kendall, chiarenzelli, & hassan “sources - world petroleum” ‘ world source rock potential...

Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

‘‘World Source Rock Potential World Source Rock Potential Through Geological Time’Through Geological Time’

a function ofa function of

Basin Restriction, Nutrient Basin Restriction, Nutrient Level , Sedimentation Rate & Level , Sedimentation Rate &

Sea-level RiseSea-level Rise

‘‘World Source Rock Potential World Source Rock Potential Through Geological Time’Through Geological Time’

a function ofa function of

Basin Restriction, Nutrient Basin Restriction, Nutrient Level , Sedimentation Rate & Level , Sedimentation Rate &

Sea-level RiseSea-level RiseCHRISTOPHER G. ST.C. KENDALLCHRISTOPHER G. ST.C. KENDALL11, , JEFFREY JEFFREY

CHIARENZELLICHIARENZELLI22, , & HASSAN S. HASSAN& HASSAN S. HASSAN11

1-University of S. Carolina1-University of S. Carolina 2-St. Lawrence University2-St. Lawrence University

CHRISTOPHER G. ST.C. KENDALLCHRISTOPHER G. ST.C. KENDALL11, , JEFFREY JEFFREY CHIARENZELLICHIARENZELLI22, ,

& HASSAN S. HASSAN& HASSAN S. HASSAN11

1-University of S. Carolina1-University of S. Carolina 2-St. Lawrence University2-St. Lawrence University


AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

• University of South CarolinaUniversity of South Carolina

St. Lawrence UniversitySt. Lawrence University

• University of South CarolinaUniversity of South Carolina

St. Lawrence UniversitySt. Lawrence University

We extend our thanks & We extend our thanks & appreciation to:appreciation to:We extend our thanks & We extend our thanks & appreciation to:appreciation to:

for making the study reported in this for making the study reported in this presentation possiblepresentation possiblefor making the study reported in this for making the study reported in this presentation possiblepresentation possible


Plate

Extension,

Convergence

or Barred

Climate

(Rain Shadow)

Low Sediment

Marine

Transgression

Super

Plume

Nutrient

Restricted Basin

Summary & Summary & OutlineOutline

Significant Source Rocks Significant Source Rocks through Timethrough Time

Basin Restriction's Impact on Basin Restriction's Impact on Source RocksSource Rocks

Climate (Rain Shadow & Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice Green House versus Ice House)House)

TransgressionsTransgressions

Super-plumes (Nutrients)Super-plumes (Nutrients)

Basin Phase (extension, Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred)compression, or barred)

Middle EastMiddle East

North AfricaNorth Africa

Precambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents

Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions


OutlineOutline












World's Source Rocks & World's Source Rocks & ReservoirsReservoirs

World's Source Rocks & World's Source Rocks & ReservoirsReservoirs

World wideWorld wide stratigraphic stratigraphic distribution ofdistribution of

major source rocksmajor source rocks

Stratigraphic distribution of the Stratigraphic distribution of the major reservoir rocks world widemajor reservoir rocks world wide

PRECAMBRIAN

Cambrian

OrdovicianSilurian

Devonian

Carboniferous

Permian

Triassic

Jurassic

Cretaceous

EraQuaternary

Paleocene

Eocene

OligoceneMiocene

Quaternary10% 20% 30%

Late Tertiary 12.5%

Aptian-Turonian 29%

Upper Jurassic 25%

Penn.-L Permian 8%

U Devonian-L Miss. 8%

Silurian 9%

Cambro-Ordovician 1 %

U Proterozoic 0.2 %

U Cretaceous- L Tertiary 2.8%

M-U Miss. 0.4%

L-M Devonian 0.3 %

M Jurassic to U Permian 1.2 %

L Cretaceous 2.6%

Pliocene

U Proterozoic PRECAMBRIAN

Cambrian

OrdovicianSilurian

Devonian

Carboniferous

Permian

Triassic

Jurassic

Cretaceous

EraQuaternary

Paleocene

Eocene

OligoceneMiocene

QuaternaryPliocene

U Proterozoic

10% 20% 30%

(Modified from Ulmashek and Klemme, 1990(Modified from Ulmashek and Klemme, 1990)

Oil

Gas

22.3%

20.5%

14.2%

10 %

11%

7.6%

PA

LE

OZ

OIC

ME

SO

ZO

ICC

EN

OZ

OIC

PA

LE

OZ

OIC

ME

SO

ZO

ICC

EN

OZ

OIC

Ter

tiar

y

Ter

tiar

y

Period Period


OutlineOutline












Basin Restriction & Basin Restriction & AnoxiaAnoxiaBasin Restriction & Basin Restriction & AnoxiaAnoxia

Enable higher concentrations organic carbon:Enable higher concentrations organic carbon:Allocthonous Allocthonous AutothonousAutothonous

Preserved in:Preserved in:Black (Anoxic) ShaleBlack (Anoxic) Shale(Anoxic) Carbonates(Anoxic) Carbonates

Enable higher concentrations organic carbon:Enable higher concentrations organic carbon:Allocthonous Allocthonous AutothonousAutothonous

Preserved in:Preserved in:Black (Anoxic) ShaleBlack (Anoxic) Shale(Anoxic) Carbonates(Anoxic) Carbonates

Devonian Ohio Shale I 64 KtyDevonian Ohio Shale I 64 KtyDevonian Ohio Shale I 64 KtyDevonian Ohio Shale I 64 Kty

(Kendall Photo)


OutlineOutline












Climate and Source Rock PotentialClimate and Source Rock Potential


OutlineOutline












Transgressive Beat To Transgressive Beat To Mesozoic &Mesozoic &

Tertiary Source RocksTertiary Source Rocks

Transgressive Beat To Transgressive Beat To Mesozoic &Mesozoic &

Tertiary Source RocksTertiary Source Rocks


OutlineOutline












Super-plume Forcing of Organic Super-plume Forcing of Organic productionproduction

Super-plume Forcing of Organic Super-plume Forcing of Organic productionproduction

Very fast Seafloor spreadingVery fast Seafloor spreading

Enhanced organic production of oceans Enhanced organic production of oceans from massive amounts of COfrom massive amounts of CO2 2 from from oceanic lava flowsoceanic lava flows

Produce oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) & Produce oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) & super-greenhouse events in Mesozoicsuper-greenhouse events in Mesozoic

Organic matter preserved by anoxia on Organic matter preserved by anoxia on sea floor with accumulation of organic sea floor with accumulation of organic rich sedimentsrich sediments


Plumes : A Nutrient Beat! Plumes : A Nutrient Beat! Plumes : A Nutrient Beat! Plumes : A Nutrient Beat!

Super Plumes & Time (Abbot & Isley 2002)

Phanerozoic!Phanerozoic!


OutlineOutline












Break Up - Mesozoic of Northern AtlanticBreak Up - Mesozoic of Northern AtlanticBreak Up - Mesozoic of Northern AtlanticBreak Up - Mesozoic of Northern Atlanticrestricted restricted entrances entrances

to seato sea

isolated linear

isolated linear

belt of interior

belt of interior

drainage

drainage regional regional

drainage drainage

away away

from marginfrom margin

arid tropics air system arid tropics air system

wide envelope of surrounding continentswide envelope of surrounding continents

SWEETSWEETSPOT!SPOT!

juxtaposed source, seal & reservoirjuxtaposed source, seal & reservoir


Examples of Organic rich Examples of Organic rich rocks at rocks at Break Up MarginsBreak Up Margins

Examples of Organic rich Examples of Organic rich rocks at rocks at Break Up MarginsBreak Up Margins

Mesozoic of Northern Gulf of MexicoMesozoic of Northern Gulf of Mexico

Mesozoic of North & South Atlantic Mesozoic of North & South Atlantic marginsmargins

Mesozoic of Yemen rift beltMesozoic of Yemen rift belt

Mesozoic & Tertiary of EritreaMesozoic & Tertiary of Eritrea

East African RiftEast African Rift

Dead SeaDead Sea


Collision Margin Restricted Collision Margin Restricted BasinBasin

Collision Margin Restricted Collision Margin Restricted BasinBasin

restricted restricted entrance entrance

to seato sea

isolated linearisolated linearbelt of interiorbelt of interior

drainagedrainage

regional regional

drainage drainage

into basininto basin

arid tropics air system arid tropics air system

wide envelope of surrounding continentswide envelope of surrounding continents


juxtaposed sourcejuxtaposed sourceseal & reservoirseal & reservoir


Examples of Organic Examples of Organic rich rocks at Collision rich rocks at Collision MarginsMargins

Examples of Organic Examples of Organic rich rocks at Collision rich rocks at Collision MarginsMarginsCurrent Arabian Gulf & underlying Late Mesozoic Current Arabian Gulf & underlying Late Mesozoic to Tertiary to Tertiary Silurian of Michigan Basin & Western New York Silurian of Michigan Basin & Western New York State State Devonian of Western Canada & NW USA Devonian of Western Canada & NW USA Permian of New Mexico & West Texas Permian of New Mexico & West Texas Permian of Zechstein Basin Permian of Zechstein Basin Mesozoic to Tertiary of southern South AmericaMesozoic to Tertiary of southern South AmericaTertiary of Mediterranean Tertiary of Mediterranean Mesozoic & Tertiary in final phases of Tethys Sea Mesozoic & Tertiary in final phases of Tethys Sea


Restricted Basin SettingsRestricted Basin SettingsRestricted Basin SettingsRestricted Basin Settings


Example of Barred BasinExample of Barred Basin Mesozoic - Arabian GulfMesozoic - Arabian Gulf

Upper Jurassic Upper Jurassic

Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia

Kuwait, IranKuwait, Iran

& UAE& UAE

restricted restricted entrance entrance

to seato seastructural & structural &

depositionaldepositional

barrier overbarrier over

Hercynian Hercynian horst blockshorst blocks

arid tropical air system arid tropical air system

wide shadow from adjacent continentswide shadow from adjacent continents


juxtaposed sourcejuxtaposed sourceseal & reservoirseal & reservoir


OutlineOutline












Paleozoic

Paleozoic

Paleozoic

PaleozoicJurassic

Jurassic

Jurassic

Jurassic {{Cretaceous

Cretaceous

Cretaceous

Cretaceous {{

Tertiary

Tertiary

Tertiary

Tertiary

Location Location of Oil & of Oil &

Gas Gas Fields of Fields of Arabian Arabian

Gulf Gulf --

ReservoirReservoirss

areareYoungerYoungerto Eastto East

Location Location of Oil & of Oil &

Gas Gas Fields of Fields of Arabian Arabian

Gulf Gulf --

ReservoirReservoirss

areareYoungerYoungerto Eastto East

Most are carbonate plays beneath evaporite seals in restricted basins juxtaposing source, seal and reservoirs

Most are carbonate plays beneath evaporite seals in restricted basins juxtaposing source, seal and reservoirs


Restricted Restricted Basins Basins

Isolated by Isolated by Build Up Build Up BarriersBarriersOrganic Organic Rich FillRich Fill Arabian Arabian

Gulf Gulf JurassicJurassic

Restricted Restricted Basins Basins

Isolated by Isolated by Build Up Build Up BarriersBarriersOrganic Organic Rich FillRich Fill Arabian Arabian

Gulf Gulf JurassicJurassic

After Fox & Albrandt,2002

Gotnia Basin

Gotnia Basin

Arabian Basin

Arabian Basin

Sout

h Ara

bian

Bas

in

Sout

h Ara

bian

Bas

in


OutlineOutline












North African Source North African Source RocksRocksNorth African Source North African Source RocksRocks

Regional Upper Cretaceous Regional Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) Petroleum Source in (Senonian) Petroleum Source in argillaceous limestones of North argillaceous limestones of North AfricaAfrica

Lower Paleozoic of North Africa Lower Paleozoic of North Africa proven and prolific playsproven and prolific plays

eg: Tanezzuft Shale of Libya


Two major source rocks distribution around MediterraneanTwo major source rocks distribution around Mediterranean

Modified from varies sources


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Precambrian Oil?Precambrian Oil?Precambrian Oil?Precambrian Oil?Precambrian play of North Africa “is still Precambrian play of North Africa “is still immature & deserves more immature & deserves more investigation” investigation” quote from Jonathon Craig - ENIquote from Jonathon Craig - ENI

Large autochthonous accumulations of Large autochthonous accumulations of organic matter rare in Precambrian rocksorganic matter rare in Precambrian rocksOccurs in Paleoproterozoic sedimentary Occurs in Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rocks as coal-like material rocks as coal-like material Derived from Precambrian oil?Derived from Precambrian oil?Potential matches younger oil plays?Potential matches younger oil plays?


World Neoproterozoic World Neoproterozoic Petroleum SystemsPetroleum Systems

World Neoproterozoic World Neoproterozoic Petroleum SystemsPetroleum Systems

Proven

South Punjab (Bikner-Nagaur)Basin, Pakistan - India

South OmanSalt Basin

Taoudenni BasinMauritania,

Mali, Algeria

Sirte, CyrenaicaBasin, Libya

Murzuq BasinSW Libya

Ahnet BasinAlgeria

Tindouf BasinMorocco, Algeria

Potential

PotwarBasin

Kufra BasinSW Libya

ArgentinaBolivia,

& Paraguay

USA NonesuchMichigan

Amadeus, Officer& McArthur Basin

VolgaUral Province Lena-Tunguske

Province, Siberia

After Jonathon Craig - ENI


World Record Holder Karelian World Record Holder Karelian ShungitesShungites

World Record Holder Karelian World Record Holder Karelian ShungitesShungites

Paleoproterozoic ~ 2.0 Ga, NW RussiaPaleoproterozoic ~ 2.0 Ga, NW Russia

600 m thick Upper Zaonezhskaya 600 m thick Upper Zaonezhskaya FormationFormation

CCorgorg up to 98%; averages 25% over up to 98%; averages 25% over 9000 km9000 km2 2 along narrow rifted margin along narrow rifted margin

Include coal-like seams of layered Include coal-like seams of layered shungite , cross-cutting diapirs & veins shungite , cross-cutting diapirs & veins of remobilized liquid petroleumof remobilized liquid petroleum

Interlayered with mafic volcanicsInterlayered with mafic volcanics


V.A. Melezhik et al. 1999

Karelian ShungitesKarelian Shungites


OutlineOutline












World's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksContain higher concentrations of allocthonous vs. Contain higher concentrations of allocthonous vs. autothonous organic carbon preserved in:autothonous organic carbon preserved in:

Black (Anoxic) ShaleBlack (Anoxic) Shale(Anoxic) Carbonates(Anoxic) Carbonates

Have irregular temporal beat driven byHave irregular temporal beat driven byClimatic responseClimatic response– Rain shadowRain shadow– East coast/west coast ocean circulationEast coast/west coast ocean circulation– MonsoonsMonsoons

World wide transgressions & restricted basins World wide transgressions & restricted basins Sporadic super-plumesSporadic super-plumesBasin restriction Basin restriction – Continental plate configurationContinental plate configuration

Initial extension Initial extension Final collisionFinal collision

– Structural barriers &/or buildup barriers Structural barriers &/or buildup barriers

Most of world's largest oil fields restricted to southern Most of world's largest oil fields restricted to southern Tethyan marginTethyan margin

Contain higher concentrations of allocthonous vs. Contain higher concentrations of allocthonous vs. autothonous organic carbon preserved in:autothonous organic carbon preserved in:

Black (Anoxic) ShaleBlack (Anoxic) Shale(Anoxic) Carbonates(Anoxic) Carbonates

Have irregular temporal beat driven byHave irregular temporal beat driven byClimatic responseClimatic response– Rain shadowRain shadow– East coast/west coast ocean circulationEast coast/west coast ocean circulation– MonsoonsMonsoons

World wide transgressions & restricted basins World wide transgressions & restricted basins Sporadic super-plumesSporadic super-plumesBasin restriction Basin restriction – Continental plate configurationContinental plate configuration

Initial extension Initial extension Final collisionFinal collision

– Structural barriers &/or buildup barriers Structural barriers &/or buildup barriers

Most of world's largest oil fields restricted to southern Most of world's largest oil fields restricted to southern Tethyan marginTethyan margin


World's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksPrincipal Oil Provinces matching this Principal Oil Provinces matching this

paradigmparadigm

Mesozoic lee shore of PangeaMesozoic lee shore of PangeaEastern Arabian shelf Giant Fields Eastern Arabian shelf Giant Fields

Southern Mediterranean margin Southern Mediterranean margin

Early Silurian section of northern Early Silurian section of northern Gondwanaland (ice cap melt, & Gondwanaland (ice cap melt, & transgression) transgression)

Tanezzuft Shale of LibyaTanezzuft Shale of Libya


World's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksWorld's Source RocksPrecambrian ContinentsPrecambrian Continents

Precambrian Shunga Event ~2.0 GaPrecambrian Shunga Event ~2.0 Ga

Rich in organic carbonRich in organic carbon

Plume caused magmatism &/or volcanismPlume caused magmatism &/or volcanism

Inter-layered volcanic rocksInter-layered volcanic rocks


ConclusionsConclusions

Now for a Now for a few barrels few barrels

of oil!of oil!


Lecture Ends!!Lecture Ends!!Lecture Ends!!Lecture Ends!!

kendall, chiarenzelli, & hassan “sources - world petroleum” ‘ world source rock potential...

Documents

lawrence university

jeffrey chiarenzelli

source rock potential

kty kendall photo slide

time basin restrictions

function of basin restriction

presentation possible

geological time