v013003 copy 2003 Purdue Univ 1

Key Crop Management Issues for Optimizing Grain Yield amp Quality

RL (Bob) NielsenAgronomy Department

Purdue University Indiana US

Email rnielsenpurdueeduWeb wwwkingcornorgrln-biohtm

5th Australian Maize Conference18-20 Feb 2003 Toowoomba QLD Australia

5th Australian Maize Conference18-20 Feb 2003 Toowoomba QLD Australia

Links to this presentation can be found under ldquoPresentations amp Papersrdquo

Links to this presentation can be found under ldquoPresentations amp Papersrdquo

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 2v013003

Purdue Univ Indiana USA

937

612

Total Arable

Mill

ion

hect

ares

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 3v013003

Itrsquos still winter in Indianahellip

Low temp Jan 27 = -24C

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 4v013003

Major Indiana crops

024 014

219 235

Maize Soybean Hay Wheat

Mill

ion

hect

ares

Source Indiana Ag Statistics Serv

Source httpwwwnassusdagovinpressrelpr011003txt

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 2v013003

Purdue Univ Indiana USA

937

612

Total Arable

Mill

ion

hect

ares

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 3v013003

Itrsquos still winter in Indianahellip

Low temp Jan 27 = -24C

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 4v013003

Major Indiana crops

024 014

219 235

Maize Soybean Hay Wheat

Mill

ion

hect

ares

Source Indiana Ag Statistics Serv

Source httpwwwnassusdagovinpressrelpr011003txt

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 3v013003

Itrsquos still winter in Indianahellip

Low temp Jan 27 = -24C

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 4v013003

Major Indiana crops

024 014

219 235

Maize Soybean Hay Wheat

Mill

ion

hect

ares

Source Indiana Ag Statistics Serv

Source httpwwwnassusdagovinpressrelpr011003txt

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 4v013003

Major Indiana crops

024 014

219 235

Maize Soybean Hay Wheat

Mill

ion

hect

ares

Source Indiana Ag Statistics Serv

Source httpwwwnassusdagovinpressrelpr011003txt

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 5v013003

Maize land areahellipAustralia vs Top 3 Indiana Counties

82

595542 518

Thou

sand

hec

tare

s

Sources Australian Bureau of Statistics amp USDA-Natrsquol Ag Statistics Service

Image source USDA

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 6v013003

Current state yield estimate

Current estimate of 76 tonha is about 14 below historical trend yield of 88 tonha (140 buac)

Wet spring delayed plantingSoil compactionSubsequent dry weather

~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001

Indiana maizeIndiana maize

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 7v013003

Maize yield and grain qualityBoth are important goals of maize productionBoth are influenced by your management decisions and an array of other yield influencing factors (YIFs)Spatial amp temporal consistency of optimum yield and quality requires a combination of good agronomic management on your part and good luck

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 8v013003

Skill versus luckSound agronomic skills amp knowledge will help youhellip

Identify negative and positive YIFs Develop strategies to mitigate or prevent negative YIFs and enhance or promote positive YIFs

Plenty of luck is required if the important YIFs are unknown unidentified or not quantified

Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003

Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)

Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them

Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003

lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year

Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth

These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management

Soil mapping units

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003

lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years

Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather

lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm

Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003

Which YIFs Are Most Important

Row Spacing

Stand Establ

Chemical Appln

Machinery Adj

Harv Date

Diseases

WeedsInsectsTilth

Fertility

Moisture

Soil Temp

Air Temp

Humidity

Sunlight

Rainfall

Plt Date

Seeding Rate

VarietyTimeliness

Last yearLast year

Next yearNext year

This fieldThis field

That fieldThat field

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003

Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control

Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss

Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003

Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip

hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003

Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation

Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease

Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 6v013003

Current state yield estimate

Current estimate of 76 tonha is about 14 below historical trend yield of 88 tonha (140 buac)

Wet spring delayed plantingSoil compactionSubsequent dry weather

~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001~ 76 tonha in 2002 vs ~ 98 tonha in 2001

Indiana maizeIndiana maize

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 7v013003

Maize yield and grain qualityBoth are important goals of maize productionBoth are influenced by your management decisions and an array of other yield influencing factors (YIFs)Spatial amp temporal consistency of optimum yield and quality requires a combination of good agronomic management on your part and good luck

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 8v013003

Skill versus luckSound agronomic skills amp knowledge will help youhellip

Identify negative and positive YIFs Develop strategies to mitigate or prevent negative YIFs and enhance or promote positive YIFs

Plenty of luck is required if the important YIFs are unknown unidentified or not quantified

Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003

Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)

Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them

Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003

lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year

Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth

These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management

Soil mapping units

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003

lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years

Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather

lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm

Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003

Which YIFs Are Most Important

Row Spacing

Stand Establ

Chemical Appln

Machinery Adj

Harv Date

Diseases

WeedsInsectsTilth

Fertility

Moisture

Soil Temp

Air Temp

Humidity

Sunlight

Rainfall

Plt Date

Seeding Rate

VarietyTimeliness

Last yearLast year

Next yearNext year

This fieldThis field

That fieldThat field

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003

Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control

Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss

Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003

Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip

hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003

Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation

Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease

Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 7v013003

Maize yield and grain qualityBoth are important goals of maize productionBoth are influenced by your management decisions and an array of other yield influencing factors (YIFs)Spatial amp temporal consistency of optimum yield and quality requires a combination of good agronomic management on your part and good luck

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 8v013003

Skill versus luckSound agronomic skills amp knowledge will help youhellip

Identify negative and positive YIFs Develop strategies to mitigate or prevent negative YIFs and enhance or promote positive YIFs

Plenty of luck is required if the important YIFs are unknown unidentified or not quantified

Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003

Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)

Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them

Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003

lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year

Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth

These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management

Soil mapping units

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003

lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years

Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather

lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm

Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003

Which YIFs Are Most Important

Row Spacing

Stand Establ

Chemical Appln

Machinery Adj

Harv Date

Diseases

WeedsInsectsTilth

Fertility

Moisture

Soil Temp

Air Temp

Humidity

Sunlight

Rainfall

Plt Date

Seeding Rate

VarietyTimeliness

Last yearLast year

Next yearNext year

This fieldThis field

That fieldThat field

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003

Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control

Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss

Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003

Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip

hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003

Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation

Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease

Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 8v013003

Skill versus luckSound agronomic skills amp knowledge will help youhellip

Identify negative and positive YIFs Develop strategies to mitigate or prevent negative YIFs and enhance or promote positive YIFs

Plenty of luck is required if the important YIFs are unknown unidentified or not quantified

Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003

Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)

Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them

Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003

lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year

Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth

These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management

Soil mapping units

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003

lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years

Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather

lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm

Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003

Which YIFs Are Most Important

Row Spacing

Stand Establ

Chemical Appln

Machinery Adj

Harv Date

Diseases

WeedsInsectsTilth

Fertility

Moisture

Soil Temp

Air Temp

Humidity

Sunlight

Rainfall

Plt Date

Seeding Rate

VarietyTimeliness

Last yearLast year

Next yearNext year

This fieldThis field

That fieldThat field

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003

Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control

Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss

Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003

Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip

hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003

Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation

Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease

Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 9v013003

Yield influencing factorsCrops are influenced by vast array of yield influencing factors (YIFs)

Some influence yield directlySome interact with othersSome occur every year others do notSome influence different crops differentlyWeather interacts with most of them

Identifying YIFs can be difficulthellipIdentifying YIFs can be difficulthellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003

lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year

Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth

These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management

Soil mapping units

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003

lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years

Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather

lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm

Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003

Which YIFs Are Most Important

Row Spacing

Stand Establ

Chemical Appln

Machinery Adj

Harv Date

Diseases

WeedsInsectsTilth

Fertility

Moisture

Soil Temp

Air Temp

Humidity

Sunlight

Rainfall

Plt Date

Seeding Rate

VarietyTimeliness

Last yearLast year

Next yearNext year

This fieldThis field

That fieldThat field

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003

Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control

Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss

Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003

Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip

hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003

Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation

Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease

Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 10v013003

lsquoPerennialrsquo YIFs Spatial variability for some yield influencing factors is reasonably constant from year to year

Soil fertility or pH patternsSoil drainage patternsPatterns of perennial weed growth

These patterns can be described with site-specific technology and consequently used for YIF management

Soil mapping units

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003

lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years

Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather

lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm

Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003

Which YIFs Are Most Important

Row Spacing

Stand Establ

Chemical Appln

Machinery Adj

Harv Date

Diseases

WeedsInsectsTilth

Fertility

Moisture

Soil Temp

Air Temp

Humidity

Sunlight

Rainfall

Plt Date

Seeding Rate

VarietyTimeliness

Last yearLast year

Next yearNext year

This fieldThis field

That fieldThat field

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003

Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control

Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss

Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003

Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip

hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003

Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation

Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease

Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 11v013003

lsquoSporadicrsquo YIFs Other yield influencing factors occur sporadically over the years

Diseases amp insects even fertility problems are greatly dependent on weather

lsquoAbnormalrsquo weather seems to be the norm

Site-specific technology can help identify these problems when they occur but not necessarily prevent their reoccurrence

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003

Which YIFs Are Most Important

Row Spacing

Stand Establ

Chemical Appln

Machinery Adj

Harv Date

Diseases

WeedsInsectsTilth

Fertility

Moisture

Soil Temp

Air Temp

Humidity

Sunlight

Rainfall

Plt Date

Seeding Rate

VarietyTimeliness

Last yearLast year

Next yearNext year

This fieldThis field

That fieldThat field

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003

Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control

Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss

Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003

Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip

hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003

Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation

Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease

Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 12v013003

Which YIFs Are Most Important

Row Spacing

Stand Establ

Chemical Appln

Machinery Adj

Harv Date

Diseases

WeedsInsectsTilth

Fertility

Moisture

Soil Temp

Air Temp

Humidity

Sunlight

Rainfall

Plt Date

Seeding Rate

VarietyTimeliness

Last yearLast year

Next yearNext year

This fieldThis field

That fieldThat field

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

Always Remember Stress upon stress reduces the croprsquos ability to tolerate more stress

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003

Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control

Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss

Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003

Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip

hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003

Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation

Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease

Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 13v013003

Agronomic choices aboundhellipTillage type and timingHybrid typeSeeding ratePlanting dateRow spacingFertilizer type applrsquon timing placementInsect controlWeed control

Crop rotationDisease controlIrrigation amount and timingHarvest timing rel to grain moisture mechanical kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss

Consistent High Yields amp Grain QualityConsistent High Yields amp Grain Quality

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003

Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip

hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003

Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation

Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease

Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 14v013003

Key agronomic practicesRather than identifying specific practices for maximizing yields consistentlyhellip

hellipyou need to understand key agronomic concepts related to optimum yieldshelliphellipthen seek practices that are available and adaptable to your specific situations (YIFs)

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

I cannot give you a list of specific practices to optimize your maize yields because I am nearly clueless about Australian YIFs for maize

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003

Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation

Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease

Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 15v013003

Hybrid performancehellipHigh-yielding hybrids well-adapted to YIFs common in your farming operation

Look for hybrids that yield consistently well across a diverse set of conditions in your area especially weather and disease

Requires comparative hybrid performance data across multiple locations not simply performance on your farm

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

Northcentral US Hybrid Performance Data

httpwwwksuedukscptnccec

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 16v013003

After identifying hybridshellipEliminate hybrids with weaknesses for specific traits important to your farming operation

eg specific disease tolerance root amp stalk strength emergence vigor etcInfo about hybrid characteristics can be found on many seed company Web sites

Hybrid Selection StrategyHybrid Selection Strategy

Links to Seed Company Web Sites

httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm

Links to Seed Company Web Sites

httpwwwagrypurdueedulinksnationalcommercial-aghtm

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 17v013003

Successful stand establishmenthellipRapid amp uniform stand establishment

Germination amp emergenceEstablishment of nodal root system

Minimizes duration of exposure to pest amp weather stresses while young plants are dependent on kernel reservesIncreases ability to tolerate later stresses

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003

Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality

Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings

Excellent genetic seedling vigor

Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases

Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction

Availability of soil nutrients

Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding

Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed

Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003

Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)

Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system

Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering

Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003

Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits

Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage

Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination

Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing

Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003

Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill

Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk

Minimal stress throughout grain fill

Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003

Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits

Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage

Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation

Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003

Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC

Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop

Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)

Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003

Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content

Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency

Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss

Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field

As great as 1 per point of GMC

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors

Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors

Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets

Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003

Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip

Harder endospermHybrid selection

Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill

Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development

Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying

Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 18v013003

Successful stand establishmenthellipExcellent seed quality

Indicated by warm or cold germination ratings

Excellent genetic seedling vigor

Company ratingsSeed protection from insects or diseases

Seed treatmentsSurface soil free of crust or compaction

Availability of soil nutrients

Starter fertilizer (esp N)Error-free seeding

Planter maintenancePlanter adjustmentsPlanting speed

Adequate amp uniformSoil temperaturesSoil moistureSeed-soil contact

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003

Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)

Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system

Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering

Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003

Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits

Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage

Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination

Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing

Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003

Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill

Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk

Minimal stress throughout grain fill

Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003

Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits

Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage

Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation

Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003

Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC

Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop

Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)

Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003

Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content

Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency

Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss

Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field

As great as 1 per point of GMC

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors

Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors

Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets

Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003

Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip

Harder endospermHybrid selection

Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill

Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development

Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying

Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 19v013003

Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipVigorous growth between ldquoknee-highrdquo and pollination (ldquogrand growth periodrdquo)

Ensures successful ear size determinationCompletes establishment of whole root system

Aim for maximum canopy development by at least two weeks prior to flowering

Ensures nearly complete interception of solar radiation during pollination and grain fill

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003

Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits

Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage

Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination

Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing

Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003

Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill

Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk

Minimal stress throughout grain fill

Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003

Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits

Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage

Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation

Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003

Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC

Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop

Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)

Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003

Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content

Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency

Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss

Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field

As great as 1 per point of GMC

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors

Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors

Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets

Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003

Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip

Harder endospermHybrid selection

Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill

Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development

Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying

Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 20v013003

Construction of ldquofactoryrdquohellipRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsMinimal stress from moisture deficits

Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage

Availability of soil nutrients (esp N)Seeding rates amp row spacing sufficient to achieve full canopy closure 2 weeks prior to pollination

Indiana 74000ha and 76-cm row spacing

Minimal competition from weeds insects or diseases

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003

Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill

Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk

Minimal stress throughout grain fill

Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003

Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits

Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage

Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation

Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003

Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC

Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop

Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)

Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003

Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content

Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency

Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss

Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field

As great as 1 per point of GMC

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors

Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors

Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets

Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003

Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip

Harder endospermHybrid selection

Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill

Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development

Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying

Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 21v013003

Pollination amp grain fillhellipSuccessful pollination and early grain fill

Ensures maximum kernel set on earsMinimizes abortion risk

Minimal stress throughout grain fill

Ensures max kernel weightEnsures max grain qualityMinimizes risk of root and stalk rot development

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003

Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits

Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage

Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation

Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003

Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC

Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop

Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)

Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003

Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content

Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency

Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss

Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field

As great as 1 per point of GMC

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors

Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors

Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets

Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003

Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip

Harder endospermHybrid selection

Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill

Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development

Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying

Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 22v013003

Pollination amp grain fillhellipMinimal stress from moisture deficits

Stored soil moistureRainfallIrrigationMoisture conservation by zero tillage

Moderate daynight temperatures (3018C)Plenty of solar radiation

Minimal interference of pollination by silk clipping insectsRooting profile free of soil compaction or other rooting restrictionsHealthy crop canopy able to intercept 95 or more solar radiation

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003

Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC

Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop

Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)

Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003

Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content

Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency

Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss

Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field

As great as 1 per point of GMC

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors

Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors

Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets

Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003

Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip

Harder endospermHybrid selection

Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill

Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development

Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying

Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 23v013003

Harvest of crophellipPhysiological maturity occurs at ~ 30 GMC

Corresponds to kernel black layer developmentTimely harvest of crop

Balance between kernel damage from harvesting excessively wet grain (mid- to high 20rsquos) and mechanical harvest loss from harvesting excessively dry grain (mid-teens)

Strategic harvest of cropMinimize consequences of stalk rots or insect-damage by strategically harvesting severely affected fields early

Key Agronomic ConceptsKey Agronomic Concepts

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003

Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content

Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency

Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss

Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field

As great as 1 per point of GMC

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors

Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors

Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets

Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003

Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip

Harder endospermHybrid selection

Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill

Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development

Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying

Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 24v013003

Harvest of crophellipOptimal grain moisture content

Low 20rsquos considered to be GMC for optimum combine efficiency

Least kernel damageLeast mechanical harvest loss

Some research suggests possibility of kernel dry matter loss in mature corn grain as it continues to dry naturally in the field

As great as 1 per point of GMC

Important factors forhellipImportant factors forhellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors

Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors

Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets

Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003

Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip

Harder endospermHybrid selection

Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill

Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development

Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying

Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 25v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of your own farming system and yield influencing factors

Thorough and timely crop record keepingCrop scouting and monitoring (YIF identification)Major soil types amp their characteristicsClimatic factors especially water availabilityHistorical yield data on field basisHistorical yield monitor data on site-specific basis

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors

Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets

Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003

Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip

Harder endospermHybrid selection

Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill

Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development

Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying

Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 26v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factors

Quality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets

Protein oil endosperm (starch) characteristics kernel integrity (disease stress cracks etc) transgenic acceptanceWork closely with your grain buyer to identify desired characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003

Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip

Harder endospermHybrid selection

Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill

Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development

Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying

Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 27v013003

Corn for dry millinghellipDesired kernel characteristics for flaking grits includehellip

Harder endospermHybrid selection

Larger-sized kernelsHybrid selection lower plant density minimal stress during grain fill

Uniform kernel sizeUniform stand establishmentMinimal stress during pollination amp early kernel development

Few kernel stress cracksMinimal stress during grain fillLower temp drying

Higher protein contentsHybrid selection N fertilization yield levelCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Corn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

httpwwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Example of Understanding End Use CharacteristicsExample of Understanding End Use Characteristics

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 28v013003

Base agronomic decisions onhellipIntimate knowledge of own farming system and yield influencing factorsQuality requirements of grain buyer and end-user markets

Solid understanding ofhellip Fundamental agronomic principlesCrop growth amp developmentLatest relevant (climate soil YIFs) research

Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo

What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW

Key word is ldquorelevantrdquo

What works in Indiana will not necessarily work in QSLD or NSW

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003

Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook

Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg

Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks

Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest

wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf

Purdue UniversityPurdue University

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003

Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program

pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab

Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html

Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf

Purdue UniversityPurdue University

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003

Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition

wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm

Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau

New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau

Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003

Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)

foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003

Hungry for More

Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003

A Final Thought

ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo

-- Benjamin Franklin

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 29v013003

Sources of informationhellipKingCorn ndash The Corn Growersrsquo Guidebook

Corn production information from throughout the USwwwkingcornorg

Agronomic Links Across the GlobeLinks to useful sites from all over the worldwwwagrypurdueedulinks

Corn Growth amp Development What Goes On From Planting to Harvest

wwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-97-07_v1-1pdf

Purdue UniversityPurdue University

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003

Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program

pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab

Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html

Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf

Purdue UniversityPurdue University

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003

Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition

wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm

Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau

New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau

Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003

Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)

foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003

Hungry for More

Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003

A Final Thought

ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo

-- Benjamin Franklin

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 30v013003

Sources of informationhellipPost Harvest Grain Quality amp Stored Product Protection Program

pastureecnpurdueedu~grainlab

Quality Grain Needs TLCwwwagcompurdueeduAgComPubsGQGQ-23html

Stand Establishment UniformitywwwagrypurdueeduextpubsAGRY-91-01_v5pdf

Purdue UniversityPurdue University

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003

Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition

wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm

Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau

New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau

Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003

Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)

foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003

Hungry for More

Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003

A Final Thought

ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo

-- Benjamin Franklin

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 31v013003

Sources of informationhellipPioneer Hi-Bred Intrsquol Agronomy amp Nutrition

wwwpioneercomusaagronomyindexhtm

Maize Assoc of Australiawwwmaizeaustraliacomau

New South Wales Agriculturewwwagricnswgovau

Grains Research amp Development Corpwwwgrdccomau

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003

Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)

foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003

Hungry for More

Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003

A Final Thought

ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo

-- Benjamin Franklin

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 32v013003

Sources of informationhellipCorn Quality for Industrial Uses (Univ of Nebraska)

wwwianrunledupubsfieldcropsg1115htm

Intrinsic Value of Nebraska Corn 1995 Crop Year Report (Univof Nebraska)

foodsciunleduOnlineEduGrainsCORN1995html

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003

Hungry for More

Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003

A Final Thought

ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo

-- Benjamin Franklin

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 33v013003

Hungry for More

Check out one of these fine Web siteshellip

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003

A Final Thought

ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo

-- Benjamin Franklin

copy 2003 Purdue Univ 34v013003

A Final Thought

ldquoFarming is a kind of continual miracle wrought by the hand of Godrdquo

-- Benjamin Franklin