KeanekaragamaKeanekaragaman n

Makhluk HidupMakhluk Hidup

Muhammad Abdullah

(Pokok Bahasan : Klasifikasi dan (Pokok Bahasan : Klasifikasi dan Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan)Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan)

Classifying OrganismsClassifying Organisms

The science of The science of classifying organisms is classifying organisms is called called taxonomytaxonomyThe “father of modern The “father of modern taxonomy” was Carolus taxonomy” was Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)Linné)Organisms are grouped Organisms are grouped into “taxa” based on their into “taxa” based on their similarities to each othersimilarities to each other 1707-1778

The Old SystemThe Old System

5 Kingdom Classification System:5 Kingdom Classification System:– Monera: all prokaryotesMonera: all prokaryotes– Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists)Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists)– Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic sessile Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic sessile

eukaryoteseukaryotes– Plantae: multi-cellular autotrophic sessile Plantae: multi-cellular autotrophic sessile

eukaryoteseukaryotes– Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic motile Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic motile

eukaryoteseukaryotes

6 Kingdom Proposal6 Kingdom Proposal

6 Kingdom Classification System6 Kingdom Classification System– Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria

(formerly in kingdom monera)(formerly in kingdom monera)– Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles

(formerly in kingdom monera)(formerly in kingdom monera)– Kingdom Protista (same)Kingdom Protista (same)– Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi– Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae– Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

3 Domain Proposal3 Domain Proposal

3 Domain System:3 Domain System:– Archaea: prokaryotes; extremophilesArchaea: prokaryotes; extremophiles– Eubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteriaEubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteria– Eukarya: eukaryotesEukarya: eukaryotes

ProtistaProtista

FungiFungi

PlantaePlantae

AnimaliaAnimalia

Under Domain and KingdomUnder Domain and KingdomOrganisms are grouped into smaller and Organisms are grouped into smaller and smaller groups all the way down to their smaller groups all the way down to their speciesspeciesA species is the most specific grouping A species is the most specific grouping and includes only organisms that can and includes only organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspringfertile offspringTo remember the grouping order – just To remember the grouping order – just remember:remember:

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Classification TaxaClassification Taxa

KKingdomingdom

PPhylumhylum

CClasslass

OOrderrder

FFamilyamily

GGenusenus

SSpeciespecies

Together, these make up a species’ scientific name

Example: Ursus americanus

Common Name: American Brown Bear

Note: Scientific names are always written with the first letter of the genus capitalized, the first letter of the species lower-case, and the whole thing underlined in italics.

Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea

Formerly part of the kingdom moneraFormerly part of the kingdom monera

Microbiologists who study bacteria Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteriamuch different from other, true bacteria

Most Archaea live in extreme conditions Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)(very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)

Domain EubacteriaDomain Eubacteria

Formerly a part of the kingdom moneraFormerly a part of the kingdom monera

Name means “true bacteria”Name means “true bacteria”

These are the kind of bacteria likely to These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of digest food, or be used in the making of cheesecheese

Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya

Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms with a nucleus in their cells)with a nucleus in their cells)– ProtistaProtista– FungiFungi– PlantaePlantae– AnimaliaAnimalia

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

Includes All Protists:Includes All Protists:– EukaryoticEukaryotic– UnicellularUnicellular

Animal-Like Protists (protozoans)Animal-Like Protists (protozoans)– Pseudopods, Ciliates, FlagellatesPseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates– Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, GiardiaExamples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia

Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic)Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic)– Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms,

Green/Red/Brown AlgaeGreen/Red/Brown Algae

Fungus-Like ProtistsFungus-Like Protists– Examples: Water molds, slime moldsExamples: Water molds, slime molds

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

Amoeba Paramecium Giardia

Water Mold Slime Mold

Euglena DinoflagellatesDiatomBrown AlgaeGreen Algae

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organismssessile organisms

Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichenslichens

Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the absorb more water and nutrients from the soilsoil

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organismssessile organismsProduce their own food from sunlight and Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxidecarbon dioxideCommon Phyla:Common Phyla:– Bryophyta (mosses)Bryophyta (mosses)– Pteridophyta (ferns)Pteridophyta (ferns)– Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)– Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like

flowering plantsflowering plants

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Bryophyte (Moss)

Pteridophyte(Fern)

Pteridophyte(Fern)

Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Angiosperm;

DicotAngiosperm;

Monocot

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom AnimaliaAll eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile (most) organisms(most) organismsCommon Phyla:Common Phyla:– Porifera (sponges, corral) Porifera (sponges, corral) – Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals)Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals)– Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms) Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms) – Nematoda (small unsegmented worms)Nematoda (small unsegmented worms)– Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..)Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..)– Annelida (segmented worms)Annelida (segmented worms)– Echinodermata (starfish and anemones)Echinodermata (starfish and anemones)– Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)– Chordata (those with spinal chords)Chordata (those with spinal chords)

Human ClassificationHuman Classification

Domain: EukaryaDomain: Eukarya

Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: Animalia

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata

Class: MammaliaClass: Mammalia

Order: PrimatesOrder: Primates

Family: HominidaeFamily: Hominidae

Genus: HomoGenus: Homo

Species: SapienSpecies: Sapien

Some highlights of plant evolution

BRIOPHYTES

DivisionDivision BRYOPHYTESBRYOPHYTESPhylum Bryophyta: Phylum Bryophyta:

mossesmosses Phylum Hepatophyta: Phylum Hepatophyta:

liverwortsliverworts Phylum Anthocerophyta: Phylum Anthocerophyta:

hornwortshornworts• small <2 cm; largest 20cm

• dominant gametophyte; dependant sporophyte

• most lack cuticle and all lack vascular tissue

• lack roots; have filament-like rhizoids

Polytrichum: moss

gametophyte

sporophyte

Conchocephalum: liverwort

gametophytes

Sphagnum, or peat moss

The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss

PTERIDOPHYTES

Ciri UmumCiri Umum

Akar HomoriziAkar HomoriziBatang bercabang menggarpu atau kesampingBatang bercabang menggarpu atau kesampingPada batang terdapat daun yang tumbuh terusPada batang terdapat daun yang tumbuh terusDaun mikrofil, sporofil, tropofilDaun mikrofil, sporofil, tropofilAkar dan batang sudah memiliki floem dan xilemAkar dan batang sudah memiliki floem dan xilemSporangium, strobilus, sporokarpSporangium, strobilus, sporokarpHomospor atau isospor dan heterosporHomospor atau isospor dan heterosporSiklus hidup sporofit dan gametofitSiklus hidup sporofit dan gametofit

KlasifikasiKlasifikasi

BARU LAMA

Divisi Kelas Kelas Divisi

Psilophyta1. Psilophytopsida2. Psilotopsida

Psilophytinae Pteridophyta

Lycophyta1. Eligulopsida2. Ligulopsida

Lycopodinae

Arthrophyta1. Sphenophylopsida2. Calamopsida

Equisetinae

Filicophyta1. Promofilicopsida2. Eusporangiopsida3. Protoleptosporangiopsida4. Leptosporangiopsida

Filicinae

Daur HidupDaur Hidup

Paku homosporPaku homospor

Phylum Sphenophyta

Phylum Psilophyta

Phylum Lycophyta

Tree-like relatives Dominated Carboniferous ~350-300 mya

Lycopodium

Paku HeterosporPaku Heterospor

Selaginella

Selaginella: bspike moss

Phylum Lycophyta

Figure 29.24b Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore productionFigure 29.24b Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production

Distribusi dan habitatDistribusi dan habitat

Distribusi terbatas dan sangat luasDistribusi terbatas dan sangat luas

Habitat Habitat 1.1. Paku-pakuan terestrial di kawasan terdedahPaku-pakuan terestrial di kawasan terdedah

2.2. Paku-pakuan terestrial di kawasanm terlindungiPaku-pakuan terestrial di kawasanm terlindungi

3.3. Paku-pakuan memanjatPaku-pakuan memanjat

4.4. Paku-pakuan epifitPaku-pakuan epifit5.5. Paku-pakuan bebatuan dan di pinggiran sungaiPaku-pakuan bebatuan dan di pinggiran sungai

6.6. Paku-pakuan aquatikPaku-pakuan aquatik

Divisions of Seed PlantsDivisions of Seed Plants

GymnospermsGymnosperms

GymnospermsGymnosperms– Naked seedsNaked seeds– Seeds are exposed to the environmentSeeds are exposed to the environment– Produced on the surface of the sporophyte Produced on the surface of the sporophyte

rather than within tissuesrather than within tissues

Primarily trees and shrubsPrimarily trees and shrubs

Gametophyte develops within structures of Gametophyte develops within structures of the sporophytethe sporophyte

Exposed seeds verse Enclosed Exposed seeds verse Enclosed seedsseeds

Phylum PinophytaPhylum Pinophyta– Conifers, Evergreens or Cone bearing plantsConifers, Evergreens or Cone bearing plants– Pine, Cedar, Junipers, Furs, & RedwoodsPine, Cedar, Junipers, Furs, & Redwoods

ConifersConifers– Needle-like leaves in clusters from 2-7 Needle-like leaves in clusters from 2-7 – Resin canals – aromatic, antispecticResin canals – aromatic, antispectic– Xylem mainly tracheidsXylem mainly tracheids– The seed-bearing sporophylls (sporophyte) are The seed-bearing sporophylls (sporophyte) are

spirally arranged in the strobili (cone)spirally arranged in the strobili (cone)– Wind pollinated and distributedWind pollinated and distributed

Phylum CycadophytaPhylum Cycadophyta

Female cone

Seeds

Phylum Pinophyta Phylum Pinophyta PinusPinus

Phylum Pinophyta Phylum Pinophyta PinusPinus

Male cones (pollen Male cones (pollen cones)cones)– Arranged in sprial or Arranged in sprial or

whorl s around an axiswhorl s around an axis– Produced in springProduced in spring– Develop at tips of Develop at tips of

branches in clustersbranches in clusters

Pinus Pinus Development of Pollen grainsDevelopment of Pollen grains

Male conesMale cones– Microsporangia develop in pairs Microsporangia develop in pairs – Microsprocytes undergoes meiosis Microsprocytes undergoes meiosis 4 4

haploid microsporeshaploid microspores– Microspores develop into pollen grainsMicrospores develop into pollen grains

Pollen grains have 4 cells and air sacsPollen grains have 4 cells and air sacs

50 pollen cones yield 1 million pollen grains50 pollen cones yield 1 million pollen grains

Phylum Pinophyta Phylum Pinophyta PinusPinusPollen Grains

Microsporangiamicrosporocytesmicrosporespollen grains

Phylum Pinophyta Phylum Pinophyta PinusPinus

Female cones (seed Female cones (seed cones)cones)– Develop the underside Develop the underside

of branches near the of branches near the trunktrunk

– Takes 3 years to Takes 3 years to maturemature

Pinus Pinus Development of SeedsDevelopment of Seeds

Female conesFemale cones– Megaspore mother cell located in ovules Megaspore mother cell located in ovules 4 4

megasporesmegaspores– Megasporangium has nutritive nucleus Megasporangium has nutritive nucleus

surrounded by Integument (seed coat)surrounded by Integument (seed coat)– All but 1 megaspore degenerateAll but 1 megaspore degenerate

Remaining megaspore Remaining megaspore into female into female gametophytegametophyte

– 2-6 archegonium develop each with 1 egg2-6 archegonium develop each with 1 egg

Pinus Pinus Development of Pollen Development of Pollen grainsgrains

First growing seasonFirst growing season– Cone is small and greenCone is small and green– Pollination occurs (transfer of pollen to the female)Pollination occurs (transfer of pollen to the female)

Second growing seasonSecond growing season– Cone is green and hardCone is green and hard– Pollen tube formsPollen tube forms– At the end of 2At the end of 2ndnd season Fertilization occurs season Fertilization occurs

Union of sperm and eggUnion of sperm and egg

Third growing seasonThird growing season– Cone is brownCone is brown– Development of seedsDevelopment of seeds– Dispersal of seeds Dispersal of seeds

Phylum Pinophyta Phylum Pinophyta PinusPinus

Megaspore mother cell4 megasporesFertilization zygoteembryoseed

Ovule

Female gametophyte

Life Cycle of Life Cycle of PinusPinus

Conifers that don’t produce woody seed cones

Yew California nutmeg

Phylum GinkgophytaPhylum Ginkgophyta

Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo biloba– A. Maidenhair treeA. Maidenhair tree

Leaves veins are Leaves veins are dichotomously dichotomously branchedbranched

B. SeedsB. Seeds

C. Male strobiliC. Male strobili

A.

C.

B.

Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycads)Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycads)

Phylum GnetophytaPhylum Gnetophyta

Male strobili

Female strobilus

Uses of GymnospermsUses of Gymnosperms

1. Resins1. Resins

2. Lumber2. Lumber

3. Paper and paper 3. Paper and paper productsproducts

4. Pencils4. Pencils

5. Food for animals and 5. Food for animals and manman

Chemical to tan leatherChemical to tan leather

Divisions of Seed PlantsDivisions of Seed Plants

Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms”The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms”

1. 1. Double Double fertilizationfertilization

2. Produces 2. Produces triploid triploid endospermendosperm

Female sac Female sac ((megagametophytemegagametophyte) has 8 ) has 8 nuclei:nuclei:– antipodalsantipodals (3) (3)

– polarpolar (2) (2)

– synergidssynergids (2), (2), eggegg (n) (n)

Fertilization:Fertilization:– sperm nuclei (n) + synergid (n) sperm nuclei (n) + synergid (n)

--> embryo (2n)--> embryo (2n)

– sperm nuclei (n ) + 2 polar sperm nuclei (n ) + 2 polar nuclei (n, n) --> nuclei (n, n) --> Endosperm Endosperm (3n)(3n)

Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms” The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms”

Flower structure:Flower structure:– gyneciumgynecium– AndroeciumAndroecium– petals petals – sepalssepals– receptaclereceptacle

– complete complete – perfectperfect

– monoeciousmonoecious– dioeciousdioecious

Angiosperm Life CycleAngiosperm Life Cycle

Class:Magnoliopsida (dicots) Class:Magnoliopsida (dicots) vs. vs.

Class: Liliopsida (monocots) Class: Liliopsida (monocots)

Dicots (Eudicots):Dicots (Eudicots):1. Taproot1. Taproot

2. Branching veins2. Branching veins

3. Flower parts 2’s, 5’s3. Flower parts 2’s, 5’s

4. 2 cotyledons (or more)4. 2 cotyledons (or more)

5. Vascular bundles 5. Vascular bundles arranged in a circular pattern arranged in a circular pattern in the stem in the stem

Monocots:Monocots:1. Only adventitious roots1. Only adventitious roots

2. Parallel veins2. Parallel veins

3. Flower parts 3’s3. Flower parts 3’s

4. One cotyledon4. One cotyledon

5. Scattered vascular bundles 5. Scattered vascular bundles in the stemin the stem

Root MorphologyRoot Morphology

Taproot vs. Fibrous Root SustemsTaproot vs. Fibrous Root Sustems

Angiosperm SeedsAngiosperm Seeds

Vegetative ReproductionVegetative Reproductionnew plant from a vegetative structurenew plant from a vegetative structure

Stolons -Stolons - “runners”“runners”

Rhizomes -Rhizomes -

Corms -Corms -

Tubers -Tubers -

bulbs - bulbs -

Tip Layering –Tip Layering –

suckers - suckers -

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