KINGDOM MONERA

Monerans

The most successful organisms on earthLongevity - bacteria have been around for 4

billion yearsBacteria can reproduce every 15 minutesBacteria live anywhere and everywhere

There are more bacterial cells living in your body than you have body cells!

Wash your hands before eating lunch!

Tip of Thumb Tack!GROSS!

Why are Monerans so successful?Monerans have a Prokaryotic cell structureWithout monerans, life could not exist

Monerans ….Recyclers / DecomposersAt the bottom of the food chainProvide a large portion of Earth’s oxygen

All living organisms are descended from Monerans

Monerans are ProkaryoticMonerans do not

have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

Monerans are very small (10-50x smaller than a typical human cell but larger than viruses)

Moneran Structures

Cell membraneCell wall(s)DNA (and sometimes a

second piece of DNA called a PLASMID)

RibosomesCytoplasmFlagellum and/or piliSketch the drawing in

your notes (or page 361 in your text)

What are bacteria good for?Making yogurt

Cleaning up oil spills

Waste managementProducing vaccines

Help digestion

Classification of Monerans4 Main Phyla

Eubacteria Ex: E.coli, streptococcus

Archaebacteria Known for living in extreme

environments Cyanobacteria

Photosynthesis (pigment: phycocyanin)

Prochlorobacteria Photosynthesis (chloroplasts)

PHYLUM EUBACTERIA

Means “true” bacteriaCell membrane and

wallMobile forms have 1

or more flagella

PHYLUM ARCHAEBACTERIAHave different ribosomes, membranes and cell

walls than EubacteriaCan live in extremely harsh environmentsSome are ANAEROBIC (do not require Oxygen)Anaerobic bacteria are found in places such as

digestive tracts of animals. These archaebacteria are called Methanogens because they produce Methane Gas.

They are also found in thick mud and salty lakes

Moneran cell shapes

Rod shape BACILLUSSpherical shape COCCUSSpiral shape SPIRILLUM

Draw each shape

Number of cell walls

How can you tell how many cell wall layers a bacterium has?

Gram staining (by Hans Gram) – uses 2 dyes: safranine (red) and crystal violet (purple)

1 layer cell wall will stain purple (Gram +)2 layer cell wall will stain red (Gram -)

This is important when deciding what type of antibiotic to use!

Gram staining

Movement

Some do not moveSome have 1 or more

FlagellaSome Glide on slimeSpiral shaped

bacteria spirals or lashes around

Obtaining energy

1. AutotrophicChemotrophic autotroph – uses inorganic

material to make foodPhototrophic autotroph – uses light to make food

2. HeterotrophicChemotrophic heterotroph – taking in organic

material as food (Salmonella)Phototrophic heterotroph – can make own

energy but also have to take in organic materials

Salmonella poisoning

Methods of producing cellular energy

Cellular respiration (aerobic respiration – requires oxygen to survive) “obligate aerobes”

Food+O2 -> cellular energy

Fermentation (anaerobic respiration - no oxygen required to survive) “obligate anaerobes”

Food -> cellular energy

“Facultative anaerobes” (can survive with or without oxygen)

What is a culture?A group of growing bacteria

What is a thermophile?An organism that thrives in extremely hot environments

What is a Petri dish used for?Used to collect and culture bacteria

What kingdom does Bacteria belong to?Monera