coddling
Communists”- Army accuses McCarthy of improper
conduct
• Term McCarthyism stands for reckless charges against innocent
• Conducts hunt for Communists in U.S. that ruins the careers of many
Senator Joseph R. McCarthy chairing the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigation (February 26, 1954).
Eisenhower and the Cold War
2SECTION
• Secretary of State John Foster Dulles favors brinkmanship:- U.S. going to the brink of war to combat
Communism• Arms race—U.S., Soviets race to develop
more destructive weapons
Continued . . .
• U.S. builds hydrogen bomb, H-bomb, Soviets soon develop weapon
• U.S., Soviet Union help allies, weaken enemies around the world
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2SECTION
• Britain, U.S. withdraws aid to Soviet-friendly Egypt
• Egypt seizes Suez Canal; Britain, U.S., Israel attack Egypt
continued Eisenhower and the Cold War
• Soviet Union threatens to support Egypt, UN imposes cease-fire
• Space race—U.S., Soviet Union race to build satellites in space
• Soviets shoot down U.S. spy plane, talks, U.S., Soviets collapse
First official picture of Sputnik I, Soviet satellite:
the outer hullis aluminum covered with
protective material; nitrogen gas is
sealed inside (1959).
Gagarin, the first
cosmonaut in space
To end the crisis, U.S. worked with UN to gain a
cease-fire and the withdrawal of troops.
To regain superiority, the U.S. worked to develop satellites and better weapons-delivery
systems.At first, U.S. government lied about
the purpose of the flight to keep spying activities secret but then
publicly admitted guilt.
Explain the significance of each of thefollowing terms and names.
brinksmanship 38th parallel Joseph McCarthy
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Section 3
The FiftiesWith the United States locked in a Cold War, social and economic changes take place in American life.
The Domestic Scene in the Fifties
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• In 1957, one out of every five live in poverty, many live in cities
3SECTION
• More well-to-do move to suburbs—residential areas surrounding a city
• Mexican immigrants increase greatly, many cross border illegally
The Fifties
• Some Mexicans stay in U.S. illegally after bracero program ends
• President Eisenhower pleases liberals, conservatives
• Keeps most New Deal programs, sets up Highway Act (1956)
Offered people the chance to live theAmerican Dream; caused some Americans, especially women, to feel dissatisfied with
their lives; contributed to the popularity of the automobile; led to the decline of cities;
created racial and economic gulfs between suburban and city dwellers
Changes Sweep America
3SECTION
• During 1950s, U.S. has baby boom—sharp birthrate increase after WW II
• Car sales explode because owning a car in the suburbs is a necessity
• Shopping centers, restaurants built on former farmland, serve suburbs
• Baby boom spurs growth of suburbs
• Many people move to sunbelt—warmer states in South, Southwest
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The American Dream in the Fifties
3SECTION
• Life for millions of white Americans in suburbs, the American Dream
• Women have defined roles, limited job choices, some feel confined
• Critics, people in suburbs forced to fit mold, willing to conform
• Enjoy good schools, shopping malls, safe environment
• Owning the latest car, appliance is symbol of social standing, success
• Industry churns out goods, advertising encourages consumers to buy
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New Kenmore Ranges from Sears!—magazine advertisement (1957).
contributed to suburbanization and business expansion
spurred the building of roads and interstate highways;
encouraged suburbanization and urban decline
helped to popularize the equating ofmaterial goods with success; contributed
to the expansion of business; led to a boom in the advertising industry
Pop Culture and Rock ’n’ Roll
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3SECTION
• Hollywood cranks out westerns, musicals, romances
• Sitcoms show what many consider to be ideal families
• Popularity of TV causes movie attendance to drop
• Rock ’n’ Roll—style of popular music, has black, white musicians
• Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, “beatniks” criticize shallow U.S. society
• Elvis Presley becomes the king of rock ’n’ roll
Elvis Presley performing at the
Mississippi–Alabama State Fair in Tupelo,
Mississippi (September 27,
1956).
Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz
Father Knows Best
Howdy Doody and Buffalo Bob Smith
Lassie
Mickey Mouse Club
THE LONE RANGER
Chuck Berry
Little Richard
Jerry Lee Lewis
Elvis Presley
The Election of 1960
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3SECTION
• 1960 presidential election, one of closest in U.S. history
• Kennedy, Nixon stage 1st televised presidential debates
• Richard M. Nixon, Republican candidate
• Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Democratic candidate
• Kennedy’s youthful energy, confidence helps him to win
• Kennedy is nation’s youngest president, 1st Catholic president
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