Karyu Amawey

Version 3.4.1

Last updated: 14 January 2010 Sources

Na’Vi Language

Phonology & Orthography 1

Vowels 1

Consonants 2 Lenition 2 Grammar 3

Pronouns 3

Nouns & Prepositions 3-6 Plurals 3

Gender 4

Articles 4

Case 4-5

Adpositions 5-6

Adjectives 6

Numbers 6

Verbs 7

Questions & Demonstratives 9

Changing Parts of Speech 10

Phrases 10

Lexicon 11

http://www.learnnavi.org/

1

Phonology and orthography

Na‟vi is an unwritten language. Due to the tsaheylu that connects all life on Pandora, whereupon

memories are stored and accessed, there is no need for a writing system. That said, for the

purpose of humans learning Na‟vi, a standardized form was developed using Roman letters

coupled with diacritic marks on some vowels.

Phonology: ***Please note that all terms have been transcribed using IPA in the bilingual dictionaries.

Stress markings have been added in many of the terms until further clarification has been made

upon them.

Vowels:

There are seven simple vowels:

Front Central Back

Close [i]i

[ì] ɪ

[u]u

Close-Mid [o]o

Open-Mid [e]ɛ

[ä]æ

Open [a]a

and four diphthongs [aw], [ew], [ay], [ey].

These vowels may occur in sequences, meaning there can be long strings of vowels within a

word. However, each vowel counts as a syllable, so that meuia (honor) has four syllables

[mɛ.u.i.a].

In addition, the syllabic consonants ll [l̩] and rr [r̩] behave as vowels, as in pllte’ [pl̩.tɛʔ]

"to speak". The rr is strongly trilled, and the ll is "light", never a "dark" (velarized) *[ɫ̩]. These

may occur directly before another vowel, as in hrrap [hr̩.ap] "dangerous".

Na‟vi does not have vowel length or tone, but it does have contrastive stress: túte [ˈtu.tɛ]

"person", tuté [tu.ˈtɛ] "female person". Although stress may move with derivation, as here, it is

not affected by inflection (case on nouns, tense on verbs, etc). So, for example, the verb lu "to

be" has stress on its only vowel, the u, and no matter what else happens to it, the stress stays on

that vowel: lolú [lo.ˈlu] "was" (l‹ol›u), lolängú [lo.læng.ˈu] "was (ugh!)" (l‹ol›‹äng›u), etc.

2

Consonants

There are twenty one consonants in Na‟vi. In transcriptions, the ejective consonants are written

with digraphs in x, a convention that appears to be unique to Na‟vi.

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Ejective [px]p‟ [tx]t‟ [kx]k‟

Plosive [p]p [t]t [k]k [„] ʔ

Affricate [ts]ʦ

Fricative [f]f [v]v [s] s [z] z [h] h

Nasal [m]m [n] n [ng] ŋ

Flap [r] ɾ

Trill [rr]r

Liquid/glide [w]w [l] l or [ll] l̩ [y]j

The fricatives, f v s z h, and the affricate, ts, are restricted to the onset of a syllable; the

other consonants may occur at either the beginning or at the end (though w or y in final position

are considered parts of diphthongs, as they only occur as ay ey aw ew and may be followed by

another final consonant, as in skxawng "moron"). However, in addition to appearing before

vowels, (f ts s) may form consonant clusters with any of the unrestricted consonants (the

stops and liquids/glides) apart from(’) making for 39 clusters.

Lenition:

For some Na‟Vi nouns with strong initial consonants, such as px, t, or k, adding either plural

marker ay- or me- with weaken that initial consonant. Theory behind lenition is largely thought

to be easier and smoother pronunciation for the mouth. Regardless, the following sounds when

found consonant initial are weakened to these following forms:

Before plural marker After plural marker

px, tx, kx p, t, k

p, t/ts, k f, s, h

„ Ø (deletion)

Examples: tsmuk ‘sibling’ kelku ‘home’ aysmuk/smuk ‘siblings’ mehelku/helku ‘homes’ pxun ‘arm’ mepun/pun ‘arms’

3

Grammar

Pronouns

Na‟vi pronouns encode clusivity. That is, there are different words for "we" depending on

whether the speaker is including you or not. There are also special forms for the dual "the two of

us" (with or without you), and the trial "the three of us", etc. They do not inflect for gender;

although it's possible to distinguish "he" from "she", the distinction is optional.

sing. dual trial plural

Exclusive oe moe — ayoe Inclusive — oeng — ayoeng

2nd person nga menga — aynga 3rd person po mefo — ayfo

The deferential, or ceremonial, forms of "I" and "you" are ohe and ngenga, respectively. "He"

and "she" can optionally be differentiated as poan and poé.

These pronouns utilize a system of attaching several different morphemes to articulate what they

mean.

me- dual marker oe 1st.singular

ay- plural marker ng(a) 2nd

.singular

po(an/é) 3rd

.singular

For example, the exclusive vs. inclusive dual really translates into “two me‟s (meaning myself

and someone else)” and “me and you”, respectively.

Pronouns are declined for case similarly to nouns (See Case below)

Nouns and prepositions

Nouns show greater number distinctions than human languages: besides singular and plural, they

not only have special dual forms for two of an item (eyes, hands, lovers, etc.), which are not

uncommon in human language, but also trial forms for three of an item, which on Earth are only

found with pronouns (***This has yet to yield any examples) However, gender is only

occasionally (and optionally) marked.

Plurals:

The plural prefix is ay-, and the dual is me- (nari "eye", menari "eyes"). Both trigger lenition

in Na‟vi words (See Lenition above) In nouns which undergo lenition, the plural prefix may be

dropped, so the plural of tokx "body" is either aysokx or just sokx.

4

Gender:

Masculine nouns may be distinguished by the suffix -an, and feminine by -é, which is stressed:

tsmuk or tsmúktu "sibling", tsmúkan "brother", tsmuké "sister".

Articles:

There is no distinction between definite and indefinitie nouns; context is based largely on

demonstratives (see Questions and demonstratives).

Case:

Case Vowel Final Marker Consonant Final Marker

Intransitive N/A N/A

Ergative (Transitive Agent) -l -ìl

Accusative (Transitive Patient) -t(i) -it

Dative -ru -ìru

Genitive -yä - eyä

Topical -ri -ìri

One way nouns are conjugated for case is by transitivity. However, unlike most of the languages

spoken by humans, Na‟vi has separate markers for the subject of a transitive verb and the object

of the same transitive verb. An object is marked with the accusative suffix -ti, and an agent with

the ergative suffix -l, while an intransitive subject has no case suffix. For example:

Oe-l nga-ti kam‹ei›e

I-ERG you-ACC See‹LAUD›

"I See you" (a greeting)

For further explanation on Transitivity, please refer to the Crash course in linguistic terminology

used for Na'Vi found on the learnnavi.org website under Downloads.

Genitive (-yä)

The genitive case refers to the possessive case, or a noun that modifies another noun. In

English, the Genitive marker that is typically used is the (‟s):

E.g. John’s cheese.

Charlotte’s book.

In the case of Na‟Vi, the genitive marker is typically suffixed to the end of the pronoun to

show possession over another noun.

E.g. Oe-yä tìmuntxa.

I-GEN mate

„My mate‟

5

Ayoeng-eyä Kelutrel

Pl.Incl.-GEN Hometree

„Our Hometree‟

Dative (-ru)

The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom

something is given, or in other words, the recipient of something.

E.g. John gave Mary the book.

Mary was given the book from John.

Na’Vi: Amhul-1 Ralu-ru vul-ti tìng

Amhul-ERG Ralu-DAT treebranch-ACC give

„Amhul gives Ralu the treebranch‟

Topic Marker (-ri)

The topic marker is used to introduce the topic of the clause, and is somewhat equivalent

to (though much more common than) English "as for". It preempts the case of the noun: that is,

when a noun is made topical, usually at the beginning of the clause, it takes the -ri suffix.

***This is not a substitute for the possessive case. Instead it is used to gather focus from a

larger clause onto a single entity.

E.g. The play was not enjoyed by anyone.

As for John, the play was not enjoyable.

Na’Vi: tukru-ri lehrrap lu tengkrr oe taron

spear-TOP dangerous be while I hunt

„The spear is dangerous while/when I hunt‟

Adpositions:

Besides case, the role of a noun in a clause may be indicated with adpositions. Any adposition

may occur either as a preposition before the noun, or as an enclitic after the noun, a greater

degree of freedom than human languages allow. For example, "with you" may be either hu nga

or ngahu. When used as enclitics, they are much like the numerous cases found in Hungarian

and Finnish. When used as prepositions, more along the lines of what English does, certain of

them trigger lenition. One of the leniting prepositions is mì "in", as in mì sokx "in the body".

This may cause some ambiguity with short plurals: mì sokx could also be short for mì aysokx

"in the bodies".

6

’em "over, above" ’ìm "behind, in back"

eo "before, in front of" fa "per" (with, by means of)

fpi "for the sake of" ftu "from" (direction)

hu "with, together with" (accompaniment)

Eywa ngahu Eywa (Na'vi god) (be) with you

ìlä "via, along, by"

ka "across" ne "to" (direction) Terìran ayoe ayngane we

are walking your way

kip "among" ta "from" (generic)

mì "in"

Adjectives

Na‟vi adjectives are inflected to show connection to their noun by using the syllabic vowel –a-,

which is attached on the side closest to the noun. For example, "a long river" can be expressed

either as,

ngim-a kilvan

long-ATTR river

or as,

kilvan a-ngim

river ATTR-long

The free word order holds for all attributives: Genitives (possessives) and relative clauses can

also either precede or follow the noun they modify. The latter especially allows for great freedom

of expression.

The attributive affix -a- is only used when an adjective modifies a noun. Predicative adjectives

instead take the "be" verb lu:

kilvan ngim lu

river long be

"The river is long"

Numbers

As the Na‟vi have four digits per hand, they have a base-eight number system. Only a few

numbers are attested:

7

’aw 1

mune 2

tsìng 4

onmrr (?) 5

vofu 16

tsìvol 32

From this it would appear that the root for 4 is tsì, for 8 is vo, and that 32 is "4 eights".

Numerals form various derivatives, such as ’awpo "one" (an individual), (nì)’awve

"first", ’awsiténg "together" (one-make-same), kawtu "no-one" (negative k-), kawkrr "never"

(not-one-time), nì’aw "only", and nì’awtu "alone" from "one"; also nìmun "again" and

perhaps muntxa "to mate" from mun- "two".

Verbs

Verbs are conjugated for tense but not for person. That is, they record distinctions like "I am, I

was, I would", but not like "I am, we are, s/he is". Conjugation relies exclusively on infixes,

which are like suffixes but go inside the verb. "To hunt", for example, is taron, but "hunted" is

t‹ol›aron, with the infix ‹ol›.

There are two positions for infixes: after the consonant (onset) of the penultimate syllable, and

after the consonant of the final syllable. Because many Na‟vi verbs have two syllables, these

commonly occur on the first and last syllable, as in the examples below. In monosyllabic words

like lu "be" and tsun "can", they both appear after the initial consonant, keeping their relative

order, as in ts<ol><äng>un [ts‹ol›‹äng›un] "was able to (ugh!)".

The first infix position (after the consonant of the penultimate syllable) is taken by infixes for

tense, aspect, or mood, as well as by participle and reflexive forms, which precede tense and

aspect when they co-occur.

Tense:

Future (FUT) <ay>

Immediate Future (IMM) <ìy>

Present (PRES) N/A (unmarked)

Recent Past (REC) <ìm>

Past (PST) <am>

t<am>aron t<ìm>aron taron t<ìy>aron t<ay>aron “hunted” “just hunted” “hunts” “about to hunt” “will hunt”

8

Aspect/Mood:

Perfective (PFV) <ol>

Imperfective (IMFV) <er>

Subjunctive (SJV) <iv>

t<ol>aron t<er>aron t<iv>aron “has hunted” “was hunting” “hunts?”

The perfective is a completed or contained action whereas the imperfective is an unfinished,

ongoing or uncontained action. There is no clear subjunctive mood in English, but it essentially

expresses hopes, uncertainties, possibilities or opinions. A clear English example is the Past

Subjunctive of the verb “to be”:

PAST: I was a teacher.

L<am>u karyu.

PAST SJV: If I had been a teacher. Txo l<a<v>m>u karyu.

Participle/Reflexive:

Participle <us>

Reflexive ?

The participial infix <us> is found in forms such as kérusey "dead", from ke "not" and rey "to

live" (that is, "not-living"), and txantslusam "wise", from txan "much" and tslam "to understand"

(that is, "much-understanding"). Like tense, aspect and mood, it falls under the first group of

infixes that are inserted after the consonant of the penultimate syllable.

The second infix position is taken by infixes for affect (speaker attitude, whether positive or

negative) and for evidentiality (uncertainty or indirect knowledge). For example, in the

greeting in the section on nouns, Oel ngati kameie "I See you", the verb kame "to See"

is inflected positively as kam‹ei›e to indicate the pleasure the speaker feels in the meeting.

In the subsequent sentence, Oeri ontu teya längu "My nose is full (of his smell)",

however, the phrase teya lu "is full" is inflected negatively as teya l‹äng›u to indicate

the speaker's distaste at the experience.

Laudative <ei>

Pejorative <äng>

Evidential ?

Deferential ?

9

t‹ìm›ar‹ei›on [hunt‹REC ›‹LAUD›] "just hunted ": The speaker is pleased, whether

due to success or just the pleasure of the hunt.

t‹ay›ar‹äng›on [hunt‹FUT›‹PEJ›] "will hunt ": The speaker is dissatisfied, bored, or

not impressed.

The copular “be” vs. the locational “be”:

There are two "be" verbs, lu, which is "be" in the sense that "A is B" and is used with

adjectives (a copula), and tok, which is "be" in the sense of "A is in/at a place" (a verb of

existence).

Negation:

Negation is made with the particle ke. Various other grammatical particles such as

conjunctions join phrases and clauses: na "like, as", to "(more, less) than", sìk (unquote), sì,

últe "and", fu "or", slä "but".

Questions and demonstratives

Yes-no questions are asked with the final question marker srak?

Question marker Demonstrative markers

pe- “what?” fì- “this”

fay “these”

tsa- “that”

peú, ’úpe "what? which

thing?"

fì’u "this, this

thing"

tsa’u "that, that thing"

pesu, tupe "who?" tsatu "that person"

pefya, fyape "how?" fìfya "like this"

pehem, kempe "what? which

action?"

fìkem "this (action)" tsakem "that (action)"

pehrr, krrpe "when?" tsakrr "then"

pelun, lumpe "why?"

peseng,

tsengpe "where?" fìtseng(e) "here" tsatseng "there"

These are merely the more common forms that pe, fì, fay and tsa combine with. However,

they may combine with any noun (e.g. tsana’rìng “that forest”). Likewise, other words may

combine with the morphemes in the table, such as tengfya "as" ('same way'), tengkrr "while"

('same time'), and ké’u "nothing".

10

Changing parts of speech

Adjectives may be derived from nouns with le-: hrrap "danger", lehrrap "dangerous".

Verbs may be made from nouns with the generic action verb si "to make, to do": kelku "home",

kelku si "to live (dwell)". Adverbs are formed in nì-: ftúe "easy", nìftúe "easily".

Abstract nouns may be derived from verbs and adjectives with the prefix tì-: rey "to live",

tìrey "life"; ngay "true", tìngay, "truth". People associated with a verb are indicated by

compounding with -tu: spe’é "to capture", spe’étu "a captive". A person who specializes

in a verb (English -er) is indicated with -yu: táron "to hunt", táronyu "hunter".

Phrases

"Hello, how are you?"

Kaltxì. nga-ru lu fpom srak?

[ kaltʼì ngaru lu fpom srak ]

Greetings. You-DAT be well.being QUESTION

"It‟s a pleasure to be able to chat with you in Na‟vi"

Tsun oe nga-hu nì-Na’vi pivängkxo a fì-’u oe-ru prrte’ lu

be.able I you-with ADV-Na‟vi pleasure? that this-thing I-DAT speak[9]

be

"I apologise for this moron"

Fì-skxawng-ìri tsapxalute s‹eng›i oe

this-moron-TOP apology make‹?› I

"These demons are forbidden here"

F-ay-vrrtep fì-tsenge lu kxanì

this-PL-demon this-place be forbidden

"My nose is full of his alien smell."

Oe-ri ta peyä fahew a-kewong ontu teya l‹äng›u

me-TOP from his smell ATTR-alien nose full be‹PEJ›

11

Lexicon

Na’Vi - English English – Na’Vi

‘ A 'ampi v

/ʔam.‟pi/

touch

'aw n

/ʔaw/

one number

'awpo pn

/ʔaw.‟po/

one one (person)

'awsiteng adv

/ʔaw.si.‟tɛŋ/

together

'awve adj

/‟ʔaw.vɛ/

first

'e'al adj

/‟ʔɛ.ʔal/

worst

'eko n

/‟ʔɛ.ko/

attack

'ekong n

/‟ʔɛ.koŋ/

beat (rhythmic)

'engeng n

/‟ʔɛ.ŋɛŋ/

level

'eveng n

/‟ʔɛ.vɛŋ/

child

'evi n

/‟ʔɛ.vi/

kid (affectionate form of

"child")

'ì'awn v

/‟ʔɪ.ʔawn/

remain,stay

'ìheyu n

/‟ʔɪ.hɛ.ju/

spiral

'ìnglìsì n

/‟ʔɪŋ.lɪ.sɪ/

English language

'it n

/ʔit/

bit a small amount

'itan n

/ʔi.‟tan/

son

'ite n

/‟ʔi.tɛ/

daughter

'ok n

/ʔok/

remembrance

'ong v

/ʔoŋ/

unfold,blossom

across ka pr

again nìmun adv

agree mllte v

alarm cry rawke n

alien ketuwong n

alien kewong n

Alien (i.e. non-

Na'vi)

faketuan n

all all (of),in to,

to,completely

nìwotx pr

allow tung v

almost stum adv

alone alone (as one

person)

nì'awtu adj

among kip pr

ancestor pizayu n

and sì conj

and ulte conj

animal,beast ioang n

apology tsap'alute n

arm pxun n

arrive pähem v

arrow swizaw n

art tseo n

12

'upe n

/‟ʔu.pɛ/

what (thing)

'upxare n

/‟ʔu.p‟a.ɾɛ/

Message

A a adj

/a/

which, that

äie n

/æ.‟i.ɛ/

vision

alaksì adj

/al.‟ak.sɪ/

ready

alìm adj

/‟al.ɪm/

far far away,at a

distance

Amhul n

/‟am.hul/

child's name

Änsìt n

/‟æn.sɪt/

child's name

apxa adj

/ap‟a/

large

atan adj, n

/a.‟tan/

light

atokirina' n

/a.to.ki.ɾi.‟naʔ/

Seeds of the great tree

ätxäle n

/‟æt‟.æ.lɛ/

request

atxkxe n

/‟at‟k‟.ɛ/

land

au n

/au/

drum (made of skin)

aungia n

/‟auŋ.i.a/

sign,omen

ayfo pn

/‟aj.fo/

they

aylaru conj

/aj.la.‟ɾu/

to the others

(contraction of aylaberu)

aynga pn

/‟aj.ŋa/

you

ayoe pn

/aj.o.‟ɛ/

we (exclusive)

ayoeng pn

/aj.o.‟ɛŋ/

we (inclusive)

E ean adj

/‟ɛ.an/

blue

as as (= same way

as)

tengfya adj, conj

ask pawm v

attack 'eko n

avatar; dreamwalker

body

uniltìrantokx n

awake txen adj

away (direction) neto pr

away (position) mìso pr

B

baby carrier/sling iveh k'nivi s'di n

back (direction) ne'ìm pr

bad,evil kawng adj

badge pätsì n

be at,occupy a space tok v

be be (am,is,are) lu v

be responsible kllfriyo' v, c

beat (rhythmic) 'ekong n

become slu v

beetle larva(e) teylu n

before, in front of eo pr

begin,start sngä'i v

beginning,start time sngä'ikrr n

big big (in stature) tsawl adj

bind yìm v

bit a small amount 'it n

bit a small amount nì'it n

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eltu n

/‟ɛl.tu/

brain

eltu si v, c

/‟ɛl.tu si/

listen pay attention,quit

goofing off

eltungawng n

/‟ɛl.tu.ŋawŋ/

brainworm

emza'u v

/ɛm.‟za.ʔu/

pass (a test)

eo pr

/ɛo/

before, in front of

Eyaye n

/ɛ.‟ja.je/

Plant species

(Warbonnet)

eyk v

/ɛjk/

lead

eyktan n

/‟ɛjk.tan/

leader

Eywa n

/‟ɛj.wa/

World spirit guiding

force and deity

(equivalent to Gaia);

Eywa PN

Eywa ngahu int

/‟ɛj.wa „ŋa.hu/

good-bye,Eywa (be with

you)

F fa pr

/fa/

with with (by means of)

faheu v

/‟fa.hɛ.u/

smell

faketuan n

/fa.‟kɛ.tu.an/

Alien (i.e. non-Na'vi)

fìfya pn

/‟fɪf.ja/

this this way,like this

fìkem pn

/‟fɪ.kɛm/

this this (action)

fìpo pn

/‟fɪ.po/

this this one (person or

thing)

fìtseng(e) pn

/fɪ.‟ʦɛŋ(ɛ)/

this, here here,this place

fì'u pn

/‟fɪ.ʔu/

this this (thing)

fkarut v

/‟fka.ɾut/

peel

blue ean adj

blue flower seze n

Blue Flute Clan Omatikaya n

body tokx n

bond bond (neural

connection)

Tsaheylu n

boom kxangangang n

bow and arrow tsko swizaw n

bow bow (weapon) tsko n

brain eltu n

brainworm eltungawng n

branch branch (of a

tree)

vul n

brave tsteu adj

bring zamunge v

brother tsmukan n

burn,consume nekx v

but slä conj

butt,rear end txìm n

by,via,following ìlä (also: ìlä) pr

C

call syaw v

calm mawey adj

can,be able tsun v

captive spe'etu n

capture spe'e v

center (or place in kxamtseng n

14

fkeu adj

/fkɛu/

mighty

fko adj

/fko/

one

fmawn n

/fmawn/

news news,something to

report

fmetok n

/‟fmɛ.tok/

test

fmi v

/fmi/

try

fnu v, c

/fnu/

quiet quiet ("be quiet!")

fo pn

/fo/

they

fpak v

/fpak/

hold off,suspend action

fpe' v

/fpɛʔ/

send

fpeio v

/fpɛ.‟i.o/

challenge challenge

(ceremonial)

fpi i

/fpi/

for the sake of

fpom n

/fpom/

well-being, peace

fpxafaw n

/‟fp‟a.faw/

medusa (animal)

fpxäkìm v

/‟fp‟æ.kɪm/

enter

frapo pn

/fɾapo/

everyone

fra'u pn

/fɾaʔu/

everything

ftang v

/ftaŋ/

stop

fte conj

/ftɛ/ so that

fteke conj

/‟ftɛ.kɛ/

so that not,lest

ftia v

/‟fti.a/

study

ftu pr

/ftu/

from from (direction)

ftue adj

/‟ftu.ɛ/

easy

the middle)

challenge challenge

(ceremonial)

fpeio v

change latem v

child 'eveng n

child's name Amhul n

child's name Änsìt n

child's name Ralu n

choose ftxey v

clan olo' n

clan leader olo'eyktan n

clear,certain law adj

clever clever (thing) sìlronsem adj

close close to lok adj

colleague lertu n

come za'u v

continually nìtut adv

cord telem n

create ngop v

creature swirä n

cut mun'i v

D

daddy sempu n

dance sreu v

danger hrrap n

dangerous lehrrap adj

15

ftxey v

/ft‟ɛj/

choose

fu conj

/fu/

or

fya'o n

/‟fja.ʔo/

path, way

fyape conj

/‟fja.pɛ/

how

fyawìntxu n

/fjawɪn.‟t‟u/

guide

H ha conj

/ha/

so so (or "in that case")

hapxì n

/ha.‟p‟ɪ/

part

hasey adj

/‟ha.sɛj/

done, finished

hawnu v

/‟haw.nu/

protect,shelter

hì'i adj

/‟hɪ.ʔi/

small

hiyìk adj

/‟hi.jɪk/

funny, strange

hrrap n

/hrap/

danger

hu adj

/hu/

with with

(accompaniment)

hufwe n

/‟huf.wɛ/

wind

hum v

/hum/

leave, depart

I i'en n

/i.‟ʔɛn/

stringed instrument

Iknimaya n

/ik.ni.ma.‟ja/

Thundering

rocks,Stairway to

Heaven (floating

mountains)

ikran n

/ik.‟ɾan/

mountain banshee

ìlä (also: ìlä) pr

/‟ɪ.læ/ or /‟ɪl.æ/

by,via,following

ioang n

/‟i.o.aŋ/

animal,beast

daughter 'ite n

day trr n

dead kerusey adj

demon vrrtep n

destroy ska'a v

die terkup v

dig up kllkulat v

dim dim (of a

person)

snumìna adj

dinner dinner,served

meal

wutso n

Direhorse pa'li n

dive tawng v

do not negative (do

not)

rä'ä v

do,make si v

doctor toktor n

done, finished hasey adj

dream unil n

Dream Hunt Uniltaron n

dreamwalker uniltìranyu n

drive out kurakx v

drum (made of skin) au n

duck tawng n

E

ear mikyun n

easily nìftue adv

16

irayo n, i

/i.‟ɾa.jo/

thank you

iveh k'nivi s'di n

/‟i.vɛh „k‟ni.vi

s‟di/

baby carrier/sling

K ka pr

/ka/

across

kä v

/kæ/

go

kaltxì n

/kal.‟t‟ɪ/

hello

kämakto v

/kæ.‟mak.to/

ride out

kame v

/‟ka.mɛ/

See (spiritual sense)

kangay adj

/‟kaŋ.aj/

valid

karyu n

/‟kaɾ.ju/

teacher

kato n

/‟ka.to/

rhythm

kawkrr adv

/kaw.‟kr/

never

kawng adj

/kawŋ/

bad,evil

kawtu pn

/kaw.‟tu/

no one

ke adv

/kɛ/

not

kea adj

/‟kɛ.a/

no no (before a noun)

kehe adv

/‟kɛ.hɛ/

no

kelku n

/‟kɛl.ku/

home

kelku si v

/‟kɛl.ku si/

live,dwell

Kelutrel n

/‟kɛl.u.tɾɛl/

Hometree Hometree

(tree for living in)

kempe pn

/‟kɛm.pɛ/

what what (action)

kenong v

/‟kɛ.noŋ/

model,represent,exempli

fy

easy ftue adj

eat yom v

elbow pxuntil n

English language 'ìnglìsì n

enough nìtam adj

enter fpxäkìm v

everyone frapo pn

everything fra'u pn

evil tìkawng n

examine steftxaw v

example tìkenong n

eye nari n

eyes (two) menari n

F

false tsleng adj

far far away,at a

distance

alìm adj

fast nìwin adj

father sempul n

fear txopu n

feed yomtìng v

female female

(person)

tutee n, adj

finger zekwä n

fire txep n

first 'awve adj

first nì'awve adj

17

kerusey adj

/‟kɛ.ɾu.sɛj/

dead

ketuwong n

/‟kɛ.tu.woŋ/

alien

ke'u n

/‟kɛ.ʔu/

nothing

kewong n

/‟kɛ.woŋ/

alien

keye'ung n

/kɛ.‟jɛ.ʔuŋ/

insanity

kifkey n

/kif.‟kɛj/

world world

(physical,solid)

kìm v

/kɪm/

spin

kin v

/kin/

need

kinä n, adj

/‟ki.næ/

seven

kinam n

/‟ki.nam/

leg

kinamtil n

/‟ki.nam.til/

knee

kìng n

/kɪŋ/

thread

kì'ong n

/‟kɪ.ʔoŋ/

species of fruit or

vegetable

kip pr

/kip/

among

kìte'e n

/kɪ.‟tɛ.ʔɛ/

service

kìyevame n

/kɪ.jɛ.‟va.mɛ/

good-bye good-bye,see

you again soon

kllfriyo' v, c

/kl:.‟fri.jo/

be responsible

kllkulat v

/kl:.‟ku.lat/

dig up

kllkxem v

/kl:.‟kɛm/

stand

kllpxìltu n

/kl:.‟p‟ɪl.tu/

territory

kllte n

/kl:.‟tɛ/

Ground

fly tswayon v

for the sake of fpi i

forbidden kxanì adj

forest na'rìng n

forgiveness txoa n

four tsìng n, adj

fresh

fresh,appealing as

food

pxasul adj

from above ta'em pr

from from

(direction)

ftu pr

from from (various

uses)

ta pr

full teya adj

funny, strange hiyìk adj

G

get down get down!

(literally,"to the

ground!")

ne kllte! i

give tìng v

go kä v

good sìltsan adj

good-bye good-

bye,see you again

soon

kìyevame n

good-bye,Eywa (be

with you)

Eywa ngahu int

Got it. I understand. tslolam i

grab niä v

18

krr n

/kr/

time

krrnekx v

/kr.‟nɛk‟/

take/consume time

krrpe adv

/kr.‟pɛ/

when

kunsìp n

/‟kun.sɪp/

gunship

kurakx v

/ku.‟ɾak‟/

drive out

Kx kxam n

/k‟am/

middle,midpoint

kxamtseng n

/‟k‟am.ʦɛŋ/

center (or place in the

middle)

kxangangang n

/‟k‟aŋ.aŋ.aŋ/

boom

kxanì adj

/k‟anɪ/

forbidden

kxawm adv

/k‟awm/

perhaps,maybe

kxener n

/‟k‟ɛ.nɛɾ/

species of fruit or

vegetable

kxetse n

/‟k‟ɛ.ʦɛ/

tail

L lahe adj, pn

/‟la.hɛ/

other

lam v

/lam/

seem,appear

lapo pn

/‟la.po/

other other one (person

or thing)

latem v

/‟la.tɛm/

change

law adj

/law/

clear,certain

lehrrap adj

/ lɛ.‟hrap/

dangerous

Lenay'ga n

/‟lɛ.naj.ʔga/

Slinger Slinger

(predatory creature)

lertu n

/‟lɛɾ.tu/

colleague

grant teswotìng v

great leonopteryx

last shadow (great

leonopteryx)

toruk n

great,much,many

great (in quantity);

much

txan adj

great,noble nawm adj

ground kllte n

group of

people,party

pongu pn

guide fyawìntxu n

gunship kunsìp n

H

halt txey v

he poan pn

he,she po pn

heart txe'lan n

hello kaltxì n

help help,assistance srung n

hexapede,hexapod Yerik n

hold off,suspend

action

fpak v

home kelku n

Hometree Hometree

(tree for living in)

Kelutrel n

honor meuia n

hot som adj

how fyape conj

19

lì'u n

/‟lɪ.ʔu/

word

lok adj

/lok/

close close to

lonu v

/‟lo.nu/

release,let go

lrrtok v

/‟lr.tok/

smile

lu v

/lu/

be be (am,is,are)

lumpe adv

/‟lum.pɛ/

why

M makto v

/mak.‟to/

ride

mawey adj

/ma.‟wɛj/

calm

mefo pn

/‟mɛ.fo/

they (those two)

menari n

/mɛ.‟na.ɾi/

eyes (two)

meuia n

/mɛ.‟u.i.a/

honor

meyp adj

/mɛjp/

weak

mì pr

/mɪ/

in

mikyun n

/mik.‟jun/

ear

mìn adj

/mɪn/

turn

mìso pr

/‟mɪ.so/

away (position)

mllte v

/ml:.‟tɛ/

agree

moe pn

/‟mo.ɛ/

we we two (exclusive)

mokri n

/‟mok.ɾi/

voice

muiä adj

/mu.‟i.æ/

proper,fair,right

mune n, adj

/‟mu.nɛ/

two

munge v

/‟mu.ŋɛ/

take,bring

how pefya adv

hunt taron v

hunter taronyu n

I

I oe pn

I I (deferential or

ceremonial form)

ohe pn

if txo conj

if not if not,or else txokefyaw conj

in mì pr

insanity keye'ung n

interpret ralpeng v

J

joint,hinge til n

K

kid (affectionate

form of "child")

'evi n

kill tspang v

knee kinamtil n

know omum v

L

land atxkxe n

large apxa adj

lead eyk v

leader eyktan n

learn nume v

leave, depart hum v

20

mun'i v

/mun.‟ʔi/

cut

muntxa adj

/mun.‟t‟a/

mated

N na conj

/na/

like,as

nang i

/naŋ/

particle for surprise or

exclamation

nantang n

/‟nan.taŋ/

viperwolf Caniferratus

costatus or “striped

armored wolf.”

nari n

/‟na.ɾi/

eye

nari si c, v

/‟na.ɾi si/

watch out,be careful

na'rìng n

/‟na.ʔ.ɾɪŋ/

forest

Na'vi n

/naʔ.‟vi/

the People the People

(name for themselves)

nawm adj

/nawm/

great,noble

ne kllte! i

/nɛ kl:.‟tɛ/

get down get down!

(literally,"to the

ground!")

ne pr

/nɛ/

to (direction)

ne'ìm pr

/nɛʔɪm/

back (direction)

nekx v

/nɛk‟/

burn,consume

neto pr

/‟nɛ.to/

away (direction)

neu v

/‟nɛ.u/

want

niä v

/‟ni.æ/

grab

nì'aw adj

/nɪ.‟ʔaw./

only

nì'awtu adj

/nɪ.‟ʔaw.tu/

alone alone (as one

person)

leave,abandon txìng v

leg kinam n

level 'engeng n

life tìrey n

light atan adj, n

like us Nìayoeg adj, i

like,as na conj

like,as pxel pr

lip seyri n

listen tìng mikyun v

listen pay

attention,quit

goofing off

eltu si v, c

live rey v

live,dwell kelku si v

long (period of

time)

yol adj

longer longer (time) nulkrr adj

look tìng nari v

look look (at) nìn v

M

male male (person) tutean n, adj

many pxay adj, pn

marker for yes-no

questions

srak(e)

mated muntxa adj

matriarch Tsahìk n

matter matter txele v

21

nì'awve adj

/nɪ.‟ʔaw.vɛ/

first

nìayoeg adj, i

/nɪ.‟aj.o.ɛg/

like us

nìftue adv

/nɪ.‟ftu.ɛ/

easily

nìftxavang adv

/nɪ.‟ft‟a.vaŋ/

passionately,with all

heart

nìhawng adv

/nɪ.‟hawŋ/

too too,excessively

nì'it n

/nɪ.‟ʔit/

bit a small amount

nìltsan adv

/nɪl.‟ʦan/

well

nìmun adv

/nɪ.‟mun/

again

nìn v

/nɪn/

look look (at)

nìngay adv

/nɪŋ.‟aj/

truly

nìtam adj

/nɪ.‟tam/

enough

nìtut adv

/nɪ.‟tut/

continually

nìtxan adj

/nɪ.‟t‟an/

much

nì'ul adj

/nɪ.‟ʔul/

more

nìwin adj

/nɪ.‟win/

fast

nìwotx pr

/nɪ.‟wot‟/

all all (of),in to,

to,completely

nulkrr adj

/nul.‟kr/

longer longer (time)

nume v

/nu.‟mɛ/ learn

Ng nga pn

/ŋa/

you

ngawng n

/ŋawŋ/

worm

ngay adj

/ŋaj/

true

(subject)

matter matter,be of

importance

tsranten v

meaning ral n

medusa (animal) fpxafaw n

meeting ultxa n

message 'upxare n

middle,midpoint kxam n

mighty fkeu adj

mind ronsem n

model,represent,exe

mplify

kenong v

moment swaw n

mommy sa'nu n

more nì'ul adj

moron skxawng n

mother sa'nok n

mountain banshee ikran n

move,shift position rikx v

much nìtxan adj

music pamtseo n

must zene v

N

need kin v

need tìkin v

never kawkrr adv

news

news,something to

fmawn n

22

ngenga pn

/‟ŋɛ.ŋa/

you you (honorific

form)

ngop v

/ŋop/

Create

O oe pr

/‟o.ɛ/

I

oeng pr

/‟o.ɛŋ/

We two (you and I)

ohe pr

/‟o.hɛ/

I (deferential or

ceremonial form)

olo‟ n

/‟o.loʔ/

clan

olo'eyktan n

/‟ol.o.‟ʔɛjk.tan/

clan leader

Omatikaya n

/om.a.ti.‟kaj.a/

Blue Flute Clan

omum v

/‟o.mum/

know

ontu n

/‟on.tu/

nose

P pähem v

/‟pæ.hɛm/

arrive

pak i

/pak/

particle for surprise or

exclamation

pa'li n

/‟paʔ.li/

Direhorse

palulukan n

/‟pa.lu.‟lu.kan/

Thanator Dry Mouth

Bringer of Fear

(Thanator)

pam n

/pam/

sound

pamtseo n

/‟pam.ʦɛ.o/

music

pänutìng v

/pæ.‟nu.tɪŋ/

promise (a thing to

someone) promise (a

thing to someone)

pätsì n

/pæ.‟ʦɪ/

badge

report

night txon n

no kehe adv

no no (before a

noun)

kea adj

no one kawtu pn

nose ontu n

not ke adv

nothing ke'u n

now set adv

O

offence,insult zoplo n

one fko adj

one number 'aw n

one one (person) 'awpo pn

only nì'aw adj

or fu conj

other lahe adj, pn

other other one

(person or thing)

lapo pn

outside wrrpa adj

P

part hapxì n

particle for surprise

or exclamation

nang i

particle for surprise

or exclamation

pak i

particle used in full te pa

23

pawm v

/pawm/

ask

pe pn, adv

/pɛ/

what what (before a

noun)

pehem pn, adv

/‟pɛ.hɛm/

what what (action)

pehrr adv

/pɛ.‟hr/

when

pelun adv

/‟pɛ.lun/

why

peng v

/pɛŋ/

tell

peseng adv

/‟pɛ.sɛŋ/

where

pesu pn

/‟pɛ.su/

who

peu pn, adv

/‟pɛ.u/

what what (thing)

pey c, v

/pɛj/

wait

pefya adv

/‟pɛf.ja/

how

pizayu n

/‟pi.za.ju/

ancestor

plltxe v

/pl:.‟t‟ɛ/

speak

po pn

/po/

he,she

poan pn

/po.‟an/

he

poe pn

/po.‟ɛ/

she

pongu pn

/‟poŋu/

group of people,party

Px pxan adj

/p‟an/

worthy

pxasul adj

/‟p‟a.sul/

fresh fresh,appealing as

food

pxay adj, pn

/p‟aj/

many

pxel pr

/p‟ɛl/

like,as

names

pass (a test) emza'u v

passionately,with all

heart

nìftxavang adv

path, way fya'o n

pattern renu n

peel fkarut v

People the People

(name for

themselves)

Na'vi n

perhaps,maybe kxawm adv

person tute n

place tseng(e) n

Plant species

(Warbonnet)

Eyaye n

please rutxe v

poison txum n

pretty sevin adj

promise (a thing to

someone) promise

(a thing to someone)

pänutìng v

proper,fair,right muiä adj

protect,shelter hawnu v

protection tìhawnu n

pull za'ärìp v

Q

quiet quiet ("be

quiet!")

fnu v, c

24

pxi adj

/p‟i/

sharp

pxun n

/p‟un/

arm

pxuntil n

/‟p‟un.til/

Elbow

R rä'ä v

/‟ɾæ.ʔæ/

do not negative (do not)

ral n

/ɾal/

meaning

ralpeng v

/‟ɾal.pɛŋ/

interpret

Ralu n

/‟ɾa.lu/

child's name

rawke n

/ɾaw.‟kɛ/

alarm cry

renu n

/‟ɾɛ.nu/

pattern

rey v

/ɾɛj/

live

rikx v

/ɾik‟/

move,shift position

rim adj

/ɾim/

yellow

rina' n

/‟ɾi.naʔ/

seed

riti n

/ɾiti/

stingbat

rol v

/ɾol/

sing

ronsem n

/‟ɾon.sɛm/

mind

rutxe v

/ɾu.‟t‟ɛ/

please

S san n

/san/

saying; quote

sa'nok n

/‟saʔ.nok/

mother

sa'nu n

/‟saʔ.nu/

mommy

sänume n

/sæ.‟nu.mɛ/

teaching,instruction

R

rain tompa n

ready alaksì adj

release,let go lonu v

remain,stay 'ì'awn v

remembrance 'ok n

request ätxäle n

rhythm kato n

ride makto v

ride out kämakto v

rock,stone tskxe n

run tul v

S

sacred swok n

sacred place swotu n

safe place,refuge zongtseng n

save zong v

saying; quote san n

see (physical sense) tse'a v

See (spiritual sense) kame v

seed rina' n

Seeds of the great

tree

atokirina' n

seem,appear lam v

send fpe' v

service kìte'e n

25

sat pn

/sat/

that that (after ftu only)

sempu n

/‟sɛm.pu/

daddy

sempul n

/‟sɛm.pul/

father

set adv

/sɛt/

now

sevin adj

/sɛvin/

pretty

seyri n

/sɛjɾi/

lip

seze n

/‟sɛ.zɛ/

blue flower

sì conj

/sɪ/

and

si v

/si/

do,make

sìk v

/sɪk/

unquote

sìlronsem adj

/sɪl.‟ɾon.sɛm/

clever clever (thing)

sìltsan adj

/sɪl.‟ʦan/

good

ska'a v

/‟ska.ʔa/

destroy

skxawng n

/skʔawŋ/

moron

slä conj

/slæ/

but

slu v

/slu/

become

sngä'i v

/‟sŋæ.ʔi/

begin,start

sngä'ikrr n

/‟sŋæ.ʔi.kr/

beginning,start time

snumìna adj

/‟snu.mɪ.na/

dim dim (of a person)

som adj

/som/

hot

spe'e v

/spɛ.‟ʔɛ/

capture

spe'etu n

/spɛ.‟ʔɛ.tu/

captive

srak(e)

/sɾak(ɛ)/

marker for yes-no

seven kinä n, adj

sharp pxi adj

she poe pn

show wintxu v

sibling tsmuk,tsmuktu n

sign,omen aungia n

sing rol v

sister tsmuke n

sixteen vofu n, adj

sky taw n

Sky Person Tawtute n

Slinger Slinger

(predatory creature)

Lenay'ga n

small hì'i adj

smell faheu v

smile lrrtok v

so so (or "in that

case")

ha conj

so that fte conj

so that not,lest fteke conj

son 'itan n

song tìrol n

song way n

songchord waytelem n

soon ye'rìn adv

sound pam n

speak plltxe v

26

questions

srane adv

/‟sɾa.nɛ/

yes

sreu v

/‟sɾɛ.u/

dance

srung n

/sɾuŋ/

help help,assistance

steftxaw v

/stɛf.‟t‟aw/

examine

stum adv

/stum/

almost

sutx v

/sut‟/

track,lock up

swaw n

/swaw/

moment

swirä n

/‟swi.ɾæ/

creature

swizaw n

/‟swi.zaw/

arrow

swok n

/swok/

sacred

swotu n

/‟swo.tu/

sacred place

syaw v

/sjaw/

call

T ta pr

/ta/

from from (various uses)

ta'em pr

/‟ta.ʔɛm/

from above

täftxu v

/tæ.‟ft‟u/

weave

täftxuyu n

/tæ.‟ft‟u.ju/

weaver

takuk v

/‟ta.kuk/

strike

talioang n

/‟tal.i.‟o.aŋ/

sturmbeest

tam v

/tam/

suffice suffice,"do"

tangek n

/‟taŋ.ɛk/

trunk trunk (of a tree)

tanhì n

/tan.‟hɪ/

star

spear tukru n

species of fruit or

vegetable

kì'ong n

species of fruit or

vegetable

kxener n

spin kìm v

spiral 'ìheyu n

spirit tirea n

spirit animal tireaioang n

spirit path tireafya'o n

spread,proliferate virä v

stand kllkxem v

star tanhì n

stingbat riti n

stop ftang v

stopping tìftang n

straight yey adj

strength tìtxur n

strike takuk v

stringed instrument i'en n

strong txur adj

study ftia v

sturmbeest talioang n

suffice suffice,"do" tam v

sun tsawke n

T

tail kxetse n

27

taron v

/‟ta.ɾon/

hunt

taronyu n

/‟ta.ɾon.ju/

hunter

taw n

/taw/

sky

tawng n

/tawŋ/

duck

tawng v

/tawŋ/

dive

Tawtute n

/‟taw.tu.tɛ/

Sky Person

te pa

/tɛ/

particle used in full

names

telem n

/‟tɛ.lɛm/

cord

tengfya adj, conj

/‟tɛŋ.fja/

as as (= same way as)

tengkrr conj, pr

/tɛŋ.‟kr/

while (= same time as)

terkup v

/‟tɛɾ.kup/

die

teswotìng v

/tɛ.‟swo.tɪŋ/

grant

teya adj

/tɛja/

full

teylu n

/tɛj.‟lu/

beetle larva(e)

tìfmetok n

/tɪf.‟mɛ.tok/

test

tìftang n

/tɪ.‟ftaŋ/

stopping

tìhawnu n

/tɪ.‟haw.nu/

protection

tìkawng n.

/tɪ.‟kawŋ/

evil

tìkenong n

/tɪ.‟kɛ.noŋ/

example

tìkin adj

/tɪ.‟kin/

necessary

til n

/til/

joint,hinge

tìng mikyun v

/tɪŋ „mik.jun/

listen

take,bring munge v

take/consume time krrnekx v

teacher karyu n

teaching,instruction sänume n

tell peng v

territory kllpxìltu n

test fmetok n

test tìfmetok n

than; comparative

mark

to conj

Thanator Dry

Mouth Bringer of

Fear (Thanator)

palulukan n

thank you irayo n, i

that tsnì pn

that that (action) tsakem pn

that that (after ftu

only)

sat pn

that that (as object) tsat pn

that that (thing tsa'u pn

that that person tsatu pn

then then,at that

time

tsakrr pn

there there,that

place

tsatseng adv

they ayfo pn

they fo pn

they (those two) mefo pn

thirty-two thirty-two tsìvol n, adj

28

tìng nari v

/tɪŋ „na.ɾi/

look

tìng v

/tɪŋ/

give

tìngay n

/‟tɪŋ.aj/

truth

tìran v

/tɪ.‟ɾan/

walk

tirea n

/ti‟ɾɛ.a/

spirit

tireafya'o n

/tiɾ.‟ɛ.a.‟fja.ʔo/

spirit path

tireaioang n

/ti.‟ɾɛ.a.i.‟o.aŋ/

spirit animal

tìrey n

/tɪ.‟ɾɛj/

life

tìrol n

/tɪ.‟ɾol/

song

tìtxur n

/tɪ.‟t‟uɾ/

strength

to conj

/to/

than; comparative mark

tok v

/tok/

be at,occupy a space

toktor n

/tok.‟tor/

doctor

tokx n

/tok‟/

body

tompa n

/‟tom.pa/

rain

toruk n

/‟to.ɾuk/

great leonopteryx last

shadow (great

leonopteryx)

trr n

/tr/

day

tukru n

/tuk.‟ɾu/

spear

tul v

/tul/

run

tung v

/tuŋ/

allow

tupe adv

/tu.‟pɛ/

who

tute n

/‟tu.tɛ/

person

(octal: 40)

this this (action) fìkem pn

this this (thing) fì'u pn

this this one (person

or thing)

fìpo pn

this this way,like

this

fìfya pn

this, here here,this

place

fìtseng(e) pn

thread kìng n

Thundering

rocks,Stairway to

Heaven (floating

mountains)

Iknimaya n

time krr n

to (direction) ne pr

to the others

(contraction of

aylaberu)

aylaru conj

together 'awsiteng adv

too too,excessively nìhawng adv

touch 'ampi v

track,lock up sutx v

training,exercise tskxekeng n

tree utral n

Tree of Voices Utral Aymokriyä

n

true ngay adj

truly nìngay adv

trunk trunk (of a tangek n

29

tutean n, adj

/tu.tɛ.‟an/

male male (person)

tutee n, adj

/tu.tɛ.‟ɛ/

female female (person)

Ts tsaheylu n

/ʦa.‟hɛj.lu/

bond (neural

connection)

tsahìk n

/‟ʦa.hɪk/

matriarch

tsakem pn

/‟ʦa.kɛm/

that (action)

tsakrr conj

/ʦa.‟kr/

then, at that time

tsam n

/ʦam/

war

tsampongu n

/‟ʦam.poŋ.u/

war party

tsamsiyu n

/‟ʦam.si.ju/

warrior

tsap'alute n

/ʦa.‟p‟a.lu.tɛ/

apology

tsat pn

/ʦat/

that that (as object)

tsatseng adv

/‟ʦa.ʦɛŋ/

there there,that place

tsatu pn

/‟ʦat.u/

that that person

tsa'u pn

/ʦa.‟ʔu/

that that (thing

tsawke n

/‟ʦaw.kɛ/

sun

tsawl adj

/ʦawl/

big big (in stature)

tse'a v

/‟ʦɛ.ʔa/

see (physical sense)

tseng(e) n

/ʦɛŋ(ɛ)/

place

tsengpe conj

/‟ʦɛŋ.pɛ/

where

tseo n

/‟ʦɛ.o/

art

tsìng n, adj

/ʦɪŋ/

four

tsìvol n, adj

/‟ʦɪ.vol/

thirty-two thirty-two

tree)

truth tìngay n

try fmi v

turn mìn adj

two mune n, adj

U

understand tslam v

unfold,blossom 'ong v

unquote sìk v

V

valid kangay adj

viperwolf

Caniferratus

costatus or “striped

armored wolf.”

nantang n

vision äie n

voice mokri n

W

wait pey c, v

walk tìran v

want neu v

war tsam n

war party tsampongu n

warrior tsamsiyu n

wash yur v

watch out,be careful nari si c, v

we (exclusive) ayoe pn

30

(octal: 40)

tsko n

/ʦko/

bow bow (weapon)

tsko swizaw n

/ʦko „swi.zaw/

bow and arrow

tskxe n

/ʦk‟ɛ/

rock,stone

tskxekeng n

/‟ʦk‟ɛ.kɛŋ/

training,exercise

tslam v

/ʦlam/

understand

tsleng adj

/ʦlɛŋ/

false

tslolam i

/‟ʦlo.lam/

Got it. I understand.

tsmuk,tsmuktu n

/ʦmuk/ /‟ʦmuk.tu/

sibling

tsmukan n

/‟ʦmuk.an/

brother

tsmuke n

/‟ʦmuk.ɛ/

sister

tsnì pn

/ʦnɪ/

that

tspang v

/ʦpaŋ/

kill

tsranten v

/‟ʦɾan.tɛn/

matter matter,be of

importance

tsteu adj

/‟ʦtɛ.u/

brave

tsun v

/ʦun/

can,be able

tswayon v

/‟ʦwaj.on/

fly

tsyal n

/ʦjal/

wing

Tx txan adj

/t‟an/

great,much,many great

(in quantity); much

txantslusam adj

/‟t‟an.ʦlu.sam/

wise wise,much-

knowing

txe'lan n

/‟t‟ɛʔ.lan/

heart

we (inclusive) ayoeng pn

we we two

(exclusive)

moe pn

we we two (you and

I)

oeng pn

weak meyp adj

weave täftxu v

weaver täftxuyu n

well nìltsan adv

well-being, peace fpom n

what (thing) 'upe n

what what (action) kempe pn

what what (action) pehem pn, adv

what what (before a

noun)

pe pn, adv

what what (thing) peu pn, adv

when krrpe adv

when pehrr adv

where peseng adv

where tsengpe conj

which, that a adj

while (= same time

as)

tengkrr conj, pr

who pesu pn

who tupe adv

why lumpe adv

why pelun adv

wind hufwe n

31

txele v

/‟t‟ɛ.lɛ/

matter matter (subject)

txen adj

/t‟ɛn/

awake

txep n

/t‟ɛp/

fire

txey v

/t‟ɛj/

halt

txìm n

/t‟ɪm/

butt,rear end

txìng v

/t‟ɪŋ/

leave,abandon

txo conj

/t‟o/

if

txoa n

/‟t‟o.a/

forgiveness

txokefyaw conj

/‟t‟o.kɛ.fjaw/

if not if not,or else

txon n

/t‟on/

night

txopu n

/‟t‟o.pu/

fear

txum n

/t‟um/

poison

txur adj

/t‟uɾ/

strong

U ulte conj

/‟ul.tɛ/

and

ultxa n

/‟ul.t‟a/

meeting

unil n

/‟un.il/

dream

Uniltaron n

/‟un.il.ta.ɾon/

Dream Hunt

uniltìrantokx n

/un.il.tɪ.‟ɾan.tok‟/

avatar; dreamwalker

body

uniltìranyu n

/un.il.tɪ.‟ɾan.ju/

dreamwalker

Utral Aymokriyä n

/‟u.tɾal

aj.‟mok.ɾi.jæ/

Tree of Voices

utral n

/‟u.tɾal/

tree

wing tsyal n

wise wise,much-

knowing

txantslusam adj

with with

(accompaniment)

hu adj

with with (by means

of)

fa pr

word lì'u n

World spirit guiding

force and deity

(equivalent to

Gaia); Eywa PN

Eywa n

world world

(physical,solid)

kifkey n

worm ngawng n

worst 'e'al adj

worthy pxan adj

Y

year zìsìt n

yellow rim adj

yes srane adv

you aynga pn

you nga pn

you you (honorific

form)

ngenga pn

32

V virä v

/‟vi.ɾæ/

spread,proliferate

vofu n, adj

/vo.‟fu/

sixteen

vrrtep n

/‟vr.tɛp/

demon

vul n

/vul/

branch branch (of a tree)

W way n

/waj/

song

waytelem n

/‟waj.tɛ.lɛm/

songchord

wintxu v

/win.‟t‟u/

show

wrrpa adj

/‟wr.pa/

outside

wutso n

/‟wut.so/

dinner dinner,served

meal

Y Yerik n

/‟jɛ.ɾik/

hexapede,hexapod

ye'rìn adv

/‟jɛʔ.ɾɪn/

soon

yey adj

/jɛj/

straight

yìm v

/jɪm/

bind

yol adj

/jol/

long (period of time)

yom v

/jom/

eat

yomtìng v

/‟jom.tɪŋ/

feed

yur v

/juɾ/

wash

Z za'ärìp v

/zaʔ.‟æ.ɾɪp/

pull

zamunge v

/za.‟mu.ŋɛ/

bring

za'u v

/‟za.ʔu/

come

33

zekwä n

/zɛk.‟wæ/

finger

zene v

/‟zɛ.nɛ/

must

zìsìt n

/‟zɪ.sɪt/

year

zong v

/zoŋ/

save

zongtseng n

/zoŋ.‟ʦɛŋ/

safe place,refuge

zoplo n

/‟zo.plo/

offence,insult