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Acorda, Victoria

Chua, Royce

Estioko, Leonard

Leachon, Aine Danella

Sahagun, Giermin

KASPIL !"#

Document $%Estioko, Leonard&

Document %Sahagun, Giermin&

Document '%Leachon, Aine Danella

Document (%Acorda, Victoria&

Document )%Chua, Royce&

Docum

Social + they ha-e their

.oliteness and good

/reeding, es.ecially the

tagalogs, 0ho are -eryci-il and courteous in

0ord and action

+ it is considered /ad

manners to s.eak /e1ore one is s.oken to

+ 2heir greatest

courtesy is in their

1orm o1 addressal0ays use the third

.erson

+ though there aremany and di11erent

tongues, are so much

alike

+ 2he /isayans are morerustic and less ci-il in

manners 3ust as their

2he country o1 4ai is to

the north Po5ni 2he

nati-es co-er themsel-es

0ith a sheet o1 cottoncloth or hide the lo0er

.art o1 the /ody 0ith

sarong % lit loin cloth& 6ai5tan5 they are small

in stature and their eyes

are round and yello0

%/ro0n&, they ha-e curlyhair and their teeth

sho0s /et0een their

li.s the .u5li5lu is connected

0ith sansu /ut itssettlements are more

.o.ulous7 most .eo.le

are o1 a cruel dis.osition

2he a..arel and clothing

o1 these nati-es o1

Lu8on /e1ore the

entrance o1 theS.aniards into the

country 0ere generally,

1or men, certain short

collarless garments o1Cangan9

0hile the chie1s had

some red ones calledchinanas 2hey also

0ore /ahagues and

.otong,9they 0earnecklaces

In the 0omen o1

:am/ales, they 0ear thehead sha-ed 1rom the

middle 1or0ard ;n the

+2hese .eo.le declare

0ar among themsel-es

e-en at the slightest

.ro-ocation, or 0ithnone 0hate-er

+All those 0ho ha-e not

made treaty o1 .eace9

are considered asenemies

+<hene-er the occasion

.resents itsel1, they ro/

one another, e-en i1 they /e neigh/ors or

relati-es

+9 they al0ays try toattack 0ith sa1ety and

ad-antage to themsel-es

+I1 at times some .laces

lack the necessaries o1li1e, it is /ecause the

nati-es are the la8iest

;ne class9 li-e along

the coast, the other

class9 li-e in the

mountains

2hey say that the la0s

/y 0hich they ha-e9

;1 these la0s only thechie1s are de1enders and

e=ecutors 2here are no

3udges, although there

are mediators 0ho go1rom one .arty to

another to /ring a/out a

reconciliation

!o Indian in this country

is made sla-e or is .ut to

death 1or any crime0hich he commits,

e=ce.t that 1or each

Legend>

Document $ 5 De Las Islas

?ili.inas /y Pedro Chirino, S@

Document 5 Chu51an5chi /y

Chau5@u5Kua

Document ' 5 4orgas Account o1

the ?ili.inos and 2heir Pre5S.anish

Ci-ili8ation

Document ( 5 Relation o1 the

?ili.inas Islands and o1 theCharacter and Conditions o1 their

Inha/itants

Document ) 5 Ca.tain Loarcas

Account o1 the ?ili.inos and 2heir

Pre5S.anish Ci-ili8ation

Document * 5 2heories on Racial

;rigins and 4igration 2heory



language is harsher and

less .olished

and gi-en to ro//ery 2he san5tao, they li-e

along the land 2he soilis .oor and the cro.s

s.arse Among the males

and 1emales some are

0hite the male knots hishair like a 1ist on the to.

o1 the head7 the 1emale

knots his hair like a 1ist

on the to. .1 the head7the 1emale does it u. in a

mallet5like treesB all

0ear a single garment

skull they ha-e a huge

lock o1 loose hair

2he 0omen throughout

this island 0ear small 3ackets %sayelos& 0ith

slee-es o1 the same kind

o1 cloth and o1 all colors,

called -aros Since the S.aniards

came to the country

many Indians do not0ear /ahagues /ut 0ide

dra0ers o1 the same

cloths and materials, and

hats on their heads

4en and 0omen are

-ery clean and neat in

their .ersons andclothing, and o1 .leasing

address and grace

the nati-es o1 these

islands uite commonly

use as -enoms and

.oisonsthe her/s o1 that class

1ound throughout the

islands

.eo.le in the 0orld, or

/ecause they are 1orced

to lea-e their to0ns

through 0ar, or 1or other reasons

+9 are al0ays more

ready to ro/ their

neigh/or than toculti-ate their o0n land

+9 they do not e-en try

to /ecome 0ealthy, notdo they care to

accumulate riches

+ 9 so di-ided among

themsel-es and ha-e solittle dealing 0ith one

another ne-er

assem/ling to gain

strength, or renderingo/edience one to

another

+ 2he men treat their

0i-es 0ell, and lo-ethem according to their

ha/its and customs

although they are all

/ar/arians and ha-e nomanners or .oliteness

crime there is an

esta/lished 1ine9 and i1

the cul.rit is una/le to

.ay the 1ine he 0ill /orro0 the money, and

.ledge himsel1 to the

man 1rom 0hom he

/orro0s As a result he /ecomes a sla-e9

Another class o1 sla-esare those called

tumaran.oc

tumaran.uk 5 :F 2hey

li-e in their o0n houses,and are o/liged to go to

0ork 1or their master

one day out o1 1our,

ha-ing three days 1orthemsel-es

2here are other sla-es,

0hom these .eo.le holdin most res.ect, 0ho are

called tomata/ans

tumata/ang 5 :F7 these

0ork in the house o1 themaster only 0hen there

is some /anuet or re-el

2he ayueys are 0orthamong these .eo.le t0o

gold taels o1 La/in sian,



the eui-alent o1 t0el-e

.esos 2he

tumaran.oues are

0orth the same sum 2hetomata/ans are 0orth

one tael, or si= .esos

2he ayuey 0omen,0ork in the house o1

chie1s 2he

tumaran.oue 0omen,ser-e hal1 o1 the month

in s.inning and 0ea-ing

cotton, 0hich their

masters su..ly7 andduring the other hal1 o1

the month they 0ork

themsel-es 2he

tomata/an 0omen s.inonly one hank o1 cotton

each month 1or their

masters9

I1 a thie1 commits a

great ro//ery, he and all

his relati-es %or at least

his nearest kin& are1ined I1 they are una/le

to .ay the 1ine, they are

made sla-es 9 i1 a

chie1 commits anycrime, e-en against one

o1 his o0n sla-es or



timaguas, he is 1ined in

the same manner

<hen there is 1amine the .oor, 0ho ha-e not the

means o1 sustenance, in

order not to .erish, go to

the rich9 in order to /e1ed

9 those 0ho had /rokenhis /arangay to /eueath

to him at their deaths

t0o sla-es out o1 e-ery

ten and the .ortion o1 alltheir .ro.erty

2he 1reemen o1 these

islands, 0ho are calledtimaguas, are neither

chie1s nor sla-es I1 a

timagua desires to li-e in

a certain -illage, he 3oinshimsel1 to one o1 the

chie1s9 to 0hom he

o11ers himsel1 as his

timagua, I1 thetimagua goes to any

other -illage and there is

0ronged, the chie1 0ill

endea-or, 0ith all his1orces, to a-enge him

the same e=tent



?or there a..ears to /e

three ranks o1 men in

these islands 5 namely,chie1s, timaguas, 0ho

are 1reemen, and

sla-es9

;ne may /e releaseda1ter .aying the sum

decreed7 until then he is

a sla-e

Political + Sla-es 0ere also madethrough tyranny and

cruelty .unishment

1or o11enses o1 small

acount E=am.les o1these are> 1ailure to

.reser-e the silence o1

the dead or

ha..ening to .ass in1ront o1 a chie1 0ho

0as /athing, and

other similar

o..ressions they alsoca.tured sla-es in 0ar

/y means o1

am/uscades and

attacks, kee.ing asmuch all those 0hom

they did not 0ish to kill

2he country o1 4ai is tothe north Po5nithe

chie1s are in ha/it o1

using 0hite um/rellas,

1or 0hich reason thetraders o11er them as

gi1ts and trading shi.s

enter the anchorage, they

sto. in 1ront o1 theo11icials .lace, 1or that

is the .lace 1or /artering Santao5 ha-e chie1s 4in5to5lang 5

2hey ha-e chie1s andthey .ro/ihited ro//ery

0hich is .unished /y

.utting the ro//ers

1amily to death

Hoth men and 0omenare so sel1ish and greedy

that, i1 they are .aid,

they

are easily 0on o-er<hen the hus/and 1inds

his 0i1e in adultery,

he is smoothed and

.aci1ied 0ithout anytrou/le although, since

they

ha-e kno0n S.aniards,

some o1 those 0hoassume to /e more

enlightened

among them ha-e

sometimes killed theadulterers

2he 0ea.ons o1 this

.eo.le are, in some

+ 2he inha/itants o1these islands are not

su/3ected to any la0,

king or lord 9 /ut each

man does 0hate-er he .leases, and takes care

only o1 himsel1 and his

sla-es

+!o la0 /inds relati-eto relati-e9 i1 a man in

some time o1 need,

shelters a relati-e or a

/rother in his house,su..orts him, and

.ro-ides him 0ith 1ood

1or a 1e0 days, he 0ill

consider that relati-e asa sla-e 1rom that time

on, and is ser-ed /y him

9 ser-ing them only

under certain conditions,

2he 1irst man 0ho0aged 0ar, according to

their story, 0as Panas9

6e declared 0ar against

4angaran, and 1romthat time date the 1irst

0ars, /ecause the .eo.le

0ere di-ided into t0o

1actions, and hostility0as handed do0n 1rom

1ather to son

2here are three cases in0hich these nati-es

regard 0ar as 3ust 2he

1irst is 0hen an Indian

goes to another -illageand is there .ut to death

0ithout cause7 the

second, 0hen their

0i-es are stolen 1rom



SL

2hey ha-e chie1 Pishoye 2here is no chie1 in this

country in their custom

.ro-inces, /o0 and

arro0s Hut

those generally used

throughout the islandsare moderate5si8ed

s.ears

0ith 0ell5made .oints7

and certain shields o1light 0ood, 0ith their

armholes 1astened on the

inside

2hey ha-e chie1s

He1ore thearri-al o1 the S.aniards

they had /ron8e

cul-erins and other

.ieceso1 cast iron, 0ith 0hich

they de1ended their 1orts

and settlements

and 0hen and ho0 they

.lease

+<hen these .eo.le

gi-e or lend anything toone another, the 1a-or

must /e .aid dou/le,

e-en /et0een .arents

and children or e-en /et0een /rothers

+At times they sell their

children

them7 and the third is

0hen they go in 1riendly

manner to trade at any

-illage, and there, underthe a..earance o1

1riendshi., are 0ronged

or maltreated

<hen a chie1 0as taken

ca.ti-e, or commited

adultery or murder, allhis relati-es contri/uted

to0ard his ransom, each

according to the degree

o1 kinshi.7 and i1 therelati-es had not means

to do this the chie1

remained a sla-e

the 4oros9 had

chie1s in their res.ecti-e

districts, 0hom the

.eo.le o/eyed7 they .unished criminals, and

laid do0n the la0s that

must /e o/ser-ed



Economic + 0hene-er they made

loans, they must al0ays

agree u.on the .ro1it

0hich should /e .aid inaddition to the sum that

they 0ere to lend the

.ro1it or gain

increasing 0ith thedelay o1 making

.ayment until it

e=ceeded all the .ossessions o1 the

de/tor de/t 0as then

charged to his .erson

thus /ecoming asla-e all his

descendants 0ere also

sla-es until the de/t,

0ith all the usury andinterest 0as re.aid

6ai5tan

2he sa-age traders race

1or small /oats, carrying

cotton, yello0 0a=,nati-e cloth coconut5

heart mats, 0hich they

o11er 1or /arter I1 the

.ieces cannot /e agreedu.on, the chie1 o1 the

%local& traders must go in

.erson , in order to cometo an understanding

0hich /eing reached the

nati-es are o11ered

.resents o1 silk um/rella .orcelain and rattan

/askets /ut the

1oreigners still retain on

/oard on or t0o ashostages Santao the .eo.le /oil

sea0ater to make saltand 1erment sugarcane

3uice to make liuor 2he

natural .roducts are /ee5

0a=, cotton and cloth o1-arious .atterns In

trading 0ith them the

Chinese use co..er

/eads, /o0ls o1 /lue or0hite 1lo0er , small

1igure chint8es, .iece o1

iron and the like

2he 0omen ha-e

needle0ork as their

em.loyment

and occu.ation, and theyare -ery cle-er at it, and

at all kinds o1

se0ing

2hey 0ea-e cloth and

s.in cotton, and ser-e in

the houseso1 their hus/ands and

1athers

2hey raise 1o0ls ands0ine, and

kee. the houses, 0hile

the men are engaged in

the la/ors o1 the1ield, and in their

1ishing, na-igation, and

trading 2heir shells are utili8ed

/y the nati-es, and sold

as an article o1

commerce to theChinese

and Portuguese, and

other nations 0ho go

a1ter them

2he nati-es gather them

and sell them

+ 4ore or less gold is

1ound in all these

islands9

+ 9 on the arri-al o11oreign -essels 1or

.ur.oses o1 /arter, they

strike a /argain 0ith

those 1oreigners andallo0 them to 0ork in

the mines 1or a .eriod

agreed /y them+2here are .laces in

these islands 0here

.earls can /e 1ound9

+Cinnamon is also to /e1ound here, es.ecially in

the island o1

4indanao9

+In some .laces 0e ha-eseen .e..er trees

9 <hich the nati-es do

not -alue or culti-ate

+9 0here can /e 1ounda/undance o1 tim/er,

.lanking, and other

articles necessary 1or the

/uilding o1 shi.s

2he inha/itants o1 the

mountains cannot li-e

0ithout the 1ish, salt,

and other articles o11ood9 nor7 can those o1

the coast li-e 0ithout the

rice and cotton o1 the

mountaineers



Cultural + 0hen they are /orn

/rought u. in the

0ater men and

0omen s0im like1ishes, e-en 1rom

childhood /athed

themsel-es at all hours,

1or cleanliness andrecreation anoint the

hand 0ith a3on3oli %ie

oil o1 sesame& mi=ed0ith ci-et em.loy

/aths as a medicine

+-essel 1ull o1 0ater

/e1ore the door o1e-ery house e-ery

.erson 0ash his 1eet

/e1ore entering

+ custom 1or /isayan0omen %the inha/itants

o1 mindanao also are

/isayans& to marry t0o

hus/ands+ the .ractice o1 ha-ing

se-eral 0i-es

mahometans 0ho d0ell

in mindanao andHrunei

+ 2he most common and

general usage is to

marry one 0oman+ Hisayans try to .rocure

a 0i1e 1rom their o0n

6ai5tan they nest in

treeto.s sometimes

.arties o1 three or 1i-e

lurk in the 3ungle, 1rom0hence they shoot

arro0s on .assers5/y

0ithout /eing seen and

many ha-e 1allen-ictims to them I1

thro0n a .orcelain /o0l,

they 0ill sto. and .ick itu. and go a0ay lea.ing

and shouting 1or 3oy 1oreign traders arri-e at

any o1 the settlementsthey li-e on /oard shi.

/e1ore -enturing to go

shore, their shi. /eing

moored in midstream

announcing their shi.s /eing moored in

midstream, announcingtheir .resence to the

nati-es /y /eating drums san5tao 555 2he men

1reuently get on /oard

3unks and come to

chuanchou 1or /usiness2hey o1ten s.end all the

money 1or ornamenting

themsel-es A1ter coming

2hey uite generally

/athe the entire /ody in

the ri-ers and creeks,

/oth young and old,0ithout re1lecting that it

could at any time /e

in3urious to them7 )JF

1or in their /aths do they1ind their /est

medicines

2he nati-es throughout

the islands can 0rite

e=cellently 0ith certain

characters, almost likethe Greek or Ara/ic

2he method

o1 0riting 0as on /am/oo, /ut is no0 on

.a.er

2he language o1 all thePintados and Hiayas is

one and the same

<hen an in1ant is /orn,they immediately /athe

it, and

the mother like0ise

2heir ordinary 1ood is

rice .ounded in 0ooden

+ 4arriage among these

nati-es is a kind o1

.urchase or trade 0hich

men make7 1or they .ayand gi-e money in

e=change 1or their

0omen, according to the

rank o1 the .arties+ 2hese 4oros ha-e

little kno0ledge o1 the

la0 0hich they .ro1ess, /eyond .racticing

circumcision and

re1raining 1rom .ork

+ 2he heathens ha-e nola0 at all9 2hey

/elie-e 0hat is told and

.resented 1orci/ly /y

them9 2hey hold somesu.erstitions, such as the

casting o1 lots /e1ore

doing anything, and

other 0retched .ractices9

9 their inha/itants 0ere

tattooed or .ainted

9 they .reser-e theirancient lore through

songs, 0hich they sing

in a -ery .leasing

manner9

9 the singers 0ho ha-e

good -oices recite thee=.loits o1 olden times7

thus they al0ays .ossess

a kno0ledge o1 .ast

e-ents9 they erect a tall reed

and hang u.on it a

garment 5 that o1 a man,

i1 the dead /e a man7 /uta 0omans, 1or a

0oman 2his garment is

le1t there until it 1alls to

.ieces through age

<hen the children or

other relati-es o1

dro0ned .ersons aresick, the relati-es are

taken and .laced in a

/arangay, in com.any

0ith a /aylana

2hese nati-es /ury their



class

+ distinct 1ormalities o1

/ethro0al accom.anied

/y con-entional .enalties married

.ersons make an

agreement 0ith another

married .air 0i-esare 0ith child

res.ecti-e 0i-es /ear

a male and a 1emalethose t0o children shall

/e 3oined in marriage

.enalty o1 tem gold

taes+ the hus/and gi-es

her the do0ry amount

agreed u.on in

accordance 0ith hismeans make .resents

to the .arents andrelati-es

+ di-orce is un3ustman .arts 1rom his

0i1e he loses the

do0ry she lea-es

him, she must restorethe do0ry

+ i1 the man has a 3ust

cause hist do0ry

must /e restored the0i1e lea-es him, she

retains the do0ry

/ack, they are treated /y

their countrymen 0ith

same res.ect as gi-en to

the elders

mortars, and cooked55

this

is called morisueta

2hey also eat /oiled

camotes %0hich are

s0eet .otatoes&, /eans,

uilites and other-egeta/les7 all kinds o1

/ananas, gua-as,

.inea..les, custarda..les, many -arieties o1

oranges, and other

-arieties o1 1ruits and

her/s, 0ith 0hich thecountry teems

2heir

drink is a 0ine made1rom the to.s o1 cocoa

and ni.a .alm, o1 0hichthere is a great

a/undance 2hey aregro0n and tended like

-ineyards,

although 0ithout so

much toil and la/or

In the assem/lies,

marriages, and 1easts o1

the nati-es o1 theseislands, the chie1 thing

consists in drinking this

dead in certain 0ooden

co11ins, in their houses

2hey /ury 0ith dead

gold, cloth, and other-alua/le o/3ects9

<hen someone dies, the

.eo.le light many 1iresnear his house7 and at

night armed men go to

act as sentinels a/out hisco11in, 1or 1ear that the

sorcerers9 may come

and touch the co11in9

<hen any chie19 dies,a sla-e is made to die /y

the same death as that o1

the chie1, <hen the

1ather or mother or anyrelati-e died, they

.romised to eat no riceuntil they sei8e some

ca.ti-es in /attle9until they had either

taken a ca.ti-e or killed

someone, 0hen they

ceased their mourning9

2he mourning o/ser-ed

/y the 0omen they call

morotal It is similar tothat o1 men, e=ce.t that

the mourner 5 instead o1



children are di-ided

eually /et0een the

t0o, 0ithout distinction

o1 se=+ o11er some sacri1ices

to their anitos 0hich

0ere their gods 0ith

dancing to the sound o1 the /ell 0hen the

catalona or /ailana 0as

e=erting more 1orce, allat once she sto..ed at

the death o1 the sick

.erson A1ter the death

there 1ollo0ed ne0music, the dirges and

lamentations

0ee.ing, not only /y

the mourners /ut /yothers on account o1

their sorro0 and grie11or their 0ages and

.ro1it they 0ere hired1or this .ur.ose

+ 2o the sound o1 this sad

music 0ashed the

/ody o1 the dead .erson gum o1 the

stora= tree and other

aromatics cloth it in

the /est garments0hich the dead man

.ossessed a1ter

0ine, day and night,

0ithout ceasing, 0hen

the turn o1 each comes,

some singing and othersdrinking

going to ca.ture or kill

someone9 is allo0ed to

cease mourning and to

eat rice again 5 em/arksin a /arangay 0ith many

0omen

;ne o1 the o/ser-ances0hich is carried out 0ith

most rigor is that called

larao 2his rule reuiresthat 0hen a chie1 dies all

must mourn him, and

must o/ser-e9

restrictions9

I1 they lent rice to

anyone, one year 0as

allo0ed 1or re.ayingit9 I1 the loan 0ere not

re.aid a1ter the 1irsthar-est, the amount is

dou/led9 regularlyincreasing

I1 a man died and le1t

1our children, the .ro.erty and the sla-es

0ere di-ided into 1our

eual .arts, and each

one o1 the children tookhis o0n share



ha-ing ke.t and

mourned o-er it 1or

three days, they /uried

it+ ;thers anointed the

/ody 0ith aromatic

/alsams 0hich .re-ent

corru.tion, es.ecially0ith the 3uice o1 a sort

o1 i-y a -ery -alua/le

drug, 0hich they call /uyo they anointed

the dead /ody

in3ected it through the

mouth that it .enetratedthe 0hole /ody

.laced gold in the

mouths laid 0ith

them many articles o1-alues /uried them

under the house, richlyadorned 0ith the

cor.se another chest,containing garments

+ .lace the co11ins in

their d0ellings,

enclosed in co11ins o1the hardest 0ood,

incorru.ti/le, and 0ith

the co-er so 1itted that

it 0as im.ossi/le 1orthe air to enter

+ they 0ould not let

4arriage o1 the chie1s

9 <hen any man

0ishes to marry, he,

since the man al0aysasks the 0oman



them de.art 1rom the

0orld alone ga-e

male and 1emale sla-es

to accom.any the dead2hese sla-es, ha-ing

1irst eaten a hearty

meal, 0ere

immediately killed, thatthey may go 0ith the

dead man

+ they /uried 0ith achie1 in a -essel

manned /y many

ro0ers to ser-e him

in his -oyage to theother 0orld

+2he usual .lace o1

/urial 0as the dead

mans o0n house, atleast on the lo0er

.art a great .it 0asdug the co11in 0as

.laced A small railingis constructed they

.laced inside the 1ood

0hich they /rought

;thers /uried their /odies in the o.en

1ield, and 1or se-eral

days /urned 1ires

/eneath their housedand set guards, so that

the dead man might not



return and carry 0ith

him those 0hom he had

le1t

+ A1ter the /urial,mourning ceased, /ut

not the 1easting and

into=i1ication, 0hich

lasted 1or more or lesstime according to the

rank o1 the deceased

2he 0ido0 or0ido0er the or.ans

and other relati-es

e=.ressed their sorro0

/y 1asting+ Among the tagalogs the

color o1 mourning is

/lack, and among the

/isayans 0hite+ 1east they ate and

drank to e=cess u.onoccasions o1 illness,

death, and mourning /ethrotals, 0eddings,

and sacri1ices not a

door closed against

anyone 0ho mightdesire to drink 0ith

them

+ u.on occasions o1

sacri1ice at one sideo1 the ta/le u.on 0hich

he 0ho chose 0ould



thro0, /y 0ay o1

religious ceremony,

some mouth1ul o1 1ood,

0hich he re1rained1rom eating out o1

res.ect to the anito

2hey eat in grou.s no

hesitation in .utting thehands o1 all into the

same dish, or in

drinking out o1 thesame -essel 2hey eat

/ut little, drink o1ten

+ <hen they are

satiated andinto=icated they

clear the house i1 the

1east is not one o1

mourning sing, .laymusical instruments,

and dance greatu.roar and shouting

until they 1all,e=hausted, and

dro0sy they

.reser-e their

ordinary conduct, ande-en under the

in1luence o1 0ine, act

0ith as much res.ect

and .rudence as /e1ore+ i1 they ha-e occasion

to /uy or sell anything,



they not only make no

mistake in /argaining,

/ut i1 ir /e necessary to

0eight the gold orsil-er 1or the .rice

%0hich is the common

usage among those

nations, each .ersoncarrying 1or that

.ur.ose a small scale in

his 0allet&, they do it0ith much accuracy

that the hand ne-er

trem/les, nor is there

any error in the 0eight+ <hen a child is /orn, it

is the mothers duty to

gi-e it a name names

are most o1tencon1erred on account o1

certain circumstancesAll .ersons are called

/y these names 1rom /irht 0ithoug using

surnames until they

married 2he names o1

the 0omen aredistinguished 1rom

those o1 the men /y

adding MinM In

naming children theyuse diminuti-es



Religious B

Religion

+ dark a/yss the

-ilest and most

a/omina/le things

loathsome creatures /linded /y their

ignorancelo-e and

.ri8e these things o1

darkness cannot o.entheir eyes to any light

/eyond

+ 1alse heathen /elie1di-inity o1 their idols

.riests and .riestess

sacri1ices and

su.erstitions+ go-ernment is

1ounded on tradition

custom introduced /y

the de-il himsel1, 0hos.oke to them through

their idols andministers

+ /ar/arous songs1a/ulous genealogies

and -ain deeds o1 their

gods creation o1 the

0orld, the origin o1 thehuman race, the deluge,

.aradise, .unishment

other in-isi/le things

a thousand a/surdities+ /athala mei ca.al

0hich means Mgod the

2he country o1 4ai is to

the north Po5ni there are

/ron8e images o1 gods,o1 unkno0n origin,

scattered a/out in grassy

0ilderness

nothing stated + 2hese nati-es 0ill /e

easily con-erted to our

holy Catholic 1aith, 1or

most o1 them areheathens, e=ce.ting the

nati-es o1 Horney and

Lucon %0ho are chie1ly

4oros&9

9 they ha-e t0o

di11erent /elie1s

concerning the

/eginning o1 the 0orld

2he .eo.le o1 the coast,

0ho are called

Nligueynes, /elie-e thathea-en and earth had no

/eginning, and that those

0ere t0o gods calledCa.tan and the other

4aguayen

2he 2inguianes /elie-ethat in the /eginning

there 0ere only the sea

and the sky7 and that one

day a kite %/ird&, ha-ingno .lace to alight,

determined to set the seaagainst the sky

It is said that the souls o1

those 0ho are sta//ed to

death, eaten /y

crocodiles, or killed /yarro0s %0hich is

considered a -ery

honora/le death&, go to

hea-en /y 0ay o1 thearch 0hich is 1ormed

0hen it rains, and



creator or makerM

+ 2heir idolatry is an

adoration and

dei1ication o1 theirancestors

+ In memory o1

de.arted ones little

idols stone, 0ood, /one, i-ory, or a

caymans teeth7 others

o1 gold lara0an0hich signi1ies MidolM

or MstatueM /ar/arous

sacri1ices

+ 0orshi..ed like theEgy.tians, animals and

/irds like the

Assyrians, the sun and

moon di-inity to therain/o0

+ 2he tagalogs adored a /lue /ird called it

/athala 0orshi..edthe cro0 mei lu.a

held the cayman in the

utmost -eneration

called it nomo, 0hichmeans Mgrand1atherM

/ecome gods 2he souls

o1 the dro0ned remain

in the sea 1ore-er

9 those 0ho die 1rom

diseases are young, the

mangalos, 0ho are

go/lins, are eating their /o0els 0here1ore the

die9

And those 0ho die thus,

the Arayas9, go to a

-ery high mountain in

the island o1 Panay,called 4ayas 4adya5as

5 :F

9 there is in the skyanother god, called

Sida.a9 2here hemeasures the li-es o1 all

the ne05/orn, and .lacesa mark on the tree, 0hen

the .ersons status

euals this mark7 he dies

immediately

9 at the death all souls

go directly to the

in1ernal regions7 /utthat, the sacri1ices and

o11erings made to the



god Pandaue9, they

are redeemed 1rom

Simuran and

Siguinarugan, gods o1the lo0er regions

9 0hen the Nligueynes

die, the god 4aguayancarries them to in1erno

9 Good or /ad alike, he

takes them all on eualterms, 0hen they go to

in1erno Hut the .oor,

0ho ha-e no one to o11er

sacri1ices 1or them,remain 1ore-er, in the

in1erno9

It is only in case o1sickness, and in times o1

seed5so0ing or o1 0ar,that sacri1ices are

o11ered 2hese sacri1icesare called baylanes9

2hen the .riestess chants

her songs nad in-okes

the demon, 0ho a..earsto her all glistening gold

2hey /elie-e that the

0orld has no end2heysay that 4aca.tan

d0ells highest in the



sky 2hey consider him a

/ad god, /ecause he

sends diseases and

death9

It is said that the di-inity

Lalahon d0ells in a

-olcano in !egrosIsland, 0hence she hurls

1ire9 2hey in-oke

Lalahon 1or theirhar-est7 0hen she does

not choose to grant them

good har-ests she sends

the locusts to destroyand consume cro.s 2his

Lalahon is a 0oman

9 the religion 1ormerlyo/ser-ed /y these

4oros, they 0orshi..eda deity called among

them Hatala, 0hich .ro.erly means OGod

Accordingly there is a

house 0hich contains9images called anitos7 1or

they say that 0hen

.eo.le die, they go ser-e

to Hatala



Inter.retasyon>

$ Social

The apparel and clothing of the natives are based on their environment or on their practices.

%doc &2he country o1 4ai is to the north Po5ni 2he nati-es co-er themsel-es 0ith a sheet o1 cotton cloth or hide the lo0er .art o1 the /ody 0ith sarong % lit loin c

%doc '&2he a..arel and clothing o1 these nati-es o1 Lu8on /e1ore the entrance o1 the S.aniards into the country 0ere generally, 1or men, certain short collarless gar

Cangan9%doc'& 0hile the chie1s had some red ones called chinanas 2hey also 0ore /ahagues and .otong,9they 0ear necklaces

%doc '&2he 0omen throughout this island 0ear small 3ackets %sayelos& 0ith slee-es o1 the same kind o1 cloth and o1 all colors, called -aros

The natives have diverse behaviors. Some are polite while others are barbaric or cruel.

%doc $&they ha-e their .oliteness and good /reeding, es.ecially the tagalogs, 0ho are -ery ci-il and courteous in 0ord and action

%doc $& it is considered /ad manners to s.eak /e1ore one is s.oken to

%doc $& 2heir greatest courtesy is in their 1orm o1 address al0ays use the third .erson

%doc &most .eo.le are o1 a cruel dis.osition and gi-en to ro//ery

%doc '&4en and 0omen are -ery clean and neat in their .ersons and clothing, and o1 .leasing address and grace

%doc (& 2hese .eo.le declare 0ar among themsel-es e-en at the slightest .ro-ocation, or 0ith none 0hate-er

All those who have not made treaty of peace… are considered as enemies.

%doc (&<hene-er the occasion .resents itsel1, they ro/ one another, e-en i1 they /e neigh/ors or relati-es they al0ays try to attack 0ith sa1ety and ad-antage to th

%doc (&9 are al0ays more ready to ro/ their neigh/or than to culti-ate their o0n land

%doc (& 9 so di-ided among themsel-es and ha-e so little dealing 0ith one another ne-er assem/ling to gain strength, or rendering o/edience one to another

%doc (& 2he men treat their 0i-es 0ell, and lo-e them according to their ha/its and customs although they are all /ar/arians and ha-e no manners or .oliteness

Theft was rampant during pre-history.

%Docu &the .u5li5lu is connected 0ith sansu /ut its settlements are more .o.ulous7 most .eo.le are o1 a cruel dis.osition and gi-en to ro//ery



%Docu (&<hene-er the occasion .resents itsel1, they ro/ one another, e-en i1 they /e neigh/ors or relati-es

%Docu (&9 are al0ays more ready to ro/ their neigh/or than to culti-ate their o0n land

%Docu )&I1 a thie1 commits a great ro//ery, he and all his relati-es %or at least his nearest kin& are 1ined I1 they are una/le to .ay the 1ine, they are made sla-es 9

commits any crime, e-en against one o1 his o0n sla-es or timaguas, he is 1ined in the same manner

Di-ersity is e-ident /ecause the nati-es ha-e di11erent style 0hen it comes to clothing, there are many di11erent tongues, di11erent ideologiesB.racticesB/

e-en in their /eha-ior

Political

Slavery was practiced

%doc $& Sla-es 0ere also made through tyranny and cruelty .unishment 1or o11enses o1 small account E=am.les o1 these are> 1ailure to .reser-e the silence o

or ha..ening to .ass in 1ront o1 a chie1 0ho 0as /athing, and other similar o..ressions they also ca.tured sla-es in 0ar /y means o1 am/uscades and attacks

much all those 0hom they did not 0ish to kill

%Doc )&<hen a chie1 0as taken ca.ti-e, or commited adultery or murder, all his relati-es contri/uted to0ard his ransom, each according to the degree o1 kinsh

relati-es had not means to do this the chie1 remained a sla-e

%doc (&!o la0 /inds relati-e to relati-e9 i1 a man in some time o1 need, shelters a relati-e or a /rother in his house, su..orts him, and .ro-ides him 0ith 1ood

days, he 0ill consider that relati-e as a sla-e 1rom that time on, and is ser-ed /y him 9 ser-ing them only under certain conditions, and 0hen and ho0 they .l

There was a government having chiefs as their leader. The chiefs ruled and implemented laws among their people.

%Doc )&the 4oros9 had chie1s in their res.ecti-e districts, 0hom the .eo.le o/eyed7 they .unished criminals, and laid do0n the la0s that must /e o/ser-ed

Santao5 ha-e chie1s

%Doc &4in5to5lang 5

2hey ha-e chie1s and they .ro/ihited ro//ery 0hich is .unished /y .utting the ro//ers 1amily to death

SL

2hey ha-e chie1



Pishoye

2here is no chie1 in this country in their custom

Sanctions were imposed on those who abide the laws.

%Doc '&Hoth men and 0omen are so sel1ish and greedy that, i1 they are .aid, they

are easily 0on o-er <hen the hus/and 1inds his 0i1e in adultery,

he is smoothed and .aci1ied 0ithout any trou/le although, since they

ha-e kno0n S.aniards, some o1 those 0ho assume to /e more enlightenedamong them ha-e sometimes killed the adulterers

War was practiced

%Doc )&2he 1irst man 0ho 0aged 0ar, according to their story, 0as Panas9 6e declared 0ar against 4angaran, and 1rom that time date the 1irst 0ars, /e

.eo.le 0ere di-ided into t0o 1actions, and hostility 0as handed do0n 1rom 1ather to son

' Economic

Foreign merchants come to the country to trade goods with minerals.

O6ai5tan 2he sa-age traders race 1or small /oats, carrying cotton, yello0 0a=, nati-e cloth coconut5heart mats, 0hich they o11er 1or /arter I1 the .ieces canno

u.on, the chie1 o1 the %local& traders must go in .erson , in order to come to an understanding 0hich /eing reached the nati-es are o11ered .resents o1 silk um/r

and rattan /askets /ut the 1oreigners still retain on /oard on or t0o as hostages Document

O9 on the arri-al o1 1oreign -essels 1or .ur.oses o1 /arter, they strike a /argain 0ith those 1oreigners and allo0 them to 0ork in the mines 1or a .eriod agreed

Document (

OSantao the .eo.le /oil sea0ater to make salt and 1erment sugarcane 3uice to make liuor 2he natural .roducts are /ee50a=, cotton and cloth o1 -arious .atte

trading 0ith them, the Chinese use co..er /eads, /o0ls o1 /lue or 0hite 1lo0er, small 1igure chint8es, .iece o1 iron and the like Document

O2he Chinese goods used in trading are ting in standard 0eight, /lue cloth, .orcelain 0ater 3ar o1 chu5chou, /ig .ot, iron caldron and the like Document

The country is endowed with natural resources, especially with gold.

O0ho are called Ngolotes 2hese nati-es .ossess rich mines, many o1 gold and sil-er mi=ed9 Document '

O4ore or less gold is 1ound in all these islands9 Document (

O2here are .laces in these islands 0here .earls can /e 1ound9 Document (



OCinnamon is also to /e 1ound here, es.ecially in the island o1 4indanao9

OIn some .laces 0e ha-e seen .e..er trees9 Document (

O9 0here can /e 1ound a/undance o1 t im/er, .lanking, and other articles necessary 1or the /uilding o1 shi.s Document (

O4ore or less gold is 1ound in all these islands9 Document (

Womens wor! is centered in their homes and are mainly sewing and raising livestoc!.

O2he 0omen ha-e needle0ork as their em.loyment and occu.ation, and they are -ery cle-er at it, and at all kinds o1 se0ing Document '

O2hey 0ea-e cloth and s.in cotton, and ser-e in the houses o1 their hus/ands and 1athers Document 'O2hey raise 1o0ls and s0ine, and kee. the houses, 0hile the men are engaged in the la/ors o1 the 1ield, and in their 1ishing, na-igation, and trading Docum

2he trading o1 di11erent goods is a source o1 their li-elihood

( Cultural

They practice proper hygiene.

M 0hen they are /orn /rought u. in the 0ater men and 0omen s0im like 1ishes, e-en 1rom childhood /athed themsel-es at all hours, 1or cleanliness and

anoint the hand 0ith a3on3oli %ie oil o1 sesame& mi=ed 0ith ci-et em.loy /aths as a medicineM 5 Document $

M-essel 1ull o1 0ater /e1ore the door o1 e-ery house e-ery .erson 0ash his 1eet /e1ore enteringM 5 Document $

M2hey uite generally /athe the entire /ody in the ri-ers and creeks, /oth young and old, 0ithout re1lecting that it could at any time /e in3urious to them7 )JF 1

/aths do they 1ind their /est medicinesM 5 Document '

They do a lot of rituals with regards to death.

MA1ter the death there 1ollo0ed ne0 music, the dirges and lamentations 0ee.ing, not only /y the mourners /ut /y others on account o1 their sorro0 and gri

0ages and .ro1it they 0ere hired 1or this .ur.oseM 5 Document $

M2o the sound o1 this sad music 0ashed the /ody o1 the dead .erson gum o1 the stora= tree and other aromatics cloth it in the /est garments 0hich the dea

.ossessed a1ter ha-ing ke.t and mourned o-er it 1or three days, they /uried itM 5 Document $

M;thers anointed the /ody 0ith aromatic /alsams 0hich .re-ent corru.tion, es.ecially 0ith the 3uice o1 a sort o1 i-y a -ery -alua/le drug, 0hich they call /uy

anointed the dead /ody in3ected it through the mouth that it .enetrated the 0hole /ody .laced gold in the mouths laid 0ith them many articles o1 -alues

under the house, richly adorned 0ith the cor.se another chest, containing garmentsM 5 Document $

M .lace the co11ins in their d0ellings, enclosed in co11ins o1 the hardest 0ood, incorru.ti/le, and 0ith the co-er so 1itted that it 0as im.ossi/le 1or the air to

Document $



M they 0ould not let them de.art 1rom the 0orld alone ga-e male and 1emale sla-es to accom.any the dead 2hese sla-es, ha-ing 1irst eaten a hearty meal, 0

immediately killed, that they may go 0ith the dead manM 5 Document $M they /uried 0ith a chie1 in a -essel manned /y many ro0ers to ser-e him in his -oyage to the other 0orldM

M2he usual .lace o1 /urial 0as the dead mans o0n house, at least on the lo0er .art a great .it 0as dug the co11in 0as .laced A small railing is constructed

.laced inside the 1ood 0hich they /rought ;thers /uried their /odies in the o.en 1ield, and 1or se-eral days /urned 1ires /eneath their housed and set guards, s

dead man might not return and carry 0ith him those 0hom he had le1tM 5 Document $

MA1ter the /urial, mourning ceased, /ut not the 1easting and into=i1ication, 0hich lasted 1or more or less time according to the rank o1 the deceased 2he 0ido0

0ido0er the or.ans and other relati-es e=.ressed their sorro0 /y 1astingM 5 Document $MAmong the tagalogs the color o1 mourning is /lack, and among the /isayans 0hiteM 5 Document $

M9 those 0ho die 1rom diseases are young, the mangalos, 0ho are go/lins, are eating their /o0els 0here1ore the die9M 5 Document )

MAnd those 0ho die thus, the Arayas9, go to a -ery high mountain in the island o1 Panay, called 4ayas 4adya5as 5 :FM 5 Document )M9 at the death all souls go directly to the in1ernal regions7 /ut that, the sacri1ices and o11erings made to the god Pandaue9, they are redeemed 1rom Simur

Siguinarugan, gods o1 the lo0er regionsM 5 Document )

M2hese nati-es /ury their dead in certain 0ooden co11ins, in their houses 2hey /ury 0ith dead gold, cloth, and other -alua/le o/3ects9M 5 Document )

M<hen someone dies, the .eo.le light many 1ires near his house7 and at night armed men go to act as sentinels a/out his co11in, 1or 1ear that the sorcerers9 ma

touch the co11in9M 5 Document )M<hen any chie19 dies, a sla-e is made to die /y the same death as that o1 the chie1, <hen the 1ather or mother or any relati-e died, they .romised to eat no ri

sei8e some ca.ti-es in /attle9 until they had either taken a ca.ti-e or killed someone, 0hen they ceased their mourning9M 5 Document )M2he mourning o/ser-ed /y the 0omen they call morotal It is similar to that o1 men, e=ce.t that the mourner 5 instead o1 going to ca.ture or kill someone9 is

cease mourning and to eat rice again 5 em/arks in a /arangay 0ith many 0omenM 5 Document )M;ne o1 the o/ser-ances 0hich is carried out 0ith most rigor is that called larao 2his rule reuires that 0hen a chie1 dies all must mourn him, and must o/ser-

restrictions9M 5 Document )

MI1 they lent rice to anyone, one year 0as allo0ed 1or re.aying it9 I1 the loan 0ere not re.aid a1ter the 1irst har-est, the amount is dou/led9 regularly increas

Document )

MI1 a man died and le1t 1our children, the .ro.erty and the sla-es 0ere di-ided into 1our eual .arts, and each one o1 the children took his o0n shareM 5 Docum

There are a lot of practices and conditions between the newlyweds.

M distinct 1ormalities o1 /ethro0al accom.anied /y con-entional .enalties married .ersons make an agreement 0ith another married .air 0i-es are 0ith c

res.ecti-e 0i-es /ear a male and a 1emale those t0o children shall /e 3oined in marriage .enalty o1 tem gold taesM 5 Document $

M the hus/and gi-es her the do0ry amount agreed u.on in accordance 0ith his means make .resents to the .arents and relati-esM 5 Document $

M di-orce is un3ust man .arts 1rom his 0i1e he loses the do0ry she lea-es him, she must restore the do0ryM 5 Document $



M i1 the man has a 3ust cause hist do0ry must /e restored the 0i1e lea-es him, she retains the do0ry children are di-ided eually /et0een the t0o, 0itho

o1 se=M 5 Document $M4arriage among these nati-es is a kind o1 .urchase or trade 0hich men make7 1or they .ay and gi-e money in e=change 1or their 0omen, according to the ran

.artiesM 5 Document (

MIn the assem/lies, marriages, and 1easts o1 the nati-es o1 these islands, the chie1 thing consists in drinking this 0ine, day and night, 0ithout ceasing, 0hen the

comes, some singing and others drinkingM 5 Document '

➢ 2he .eo.le had 0ide -ariety o1 .ractices de.ending on their grou. 2hey /athe 1or cleanliness and leisure and e-en .racticed cleanliness /e1ore entering homes In ma

ga-e their means as do0ry and di-orce is legal and de.ending on the cause ?easts ha..ens e-ery marriage, /etrothals, sacri1ices and 0eddings and e-eryone is in-ited

!ames are gi-en de.ending on certain circumstances 2hey e-en .aid -ery high res.ects to those 0ho ha-e died e-en to the .oint o1 re1raining 1rom eating meat as an

o1 sorro0 and killing sla-es to accom.any him in the other 0orld

) Religious B Religion

They create idols and images representing their departed relatives which they worship

Docu $ 2heir idolatry is an adoration and dei1ication o1 their ancestors

Docu $ In memory o1 de.arted ones little idols stone, 0ood, /one, i-ory, or a caymans teeth7 others o1 gold lara0an 0hich signi1ies MidolM or MstatueM /

sacri1icesDocu 2he country o1 4ai is to the north Po5ni there are /ron8e images o1 gods, o1 unkno0n origin, scattered a/out in grassy 0ilderness

Docu ) Accordingly there is a house 0hich contains9 images called anitos7 1or they say that 0hen .eo.le die, they go ser-e to Hatala

They have a highest god called "atala or "athala.

Docu $ 2he tagalogs adored a /lue /ird called it /athala 0orshi..ed the cro0 mei lu.a held the cayman in the utmost -eneration called it nomo, 0hich m

Mgrand1atherM

Docu )9 the religion 1ormerly o/ser-ed /y these 4oros, they 0orshi..ed a deity called among them Hatala, 0hich .ro.erly means OGod



Peo.le /e1ore 0orshi..ed di-erse things 0hich are mostly nature 2hey set u. statues or images o1 0ho or 0hat they 0orshi. and the nati-es e-idently

di11erent kinds o1 /elie1s, su.erstitions and rituals Religion de-elo.ed then the nati-es /elie-ed in gods and others concerning the .lace they li-e in and

it

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