kinh tế học chất lượng môi trường
DESCRIPTION
Bài giảngTRANSCRIPT
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Nguyn Hong NamEmail: [email protected]
Khoa Mi trng v thTrng i hc Kinh t Quc dn
Nguyen Hoang Nam Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
KINH T V QUN L MI TRNG
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
Ni dung Chng II
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t
2.2. Nguyn nhan kinh t ca nhim MT
2.2.1. Ngoi ng
2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng la hang hoa cng cng
2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t
2.3.2. nhim ti u
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc
2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca TT & hiu qu KT
Cu
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
P
QQ2 Q1
P1
P2
D MB
0
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca TT & hiu qu KT
Cung
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
P
S MC (mt phn)
QQ2Q1
0
P1
P2
-
Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca TT & hiu qu KT
Cn bng TT
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
P
Q
S
D
EP*
Q*0
CS
PS
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca TT & hiu qu KT
Hiu qu Pareto
Mt s phn b ngun lc l chiu qu Pareto (hoc t c tiu Pareto) nu khng c kh nngdch chuyn ti mt s phn bkhc c th lm cho bt c ngino kh ln m cng khng lm chot nht l bt c mt ngi no khckm i
MSB=MSC
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Wilfredo Pareto (1848-1923)
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca TT & hiu qu KT
Tht bi th trng
Tht bi ca th trng la thut ng ch cac tnh hung trong o im can bng ca cac th trng t do cnh tranh khng t c s phan b ngun lc co hiu qu
Cach phan b MB = MC (can bng th trng) khac vi cach phan b MSB=MSC (hiu qu Pareto)
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca TT & hiu qu KT
Nguyn nhn ca tht bi th trng
Tnh trng cnh tranh khng hoan ho
Tac ng ca cac ngoi ng
Vn cung cp cac hang hoa cng cng
S thiu vng ca mt s th trng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT
2.2.1. Ngoi ng
2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng la hang hoa cng cng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2.1. Ngoi ng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Khi nim
Ngoi ng (externality) la hin tng xy ra khi mt ch th kinh t nay tac ng lam phat sinh chi phi hoc li ich cho ch th kinh t khac, nhng ch th tac ng khng phi bi thng chi phi o hoc khng c thanh toan li ich o.
Ngoi ng la hin tng tn ti nhng chi phi hoc li ich bn ngoai th trng
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2.1. Ngoi ng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Phan loi
Ngoi ng tiu cc
Ngoi ng tich cc
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2.1. Ngoi ng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Ngoi ng tiu ccHam chi phi ngoi ng (EC) th hin nhng chi phi, thit hi ca ch th b tac ng tng ng vi cac mc sn lng ca hot ng sn xut gay ra ngoi ng tiu cc lam nhim mi trng.
Ham chi phi ngoi ng cn bin (MEC) th hin chi phi, thit hi tng thm khi sn xut thm mi n v sn lng
Mi quan h gia EC va MEC?
MEC
Chi phi ($)
San lng (Q)
MEC
Chi phi ($)
San lng (Q)
MEC
Chi phi ($)
San lng (Q) Q0
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
EC
Qx
Px
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2.1. Ngoi ng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Ti mc gi P1, lng cung l Q1
Ngoi ng tiu cc
Hiu qu ca nhn t c khi:
MB = MC E1(P1,Q1)
MB: Li ich ca nhan cn bin
MC: Chi phi ca nhan cn bin
P1: Mc gia t hiu qu ca nhn
Q1: Mc sn lng t hiu qu ca nhn
($)
San lng
S = MC
(1 phn)
D = MB
Q1
P1 E1
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2.1. Ngoi ng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Ngoi ng tiu cc
Hiu qu x hi t c khi:
MSB = MSCE*(P*,Q*)
MSB=MB+MEB=MB+0
MSC=MC+MEC
P*: Mc gia t hiu qu xa hi
Q*: Mc sn lng t hiu qu xa hi
MEC
($)
San lng
MC
MSCMB = MSB
Q1
P1
P*
E1
E*E2
E3
Q*
B
0
W1W*0 Lng thai
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
A
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2.1. Ngoi ng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Ngoi ng tiu cc
So sanh phc li x hi (PLXH) gia E1 v E*:
TSB TSC PLXH
Q* AE*Q*O BE*Q*O ABE*
Q1 AE1Q1O BE2Q1O ABE* -E*E1E2
PLXH = TSB - TSC
MEC
($)
San lng
MC
MSCMB = MSB
Q1
P1
P*
E1
E*E2
E3
Q*
B
0
W1W*0 Lng thai
A
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2.1. Ngoi ng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Ngoi ng tch cc
Ham li ich ngoi ng (EB) th hin nhng li ich ca ch th b tac ng tng ng vi cac mc sn lng ca hot ng sn xut gay ra ngoi ng tich cc.
Ham li ich ngoi ng cn bin (MEB) th hin li ich tng thm khi sn xut thm mi n v sn lng.
Mi quan h gia EB va MEB?
MEB
Li ich ($)
San lng (Q)
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
EB
Qx
Px
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2.1. Ngoi ng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Ti mc gi P1, lng cung l Q1
Ngoi ng tch cc
Hiu qu ca nhn t c khi:
MB = MC E1(P1,Q1)
Hiu qu x hi t c khi:
MSB = MSCE*(P*,Q*)
MSB=MB+MEB
MSC=MC+MEC=MC+0
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
MEB
($)
Sn lng
MSC = MC
MSB
Q*
P*
P1E1
E*
E2
Q1
MB
A
B
0
E3
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2.1. Ngoi ng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Ngoi ng tch cc
So sanh phc li x hi (PLXH) gia E1 v E*:
PLXH = TSB - TSC
TSB TSC PLXH
Q* AE*Q*O BE*Q*O ABE*
Q1 AE2Q1O BE1Q1O ABE* -E*E1E2
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
MEB
($)
Sn lng
MSC = MC
MSB
Q*
P*
P1E1
E*
E2
Q1
MB
A
B
0
E3
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2.1. Ngoi ng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Bai toan
Gi s hot ng sn xut xi mng trn thi trng c hm chi ph cn binMC = 16+ 0,04Q, hm li ch cn bin MB = 40 - 0,08Q v hm ngoi ngcn bin MEC/MEB = 8 + 0,04Q
(Trong o Q l sn phm tnh bng tn, P l gi sn phm tnh bng $)
a. Xc nh mc sn xut hiu qu c nhn v gi tng ng?
b. Xc nh mc sn xut hiu qu x hi v gi tng ng?
c. Tnh gi tr thit hi do hot ng sn xut ny gy ra cho x hi?
(So snh phc li x hi)
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Hng ho cng cngHng ho cng cng (public goods) l hng ho m vic tiudng ca ngi ny khng lm nh hng hay cn tr kh nngtiu dng hng ho o ca nhng ngi khc.
c im:
Khng loi tr (non-excludablity)
Khng cnh tranh (non-rivalry)
Hai c im ny gy ra tht bi th trng
Phn loi:
Hng ho cng cng thun tu
Hng ho bn cng cng
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Cht lng mi trng l hng ha v n c gi tr s dung v gi tr. Trong o, gi tr ca hng ha cht lng mi trng c hnhthnh do:
Sn xut m rng, cht lng mi trng b suy gim vtqu kh nng t phuc hi ca thin nhin, i hi s can thip ca con ngi
Cc chi ph khi phuc cht lng mi trng c tin tha, v tr thnh c s hnh thnh gi tr ca cht lngmi trng.
Hng ha cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng v c 2 thuc tnh: khng loi tr v khng cnh tranh.
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng tht bi ca thtrng, dn n:
Xu hng b khai thc s dung qu mc
Do tnh cht khng loi tr ca cht lng mi trng, ngi khai thc cht lng mi trng khng phi try chi ph x hi, nn h c ng lc tham gia khaithc cht lng mi trng nhiu hn, to nn p lcsuy gim cht lng mi trng
Xu hng cung cp khng
Do tnh cht khng loi tr ca cht lng mi trng, nn c s tn ti nhng ngi n khng hay ngi ntheo (free-rider) m khng th kim sot c
2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t
2.3.2. nhim ti u
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc
2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Nguyn l: chi ph hoc li ch pht sinh phi c thanh ton
Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin (Polluter Pays Principle -PPP ) hoc
Ngi lm li cho mi trng phi c h tr
Muc tiu ca cc gii php kinh t l mc nhim ti u
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.3.2. nhim ti u
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Mc nhim ti u (hay mc cht lng mi trng ti u) lmc nhim m ti o li ch rng x hi l ln nht (NSB max) hoc chi ph x hi l nh nht (NSC min)
Mc nhim ti u cha chc l mc nhim bng 0
Mc nhim ti u ca cc nc khc nhau c th khc nhau
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
Salt Lake City
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
C 2 cch tip cn c bn t mc nhim ti u:
Kim sot sn lng (gi thit vi trnh , quy trnh kthut nht nh th sn lng s c quan h thun vi lngthi)
Kim sot lng thi
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Kim sot sn lng: sao cho sn lng thc t mc hiu qux hi (Q*). V ti Q*, li ch rng ca x hi l ln nht (NSB max khiMSB=MSC)
Cng cu kinh t nhm kim sot sn lng:
Thu nhim ti u (Thu Pigou)
Tr cp
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot sn lng
Arthur Cecil Pigou(1877-1959)
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Thu nhim ti u (Pigouvian tax - t*)Thu nhim ti u l khon thu m ngi gy nhim phi trcn c vo thit hi do vic x thi gy nhim ca h gy ra.
Nguyn tc xc nh mc thu: t* = MEC (Q*)
Hiu qu c nhn:MB = MC Q1
Hiu qu xa hi:MSB = MSC Q*
anh thu dch chuynng cung
MEC
($)
MC
MSC
MB = MSB
Q1
P1
P*
E1
E*
Q*
A
B
0
W1W*0 Lng thai
MC + t*
E2P2
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot sn lng
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Thu nhim ti u (Pigouvian tax - t*)Thay i v phc li x hi:
Doanh thu thu ca Nh nc:T = t*x Q* = P*E*E2P2
Thng d sn xut (PS):
Trc thu:
PS1 = P1xQ1 TC(Q1) = P1E1B
Sau thu:
PS* = P*xQ* TC(Q*) T = P2E2B
Gim P1E1E2P2 Thng d tiu dng (CS)
Trc thu: CS1 = TB(Q1) P1xQ1= P1E1ASau thu: CS* = TB(Q*) P*xQ*= P*E*A Gim P1E1E*P*
MEC
($)
MC
MSC
MB = MSB
Q1
P1
P*
E1
E*
Q*
A
B
0
W1W*0 Lng thai
MC + t*
E2P2
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot sn lng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Thu nhim ti u (Pigouvian tax - t*)
u im: Tn dung c b my ca ngnh Thu
Nhc im:
Khng phn bit gia doanh nghip c cng ngh sch vkhng sch Khng khuyn khch c vic p dung cngngh mi v cng ngh gim thi
Ch p dung khi kim sot s nhim do loi cht thi c linquan n 1 hay 1 s t sn phm (VD: nhim phng x, chtrong khng kh); khng th p dung kim sot nhimbui, nhim hu c ngun nc
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot sn lng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Tr cp (Pigouvian subsidy - s*)Vi ngoi ng tch cc, nh nc tr cp khuyn khch tng snlng = mc sn lng ti u x hi (Q*)Nguyn tc xc nh tr cp: s* = MEB (Q*)
($)
Snlng
MC
Q*
E*
P*
P1
MEB
MSB
E1
Q1
MB
E2MB + s*
Tr cp cho ngi tiu dng Tr cp cho ngi sn xut
($)
Snlng
MC
Q*
E*
P*
P1
MEB
MSB
E1
Q1
MB
E2
MC - s*
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot sn lng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Bai toan
Gi s hot ng sn xut xi mng trn thi trng c hm chi ph cn binMC = 16+ 0,04Q, hm li ch cn bin MB = 40 - 0,08Q v hm ngoi ng cnbin MEC/MEB = 8 + 0,04Q(Trong o Q l sn phm tnh bng tn, P l gi sn phm tnh bng $)
a. Xc nh mc sn xut hiu qu c nhn v gi tng ng?b. Xc nh mc sn xut hiu qu x hi v gi tng ng?c. So snh phc li x hi ti mc hot ng ti u c nhn v x hi thyc thit hi do hot ng sn xut ny gy ra cho x hi?d. iu chnh hot ng v mc ti u x hi, cn p dng mc thu lbao nhiu? Tnh tng doanh thu thu?e. Thu mi trng c phn b nh th no cho ngi sn xut vngi tiu dng?f. So snh thng d sn xut trc v sau khi p dng thu mi trng?g. Th hin kt qu trn th?
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot sn lng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Kim sot lng thi: sao cho lng thi thc t mc thi tiu (W*)
Mc thi ti u:
Mc thi ti u l mc thi m ti o chi ph x hi do vic xthi gy nhim mi trng ca hot ng sn xut l nh nht.
Chi ph x hi bao gm chi ph gim thi ca ngi sn xut v chi ph thit hi ca nhng ngi b tc ng do s nhim mitrng.
Chi ph x hi = AC + DC
Trong o,
AC (Abatement Cost): Tng chi ph gim thi
DC (Damage Cost): Tng chi ph thit hi
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot lng thi
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Tng chi ph gim thi (AC): l nhng khon chi ph ca ngi snxut gim lng thi t hot ng sn xut a vo mi trng. Chi ph gim thi c th l chi ph lin quan n hot ng x lcht thi, ci tin cng ngh sn xut, ti ch - ti s dung, dngsn xut
Hm chi ph gim thi cnbin (MAC) phn nh miquan h gia chi ph gimthi tng thm khi gimthm 1 n v cht thi avo mi trng
MAC
Chi ph($)
Lng thi
(t)WmW
CE
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot lng thi
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Tng chi phi thit hi (DC) bao gm nhng chi phi, thit hi ca ch th b tac ng v ca x hi pht sinh do hot ng sn xut gy nhim mi trng. Ham chi phi thit hi cn bin (MDC) th hin chi phi, thit hi tng thm khi x thi thm mi n v cht thi vo mi trng
MDC
Chi phi ($)
Lng thi W (t)
MDC
Chi phi ($)
Lng thi W (t)
MDC
Chi phi ($)
Lng thi W (t) W0
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot lng thi
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Xc nh mc thi ti u
Mc thi ti u dn ti mc nhim ti u. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh ncnhm t mc thi ti u l chun mc thi, ph thi, giy php x thi c thchuyn nhng
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot lng thi
MAC
Chi ph($)
Lng thi - W
WmW*
A1
E*
MDC
0 W1W2
A2 B1
B2
Cm
C0
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Chun mc thiChun mc thi l gii hn do lut php quy nh cho php ngi snxut c thi mt lng nht nh cht thi vo mi trng. Ni cchkhc, chun mc thi l mc thi ti a cho php c quy nh bi lutphp.
Cch xc nh: WS = W*
Chi ph mi trng ca DN l: AC
u im: Kim sot cht ch, kp thivi cht thi c hi
Nhc im: Khng linh hot phnng vi nhng bin ng thtrng
P*
W1 W2
A
B
C
Pht
Wm
MACChi ph($)
Lng thi(t)W*=WS
E*
(S)
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot lng thi
0
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Ph thiPh thi l khon tin m ngi sn xut phi tr cho mi n v thi camnhCch xc nh: Mc ph (f) = MAC(W*) Tng ph np (F) = f x W*
Chi ph mi trng ca DN l:
AC + F
u im: Cho php doanh nghip chng la chn mc thi trn c sso snh MAC vi f
Nhc im: Khng linh hot phnng vi nhng bin ng thtrng
MACChi ph($)
Lng thi(t)WmW*
f*E*
W1 W2
A
B
C
(F)
D
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot lng thi
0
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng
Giy php x thi l giy php do c quan qun l mi trng ban hnh, cho php doanh nghip c thi 1 lng nht nh 1 loi cht thi vomi trng
Giy php x thi c th trao i, mua bn ty theo nhu cu v kh nnggim thi ca cc doanh nghip.
C ch vn hnhBc 1: Xc nh tng s lng giy php x thiBc 2: Pht hnh giy php x thi cho cc doanh nghipBc 3: Doanh nghip quyt nh vic mua, bn giy php ty theo
iu kin ca DN hnh thnh th trng giy php x thiBc 4: C quan qun l qun l s hot ng ca th trng giy
php
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot lng thi
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhngPhn tch hnh vi ca ngi x thi:
Gi s c 2 doanh nghip nm gn nhau cng x thi 1 loi cht thi, v ththit hi mi trng cn bin l nh nhau bt k l do n v cht thi canh my no. Tuy nhin, do quy trnh sn xut khc nhau, nn 2 DN cMAC khc nhau (MAC1 > MAC2). Muc tiu chnh sch: Gim tng lngthi t 2Wm xung WmCp gip php cho mi DN: Wp = Wm/2
Vi gi giy php P, cc doanh nghip siu chnh lng thi:
W1 + W2 = Wm ; W1 = W1*; W2 = W2
*
Kt qu: DN1 mua, DN2 bn
Lng mua v bn: W1*- Wp WP
S giy php
Wm
MAC1Chi ph($)
Lng thi
MAC2
P
W1*W2
*
AB
C
DE
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot lng thi
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng
u im: t c mc thi mong mun vi chi ph thp nht (t hiu qu chi
ph) Khuyn khch cc doanh nghip u t gim thi c th bn giy
php T ng iu chnh vi nhng bin ng ca th trng
Nhc im: i hi th trng pht trin c nhiu ngi mua, ngi bn giy
php th trng giy php cnh tranh Khng p dung c vi cc loi cht thi c hi
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot lng thi
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Bi ton 1
Gi s c 2 hng sn xut ha cht thi xung dng sng gy nhim ngunnc dng sng. gim mc nhim, cc hng a lp t cc thit b x lnc. Cho bit chi ph gim thi cn bin ca hng nh sau :MAC1 = 800 QMAC2 = 600 0.5Q
a. Nu c quan qun l mi trng mun tng mc thi 2 hng ch cn1000m3 bng bin php thu mt mc ph thi ng u cho 2 hng th cnt ra mc ph l bao nhiu?b. Xc nh tng mc ph ca mi hng?c. Nu c quan qun l vn mun t mc tiu chun mi trng nh trcnhng ch quy nh chun mc thi ng u cho 2 hng th chi ph gimthi mi hng?
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot lng thi
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Bi ton 2C 3 doanh nghip sn xut cng loi sn phm v thi ra cng loi cht thi. Hm chi ph x l cht thi cn bin ca 3 doanh nghip ny ln lt l:
MAC1= 380 10W MAC2 = 80 W MAC3 = 100 5W. Trong o, W la lng thi tinh bng tn, chi phi tinh bng USDa. Xac nh lng thi ca mi doanh nghip khi khng co quy nh ca c quan qun l mi
trng.b. C quan qun l mi trng mun gim tng lng thi ca ba doanh nghip xung cn 60
tn bng vic quy nh chun mc thi ng u cho cc doanh nghip. Hay tinh lng thi va chi phi tuan th ca mi doanh nghip.
c. Nu c quan qun l mi trng quyt nh phan phi min phi cho mi doanh nghip 20giy php x thi tng ng vi quyn c thi 20 tn cht thi va cac giy php nay co th c mua ban trn th trng. Gi s gia giy php trn th trng la 60USD/giy php.- Vi mc gia nay, cac doanh nghip co tin hanh trao i giy php vi nhau khng? - Doanh nghip nao s ban giy php va ban bao nhiu? Doanh nghip nao mua giy php va mua bao nhiu?- Vic mua va ban giy php o mang li li ich rng la bao nhiu cho mi doanh nghip?
d. Cng cac iu kin nh cau hi 2, nu gia giy php trn th trng la 10$/giy php, cac doanh nghip co trao i giy php vi nhau hay khng? Ti sao?
e. Minh ha kt qu bng th
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot lng thi
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
H thng t cc hon tr
Trong h thng t cc - hoan tr, ngi tiu dng phi tr mt khon tin cho ch ca hang khi mua cac sn phm ma sau o co th tai ch, tai s dung (nh bia, nc ngt ng trong chai thu tinh, c quy t, may git c). Khon tin nay s c hoan li nu sau o, khi ngi tiu dng em tr li thu tinh, c quy t cho ca hang hoc mt im thu gom nao o tai ch, tai s dung.
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Cc cng cu khc
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
K qu bo v mi trng
K qu bo v mi trng la vic ca nhan hay t chc trc khi tin hanh hot ng sn xut hay kinh doanh c xac nh la gay ra nhng thit hi cho mi trng phi co ngha vu gi mt khon tin hoc kim khi qui, a qui hoc cac giy t tr gia c bng tin (gi chung la tin) vao tai khon phong to ti mt t chc tin dung m bo thc hin ngha vu phuc hi mi trng do hot ng sn xut hay kinh doanh gay ra theo quy nh ca phap lut.
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Cc cng cu khc
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Ta n s x th no hiu qu nht? Nu quyn ti sn (i vi dng sng) thuc v c s trng ng, liu c th t
c lng thi ti u W* m khng cn s can thip ca nh nc (bng ThuPigou, chun thi, ph thi)?
Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
Trng hp: c s trng ng u ngun v ngi anh c cui ngun camt dng sng
Quyn ti sn c quan trng khng?
Quyn ti sn trong kinh t hc(Property rights) v quyn s hutrong lut (Ownership rights) lquyn c quy nh bi lut php,cho php mt c nhn, mt doanhnghip hay mt cng ng quynchim hu, s dung v nh ot ivi mt ngun lc/ti sn no o.
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
M hnh tha thun nhim
nh l Coase:Khi cc bn c th tha thun m chiph giao dch l khng ang k, c chth trng s lm cho hot ngchng nhim tr nn c hiu qubt k quyn ti sn c n nhnh th no.
Ronald Harry Coase (1910-2013)Nhn gii Nobel nm 1991
2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
Coase, 1960
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
M hnh tha thun nhim
Vy vi iu kin
Chi ph giao dch khng ang k
Quyn ti sn c n nh r rng
Cc bn s t tha thun t ti mc lng thi ti u
2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
Ngun clip: Learn liberty
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.4. Cac gii phap th trng
M hnh tha thun nhim
Mt s v d thc t
Ngi khai thc s bin vcc cng ty du bangLouisiana
Cc tp oan m rng lnhvc sn xut, tr thnh cctp oan a lnh vc s humt vng cha nhiu ngunlc khc nhau
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
2.3.4. Cac gii phap th trng
M hnh tha thun nhim
Hn ch ca nh l Coase Quyn s hu i vi ti sn mi trng thng khng c
xc nh r rng Chi ph giao dch ln pht sinh trong qu trnh am phn ca
cc bn lin quan Thi chin lc ca cc bn d lm am phn tht bi Nhiu vn mi trng lin quan n cc th h tng lai,
vy ai s i din cho th h tng lai C th tn ti nhng e da trong qu trnh am phn lm am
phn tht bi
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Nguyen Hoang Nam
2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT
Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng
Kin i bi thng
Khi cc am phn tht bi, cc bn c th nh n s can thip ca nhnc di hnh thc 1 vu kin. Ta n s xc nh mc bi thng Kin i bi thng l gii php th trng mang mu sc php lut
Hn ch ca gii php kin i bi thng: Quyn s hu i vi ti sn mi trng thng khng c xc nh
r rng Chi ph ln do cc vu kin mi trng thng ko di, phm vi nh
hng rng Vu kin mi trng cng l mt dng ngoi ng tch cc xy ra t
hn nhu cu thc ca x hi C th ta n phn x khng cng bng
2.3.4. Cac gii phap th trng
2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng
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Nguyen Hoang Nam Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng