kingdom fungi - wikispaces-+diversity+fungi.pdf · zygomycota ... kingdom fungi fungi feed by...

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1 Kingdom Fungi Cells: Eukaryotic (has nucleus and membranebound organelles) Most fungi are multicellular organisms (mushrooms and traditional fungi) yeast are unicellular the exception In fungi, cell walls are made up of a carbohydrate known as chitin chitin is a very hard substance and is resistant to water loss. (unlike plant cell walls which are made of cellulose) Digestion: Fungi are HETEROTROPHS Fungi digest their food externally and absorb the nutrients Most are decomposers Fungi are heterotrophic oganisms and digest their food externally, absorbing nutrient molecules into their cells.

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Page 1: Kingdom Fungi - Wikispaces-+DIVERSITY+Fungi.pdf ·  Zygomycota ... Kingdom Fungi Fungi feed by absorbing small organic molecules. ... Mucor = grey mould Mould Colours. 9

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Kingdom Fungi

Cells: • Eukaryotic (has nucleus and membrane­bound organelles)• Most fungi are multi­cellular organisms (mushrooms and traditional fungi) • yeast are unicellular ­ the exception• In fungi, cell walls are made up of a carbohydrate known as chitin ­ chitin is a very hard substance and is resistant to water loss.   (unlike plant cell walls which are made of cellulose)

Digestion:• Fungi are HETEROTROPHS • Fungi digest their food externally and absorb the nutrients• Most are decomposers 

Fungi are heterotrophic oganisms and digest their food externally, absorbing nutrient molecules into their cells.

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MAIN PHYLA OF THE FUNGI

  ­ Ascomycota (Yeast )   ­ Zygomycota ( Moulds / Bread Moulds )   ­ Basidiomycota ( Mushrooms (club fungi) and Bracket fungi )    ­ Oomycota ( Water Moulds ­ potato blight, mildew, ... ) 

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Kingdom Fungi

Fungi feed by absorbing small organic molecules. They secrete digestive enzymes and break down food into small molecules outside the fungus, then absorb it in through the membrane. The nutrients are generally transported through a vascular system.

Common Characteristics:

­ Fungi are mainly terrestrial.­ Fungi are vascular organism (they have "tubes" running through them).­ The body of a fungi is made of long filaments of hyphae which form a mycelium.­ Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually. 

Fungi Shape: Varies greatly 

Fungi Size: Varies greatly 

Fungi Motility:   ­ generally non­motile   ­ some spread by spores 

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Methods of Reproduction

Reproduction in fungi can be either asexual or sexual. 

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Asexual Reproduction in Fungi can occur in several ways: 

• Fungi can reproduce by mitosis. • Yeast cells reproduce by a process called BUDDING. • Budding is a process in which part of the cell pinches itself off to produce offspring.• Most fungi can grow from a small piece of mycelium that breaks off. This method of reproduction is called FRAGMENTATION. (Athlete's Foot grows this way). • Most fungi can reproduce Asexually by SPORES. 

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 

Some fungi (like moulds) may reproduce sexually by a process called conjugation.

The ability to reproduce Both Sexually and Asexually provides an Adaptive Advantage: • When the environment is favourable, rapid asexual reproduction ensures an increase in the number of the species. • During environmental stress, sexual reproduction ensures genetic variation, increasing the likelihood that some offspring will be better adapted to the environment. 

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YeastYeasts are unicellular fungi. 

­ Approximately 1,500 species of yeasts have been described.­ Most yeast reproduce by budding. ­ Yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used in baking and fermenting alcoholic beverages (for thousands of years).

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Moulds

Moulds are multicellular fungi.

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MouldsMoulds can grow from a small piece of mycelium that breaks off ( fragmentation ).

 Moulds often reproduce asexually by releasing spores which float in the air  

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Rhizopus nigricans = black mould

Penicillium = blue­green mould

Aspergillus = brown mould(can be yellow)

Mucor = grey mould

Mould Colours

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Mushrooms and Bracket Fungi(Basidiomycota)

The body of a fungus is made up of a large mass of hyphae, the mycellium. 

Hyphae (filaments that absorb nutrients)

Mycellium (filaments that anchor fungus)

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Water Moulds (Oomycota)

The water moulds are better known as the MILDEWS.  Fish tank fuzz is an example.

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Kingdom Fungi

Biological Role: 

• Some are fungi parasites (harm the host) • Many are fungi symbiotic with plants (both organisms benefit in relationship) • Some are fungi Saprobic (live on dead matter) and recycle materials into the ecosystem • Fungi are consumed as food by many organisms (part of food chain).• Fungi (along with bacteria) are the most important decomposers in the biosphere. 

LICHEN is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism.  ­ The fungus in Lichen is usually an Ascomycetes. ­ The photosynthetic organism is either a green algae or a cyanobacterium. 

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• Some fungi are used for food such as mushrooms and truffles• Some fungi are used make food like blue cheese (mould), ... • Yeast produce alcohol (as a waste product of metabolism)• Yeast are used to make breads rise (make CO2 as a waste product of metabolism)• Apergillis moulds produces flavour (used in pop) 

Kingdom Fungi

Human Uses of Fungi: 

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Connection to Human HealthFungal Diseases  ­ Ringworm, Athletes Foot, Jock itch (caused by microsporum fungus that spreads spores and love warm/damp conditions) 

Yeast Infections – overgrowth of yeast (usually in females) 

Some mushrooms are poisonous to humans.  (Amanita mushroom "death angel" or "destroying angel") 

Dr. Fungus web site

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Mould spores can cause mild to serious allergies in some people:  sniffling, sneezing, and respiratory distress.

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Antibiotics

• penicillin produced by certain moulds • cephalosporin is produced by a fungus 

Mushrooms

• Food (Shiitake mushrooms) • medicines  

Drugs

• LSD is psychoactive drug• nerve toxins used to stop pain or for anesthetics

Connection to Human Health

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Kingdom Fungi

Connection to Human Health: