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KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE

(KFD)

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Introduction Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) is caused by Kyasanur

Forest disease virus (KFDV), a member of the virusfamily Flaviviridae.

KFDV was identified in 1957 when it was isolated froma sick monkey from the Kyasanur Forest in Karnataka(formerly Mysore) State, India.

Since then, between 400-500 humans cases per yearhave been reported.

KFDV can cause epizootics with high fatality inprimates.

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The disease was named after the forest

area where it was first discovered as

Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) and thevirus was named as KFD virus.

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ETIOLOGY.KFD is a febrile disease associated with haemorrhage

caused by an ARBOVIRUS FLAVIVIRUS.

KFD virus is member of group-B togavirus. Belong torussian spring summer encephalitis(RSSE) group ofvirus

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TRANSMISSION Transmission to humans may occur after a tick

(HAEMOPHYSALIS SPINIGERE) bite or contact withan infected animal, most importantly a sick or recentlydead monkey. No person-to-person transmission hasbeen described.

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Epidemiology The number of human cases occurring

each year varied from 40 to ~1000 with

a mortality rate of 4 to15 percent.

All age groups are affected, but theincidence in very young children is low, males are more

susceptible than females

KFD epizootics in monkeys are also a regular

Feature in the area, 2,442 monkey

Deaths were recorded from 1957 to 1975

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The number of human cases

shows a rising trend over the last 5 years.

KFD is mainly seasonal and most cases occurduring inter monsoon period that is fromDecember to June.

The ecological imbalance caused by the clearingof natural patch of forest may have result in theoutbreak of the diseases.

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CLINICAL SIGNS After an incubation period of 3-8 days, the symptoms of

KFD begin suddenly with chills, fever, and headache.

Severe muscle pain with vomiting, gastrointestinal

symptoms and bleeding problems may occur 3-4 days afterinitial symptom onset.

Patients may experience abnormally low blood pressure,and low platelet, red blood cell, and white blood cell

counts BIPHASIC FEVER

The estimated case-fatality rate is from 3 to 5% for KFD.

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Diagnosis Diagnosis can be made in the early stage of illness by

molecular detection by PCR or virus isolation fromblood.

Later, serologic testing using enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA) can beperformed.

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Diagnosis of KFD could be arrived at by isolation ofthe virus from acute serum by inoculation of thesuckling mice.

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Treatment

There is no specific treatment for KFD, but early

hospitalization and supportive therapy is important.Supportive therapy includes the maintenance ofhydration and the usual precautions for patients withbleeding disorders.

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preventionAdditional preventative measures include insect

repellents and wearing protective clothing in areaswhere ticks are endemic.

Tick repellents such as DEET, DMP, DBP

provide 90-100% protection against

tick bite.

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vaccination NIV has developed an inactivated chick

embryo tissue culture vaccine against

KFD.

This vaccine evokes neutralizing

antibodies response in about 70% of the

vaccinated persons.

The technology hasbeen transferred to the Karnataka Public

Health Department for production and

vaccination.

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references Elements of veterinary public health

A.T.SHERIKAR

V.N.BACHHITD.C.THAPIYAL

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Thank youSUBMITTED BY;

SAURABH TIWARI

TV/2011-058