katalog technikal manual gaz 11_2011.indd

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TECHNICAL MANUALIndustrial Ni-Cd BatteriesStandard RangeMadeinGermany

®

...the opportunity to have the choice

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Preface

TheGAZ®Ni-Cdbatteryconsistingofpocketplateelectrodesisoneofthemostreli-ablesystemsthatcanbefoundinthemarket,andoftentheonlyreasonablechoiceifabatteryoperatingunderextremeenvironmentalconditionsisrequested.NoothersystemisabletoprovidemorefavourablefeaturesthanGAZ®Ni-Cdpocketplatebat-teriessuchas:

· veryhighpowerrating

· lowinternalresistance

· reducedlossofcapacityatdeeptemperature

· noiceformationattemperaturesbelow0°C

· longlifetimeathightemperatures

· insensitiveagainstdeepdischarge

· longshelflife

· noelectrolytestratification

· insensitiveagainstmisuseandoptimisedforharshoperatingconditions.

Basedonmorethan100yearsofexperienceinthedesign,manufacturingandcon-tinuouslyimprovingandfurtherdevelopmentsintechniquesGAZ®Ni-CdbatteriesmadeinGermanywillprovidemaximumperformanceandsecurity independentofthemainelectricalsupply.Ourcompanypridesitselfonthehighstandardsofqualityforwhichitisknownandisabletocountwellknowncompaniesallovertheworldasitscustomers.

Thismanualwillanswermostofthemaintechnicalquestionsregardingourstand-ardpocketplatebatteries.

PublicationNo:EN-GAZ-TMSR-002November2010

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Table of contents

1. DesignofaGAZ®Ni-Cdpocketplatecell........................................................................................................4 1.1 GAZ®VentingSystem............................................................................................................................5 1.2. GAZ®SafetyTerminal.............................................................................................................................5 1.3 Electrodeframe......................................................................................................................................6 1.4 Separators..............................................................................................................................................6 1.5 Positiveandnegativeelectrodeplate......................................................................................................6 1.6 Distanceplate.........................................................................................................................................7 1.7 Cellcases................................................................................................................................................7 1.8 Electrolyte...............................................................................................................................................72. Batteryrangeandapplications........................................................................................................................8 2.1 Batteryranges........................................................................................................................................8 2.2 Applicationsandchoiceofcelltype........................................................................................................93. ElectrochemistryofNi-Cdbatteries.................................................................................................................94. Operatingfeatures..........................................................................................................................................9 4.1 Capacity.................................................................................................................................................9 4.2 Cellvoltage............................................................................................................................................9 4.3 Internalresistance...................................................................................................................................9 4.4 Impactoftemperatureoncellperformanceandavailablecapacity......................................................10 4.5 Impactoftemperatureonlifetime........................................................................................................11 4.6 Short-circuitvalues...............................................................................................................................11 4.7 Opencircuitloss...................................................................................................................................12 4.8 Cycling.................................................................................................................................................12 4.9 Waterconsumptionandgasevolution.................................................................................................135. PrinciplesandmethodsofsizingofGAZ®Ni-Cd-batteriesforstandbyapplications.......................................14 5.1 Voltagewindow...................................................................................................................................14 5.2 Loadprofile..........................................................................................................................................14 5.3 Ambienttemperature...........................................................................................................................14 5.4 Rechargetimeandstateofcharge.......................................................................................................14 5.5 Ageing.................................................................................................................................................14 5.6 Floatingeffect-Voltagedepression......................................................................................................156. Charging ..................................................................................................................................................15 6.1 Constantvoltagecharge.......................................................................................................................15 6.2 Chargeacceptance...............................................................................................................................16 6.3 Chargeefficiency..................................................................................................................................17 6.4 Temperatureinfluence..........................................................................................................................18 6.5 Commissioning.....................................................................................................................................187. Installationandoperatinginstructions...........................................................................................................18 7.1.Receivingthebattery............................................................................................................................19 7.2.Storage.................................................................................................................................................19 7.2.1Unchargedandunfilledcells......................................................................................................19 7.2.2Chargedandfilledcells/dischargedandfilledcells....................................................................19 7.3. Installation............................................................................................................................................19 7.3.1Location.....................................................................................................................................19 7.3.2Ventilation.................................................................................................................................19 7.3.3Settingup..................................................................................................................................20 7.3.4Electrolyte..................................................................................................................................20 7.3.5Commissioning..........................................................................................................................20 7.3.5.1.Commissioningwithconstantcurrent...........................................................................21 7.3.5.2Commissioningwithconstantvoltage...........................................................................21 7.4.Charginginoperation..........................................................................................................................22 7.4.1Continuousbatterypowersupply(withoccasionalbatterydischarge)............................... 22 7.4.1.1Twolevelcharge...........................................................................................................22 7.4.1.2Singlelevelcharge.........................................................................................................22 7.4.2Bufferoperation.........................................................................................................................22 7.5. PeriodicMaintenance...........................................................................................................................22 7.5.1Equalisingcharge.......................................................................................................................22 7.5.2Electrolytecheckandtoppingup...............................................................................................22 7.5.3Replacingofelectrolyte..............................................................................................................23 7.5.4Electrolytetemperature..............................................................................................................23 7.6.Additionalwarningnotes.....................................................................................................................23


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1. Design of a GAZ® Ni-Cd pocket plate cell

Gas drying or fl ame arresting vent

Safety terminalRedundant leak protection minimizescarbonate formation.

Electrode edgeConnected to pole bolt by screwing or welding.

Electrode frameConsisting of electrode edge and side bars. Seals the plates and works as a current collector.

Corrugated perforated plas-tic separator Insulates the plates and allows free circulation of electrolyte.

Horizontal pocketsFormed by perforated steel strips containing the active material.

Distance platePrevents movement of the electrode pack.


Publication No: EN-GAZ-TMSR-002 November 2010

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1.1 GAZ® Venting System GAZ®batteriescanbeequippedwithanormalflip-topventoroptionallywithaspecialgasdryingaswellasaflamearrestingvent.

Mode of action of GAZ® gas drying or fl ame arresting vent

The originated charging gases (hydrogen and oxy-gen), which occur during the charging process ofNi-Cdbatteries,carryalsosmallelectrolytedropsoftheelectrolytesolution(aerosol).This leadstoaquickerdeclineoftheelectrolyte level incomparisontothenormal water decomposition during the overcharg-ingand,thus,resultsinshortmaintenanceintervals.Furthermore,astrongincrustationofthefillingventscanbetheresultduetothecreationofcarbonate.

By using the GAZ® gas drying or flame arrestingvents, this occurrence can be avoided. These ventscontaining small plastic particles on the large sur-face of which the electrolyte drops comprised areinthegasescapingfromthecellarecondensingtothe greatest possible extent and, therefore, remainwithinthecells.

The additional feature of the GAZ® flame-arrestingventisthemicroporousdisconthetopwhichresultsin a diffused leakage of the charging gases. More-over, high local concentrations can be preventedwhichfinallyleadstoalowerriskofflammability.

According to IEC 60623 the total amount ofentrained potassium hydroxide shall be not morethan0.05mg/Ahduring2hoursovercharge.GAZ®batterieswiththespecialventingsystemimprovetherequiredvaluemanytimesoverto0.011mg/Ahdur-ing2hoursovercharge.

Plasticparticles

Gasdryingvent

Internal&externalsealingRedundantleakprotection

1.2 GAZ® Safety TerminalUse of the especially developed terminal design withredundantleakprotectionpreventsanyleakageofelec-trolyte.Dependingonthecellrangeandtypeterminalsaredesignedasfemaleormalethreadandpolarity iscoloredmarked.


Publication No: EN-GAZ-TMSR-002 November 2010

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1.3 Electrode frameTheelectrodeframeofGAZ®Ni-Cdbatteriesconsistsofarightandaleftsidebaraswellastheelectrodeedge,whichareconnectedbyweldingshapingtheelectrodeframe.

Theelectrodeframeoperatesasacurrentcollectorandalso seals the electrode plates. This procedure leadsto an electrode design with high mechanical robust-nessbutalsoensuresareliableserviceforthecompletelifetimeofthebattery.

1.4 SeparatorsTheseparationoftheelectrodesisensuredbyacorru-gatedperforatedplastic(M-andL-types)orplasticgridseparator (H-types). Theplasticgrid separator isusedforhighdischarge types (H-types) inorder toachieveasuperiorcellperformancecausedbyalowerinternalresistance,whichisverytypicalandnecessaryfortheirhighdischargecurrents.

Theseparatoralsoensuresalargespacebetweentheelectrodes,whichallowsfreecirculationoftheelectro-lyteandagooddissipationofthegasesgenerateddur-ingendofcharging.

1.5 Positive and negative electrode plate

Thenickel-cadmiumcelliscomposedofthepositiveplatescontainingnickelhydroxideandthenegativeplatescon-taining cadmiumhydroxide. Thepockets formed fromanickelplatedandperforatedsteeltape,theso-calledpockettape,infoldstripsoftheactivematerial.

The so originated electrode strips are mechanicallylinked together forming the electrode plate and areconsecutivelycuttosizeoftheappropriateplatewidthbasedonthecelltypeandrange.

Theplates thenareweldedormechanically linked totheplate frame (seepoint3) forming theelectrodes-theheartofthebattery–andassembledtotheplateblock.

ThebasisfortheextemelylongusefullifetimeandtheverygoodcyclelifefeaturesoftheGAZ®Ni-Cdpock-etplatebatteriesare the specialplatedesignswhosestructuralcomponentsaremadeofsteel.

Thispreventsthepossibilityofgradualdeteriorationbycorrosionandsincethealkalineelectrolytedoesnotre-actwithsteelthesubstructureofthebatteryremainsin-tactforthetotallifetimeofthebattery.Veryimportantanduniqueistheenfoldingoftheelectrochemicalactivemassesintheperforatednickelplatedsteelpockets,sothat the risk of sheddingor penetrationofmaterial isvery small and consequently also the risk of structuraldamagesandofsoftshortcircuitsiswellundercontrol.

The so originated electrode strips are mechanicallylinked together forming the electrode plate and areconsecutivelycuttosizeoftheappropriateplatewidth

Activematerial

Electrodestrip

Pockettape

Mechanicallylinked

Electrodestrips

Electrodestrips


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1.6 Distance plateThedistanceplateoperatesasanadditionalstabiliza-tiontopreventanymovementoftheelectrodes.Itisan additional feature for applications where vibra-tionsarepossible.

1.7 Cell casesThecellcasesaremadefromatranslucentpolypro-pyleneorpolystyrene,whichensuresavisualcontrolof theelectrolyte level. Theexeptional sturdyGAZ®cellcasesprovideasatisfactoryserviceforthetotallifetimeof thebatterybutalsowillhavea superiorfinish at every stage. The lid and the container arewelded or glued together forming an integrativecompound.

All GAZ® Ni-Cd cells have a single cell design thatprevents in the greatest possible extent any leak-age of the cell cases since they are made by injec-tionmoldingoutofonepiece.Therefore,theweldorglueseamsofthecellcasesandthelidsliesovertheelectrolyte level. The GAZ® single cell design elimi-natescompletelytheriskoffaultyweldedseamsonthesidesandonthebottomofthecellcases.Causedbythesinglecelldesignaneconomicalreplacementof faultycells ispossible,whereonly the faultycellcanbereplaced.

Aspecialflameretardentmaterial(acc.tostandardUL94V0)isalsoavailable,whichadmittedlybringsalongsomeimpairedproperties.Byusingthismaterialavi-sualcheckoftheelectrolyteisnolongerpossible.

1.8 ElectrolyteThe electrolyte used in GAZ® Ni-Cd batteries is a so-lution of potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxidethatisoptimizedtogivethebestcombinationofper-formance, energy efficiency and a wide temperaturerangeofuse.

The concentration of the standard electrolyte allowsoperations between – 30°C and + 50°C. For specialoperationswithinverylowtemperaturesaspecialhighdensityelectrolytecanbeused.

It is an important property of the GAZ® battery, andindeedofallnickel-cadmiumbatteries,thattheelectro-lytedoesnotchangeduringchargeanddischarge.Itre-tainsitsabilitytotransferionsbetweenthecellplates,irrespectiveofthechargelevel.

Inmostapplicationstheelectrolytewillretainitseffec-tivenessforthelifeofthebatteryandwillneverneedreplacing.However,undercertainconditions,suchasextendeduseinhightemperaturesituations,theelec-trolytecanbecomecarbonated.

If this occurs the battery performance can be im-proved by replacing the electrolyte (see „Mainte-nanceandHandlingInstructions“).

400KVINTERCONNECTIONOFABUDHABIISLAND400/132/11kVGRIDSTATIONSE48ANDE19


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Cell type

LLowrateofdischarge

MMediumrateofdischarge

M/NMediumrateofdischarge

HHighrateofdischarge

KL…PKL…

KM…PKM…TP...T...

KM...P/N

KH...PKH...TSP...TS...

Intercityandurbantransport X X X X

Substations&signalling X X X X

UPS X X X X

Offshore&onshoreoil&petrochemicalrefineries X X X X

Emergencylighting X

Telecommunication X X

Photovoltaic X

Dieselstart X

Shipequipment X X X X

Electricity,gas&waterproduction&distribution X X X X

Emergencysupply X X X

Alarmequipment X

2.1 Battery ranges

InordertoenableGAZ®batteriestoofferanappropri-atesolutioninaccordancewiththecustomer’srequire-mentsandtohaveachoiceforanybatteryapplicationexistingon themarket,GAZ®Ni-Cdbatteriesarede-signedinfourdifferentperformanceranges.

ThisGAZ®cell typehasbeenespeciallydesigned forlow ratesofdischargeover longperiods,where thecurrent is relatively low incomparisonwiththetotalstoredenergy.Thedischargescangenerallybeinfre-quentand the recommendeddischarge time for theKL…Prangeis1hourto100hours.

TheGAZ®M-typebatteryhasbeenespeciallydesignedfor“mixedloads”thatincludeamixtureofhighand

lowratesofdischarge.Itisusedforfrequentandin-frequentdischargesandtherecommendeddischargetimeis30minto120min.

This GAZ® cell type is a further developed M-type,which because of a special perforation higher dis-chargecurrentsforspecialapplicationsupto1hour.It isespeciallyusedforUPSandsimilarapplicationsand the recommendeddischarge time is 10min to60min.

TheGAZ®H-typebatterywasdesignedforhighcur-rent discharging over short discharge periods. Therecommendeddischargetimeforthiscellrangeis1sto30min.

KL …P

KM …P TP

KM …P/N NON-STOP

KH …P TSP

2. Battery range and applications


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2.2 Applications and choice of cell type

GAZ®Ni-Cdbatteriescoverawiderangeofapplicationsandareusedinalmosteverysector,nomatterifitisaprivate,industrial,commercial,governmentalormilitaryone.Thetableonpage8onwhichsomeexamplescanbefoundrepresentsonlyasmalloverviewintheextend-edfieldofapplications.Therefore,itistobeunderstoodasgeneralinformation.

3. Electrochemistry of Ni-Cd batteries

Oxidationofcadmiumatthenegativeelectrode

Reductionoftrivalentnickelionstobivalentattheposi-tiveelectrode

Duringchargingthebothreactionsarereversed.

The complete reaction is:

negative electrode

positive electrode

cell reaction

4. Operatingfeatures

4. Operating features

4.1 Capacity

Thecapacityofnickel-cadmiumbatteriesisratedinam-pere-hours(Ah)andisthequantityofelectricityat+20°C(±5°C)whichcansupplyfora5hourdischargeafterbe-ingfullychargedfor7.5hoursat0.2C

5.Thesefigures

andproceduresarebasedontheIEC60623standard.

Accordingto IEC60623,0.2C5Aisalsoexpressedas

0.2ItA.ThereferencetestcurrentItisexpressedas:

ItA=

Cn istheratedcapacitydeclaredbythemanufacturerinampere-hours(Ah)

n isthetimebasedinhours(h)forwhichtheratedcapacityisdeclared

4.2 Cell voltage

ThecellvoltageofaNi-Cdcellistheresultoftheelec-trochemicalpotentialsofthenickelandthecadmiumac-tivematerialsincooperationofthepotassiumhydroxideelectrolyte.Therefore,thenominalvoltageforthiselec-trochemicalcoupleis1.2V.Fromtheelectrochemistryofthereactiongivenabove(seepoint3),thefreevoltageof1.3VisgivenfortheNi-Cdcell.Thisvoltageisalsoobserveddirectlyafterchargingofthecell.

4.3 Internal resistance

TheinternalresistanceofaNi-Cdcellisverydifficulttomeasureandtodefinesince itvarieswithdiffer-ent temperature and state of discharge. The inter-nalresistancealsodependsonthecelltypeandsizeasitincreasesforlowerstateofcharge.Apartfromthis the internal resistanceofafullydischargedcellcarries no weight. Reducing the temperature alsoincreases the internal resistance. The correct valuesregardingthespecialconditionscanbeprovidedbyourtechnicalstaff.

Cd Cd 2+ + 2 e¯

Ni3+ + e¯ Ni2+

Cd + 2 OH¯ Cd(OH)2 + 2 e¯

2 NiOOH + 2 H2O + 2 e¯ 2 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH¯

2 NiOOH + Cd + 2 H2O 2 Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2

Cn Ah

1 h


10

When sizingand choosingabattery the variations inambient temperature and their influence on the cellperformancehavetobetakenintoconsideration.

Low ambient temperature conditions reduce the cellperformance, buton theotherhandoperationswith

highertemperaturesaresimilartothoseatnormaltem-peratures.Theeffectoflowtemperaturesisincreasingwithhigherratesofdischarge.

Thevalues,whichhavetobetakenintoaccount,canbefoundinthefollowinggraph.

4.4 Impact of temperature on cell performance and available capacity

TMTypical GAZ® NiCd-cell performance variation with temperature

Temperaturein°C

%o

fra

ted

capa

city

at

25°C

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

5-hourdischargerate5-hourdischargerate


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Aswitheverybatterysystemanincreasedtempera-ture always reduces the expected service lifetimeandalthoughtheGAZ®Ni-Cdbatteryisdesignedtoreachalifetimeofover20yearsthisisalsothecase.Thefollowinggraphisincludedtodemonstratethatthe reduction in lifetime of a GAZ® Ni-Cd battery

is many times lower than for a lead acid battery.ForNi-Cdbatteries thenormaloperatingtempera-tureisbasedat+20°C(±5°C)and,therefore,spe-cial considerations have to be taken into accountwhen dimensioning a Ni-Cd battery for high tem-peratureapplications.

4.6 Short-circuit values

Theshort-circuitvaluesofaGAZ®Ni-Cdpocketplatebattery depend on and vary from cell range to cellrange.Thespecialvaluescanbeprovidedbyourtech-nicalstaffonrequest.

4.5 Impact of temperature on lifetime

Lifetime of batteries at higher temperatures as percentage of +25°C lifetime

Temperaturein°C

Perc

enta

geo

f+

25°C

life

time

[%]

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

25 30 35 40 45 50 55

Ni-CdbatteriesLeadacidbatteries


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The GAZ® Ni-Cd battery is designed to obtain ahuge number of cycles in stationary standby opera-tions.Theimportantfactandbasisforthenumberofcycles the battery is able to provide is the depth ofdischarge.Thelessdeeplyabatteryisdischargedthe

greaterthenumberofcycles it iscapabletoprovidebeforebeingunabletoachievetheminimumdesignlimit.Onthegraphbelowtypicalvaluesfortheeffectofdepthofdischargeon theavailable cycle life canbefound.

Thestateofchargeofacellonopencircuitslowlyde-creasesduetoitsself-discharge.Thisdecreaseisquiterapidduringthefirsttwoweeksandthenstabilizesatabout2%permonthat+20°C. Ingeneral the self-

dischargeofaGAZ®Ni-Cdbatteryisaffectedbyvarioustemperatures.Theopencircuit loss is reducedat lowtemperatures, while the self-discharge is significantlyincreasedathighertemperatures.

4.7 Open circuit loss

4.8 Cycling

TM

Self discharge of GAZ® NiCd-accumulators (fully charged)

Months

Loss

of

capa

city

[%]

40°C20°C0°C

40°C20°C20°C0°C0°C

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0

Cycle life versus depth of discharge expressed as a percentage of the rated capacity (20°C)

Cha

rge-

disc

harg

ecy

cles

Depthofdischarge[&]

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0


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At the final stage of the charging procedure of aGAZ® Ni-Cd battery the provided electrical energycannot be fully absorbed but is absolutely neces-sarytoreachthefullychargedstateofthecells.Thedifference between absorbed and provided energyleadstoabreakdownoftheelectrolyte’swatercon-tentintooxygenandhydrogen(electrolysis).Thislosshastobecompensatedbytoppingupthecellswithpuredistilledwater.

Thewaterlossdependsonthecurrentusedforover-charging.Abatteryonstandbyoperationwillcon-sume less water than a battery that is cycled con-stantly, i.e. which is charged and discharged on aregularbasis.

Intheory,thequantityofwaterusedcanbefoundbyFaraday’s equation that eachamperehourofover-chargebreaksdown0.336cm3ofwater.

However, in practice, the water usage will be lessthanthis,astheoverchargecurrentisalsoneededtocounteractself-dischargeoftheelectrodes.

Theoverchargecurrentisafunctionofbothvoltageandtemperature,sobothhavean influenceontheconsumptionofwater.Thetablebelowgivestypicalwaterconsumptionvaluesoverarangeofvoltages.

Example:

AcellKM110Pisfloatedat1.41V/cell

Theelectrolytereserveforthiscellisapprox.400cm³

FromthetablebelowaGAZ®cellat1.41Vpercell

willuse0.25cm³/monthfor1Ahofcapacity

ThatmeansaKM110Pwilluse

0.25cm³/monthx110Ah=27.5cm³/month

andtheelectrolytereservewillbeusedin

400cm³/27.5cm³/month=14.5months

Thegasevolutionisafunctionoftheamountofwaterelectrolyzedintohydrogenandoxygenandispredomi-nantlygivenoffattheendofthechargingperiod.Thebatterydoesnotgiveoffanygasduringanormaldis-charge.Duringelectrolysistheamountof1Ahproduces684cm³ofgasmixtureand thisgasmixture is in theproportionof2/3hydrogenand1/3oxygen.Thus1Ahproducesabout456cm³ofhydrogen.

4.9 Water consumption and gas evolution

Chargingvoltage[V/cell]

Loss of water for GAZ® cells and different charging voltages (app.) 20°C

Loss

of

wat

er[c

m²/

mon

tha

ndA

h]

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55


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5. Principles and methods of sizing of GAZ® Ni-Cd-batteries for standby applications.

AllGAZ®Ni-Cdbatteriesusedforstandbyfloatingap-plicationsaresizedaccordingtotheinternationalsizingmethodIEEE1115.Wehavedevelopedaspecialcalcu-lationprogramwhichisavailableovertheInternetandallowsustoupdateitregularlywithoutbotheringourcustomers. Itprovidesthepossibility tocalculatewithmultipledischarges,andtoincludethetemperaturede-ratingfactoraswellastheageingfactorofthebattery.AsignificantfeatureandadvantageoftheGAZ®Ni-Cdbatteryincomparisontotheleadacidbatteryisthatitcanbefullydischargedwithoutanyinconveniencetothelifetimeorrechargeofthebattery.Further,itisanadvan-tagetodischargethebatterytothelowestpracticalval-uetoextractthemaximumenergythebatteryisabletoprovideinordertofindoutthemostbeneficialsolution.Themostimportantsizingparametersare:

5.1 Voltage window

Thisistheminimumandmaximumvoltageacceptableforthesystem.Themaximumvoltageprovidesthevolt-agethatisavailabletochargethebattery,whereas,theminimumvoltagegivesthe lowestvoltageacceptabletothesystemtothatthebatterycanbedischarged.

5.2 Load profile

Theloadprofile istheelectricalperformancerequiredby the system from thebattery for theparticular ap-plication. Itcanbeexpressed intermsofamperesforcertain durationor inwatts for certain duration. Therequirementsmightvaryforexamplefromjustonedis-chargetomultipledischargesofacomplexnature. Inordertocalculatetheappropriatedbatterysizepleasetakeintoconsiderationpoint5.1voltagewindow.

5.3 Ambient temperature

Theambienttemperaturewillhaveinanycaseaninflu-enceonthesizingofthebattery(seepoint4.4Impactoftemperatureoncellperformanceand4.5Impactoftemperatureonlifetime).

5.4 Recharge time and state of charge

Someapplicationsmightrequireafulldischargecycleof the battery after a certain time after the previousdischarge.Thefactorstobetakenintoaccountdependonthedepthofdischarge,therateofdischargeaswellasthechargingconditions.

5.5 Ageing

Itmightberequiredthatavaluehastobeaddedtoen-surethecorrectserviceofthebatteryduringthelifetime.Thevaluetobeuseddependsonthedischargerateofthebatteryandontheconditionsunderwhichiscarriedout.Ourexpertsorpartnersareabletohelpyouchoosetherightbatteryforyourspecialrequirements.

computed values according to IEEE Std 1115-2000

period load

(amperes)

change in load

(amperes)

duration of period (minutes)

time to end of section (minutes)

capacity rating

factor at t Min Rate (Kt)

temperature derating factor for t Min (Tt)

required section

(rated amp hrs)

section 1

1 100.00 100.00 600 600 9.8590 1.1351 1119.0692

section 1 total: 1119.0692

range: KL 150-1700 P design margin factor: 1.10

endvoltage per cell: 1.05 Vpc aging factor: 1.25

temperature: 5°C to 50°C use floating derating factor:

max section size: 1119.07 Ah

1.00 (use: Yes)

computed cellsize: 1538.72 Ah

use the cell: KL 1620 P

user: Peko

order number: 002062

date: 2008-09-30 15:36:02

Your data was saved successfully. Please contact GAZ with order number 002062.


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WhenaGAZ®Ni-Cdbatteryoperatesatafixedfloat-ingvoltageoveracertainperiodoftime,adecreaseinthevoltagelevelofthedischargecurveoccurs.Itbegins after one week and reaches its peak in ap-proximately3months.Since thiseffect reduces thevoltage levelof thebattery it canbe consideredasreducingtheperformanceandautonomyofthebat-terytoo.Therefore,itisnecessarytotakethiseffectintoconsiderationwhensizingaGAZ®Ni-Cdbattery.TheGAZ®calculationprogramgivesthepossibilityto

includethisfactorintothecustomers´calculation.

Thefloatingeffectisareversibleeffectandcanonlybeeliminatedbyafulldischarge/chargecycle.Pleasenote that it cannot be prevented by just a boostcharge. The GAZ® battery sizing program providestheoptiontocalculatewithandwithoutthisfloatingeffectsothatthecustomerisabletoseetheaddedvalues.Ourrecommendationisalwaystoincludethisfactorwhensizingabattery.

6. Charging

TheGAZ®Ni-Cdbattery cangenerallybe chargedbyallnormalmethods.Usually,batteriesinparallelopera-tionwithchargerandloadarechargedwithconstantvoltage. For operations where the battery is chargedseparatelyfromtheload,chargingwithconstantcur-rentispossible.Overchargingwillnotdamagethebat-terybutwillleadtoanincreaseofwaterconsumption.

6.1 Constant voltage charge

Thecommonmethodtochargeabatteryinstationaryapplicationsiscarriedoutbyaconstantvoltagesystemandtherecommendedsolutionistouseatwo-ratetypethat is able to provide a constant voltage charge andalowerfloatingvoltageorsingleratefloatingvoltage.The two level charger has an high voltage stage tochargethebatteryproperlyafteradischargefollowed

by a lower voltagefloat level charge. This results in aquickchargeofthebatteryandinrelativelylowwaterconsumptionduetothelowlevelfloatcharge.

Two level charge

Boostcharge: 1.55–1.70V/cell

Floating 1.40–1.42V/cell

Ahighvoltagewillincreasethespeedandefficiencyofrechargingthebattery.

Inrealityoftensinglelevelchargercanbefound.Thisissurelyacompromisebetweenavoltagehighenoughtochargethebatteryandlowenoughtohaveadequatewaterconsumption.

Single level charge

1.45–1.50V/cell

Forcommissioningthebatteriespleaseseepoint7.3.5.

5.6 Floating effect - Voltage depression

Floating derating factor in accordance of discharge time

Time[sec]Time[min]Time[hours]

Floa

ting

dera

ting

fact

or

FloatingderatingfactorforKM-typestoanendvoltageof1.10V/cell

1.10

1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

1 5 30 60 5 10 15 20 30 1 1.5 2 3 5

Example:

YoucandischargethecellKM110Pfor30minuteswithacurrentof91Ampereto1.10V

accordingdischargetable.Thisvalueisvalidafterfullycon-

stantcurrentcharging.Ifyouchargethecellatfloat

chargingyouhavetoreducethedischargetimewithfactor0.74.Thatmeansthedischargetime

is22.2minutesonly.

ThisfactwillbeconsideredbytheGAZ®batterycalculation

programautomaticallyifthisoptionischosen.


16

A discharged GAZ® Ni-Cd cell will take its time toreachafullstateofcharge.Onthetablesbelowthe

timeneededtoachieveacertainstageofchargecanbefound.

6.2 Charge acceptance

Chargingtime[hours]

Time to reach state of charge at charging voltages for fully discharged GAZ® Ni-Cd cells (M-Range: current Limit 0.2 C5A)

Vol

tage

per

cel

l[V

]

1.7

1.65

1.6

1.55

1.5

1.45

1.4

1.65

1.55

1.45

5

FULLYCHARGED

95%CHARGED

90%CHARGED

85%CHARGED

80%CHARGED

75%CHARGED

1 2 3 4 5 6 78 910 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400500 1000

Chargingtime[hours]

Vol

tage

per

cel

l[V

]

1 2 3 4 5 6 78 910

Time to reach state of charge at charging voltages for fully discharged GAZ® Ni-Cd cells (L-Range: current Limit 0.2 C5A)

FULLYCHARGED

95%CHARGED

90%CHARGED

85%CHARGED

80%CHARGED

75%CHARGED

20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400500 1000

1.7

1.65

1.6

1.55

1.5

1.45

1.4


17

6.3 Charge effi ciency

Thechargeefficiencydependsmostlyonthestateofchargeof thebatteryandtheambienttemperatureaswellasthechargingcurrent.Formuchofitschargeprofile the GAZ®Ni-Cd battery is charged at a highlevelofefficiency.Butifthebatteryapproachesafullychargedconditionthechargingefficiencydecreases.

Chargingtime[hours]

Vol

tage

per

cel

l[V

]

1.7

1.65

1.6

1.55

1.5

1.45

1.4

1 2 3 4 5 6 78 910

Time to reach state of charge at charging voltages for fully discharged GAZ® Ni-Cd cells (H-Range: current Limit 0.2 C5A)

FULLYCHARGED

95%CHARGED

90%CHARGED

85%CHARGED

80%CHARGED

75%CHARGED

20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400500 1000


18

The electrochemical behaviour of the battery becomesmore active if temperature increases, i.e. for the samefloatingvoltagethecurrentincreases.Ifthetemperaturedecreases the reverse occurs. Increasing the current in-creasestheconsumptionofwaterandreducingthecur-rentcouldleadtoaninsufficientcharging.

For standby application it is normally not necessary tocompensatethechargingvoltagewiththetemperature.In order to reduce the water consumption it is recom-

mendedtocompensateitatelevatedtemperatureasforexamplefrom+35°Conbyuseofthenegativetempera-turecoefficientof−3mV/K.

For operation at low temperatures, i.e. below 0°C,thereisariskofpoorcharginganditisrecommend-edtoadjustthechargingvoltageortocompensatethechargingwiththetemperature(-3mV/K,start-ingfromanambienttemperatureof+20°C).

6.5 Commissioning

Agoodfirstchargeisessentialtopreparethebatteryforitslongservicelifetime.Aboveallitisimportantfor discharged cells since they are in a totally dis-chargedstage(seepoint7.3.5Commissioning)

6.4 Temperature infl uence

Float Voltage with Temperature Correction

Temperaturein°C

Floa

tV

olta

ge[V

/cel

l]

U-Float

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

1.56

1.54

1.52

1.50

1.48

1.46

1.44

1.42

1.40

1.38

1.36

1.34

1.32

1.30


19

7. Installation and operating instructions

7.1. Receiving the battery

Thecellsarenottobestoredinpackaging,therefore,unpack the battery immediately after arrival. Do notoverturn thepackage. Thebattery cells are equippedwithablueplastictransportplug.Thebatterycanbedelivered

- Filled and charged – thebatteryisreadyforin-stallation.Replacethetransportplugbytheventcapincludedinouraccessoriesonlybeforeuse

- Filled and discharged – replace the transportplugby theventcap included inouraccessoriesonlybeforeuse

- Unfi lled and discharged – do not remove thetransportpluguntilreadytofillthebattery

Thebatterymustnotbechargedwiththetransportpluginthecellsasthiscandamagethebattery.

7.2. Storage

Theroomsprovidedforstoringthebatteriesmustbeclean,dry,cool(+10°Cto30°C-incompliancewithIEC60623)andwellventilated.Thecellsarenottobe stored inclosedpackagingandmustnotbeex-posedtodirectsunlightorUV-radiation.

If the cells are delivered in plywood boxes, open the boxes before storage and remove the pack-ing material on the top of the cells. If the cells are delivered on pallets, remove the packing material on the top of the cells.

7.2.1 Uncharged and unfi lled cells

Providedthecorrectstorageconditionsaremetthenthe cells and batteries can be stored for long peri-odswithoutdamage if they aredeeply discharged,drainedandwellsealed.Itisveryimportantthatthecellsaresealedwiththeplastictransportplugtightlyinplace.Itisnecessarytocheckafterreceiptandatleasteveryyear.Leakyplugsallowthecarbondioxidefromtheatmospheretoinfiltratethecell,whichwillresult incarbonationoftheplates.Thatmayimpairthecapacityofthebattery.

7.2.2 Charged and fi lled cells/ discharged and fi lled cells

Filledcellscanbestored12monthsatthemostfromthetimeofdelivery.

Storageoffilledcellsatatemperatureabove+30°Cresultsinlossofcapacity.Thiscanbeapproximately5%per10degrees/yearwhen the temperatureex-ceeds +30°C. It is very important that the cells aresealedwiththeplastictransportplugstightlyinplace.Thisistocheckafterreceiptofgoods.Incaseoflossofelectrolyteduringtransport,refillthecelluntilthe“MIN”markwithelectrolytebeforestorage.

7.3. Installation

EN50272-2:2001“Accumulatorsandbatteryinstal-lations,stationarybatteryinstallations”isbindingforthesettingupandoperationofbatteryinstallations.Fornonstationaryinstallationsspecificstandardsarevalid.

7.3.1 Location

Install the battery in a dry and clean room. Avoid in any case direct sunlight and heat. The battery will give the optimal performance and maxi-mum service life if the ambient temperature lies between + 10°C and + 30°C.

7.3.2 Ventilation

During the last part of charging the battery gases(oxygenandhydrogenmixture)areemitted.Atnor-malfloatchargethegasevolution isverysmallbutsomeventilationisnecessary.

Specialregulationsforventilationmightberequiredinyourareaforcertainapplications.IfnoregulationsarefixedinyourareaDINEN50272–2:2001shouldbemet.


20

7.3.3 Setting up

Alwayspayattentiontotheassemblydrawings,circuitdiagramsandotherseparateinstructions.Thetransportplugs have to be replaced by the vent caps includedin the accessories. If batteries are supplied “filled andcharged”,theelectrolytelevelshouldbechecked,andifnecessary,toppedoffasdescribedinpoint3.4.

Cellconnectorsand/orflexiblecablesshouldbecheckedtoensuretheyaretightlyseated.Terminalnuts,screwsand connectors must be tightly seated. If necessarytightenwithatorquespanner.

Torque loading for:

M10:8NmM16:20NmM20:25Nm

Female thread:

M8:20–25NmM10:25–30Nm

The connectors and terminals should be corrosion-pro-tectedbycoatingwiththinlayerofanticorrosiongrease.

7.3.4 Electrolyte

The electrolyte forGAZ® Ni-Cdbatteries consists of di-lutedcausticpotashsolution(specificgravity1.20kg/litre±0.01kg/litre)witha lithiumhydroxidecomponent, inaccordancewithIEC60993.Thecausticpotashsolutionispreparedinaccordancewithfactoryregulations.Thespe-cificgravityoftheelectrolytedoesnotallowanyconclu-siontobedrawnonthechargingstateofthebattery.Itchangesonlyinsignificantlyduringcharginganddischarg-ingandisonlyminimallyrelatedtothetemperature.

- Battery delivered unfilled and discharged-iftheelectrolyteissupplieddry,itistobemixedac-cordingtotheenclosedmixinginstruction.Removethe transportplugs fromthecell justbeforefilling.Fillthecellsupto20mmabovethelowerlevelmark“MIN”.Steelcasedcellshavetobefilleduptothetopedgeoftheplates.Whenusingbatteryracksfillcellsbeforeputtingup.Onlyusegenuineelectrolyte.

- Battery delivered filled and charged or discharged-checkelectrolytelevel.Itshouldnotbelessthan20mmbelowtheupperlevelmark“MAX”see5.2.

- “OnlyusegenuineelectrolytesuppliedbyGAZ®“.

7.3.5 Commissioning

Agoodcommissioningisveryimportant.Thefollow-inginstructionsarevalidforcommissioningat20°Ctill 30°C. For different conditions please contactmanufacturer.Chargeatconstantcurrent isprefer-able.IfasitetestisrequestedithastobecarriedoutinaccordancewithtoIEC60623.

According to IEC 60623, 0.2 C5A is also expressed

as0.2ItA.

ThereferencetestcurrentItisexpressedas:

ItA=

Example:

0.2ItAmeans 20Afora100Ahbatteryor

100Afora500Ahbattery

7.3.5.1 Commissioning with constant current

Battery delivered unfilled and discharged – afteraperiodof5hoursfromfillingtheelectrolyteinthebat-teryshouldbechargedfor15hoursattheratedcharg-ingcurrent0.2I

tA.Approximately4hoursaftertheend

ofchargingtheelectrolytelevelshouldbeadjustedto

Cn Ah

1 h

1)cellcontainer2)cellconnector3)springwasher4)nut5)connectorcover

1)cellcontainer2)cellconnector3)springwasher4)screw5)connectorcover

nut connection

screw connection


21

the upper electrolyte level marking “MAX” by usingonlygenuineelectrolyte.Forcellswithsteelcasestheelectrolyte level should be adjusted to the maximumlevel according to the “Instruction for the control ofelectrolytelevel”.During the charge the electrolyte level and temperature should be observed, see point 7.5.4. The electrolyte level should never fall below the “MIN” mark.

Battery delivered filled and discharged-thebatteryshouldbechargedfor15hoursattheratedchargingcurrent0.2I

tA.Approximately4hoursaftertheendof

chargingtheelectrolytelevelshouldbeadjustedtotheupper electrolyte level marking “MAX” by using dis-tilledordeionizedwaterinaccordancewithIEC60993.Forcellswithsteelcasestheelectrolytelevelshouldbeadjusted to themaximum level according to the“In-struction for the controlof electrolyte level”.During the charge the electrolyte level and temperature should be observed, see point 7.5.4. The electro-lyte level should never fall below the “MIN” mark.

Battery delivered filled and charged and stored for more than 12 months-thebatteryshouldbechargedfor15hoursattheratedchargingcurrent0.2I

tA.Ap-

proximately4hoursaftertheendofchargingtheelec-trolytelevelshouldbeadjustedtotheupperelectrolytelevel marking “MAX” by using distilled or deionizedwater in accordance with IEC 60993. For cells withsteel cases theelectrolyte level shouldbeadjusted tothemaximumlevelaccordingtothe“Instructionforthecontrol of electrolyte level”.During the charge the electrolyte level and temperature should be ob-served see point 7.5.4. The electrolyte level should never fall below the “MIN” mark.

Battery delivered filled and charged-a 5 hourscharge at the rated charging current 0.2I

tA must be

carriedoutbeforeputting thebattery intooperation.Approximately4hours after theendof charging theelectrolytelevelshouldbeadjustedtotheupperelec-trolytelevelmarking“MAX”byusingdistilledordeion-izedwaterinaccordancewithIEC60993.Forcellswithsteel cases theelectrolyte level shouldbeadjusted tothe maximum level according to the “Instruction forthe control of electrolyte level”. During the charge the electrolyte level and temperature should be observed, see point 7.5.4. The electrolyte level should never fall below the “MIN” mark.

7.3.5.2 Commissioning with constant voltage

If the charger´s maximum voltage setting is too low tosupplyconstantcurrentchargingdividethebattery intotwopartstobechargedindividually.

Battery delivered unfilled and discharged-after aperiodof5hoursfromfillingtheelectrolyte inthebat-teryshouldbechargedfor30hoursattheratedchargingvoltageof1.65V/cell.Thecurrentlimitshouldbe0.2I

tA

maximum.Approximately4hoursaftertheendofcharg-ingtheelectrolytelevelshouldbeadjustedtotheupperelectrolyte levelmarking“MAX”byusingonlygenuineelectrolyte.Forcellswithsteelcasestheelectrolyte levelshouldbe adjusted to themaximum level according tothe“Instructionforthecontrolofelectrolytelevel”.Dur-ing the charge the electrolyte level and temperature should be observed, see point 7.5.4. The electrolyte level should never fall below the “MIN” mark.

Battery delivered filled and discharged-the bat-teryshouldbechargedfor30hoursattheratedcharg-ing voltage of 1.65 V/cell. The current limit should be0.2I

tAmaximum.Approximately4hours after theend

of charging the electrolyte level should be adjustedto the upper electrolyte level marking “MAX” by us-ing distilled or deionized water in accordance with IEC60993. For cells with steel cases the electrolyte levelshould be adjusted to the maximum level accordingto the “Instruction for the control of electrolyte level”.During the charge the electrolyte level and tempera-ture should be observed, see point 7.5.4. The electro-lyte level should never fall below the “MIN” mark.

Battery delivered filled and charged and stored for more than 12 months-thebatteryshouldbechargedfor30hoursattheratedchargingvoltageof1.65V/cell.Thecurrentlimitshouldbe0.2I

tAmaximum.Approximately

4hours after the end of charging the electrolyte levelshouldbeadjusted to theupper electrolyte levelmark-ing“MAX”byusingdistilledordeionizedwater in ac-cordancewith IEC60993.Forcellswithsteelcases theelectrolytelevelshouldbeadjustedtothemaximumlevelaccordingtothe“Instructionforthecontrolofelectrolytelevel”. During the charge the electrolyte level and temperature should be observed, see point 7.5.4. The electrolyte level should never fall below the “MIN” mark.

Battery delivered filled and charged-/a 10 hourschargeattheratedchargingvoltageof1.65V/cellmustbecarriedoutbeforeputtingthebatteryintooperation.Thecurrent limitshouldbe0.2I

tAmaximum.Approxi-

mately4hoursaftertheendofchargingtheelectrolytelevel should be adjusted to the upper electrolyte levelmarking“MAX”byusingdistilledordeionizedwaterin accordance with IEC 60993. For cells with steelcasestheelectrolytelevelshouldbeadjustedtothemaximumlevelaccordingtothe“Instructionforthecontrolofelectrolytelevel”.During the charge the electrolyte level and temperature should be observed, see point 7.5.4. The electrolyte level should never fall below the “MIN” mark.


22

7.4. Charging in operation

7.4.1 Continuous battery power supply (withoccasionalbatterydischarge)

Recommended charging voltage for ambient tem-peratures+20°Cto+25°C

Do not remove the vent caps during float-, boostchargeandbufferoperation.Thecurrentlimitshouldbe0.3I

tAmaximumingeneral.

7.4.1.1 Two level charge

Floating 1.40–1.42V/cell

Boostcharge: 1.55–1.70V/cell

Ahighvoltagewillincreasethespeedandefficiencyofrechargingthebattery.

7.4.1.2 Single level charge

1.45–1.50V/cell

7.4.2 Buffer operation

Wheretheloadexceedsthechargerrating.

1.45–1.55V/cell

7.5. Periodic Maintenance

Thebatterymustbekeptcleanusingonlywater.Donot use a wire brush or solvents of any kind. Ventcapscanberinsedincleanwarmwaterifnecessarybutmustbedriedbeforeusingthemagain.

Checkregularly(approx.every6months)thatallcon-nectors,nutsandscrewsaretightlyfastened.Defec-tiveventcapsandsealsshouldbereplaced.Allmetalpartsofthebatteryshouldbecorrosion-protectedbycoatingwithathinlayerofanti-corrosiongrease.Do not coat any plastic part of the battery, for ex-ample cell cases!

Checkthechargingvoltage. Ifabattery isconnect-ed inparallel it is importantthattherecommendedcharging voltage remainsunchanged. The chargingcurrentinthestringsshouldalsobecheckedtoen-sureitisequal.Thesecheckshavetobecarriedoutonceayear.Highwaterconsumptionofthebatteryisusuallycausedbyimpropervoltagesettingofthecharger.

7.5.1 Equalising charge

It is recommended to carry out an equalisingchargeonceayeartomaintaincapacityandtosta-bilisethevoltagelevelsofthecells.Theequalisingchargecanbecarriedoutfor15hoursat0.2I

tAor

with theboost charging stage in conformitywiththe characteristic curve of the available chargingimplement. The electrolyte level is to be checkedafteranequalisingcharge.

Inordertoequalizethefloatingderatingeffect itisrecommendedtochargethebatteryonceayearfor15hoursattheratedchargingcurrent0.2I

tA.

Thendischargethebatterydownto1.0V/cellandchargeagainfor8hoursattheratedchargingcur-rent0.2ItA.

7.5.2 Electrolyte check and topping up

Checktheelectrolytelevelandneverletthelevelfallbelowthelowerlevelmark“MIN”.UseonlydistilledordeionizedwatertofillthecellsinaccordancewithIEC60993.Experiencewill tell thetime intervalbe-tween topping-up. Refilling with electrolyte is onlypermissible if spilledelectrolytehas tobe replaced.Ifduringrefillingelectrolytehasbeensplashedontothecellcoverorbetweenthecellcasescleanthisoffandthendrythearea.SeeMSDSforhowtoproperlyclean-upspilledmaterial.

NOTE: Once the battery has been filled with the correct electrolyte either at the factory or dur-ing the battery commissioning, there is no need to check the electrolyte density periodically. Interpretation of density measurements is dif-ficult and could lead to misunderstandings.


23

7.5.3 Replacing of electrolyte

Inmoststationaryapplicationstheelectrolytewillretainitseffectivenessforthetotallifetimeofthebattery.However,underspecialbatteryoperatingconditions, if the electrolyte is found to be car-bonated,thebatteryperformancecanberestoredby replacing the electrolyte. Only use genuine electrolyte supplied by GAZ®!

Itisrecommendedtochangetheelectrolytewhenreaching a carbonate content of 75 g/litre. It ispossibletotesttheelectrolyteintheworkslabo-ratory.Forthisaminimumquantityof0.2litresofelectrolyte in a clean glass or polyethylene con-tainer should be sent in, paying strict attentionto the valid dangerous goods regulations. Expe-diently the sampleofelectrolyte is takenhalfanhour after charging has ended and from severalcellsofthebattery.Itispointlesstotakethesam-plesimmediatelyaftertoppingup.Theelectrolytesampleandthecellsshouldbeclosedimmediatelyaftertheelectrolytehasbeentaken.

CAUTION – caustic potash solution is corrosive! Safety regulations shall be applied, goggles and gloves shall be used!

7.5.4 Electrolyte temperature

Thetemperatureoftheelectrolyteshouldneverex-ceed45°Cashighertemperatureshaveadetrimen-taleffectonthefunctionanddurationof thecells.Inthecourseofcharginganelectrolytetemperatureof≤35°Cshouldbeaimedfor.Onexceeding45°Cthechargingshouldbetemporarilyinterrupteduntiltheelectrolytetemperaturefallsdownto35°C.Thetemperaturemeasurementsare tobemadeononeofthecellsinthemiddleofthebattery.

Low ambient or electrolyte temperatures down to–25°Cdonothaveanydetrimentaleffectonthebat-tery;theyjustcauseatemporaryreductionincapac-ity.

7.6. Additional warning notes

GAZ®Ni-Cdbatteriesmustnotbeusedorstoredinthesameroomasleadacidbatteries.Inadditiontothisthecharginggasesfromleadacidbatteriesmustbekeptaway fromNi-Cdbatteriesby suitablepre-cautionssuchasventilationorhermetic isolationoftherooms.ToolsforleadacidbatteriesmustnotbeusedforNi-Cdbatteries

Donotplaceelectrically conductiveobjects suchastoolsetc.onthebattery!

Risk of short circuit and fire: No rings or metalbraceletsshouldbewornduringtheassemblyofthebattery–Risk of injury!

Openthedoorsofthebatterycabinetduringcharg-ingsothatthecharginggasescanescape.Thecharg-inggasesfrombatteriesareexplosive.Donotallowopenfireoremberinthevicinityofthebattery!

Risk of explosion: Caution–causticpotashsolutioniscorrosive!

Causticpotashsolutionisusedaselectrolyte.Causticpotashsolutionisahighlycorrosiveliquidwhichcancauseseveredamagetohealthifitcomesintocon-tactwiththeeyesortheskin(riskofblinding).Ifevensmallquantitiesareswallowedthereisapossibilityofinternalinjuries.

When working with electrolyte and on cells, rubber gloves, safety goggles with side guards and protective clothing must always be worn!

Contact with the eyes:Flushoutimmediatelywithcopiousamountsofwaterfor10–15minutes.

Ifnecessaryconsultaneyeclinic.

Contact with the skin: Remove splashed clothingimmediately andwash the affected skin areaswithcopiousamountsofwater.Foranydiscomfortscon-sultadoctor.

Swallowing:Rinseoutthemouthimmediatelywithcopious amounts of water and keep drinking largeamountsofwater.Donotprovokevomiting.Callanemergencydoctorimmediately.

In the event of injuries:Rinsethoroughlyforalongperiodunderrunningwater.Consultadoctorimme-diately.


GAZ Geräte- und Akkumulatorenwerk Zwickau GmbH

ReichenbacherStraße62/68D-08056Zwickau

Postfach200457D-08056Zwickau

Telefon:+49(0)375/86-0Telefax:+49(0)375/86-440

[email protected]

ANENERSYSCOMPANYPublicationNo:EN-GAZ-TMSR-002November2010Copyright2008GAZ®GmbHallrightreserved

©2008EnerSys.Allrightsreserved.AlltrademarksandlogosarethepropertyofEnerSysanditsaffiliatesunlessotherwisenoted.

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