kamminga timber

8/4/2019 Kamminga Timber

1/53

\id This is document 0729 of the Aboriginal Studies

Electronic Data Archive (ASEDA), AIATSIS (Australian

Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

Studies), GPO Box 553, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia,

+61-2-6246 1166, +61-2-6249 7714 (fax), e-mail:

[email protected] URL: http://www.aiatsis.gov.au\id If you reformat or process the files to make them of

more use to you (i.e. the resulting data has "added

value"), you are encouraged to deposit a copy of the

derived files with ASEDA.

\id 'Aboriginal Australian Wood Quick Search'

\id Johan Kamminga

\id Open

\id numerous

\id Note that the end of this document is marked as:

ASEDA doc 0729 End of file

\id This material must not be further distributed withoutthis header.

\id Document starts

Australian Aboriginal Timber Quick Search

Johan Kamminga

National Heritage Consultants

34 Simpson St, Watson ACT 2602Phone: +61 (02) 6242 0418

Fax: +61 (02) 6242 0418

E-mail: [email protected]

Honorary Associate

NWG Macintosh Centre for Quaternary Dating

The University of Sydney

Research Office fax +61 (02) 9351 4499

Phone +61 (02) 9351 3993

Copyright Johan Kamminga 1978, 1988, 2002

Third Edition, 53 pages (272KB), January 2002

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

1.1 Woodworking

1.1.1 Wedging and Splitting Wood

1.1.2 Seasoning of Wood

1.1.3 Stone Tool Usage1.1.4 Use of Fire
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


2/53

1.2 Culture History and Change

1.2.1 Culture Contact

1.2.2 Trade in Wood Artefacts

1.3 Ethnographic Overview

2. Explanatory Notes for the Database2.1 Historical and Ethnographic Sources2.2 Scientific Names2.3 Common Names2.4 Wood Density2.5 Identification of Artefact Types and Classes

2.6 Locality of Observation

3. List of Species

4. List of Key Words for Artefact Categories or Types

5. Database of Australian Aboriginal Timbers (spreadsheet)

6. Notes for the Database Entries

7. References

8. Acknowledgments


3/53

1 INTRODUCTION

While the properties of Aboriginal artefactual materials are normally fundamental to

the performance they are often poorly understood in material culture studies. Not

uncommonly, what is seen to be variation in style is really more fundamentally a

response to material constraint, or design features that take advantage of a rawmaterial's mechanical properties.

The group of plants that have woody tissue, in particular shrubs and trees, provide the

materials for most Aboriginal artefacts and structures. They are useful not only for

their wood but for their bark, their various exudates (such as resin and gum), and their

leaves, fruits and seeds. Bark is especially useful as material for a wide range of

artefacts, such as bindings, apparel and body ornaments, canoes, carrying bowls,

shields, handles, and for structures such as huts, shelters and hunting blinds. The bark

of trees from one genus in particular, Melaleuca, was used with little or no

modification to make a whole range of diverse utilitarian objects, such as mats,

blankets, burial shrouds, wrappings, dishes, carrying vessels and shelters (seeKamminga 1978:78-79).

While there is still much research to be done on bark and other tree products, this

database provides information about Aboriginal use of wood for artefacts. Wood

includes woody vines, bamboo, shrubs and, most importantly, trees. The use of reeds

such as Phragmites and Typha are not dealt with in this study (see Palmer 1884;

Crawford 1982:40).

The vast majority of woody plants utilised were angiosperms - mostly dicotyledonous

trees and a small number of monocotyledonous plants, such as palms, bamboo, and

rattan ('lawyer vine'). A few gymnosperms, such as Callitris andAraucaria were also

utilised.

About 240 woody plant species are listed in the original compilation which was

published as Wood artefacts: a checklist of plant species utilised by the Australian

Aborigines, Australian Aboriginal Studies, 1988/2:26-59. The species list embodies

most of the utilised species referred to by scientific name in the literature. One

purpose of the publication was to encourage other researchers to add further entries

and corrections to the record. Readers were invited to contribute to this on-going

project by sending information about Aboriginal utilisation of wood to the file in the

AIAS Library entitled Checklist of plant species utilised for wood artefacts, File No.1.2.

This database has relevance in a number of different research fields in archaeology,

anthropology, material culture studies, forestry and wood technology. Its usefulness

may be seen more particularly in the management of museum collections. The

compilation may be of assistance in identifying the plant species from which artefacts

are made and in planning their conservation (see Robins 1980; Walston 1978). The

identification of different woods and knowledge of their distributions can also be of

value in assessing the reliability of the documentation of particular artefacts (Robins

1980).


4/53

Identifications of species are also necessary to evaluate the physical properties and

performance of wood artefacts. These kinds of data allow for more informative

classifications of artefacts to be made. For example, some of the most important

functional attributes of boomerangs and spears are density, flexibility and strength

attributes; yet such functional attributes are never used as the basis for museum

displays of these artefacts.

Density and mechanical properties of wood, such as flexibility and hardness, are

known to be important criteria for selecting wood for particular kinds of artefacts

(Cotterell and Kamminga, 1990; Moore 1884:16; Warner 1958:152). Obviously,

certain types of fighting spears need to be reasonably dense, while it is essential that

fish and turtle spear be able to float (Bennett 1834/I:263, 275; Creed 1878:266-67),

and similarly the wood for rafts and dugout canoes (Maiden 1889:427; Roth

1910a:14). In different parts of Australia shields were made of timber that could either

absorb the impact of a spear or deflect a club or boomerang. Thus for reasons or

functional fit or work performance there is a difference in air dried density of

between about 125 and 1350 kilograms per cubic metre across the range of Aboriginalwood artefacts.

The mechanical properties of wood are usually expressed in terms of resistance to

compression, tension and bending loads. In general there is a linear relationship

between wood density and a constellation of strength properties, such as maximum

compression strength, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture. Thus the density

values for air-dried wood which I provide in this database can be used as a rough

guide for estimating overall strength. However, a major strength attribute for which

density is not an indicator is resistance to splitting.

1.1 WOODWORKING

This database on woody species was originally commenced to support a research

programme on the use of stone tools in woodworking and to provide baseline data for

identifying microscopic wear and residues on prehistoric and ethnographic tools

(Kamminga 1982). At least in historic times in Australia a large proportion of

retouched stone tools was used to make and maintain wooden artefacts. The

importance of woodworking is especially marked in the ethnography for the arid

region of the Australian continent and for Tasmania (Hayden 1976:270; Jones

1971:460; Long 1971:269).

1.1.1 Wedging and Splitting Wood

The ability of wood to resist mechanical failure will vary according to the orientation

of the grain. Wood has a distinct tendency to split along the grain, and variation in

density is not normally linked to its resistance to splitting lengthways. However, the

presence of interlocking grain, which normally also has nothing to do with density,

will increase the overall toughness of the wood and its resistance to splitting.

Wedging was an extremely important method of procuring and shaping wood, notonly in Australia but worldwide. For instance, in the Western Desert wood for


5/53

spearthrowers was wedged from the living tree (De Graaf 1968:86; Hayden 1976:209;

Thomson 1964:413), while on the central east coast the wood for large lightweight

shields was split off the tree and subsequently shaped by splitting with small ground

stone wedges (Goddard 1934:193). Aborigines preferred some tree species, such as

Acacia harpophylla, Avicennia marina (Dick 1915:285) and Ceriops tagal, because

the wood could be shaped by splitting. Conversely, other species, like some of thearid region acacias, were preferred because they were highly resistant to splitting after

being seasoned.

1.1.2 Seasoning of Wood

Timber is a hygroscopic material, readily absorbing or giving up water. The density of

timber is most stable when the wood's moisture content is in equilibrium with the

surrounding atmosphere. As soon as living wood is exposed to the atmosphere it

begins to lose moisture and ultimately a considerable quantity of 'free' water in the

cell cavities evaporates. This phenomenon does not cause a significant change in thestrength of the wood. Wood tissue still retains about 20-30% of its weight as moisture

when it is thus exposed and still in its unseasoned or green condition, and about 10-

15% when it is seasoned by air drying. Seasoned wood exhibits increases in nearly all

its strength properties, though its resistance to impact (shock loading) may remain

unchanged, or may even be reduced.

Aborigines most often fashioned artefacts from green wood, for the obvious reason

that it was easier to work (see Beveridge 1889:59; Horne and Aiston 1924:87-88;

Roth 1904:1; Thomson 1964; Gould 1970:12). Roth observed that with particular

kinds of wood if the artefact was not completely shaped in a short time it would be

soaked in water for two or three days before an attempt was made to continue the

working it. Similarly, partly shaped bowls, spearthrowers and spears were buried

overnight in wet sand before adzing was commenced (Love 1942:216; Hayden, pers.

comm.), or even for up to two to three months (Roth 1909:197). Wood artefacts were

sometimes greased with animal fat, and this may have been a method of slowly

seasoning the wood or retaining the moisture so that it would not warp or split.

1.1.3 Stone Tool Usage

Some wood artefacts were made with little or no use of flaked stone tools. A minimaluse of tools would probably have been the case for artefacts like the boys' play spears

made from the herbaceous shrub, Sida virgata. However, in the instances where

flaked stone tools were required, the predominance of medium and dense wood

(Figure 1) had a strong influence on the character of prehistoric stone assemblages.

For adzing the dense acacias of Australia's arid region a specially designed flake of

fine-grained stone was needed that had both a convex cutting edge profile and a

convex underside (Kamminga 1982:76; 1985; Mulvaney and Kamminga 1999:248-

49; Sheridan 1979); this implement is called a tula. In the arid region, the difficulties

presented by dense wood was also overcome in other practical ways, such as making

dense wood bowls from termite-hollowed tree limbs.


6/53

1.1.4 Use of Fire

The roughing out of piece of wood with stone tools was often not an easy task and

considerable use was made of fire in the preliminary shaping of an artefact (Aiston

1928:125; Cawthorne 1885; Gould 1968:45-46; Helms 1896:401; Taunton 1903:82).

In the arid country east of Lake Eyre, fire appears to have been at least as important asstone tools for fashioning wood artefacts (Kamminga 1982:60). In other regions of

Australia, bowls and dugout canoes were shaped primarily by charring the wood. In

such cases the wood might be seasoned for periods of time before it was dry enough

to burn properly (see Roth 1909:26). Charring was especially useful for sharpening or

hardening the wooden points of spears and digging sticks which needed constant

maintenance (cf. Taunton 1903:82).

1.2 CULTURE HISTORY AND CHANGE

Knowing how wooden artefacts are made and the specifics of how they work providesinformation that assists in reconstructing Aboriginal culture history. Such information

also allows more reasoned conjecture about some of the major issues in archaeology

and material culture studies, such as cultural adaptation to different environments and

the processes of culture change (see Cotterell and Kamminga 1990).

One of the current issues in Australian archaeology is the prehistoric settlement of the

arid interior of continent. While there is good evidence for early colonisation of the

arid zone, a population density approaching that of the nineteenth century appears to

have occurred only in recent prehistoric times (Mulvaney and Kamminga 1999:313-

14). I have suggested that the changes in Central Australian stone artefact

assemblages and woodworking technology may well reflect an increased efficiency of

extractive and maintenance tools and a broadening of the resource base (see

Kamminga 1985; Mulvaney and Kamminga 1999:249).

An example of the kinds of insight that can be gained about adaptation in the arid

region is provided by the woomera-cast spear. If the natural frequency of transverse

vibrations of the spear matches the length of the spearthrower and the speed of the

cast, then there will be very little tumbling force imparted to the butt end of the spear

when it leaves the spearthrower. If the spear were rigid or had the wrong natural

frequency then there would be a downwards force imparted to the butt end of the

spear at the moment of detachment, which would cause the spear to tumble in flight(Cotterell and Kamminga, 1990). Therefore for woomera spears it is essential that the

shaft be suitably flexible. The Pintupi favoured the flexible roots ofAcacia notabilisas a source of wood for woomera spears (Thomson 1964; Latz 1982:41). In other

desert areas Acacia dictyophleba provided flexible wood and Aboriginal men wereprepared to travel distances of up to 60 km to obtain it (Cane 1984:99). In the Central

and Western Deserts the Wonga-wonga vine (Pandorea pandorana) was regarded asthe best wood for woomera-cast spears because of its high flexibility. In fact, the

mechanical properties of this woody vine were so suitable that short pieces were

spliced together if long ones were not available (Cleland and Tindale 1959:139). It

was such an important species that a group of mythological women, who had slender

and flexible bodies, was named after it (Strehlow 1971:469). Since the mechanicalproperties ofPandorea pandorana match the requirements of the woomera so well


7/53

and as it appears to have no other value for artefacts it can be argued, at least

tentatively, that the exploitation of this species began when spearthrowers came into

common use in the desert.

In the case of each class of artefact the selection of the wood depended to a greater or

lesser degree on its physical and chemical properties. Spear wood is just one example.Another is the use of the spurred mangrove (Ceriops tagal) which, because of thewood's durability when exposed to weather and salt water, was used to make canoe

paddles. It is used today for constructing bridges and wharves for the same reasons

(Keating and Bolza 1982).

While some species were highly preferred for artefacts others were decidedly of

secondary importance. For instance the lighweight wood of the desert kurrajong

(Brachychiton gregorii) was used as an inferior alternative to the preferred Erythrina

vespertilio for making shields and bowls (Latz 1982:59). Similarly, in the Western

Desert Acacia cowleana was used for spears when the more flexible Acacia

dictyophleba was not available (Cane 1984:99).

1.2.1 Culture Contact

Of course, the most profound cultural change that occurred during the more than

40,000 years of Aboriginal history began only 200 years ago. Over much of the

continent contact with white settlers swept away traditional material culture.

However, in regions where traditional artefacts continued to be made, the adoption of

European materials and artefacts such as iron tools led to changes in the selection of

wood for artefacts and in the manufacturing methods. In the nineteenth and twentieth

centuries Aboriginal people occasionally used introduced and imported timber for

making artefacts, some of which have survived and are now in museum collections

(McBryde 1978:145-46; Robins, 1980). The range of utilised woods also probably

increased because the limitations of flaked and ground stone had been overcome by

iron. For example, in the Western Desert, during historic times, certain spears were

made by splitting the branches of Eucalyptus oleosa and E. salmonophloialengthways into three or four pieces. Since these pieces were still very thick they were

notched with a steel hatchet and further split. It is probable that this technique post-

dates the introduction of steel hatchets (Gould 1970:15). The question remains as to

whether the selection of these two species for making spears is also a post-contact

phenomenon. In the Kimberley region the Red Wattle (Acacia monticola) has largelybeen replaced as a preferred spear wood because steel wire is now used to arm spearsof lighter wood (Smith and Kalotas 1985:337).

1.2.2 Trade in Wood Artefacts

Often species of woody plants regarded as best for making particular kinds of

artefacts could only be found in limited areas. Artefacts made from these kinds of

wood entered the trade and exchange networks, and were used in regions far distant

from their source. This was especially the case in the arid interior of the continent,

which was crisscrossed by long-distance exchange networks. One of the mostpreferred woods for the spear trade in the arid interior was Acacia dictyophleba (Latz


8/53

1982:25). Bowls and shields made from grey corkwood (Erythrina vespertilio) were

traded long distances in Central Australia (Spencer and Gillen 1899:586-87).

Akerman (pers. comm.) has interpreted a drawing from the journal of the explorer

Carnegie to indicate that that the trade in this timber also extended from Central

Australia into the Western Desert.

1.3 ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW

Within the range of woody plants known to have been exploited for wood, certain tree

species stand out as especially notable. These are the Kapok tree (Bombax ceiba),

Grey Corkwood (Erythrina vespertilio), Mulga (Acacia aneura), Brigalow (Acacia

harpophylla), Cooktown Ironwood ( Erythrophleum chlorostachys), Darwin

Stringybark (Eucalyptus tetrodonta) and, in the southwest of the continent, Jarrah(Eucalyptus marginata), which is an important commercial timber today.

In terms of numbers of ethnographic citations three species are most prominent. Themost lightweight timber is Erythrina vespertilio, a conspicuous tree with cork-like

bark, bright red or orange flowers and gracefully winged leaves. This tree is found

across tropical and subtropical Australia, from the Pacific coast to the Kimberley

region and as far south as Lake Eyre. Its timber is highly suitable for making carrying

vessels and shields, which were important trade items. At the other end of the density

scale is the all-purpose Mulga (Acacia aneura) which is found across the breadth of

the inland region. This timber is very hard and close textured. It has the advantage of

being easy to work when green but becomes strong on drying and rarely splits (Latz

1982:17; Thomson 1964:410). The third and heaviest timber is Cooktown Ironwood

(Erythrophleum chlorostachys), which is very close-grained and durable and thus particularly suitable for artefacts such as digging sticks. It also has a very low

moisture content which means that it is extremely stable. The timber weighs more

than 1220 kilograms per cubic metre and is one of the hardest and densest timber's in

the world. Because the leaves of this tree are poisonous to stock it has been cleared

from grazing land.

Acacias comprise about 35% of woody species known to have been used for making

artefacts. This figure represents 49 of the approximately 830 species ofAcacia in

Australia. While acacias are often the dominant tree in the drier inland regions of the

continent and were the major source of artefact wood in the arid zone, this genus was

exploited in all the continent's major environmental zones, from the rainforests ofNorth Queensland to the most arid parts of the interior. What emerges from the

ethnographic record is the versatility of acacias. Certain species are particularly

suitable for spears, not only because they have suitable density and strength

properties, but because the wood will not crack when the point is resharpened by

charring and scraping (see Thomson 1964:410). Eucalypts are next in importance,

totalling almost 30% of known utilised woody plants. This figure represents only

about 40 of the approximately 560 species that dominate the forests and woodlands of

Australia and form the mallee scrub of the arid zone.

Together these two genera make up the majority of woods used by Australian

Aborigines. Other genera, like Hakea, Casuarina, Ficus, Melaleuca, each compriseless than 5% of known utilised timber species. In all, more than three-quarters of


9/53

known species are from these six genera. If the overall numbers of tree species in

Australia was used as a guide then certain genera like Melaleuca, which is representedby only four species of the approximately 150 that occur in Australia, appear to have

been generally unsuitable for making artefacts. However, the inadequacies of the

historical and ethnographic record are great and, if the gaps were filled, certain poorly

represented genera may prove to have been very important.


10/53

2 EXPLANATORY NOTES FOR THE DATABASE

The purpose of this compilation is to provide only the essentials and references for

further information. Other information about the taxonomy and physical and chemical

properties of the plants may be obtained from contemporary botanical works.

2.1 Historical and Ethnographic Sources

The reliability of species identifications in the literature varies considerably and errors

are not always easy to detect. The entries derive from a diverse range of sources, such

as historical works, ethnographies, ethnobotanical studies, and studies of excavated

artefacts and museum specimens (Buhmann 1974; Robins 1980). Serious problems in

botanical identification are discussed in the notes indicated in the list.

The first identification of plant species used for wood artefacts dates from the 1830s

when the settler Tom Petrie wrote his book, Reminiscences of Aboriginal life in theBrisbane district of Queensland, a work that was not published for another hundred

years (see Akerman 1988). A large number of woody species used by the Aborigines

were reported by the ethnologist Walter E. Roth in the late nineteenth and early

twentieth century (1897; 1904; 1909; 1910a). Roth himself knew very little about

botanical identification and sent plant specimens to the government botanist F.M.

Bailey (Robins 1980). To a certain extent the reliability of Bailey's identifications

would have depended on the samples that Roth provided. Nearly all the tree species

named in Roth's publications are presented as reliable identifications and one must

marvel at Bailey's ability to make sense of specimens that may not have included

important diagnostic parts of the plant, such as flowers and fruits. Ignoring subsequent

taxonomic revisions, none of Bailey's identifications for Roth has yet been shown to

be wrong. In the last four decades there have been a number of other ethnobotanical

lists that have added a significant number of species to the present compilation (e.g.

Specht 1948; Johnston and Cleland 1942; 1943; Latz 1982; O'Connell et al. 1983;

Smith and Kalotas, 1985). As these lists have been based on field inspections with

Aboriginal informants and on professional botanical assessments, their reliability is

high. A recent and most welcome development has been the microscopic

identification of woods from which museum specimens are made. A larger number of

such identifications would be possible if comprehensive anatomical data on non-

commercial timbers and tree parts such as roots, branches and immature stem woods

became available (Robins, 1980).

2.2 Scientific Names

In the anthropological and ethnobotanical literature plants are referred to by their

Aboriginal, common or scientific names. To a large extent Aboriginal categories are

not equivalent to those that are scientifically defined. For this reason recorded local

Aboriginal names for plants were not used as a basis for the original compilation.

Similarly, it is unwise to derive scientific names from local common names without

the support of sound botanical evidence. One attempt has been made at identifying

species from common names (Buhmann 1984). This endeavour has met with limitedsuccess in that the identifications are at the possible and probable level.


11/53

The organisation of the plant list is strictly alphabetical on the basis of genus and

species. The list includes references to a small number of plants identified only to the

genus level. Such entries were only made when there was no species identification in

that genus.

Botanical taxonomy is in the process of continual revision, and this is particularly so

for Australian flora. Species names in the list follow current nomenclature as far as

possible. There have been four stages in the revision of the list - in 1971, 1978, 1988

and 2001. In most cases I have corrected scientific names misspelled in the original

sources without specifically noting these changes in the text. I add here some

explanatory comments on botanical terminology:

A synonym is a validly published name that has been superseded by another name. I

have included synonyms in instances where the name was cited in the original source,

and when it was otherwise of value.

Sometimes during taxonomic revisions, certain species are shown to be varieties of

another species and thereby lose their separate status. In such cases the variety is

included (incl.) in another species.

Occasionally a botanical name was incorrectly applied to a species and is not validly

published according to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.

As these names are not valid they cannot be termed synonyms. In instances where

such names have been derived from the historical or anthropological literature the

current identification is given and the invalid species are preceded by formerly, as is

normal botanical practice. The term auctt. austral. is used when a species name hasbeen published by Australian botanists but when the same species was already known

by a different but legitimate name overseas. Sens. lat. means in the broad sense andsignifies a grouping under a single name of a variable species, which in the future

may be shown to represent more than one species. The term nomen nudum is a naked

name that appeared in the botanical literature without proper botanical description or

diagnosis.

2.3 Common Names

In most cases standard trade common names are given in the list (StandardsAssociation of Australia 1970). There are various lists of preferred trade names that

are additional to the compendium of standard trade names but in most cases I have not

incorporated these names in the species list. Standard names are available only for

commercial timbers (though some may be quite rare) and since many of the timbers

utilised by Aborigines are not of a commercial nature the majority of species in my

compilation are only identified by scientific name. In a few cases the standard

common name is not species specific and may be denote a number of different species

having similar timber.

2.4 Wood Density


12/53

In this paper I have quantified density in terms of kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3);

an alternative method of presentation is grams per cubic centimetre (divide by 1000 to

determine g/cc3). Because density values are more commonly available for air-dried

wood I have cited these rather than the higher values for green wood. Air-dried

density refers to a 12% moisture content, which corresponds to Australian in-service

conditions (Cause et al. 1974:5). However, in normal weather conditions the moisturecontent of wooden artefacts can vary between about 5% in some desert areas and

about 20% in the damper climate of the southeastern part of the continent and

Tasmania.

The values for air dried density in the compilation are based on information currently

available and are averages for the species. These values were derived from a number

of published and unpublished sources and were taken to the nearest 10 kg (Bolza and

Kloot 1963; Bugden 1981; Cause et al. 1974; Forestry Commission of NSW 1960;Keating and Bolza 1982; Kingston and Ridson 1961; and the files of the Division of

Wood Technology and Forest Research, Forestry Commission of NSW). Published

density figures for the same species may vary by up to 50 kg or more.

Irrespective of how fast a woody plant grows, a lightweight wood like that of

Erythrina vespertilio has thin-walled cells, while a dense wood like mulga has thick-

walled cells.

Variation in density within a species can vary by as much as 25%. If growth is slow

the wood tends to be heavier. Density of wood can also vary according to the part of

the plant. For instance, for some species wood tends to be lighter nearest the heart of

the tree and tree roots are often less dense than the trunk or branches. The

concentration of lignified cells around the base of a branch creates higher density

wood that has greater strength in localised areas of the trunk. Other factors that can

affect density are abnormal growth such as compression wood, and the presence of

large amounts of extractives, which adds weight but does not increase strength. Many

Australian trees secrete large quantities of extractives, such as jarrah, which contains a

large amount of polyphenols. Since wooden artefacts were made from different parts

of woody plants their density will accordingly vary from the average.

2.5 Identification of Artefact Types and Classes

Generally what is specified in the list is a class or category of artefact, such as a spearor shield. The wood may have been used for a number of types of artefacts within this

class. Sometimes the particular type of artefact is specified, such as barbed hunting

spear. In many cases more detailed information about the artefact type is available in

the original source and it is hoped that this information can be included in revisions of

the database.

Artefacts not systematically listed here include structures like windbreaks and

shelters, and simple or ephemeral artefacts that are minimally modified pieces of

wood, like probes and firesticks, which involve no significant shaping with tools.

Much ephemeral material culture of the Aborigines has been lost because European

observers seldom noted it.


13/53

2.6 Locality of Observation

The larger part of the information about Aboriginal selection of wood for artefacts

relates to the northern and arid interior regions of Australia (Figure 2). There is

relatively little information about wood utilisation in other regions, such as Tasmaniaand southeastern Australia, where traditional Aboriginal culture was replaced at an

early date.

The locality indicated in the compilation refers to the place, locality or region where

Aboriginal use of the wood was observed. In many cases more specific or detailed

information about the area of exploitation is available in the original source. There

need be no correspondence between the recorded localities and the geographic area

over which the species were exploited. A case in point is the long-fruited bloodwood

( E. polycarpa) which is reported by Specht (1948:496) to have been exploited in

Arnhem Land for making a wide range of artefacts. The high density and wavy grain

of the wood gives it strength and it is possible that the species was exploitedthroughout its area of natural distribution, from the Kimberley coast through northern

Australia to the east coast.

Another cautionary example is provided by Robins (1980), who reports that an early

twentieth-century collection of spearthrowers from Kamma settlement near Cairns

represented wood from ten different tree species. Half of these species had not

previously been recorded in the literature for that artefact or district (Robins 1980;

Kamminga 1978:447-48). Robins noted that the collection had been sold to the

Queensland museum by the owner of an agricultural research station, and he further

noted that Aboriginal people from a large area of northern Queensland had been

resettled at Kamma. Thus, as Robins postulated, the collection need not be

representative of only the Cairns district. Similarly a collection of spearthrowers from

Mapoon Mission on the western coast of Cape York, representing three different tree

species, may include some that had been brought from the interior of the peninsula

(Robins 1980).

The geographic distribution of plant species in the list is the subject of ongoing

revision and up-to-date information can be found in the recent botanical works

including theFlora of Australia.


14/53

3 LIST OF SPECIES

Botanical Name Authority

Acacia acradenia F. Muell.

Acacia acuminata Benth.

Acacia adsurgens Maiden and BlakelyAcacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth.

Acacia arcuata Sieb. ex Spreng.

Acacia arcuata Sieb. ex Spreng.

Acacia aulacocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth.

Acacia calciola N. Forde and E.H. Ising

Acacia calyculata A. Cunn. ex Benth.

Acacia cambagei R.T. Bak.

Acacia coriacea DC.

Acacia cowleana Tate

Acacia cyperophylla F. Muell. ex. Benth.

Acacia dealbata LinkAcacia dictyophleba F. Muell.

Acacia doratoxylon A. Cunn.

Acacia estrophiolata F. Muell.

Acacia excelsa Benth.

Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.

Acacia georginae F.M. Bail.

Acacia gonocarpa F. Muell.

Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. ex Benth.

Acacia holosericea Cunn. ex G. Don

Acacia homalophylla A. Cunn.

Acacia homalphylla F. Muell.

Acacia kempeana F. Muell.

Acacia leiophylla Benth.

Acacia leptocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth.

Acacia leucophylla Lindl.

Acacia lysiphloia F. Muell. ex Benth.

Acacia macdonnelliensis Maconochie

Acacia maitlandii F. Muell.

Acacia mearnsii de Willd.

Acacia melanoxylon R. Br.

Acacia melanoxylon R. Br.Acacia monticola J.M. Black

Acacia notabilis F. Muell.

Acacia oswaldii F. Muell.

Acacia pachycarpa F. Muell. ex Benth.

Acacia pellita O. Schwarz

Acacia pendula A. Cunn. ex. G. Don.

Acacia pruinocarpa Tindale

Acacia rhodophloia Maslin

Acacia rhodoxylon Maiden

Acacia rigens A. Cunn. ex Don.

Acacia rothii F.M. Bail.Acacia salicina Lindl.


15/53

Acacia sentis F. Muell.

Acacia seriocarpa . W.V. Fitzg

Acacia sowdenii Maiden

Acacia stigmatophylla F. Muell.

Acacia tetragonophylla F. Muell.

Acacia torulosa Benth.Acacia tumida F. Muell.

Acacia victoriae Benth.

Aglaia elaeagnoidea Benth.

Albizia basaltica Benth.

Alstonia actinophlia (A. Cunn.) K. Schum.

Alstonia verticillosa F. Muell.

Araucaria cunninghamii Ait. ex D. Don.

Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. and Drude

Argyrodendron peralatum (Bailey) Edlin ex 1.H. Boas

Atalaya hemiglauca (F. Muell.) F Muell.

Austromyrtus exaltata (F. Bailey)Austromyrtus leuhmanni (F. Muell.) L. Johnston

Avicennia marina (Forst. f) Vierh.

Avicennia officinalis auctt. austral.

Backhousia bancroftii F.M. Bail. and F. Muell.

Backhousia hughesii C.T. White

Bombax ceiba L.

Bombax malabaricum DC.

Brachychiton gregorii F. Muell.

Bruguiera gymnorhiza. (L) Savigny.

Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight and Arn. ex Griffith

Bruguiera rheedii Blume.

Buchanania obovata Engl.

Bursaria spinosa Cav.

Callitris glaucophylla Thompson and Johnson

Callitris intratropica R.T. Baker and H.G. Smith

Calytrix exstipulata DC.

Calytrix microphylla A. Cunn.

Camptostemon shultzii Masters

Canarium australasicum (FM. Bail.)

Canarium australianum F. Muell.

Carapa moluccensis Lam.Carissa lanceolata R. Br.

Cassia eremophila A. Cunn. ex Vogel

Castanospermum australe Cunn. ex C Fraser ex Hook

Casuarina decaisneana F. Muell.

Casuarina equisetifolia L.

Casuarina littoralis Salisb.

Casuarina stricta Ait.

Casuarina suberosa Otto et Dietr.

Ceriops candolleana Arn. ex Wight.

Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Robinson

Clerodendrum floribundum R. Br.Clerodendrum inerme R. Br.


16/53

Clochidion sp.

Cordia subcordata Lamk.

Crotalaria cunninghamii R. Br.

Croton triacros F Muell.

Cryptocarya sp.

Dendrocnide excelsa (Wedd.) ChewDesmodium umbellatum (L.) DC.

Desmos wardiana (F.M. Bail.) Jessup

Dillenia alata (R. Br. ex DC.) Martelli

Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh.

Dodonaea lanceolata F. Muell.

Dodonaea triquetra Wendl.

Dolichandrone filiformis F. Muell.

Drymophloeus normanbyi F. Muell.

Drymophloeus normanbyi F. Muell.

Duboisia myoporoides R. Br.

Eremophila longifolia (R. Br.) F. Muell.Erythrina variegata L.

Erythrina vespertilio Benth.

Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Muell.) Hennings ex Taub.

Erythrophleum laboucheria F. Muell.

Eucalyptus abergiana F. Muell.

Eucalyptus apodophylla Blakely and Jacobs

Eucalyptus brownii Maiden and Cambage

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.

Eucalyptus citriodora Hook

Eucalyptus crebra F. Muell.

Eucalyptus cymbaliformis Blakely and Jacobs

Eucalyptus dichromophloia F. Muell.

Eucalyptus doratoxylon F. Muell.

Eucalyptus drepanophylla F. Muell. ex Benth.

Eucalyptus dumosa A. Cunn. ex Schau.

Eucalyptus elata Benth.

Eucalyptus eremophila Maiden (Diels)

Eucalyptus erythrophloia Blakely.

Eucalyptus exserta F. Muell.

Eucalyptus flocktoniae (Maiden) Maiden

Eucalyptus foecunda SchauerEucalyptus gamophylla F. Muell.

Eucalyptus gomphocephala A. DC.

Eucalyptus grandiflora Maiden

Eucalyptus incrassata Labill.

Eucalyptus intermedia R.T. Baker

Eucalyptus leptophylla F. Muell. ex Miq

Eucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell.

Eucalyptus macrocarpa J.E. Brown

Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith

Eucalyptus microcarpa Maiden

Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell.Eucalyptus miniata A. Cunn. ex Schauer


17/53

Eucalyptus obliqua Lherit

Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. ex Miq.

Eucalyptus pachyphylla F. Muell.

Eucalyptus paniculata Smith

Eucalyptus papuana F. Muell

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell.Eucalyptus polycarpa F. Muell.

Eucalyptus pyriformis Turcz.

Eucalyptus redunca Schauer

Eucalyptus resinifera Smith

Eucalyptus rostrata Schlecht.

Eucalyptus salmonophloia F. Muell.

Eucalyptus setosa Schauer

Eucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Wools.

Eucalyptus terminalis F. Muell.

Eucalyptus tessellaris F. Muell.

Eucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell.Eucalyptus viminalis Labill.

Eucalyptus wandoo Blakely

Eugenia carissoides F. Muell.

Eugenia reinwardiana (Blume) DC.

Eugenia suborbicularis Benth.

Eupomatia laurina R. Br.

Excocaria agallocha L.

Exocarpos cupressiformis Labill.

Exocarpos latifolius R. Br.

Ficus collosea F. Muell. ex Benth

Ficus ehretioides F. Muell.

Ficus indecora (A. Cunn. ex Miq.) E.J.H. Corner

Ficus opposita Miq.

Ficus sublanceolata (Miq.) Corner

Ficus virens Aiton

Flagellaria indica L.

Flindersia ifflaiana F. Muell.

Gardenia arborea A.J. Ewart

Gardenia megasperma F. Muell.

Gmelina dalrympleana (F. Muell.) H.J. Lam

Gmelina macrophylla (R. Br.) Benth.Grevillia striata R. Br.

Grewia pleiostigma F. Muell.

Gyrocarpus acuminatus Meissn.

Gyrocarpus americanus. Jacq.

Gyrocarpus jacquinii Gaertn.

Gyrostemon ramulosus Desf.

Hakea aborescens R. Br.

Hakea cunninghamii R. Br.

Hakea leucoptera R. Br.

Hakea lorea R. Br.

Hakea macrocarpa A. Cunn. ex R. Br.Hakea macroptera A. Cunn.


18/53

Halfordia scleroxyla F. Muell.

Halfordia scleroxyla F. Muell.

Heterodendrum oleifolium Desf.

Hibiscus brachysiphonius F. Muell.

Hibiscus tiliaceus L.

Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) O. Ktze KwilaJacksonia sp.

Kunzia ericoides (A. Rich.) J. Thompson

Kunzia peduncularis F. Muell.

Laboucheria chlorostachys F. Muell.

Laportea gigas Wedd.

Leptospermum lanigerum (Ait.) Smith s. lat.

Livistona decipiens Becc

Lophostemon grandiflorus (Benth.) Peter G. Wilson and J.T.Waterhouse

Lophostemon suaveolens (Soland. ex Gaertn.) Peter G. Wilson

and J.T. WaterhouseLumnitzera racemosa Willd.

Lysicarpus angustifolius (Hook.) Druce

Lysiphyllum cunninghamii H.C.D. de Wit

Lysiphyllum gilvum (Bailey) Pedley

Maba humilis R. Br.

Macaranga tanarius (L.) F. Muell. Arg.

Malaisia scandens Lour. (Planch.)

Maytenus cunninghamii (Hook.) Loesener

Melaleuca glomerata F. Muell.

Melaleuca leucadendron (L.)

Melaleuca linophylla F. Muell.

Melaleuca minutifolia F. Muell.

Melicope australasica F. Muell.

Melicope octandra (F. Muell.) Druce

Mimusops elengi L.

Mimusops parvifolia R. Br.

Morinda citrifolia L.

Myristica insipida R. Br.

Myrtusexaltata Bail.

Nauclea coadunatus (Smith) Druce

Nauclea orientalis (L.) L.Neonauclea sp.

Normanbya normanbyi . (W. Hill et F. Muell.) L.H. Bail.

Nuytsia floribunda (Labill.) R. Br. ex Frenzl

Pandorea doratoxylon (J.M. Black) J.M. Black

Pandorea pandorana (Andr.) Steen.

Pemphis acidula Forst. and Forst. f

Persoona falcata R. Br.

Petalostigma quadriloculare F. Muell.

Pittosporum bicolor Hook.

Pittosporum phillyreoides DC.

Planchonella australis (F. Muell.) Pierre.Pluchea indica (L.) Less.


19/53

Polyalthia holtzeana F.Muell.

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre.

Premna acuminata R. Br.

Premna dalachyana Benth.

Premna obtusifolia R. Br.

Premna serratifolia L. Pseudoweinmannia lachnocarpa (F. Muell.) Engl.

Ptychosperma elegans (R. Br.) Blume

Rhizophora mucronata (Lamk) Merr.

Rhizophora stylosa Griffith

Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Benth.

Santalum acuminatum (R. Br.) A. DC.

Santalum lanceolatum R. Br.

Sarcocephalus cordatus Miq.

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn.

Sesbania aegyptiaca Persoon

Sesbania sesban (L) Merr.Sida virgata Hook

Sonneratia acida L.

Sonneratia alba J. Smith

Syncarpia glomulifera (Smith) Niedenzu

Syncarpia laurifolia Ten.

Syzygium suborbiculare (Benth.) T. Hartley and Perry

Tecoma doratoxylon J.M. Black

Terminalia grandiflora Benth.

Thespesia populnea Corr.

Thespesia populneoides (Roxb.) Kostel

Thryptomene oligandra F. Muell.

Tristania suaveolens (Soland ex Gaertn.) Smith

Unona wardiana F.M. Bail.

Ventilago viminalis Hook.

Verticordia cunninghamii Schau.

Verticordia cunninghamii Schau.

Wedelia biflora DC.

Wrightia saligna F. Muell. ex Benth.

Xanthorrhoea spp.

Xanthostemon whitei Gugerii

Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem.Xylomelum pyrifome (Gaertn.) Knight


20/53

4 LIST OF KEY WORDS FOR ARTEFACT CATEGORIES OR TYPES

boomerang

boys spear

bullroarer

canoe paddlecarrying container

carved figurines for tourist trade

ceremonial artefacts

ceremonial board

ceremonial objects

ceremonial pole

ceremonial stick (small)

childrens boomerang

clap sticks

clap sticks

clubcoffin

didgeridoo (didjeridu)

digging bowl (scoop)

digging stick

dugout canoe

dugout canoe

European smoking pipe

fire drill

fishing boomerang

food pounder

grave post

gunwale overcast for bark canoe

hair ornament

hand pick

handle for edge-ground stone adze

handle for flaked stone adze

handle for hafted stone flake

handle for hatchet

handle for pounding stone

handle for stone hatchet head

handle for stone implement (prehistoric)harpoon

head band

hollow cylindrical drum

knife handle

log raft

mallet

man's fighting pole

mast of dugout canoe

mesh stick

mesh stick

message sticknose peg


21/53

nose peg

nose-ring

ornament for hair

raft paddle

raft peg

sandalshield

smoothing board

spear

spear barb

spear point

spear prong

spear shaft

spearhead barb

spearthrower

spearthrower peg

stem of European smoking pipesword

throwing stick

unspecified artefacts

various weapons

walking stick

woman's fighting stick

wooden axe


22/53

5 DATABASE OF AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL TIMBERS

Botanical Name Standard TradeCommon Name

Air DriedDensity(kg/m3)

Artefact Type Reference Locality/area/region

Acacia acradenia F. Muell. spear (from trunk) Latz 1982:12 Central AustraliaAcacia acuminata Benth. Raspberry jam 1040 boomerang Bates n.d.:16 SW corner of WAAcacia acuminata Benth. Raspberry jam 1040 various weapons Maiden 1889:349 Unspecified ?

Acacia adsurgens Maiden andBlakely

club Cane 1985:98 Western Desert, WA


digging stick Cane 1985:98 Western Desert, WA


spear (hunting spear) Cane 1985:98 Western Desert, WA

Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 spear (many varieties) Basedow 1914:63; Cane1985:98; Gould 1970:10;Johnston and Cleland1942:98; 1943:164; Maiden1889:349; O'Connell et al.1983:104; Roth 1897:147;Schulze 1891:227; Stirling1896.87; Thomson 1964:407

Arid and semi-arid Australia

Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 spearthrower (deserttype)

Cane 1985:98; Cleland andJohnston 1939:24; Hayden1979:59; Mountford1941:312; De Graaf 1968:86;Johnston and Cleland1942:98; O'Connell et al.1983:98


Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 spear point Basedow 1914:63; Johnstonand Cleland 1943:164;

Maiden 1889:349


Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 digging stick Cleland 1957:161; Johnstonand Cleland 1942:98;1943:161, 164; Maiden1889:349; Thomson1964:407


Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 boomerang Cane 1985:98; Johnston andCleland 1942:98; 1943:163-64, 170; Thomson 1964:407;Maiden 1889:349; Roth1897:42


Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 22


23/53

Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 throwing stick Hayden (pers. comm.);O'Connell et al. 1983:98


Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 woman's fighting stick Hayden (pers. comm.); Cane1985:98


Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 death pointer Hayden (pers. comm.) Arid and semi-arid AustraliaAcacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 handle for stone hatchet

headHayden (pers. comm.);Johnston and Cleland1943:164


Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 club Cane 1985:98; Johnston andCleland 1942:98; 1943:164;Maiden 1889:349; OConnellet al. 1983:98; Spencer andGillen 1899:603; Worms1949:35


Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 handle for flaked stone

adze

Basedow 1904:26; Latz

1982:17; O'Connell et al.1983:98


Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 nose peg Basedow 1914:63 Arid and semi-arid AustraliaAcacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 ornament for hair Basedow 1914:63 Arid and semi-arid AustraliaAcacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 ceremonial board Cane 1985:98; Latz 1982:17;

Spencer and Gillen 1899:144Arid and semi-arid Australia

Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Mulga 1090 shield (parrying shield) Cane 1985:98; Latz 1982:17 Arid and semi-arid AustraliaAcacia aulacocarpa A. Cunn. exBenth.

Brown salwood 690 boomerang Woolston 1973:100 Wellesley Islands, Nth Qld

Acacia calciola N. Forde and E.H.Ising

spear (from root) andother unspecifiedartefacts

Kalotas 1983:A30; Latz1982:21

Central Aust

Acacia calyculata A. Cunn. exBenth. (Acacia holcocarpa auctt.non Benth. misapplied)

spear shaft (distal section) Roth 1909:104, 192 Nth Qld

Acacia cambageiR.T. Bak. Gidgee 1260 spear Johnston and Cleland1943:170

NE of SA

Acacia cambageiR.T. Bak. Gidgee 1260 spearthrower (ovate type) Robins 1980 Idamere, Qld

Acacia cambageiR.T. Bak. Gidgee 1260 boomerang Johnston and Cleland1943:170 NE of SA

Acacia cambageiR.T. Bak. Gidgee 1260 club Johnston and Cleland1943:170

NE of SA

Acacia cambageiR.T. Bak. Gidgee 1260 message stick Johnston and Cleland1943:170

NE of SA

Acacia coriacea DC. boomerang Cane 1985:98; Kalotas1983:A37

Western Desert, WA

Acacia coriacea DC. spear Cane 1985:98; Kalotas1983:A37

Western Desert, WA

Acacia cowleana Tate spear (hunting spear) Cane 1985:Table 4.15 Western Desert, WAAcacia cyperophylla F. Muell. ex. spear Johnston and Cleland NE of SA



24/53

Benth. 1943:170; Kalotas 1983:A36Acacia cyperophylla F. Muell. ex.Benth.

boomerang Johnston and Cleland1943:170

NE of SA

Acacia cyperophylla F. Muell. ex.Benth.

ceremonial board Johnston and Cleland1943:170

NE of SA

Acacia dealbata Link Silver wattle 710 handle for stone hatchethead

Smyth 1878:387 Vic (unspecified)

Acacia dictyophleba F. Muell. spear (one piece andbarbed)

Cane 1985:99; Gould1969:207; 1970:10; Kimber1976:147; Latz 1982:96

Central and Western Deserts

Acacia dictyophleba F. Muell. digging stick Latz 1982:25 Central and Western DesertsAcacia doratoxylon A. Cunn. Brown lancewood 920 spear Bates n.d.: 16; Maiden

1889:354; Stirling 1896:88Central Aust, SW of WA

Acacia estrophiolata F. Muell. Ironwood wattle unspecified heavyartefacts

Meggitt 1962:5 NE of SA; Warlpiri territory, CentralAust

Acacia excelsa Benth. Ironwood wattle 1150 spearthrower (linear lathtype)

Robins 1980; Roth 1897:149 Kamma, Nth Qld

Acacia excelsa Benth. Ironwood wattle 1150 boomerang Lumholtz 1908:49 Kamma, Nth QldAcacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Mimosa bush spear point Roth 1897:146 Nth Qld, Central AustAcacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Mimosa bush hatchet handle Latz 1982:28 Central AustAcacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Mimosa bush clap sticks Latz 1982:28 Central AustAcacia georginae F.M. Bail. Georgina gidgee boomerang Latz 1982:29 Sandover River drainage, Central

AustAcacia georginae F.M. Bail. Georgina gidgee throwing stick O'Connell et al. 1983:105 Central AustAcacia gonocarpa F. Muell. spear shaft Crawford 1982:51 King Edward River, Nth Kimberley

region, WAAcacia gonocarpa F. Muell. spear point Woolston 1973:100 Wellesley Islands, Gulf of

CarpentariaAcacia gonocarpa F. Muell. digging stick Woolston 1973:100 Wellesley Islands, Gulf of

CarpentariaAcacia gonocarpa F. Muell. boomerang Woolston 1973:100 Wellesley Islands, Gulf of

CarpentariaAcacia gonocarpa F. Muell. club Woolston 1973:100 Wellesley Islands, Gulf of

CarpentariaAcacia gonocarpa F. Muell. wooden axe Woolston 1973:100 Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria

Acacia gonocarpa F. Muell. food pounder Woolston 1973:100 Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria

Acacia gonocarpa F. Muell. hand pick Woolston 1973:100 Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria

Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. exBenth.

Brigalow 1040 handle for flaked stoneadze

Roth 1904 Rockhampton and Dawson regions,Nth Qld

Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. exBenth.

Brigalow 1040 club Boland et al. 1984:160 unspecified ?

Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. ex Brigalow 1040 spearthrower Boland et al. 1984:160 unspecified ?



25/53

Benth.Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. exBenth.

Brigalow 1040 spear shaft Boland et al. 1984:160 unspecified ?

Acacia holosericea Cunn. ex G.Don

Candelabra wattle spear Smith and Kalotas 1985:350 Dampierland, WA

Acacia homalphylla F. Muell.incl.A. homalophylla A. Cunn.

Yarran 1350 spear Gould 1969:210; Maiden1889:357, Palmer 1883:108;1884:323; Roth 1897:146,147

Gibson Desert; Central and Nth Qld;Central Aust to Swan Hill, Vic


Yarran 1350 spearthrower Roth 1897:148, 149 Central Qld


Yarran 1350 boomerang Beveridge 1889:59; Palmer 1883:59; 1884:323; Roth1897:142, 145

Central and Nth Qld; Swan Hill, Vic

Acacia homalphylla F. Muell.

incl.A. homalophylla A. Cunn.

Yarran 1350 club Roth 1897:146, 147; 1904:34 Central Qld


Yarran 1350 throwing stick Roth 1904:20; 1909:207 Central Qld


Yarran 1350 handle for flaked stoneadze

Roth 1904:20 Central Qld


Yarran 1350 mesh stick Spencer 1915:58 Central Aust

Acacia kempeana F. Muell. spearthrower (WesternDesert type)

Hayden 1979:29 Cundeelee WA

Acacia kempeana F. Muell. spear point Schulze 1891:227 Finke River, Central AustAcacia leiophylla [?]Benth.(1) hair ornament Cleland and Johnston

1938:329Frazer Range Central Aust

Acacia leiophylla [?]Benth. (1) message stick Cleland and Johnston1938:329

Frazer Range Central Aust

Acacia leptocarpa A. Cunn. exBenth.

spear Specht 1958:490 Arnhem Land


boomerang Woolston 1973:100 Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria

Acacia leptocarpa A. Cunn. exBenth. handle for stone hatchethead Specht 1958:490 Arnhem Land


digging stick Specht 1958:490 Arnhem Land

Acacia lysiphloia F. Muell. exBenth.

spear Clement 1905:17; Roth1909:194

Fortescue and Fitzroy rivers region,WA; Endeavour, Normanby andPalmer Rivers, Nth Qld

Acacia macdonnelliensisMaconochie

spear (fighting spear) Latz 1982:36 Central Aust

Acacia maitlandiiF. Muell. spear (from root) Latz 1982:37 NW of SAAcacia mearnsiide Willd. formerlyA. mollissima auctt. austral.

Black wattle 750 spear Hardman 1888.62; Maiden1889:353

Kimberley region, WA; Vic(unspecified)



26/53

Acacia mearnsiide Willd.formerlyA. mollissima auctt.austral.

Black wattle 750 boomerang Maiden 1889:353 Vic (unspecified)

Acacia mearnsiide Willd. formerlyA. mollissima auctt. austral.

Black wattle 750 shield Blackmann 1904:178;Maiden 1889:353; Smyth1878:330

Kimberley region, WA; Vic(unspecified)

Acacia melanoxylon R. Br.Syn.A. arcuata Sieb. ex Spreng.

640 spearthrower Smyth 1878:310, 314 Vic (unspecified)

Acacia melanoxylon R. Br.Syn.A. arcuata Sieb. ex Spreng.

640 shield Maiden 1889:359 Vic (unspecified)

Acacia monticola J.M. Black spearhead barb Thomson 1964:406, 415 Lake Mackay, Rawlinson Range andWalter James Ranges in CentralWest Australia

Acacia monticola J.M. Black boomerang Smith and Kalotas 1985:337 Dampierland, WAAcacia monticola J.M. Black digging stick Smith and Kalotas 1985:337 Dampierland, WAAcacia monticola J.M. Black raft peg Smith and Kalotas 1985:337,

345Dampierland, WA

Acacia monticola J.M. Black spearthrower hook Thomson 1964:415 Lake Mackay, Rawlinson Range andWalter James Ranges in CentralWest Australia

Acacia monticola J.M. Black spear Smith and Kalotas 1985:337;Thomson 1964:415

Lake Mackay, Rawlinson Range andWalter James Ranges in CentralWest Australia; Dampierland, W

Acacia notabilis F. Muell. spear Gould 1970:10; Meggitt1962:5; Thomson 1964:410

Central Australia and WA

Acacia oswaldiiF. Muell. boomerang Johnston and Cleland1942:98

Central Aust

Acacia oswaldiiF. Muell. club Maiden 1889:363 Central AustAcacia pachycarpa F. Muell. exBenth.

boomerang Cane 1985:99 Western Desert, WA

Acacia pellita O. Schwarz spear Smith and Kalotas 1985:350 Dampierland, WA

Acacia pendula A. Cunn. ex. G.Don.Syn.A. leucophylla Lindl.

Myall 1120 boomerang Bennett 1860:289; Lumholtz1908:49; Maiden 1889:363 Nth Qld; unspecified locality

Acacia pruinocarpa Tindale boomerang Cane 1985:98 Western Desert, WAAcacia pruinocarpa Tindale spear (from root) Kalotas 1983:A32; Latz

1982:41, 96Central Australia

Acacia rhodophloia Maslin hooked fightingboomerang

Cane 1985:98 Western Desert, WA

Acacia rhodoxylon Maiden Spear wattle 1280 spearthrower (linear lathtype)

Robins 1980 Boulia, SW Qld

Acacia rigens A. Cunn. ex Don. unspecified artefacts Maiden 1889:365 UnspecifiedAcacia rothiiF.M. Bail. spear Roth 1909:190 Nth Qld



27/53

Acacia rothiiF.M. Bail. spear point Thomson 1939a:210 Nth QldAcacia rothiiF.M. Bail. spearthrower Roth 1909:197 Nth QldAcacia rothiiF.M. Bail. digging stick Roth 1904:24 Nth QldAcacia salicina Lindl. (2) Cooba 770 boomerang Maiden 1889:365 UnspecifiedAcacia seriocarpa W.V. Fitzg. spear shaft Smyth and von Stumer

1981:12western Arnhem Land

Acacia sowdeniiMaiden spear Johnston and Cleland1942:97

Ooldea, SA

Acacia sowdeniiMaiden spearthrower Johnston and Cleland1942:97

Ooldea, SA

Acacia sowdeniiMaiden boomerang Johnston and Cleland1942:97

Ooldea, SA

Acacia sowdeniiMaiden club Johnston and Cleland1942:97

Ooldea, SA

Acacia stigmatophylla F. Muell. spear shaft Crawford 1982:51 King Edward River, Nth Kimberley

region, WAAcacia stigmatophylla F. Muell. spearthrower hook Crawford 1982:51 King Edward River, Nth Kimberley

region, WAAcacia tetragonophylla F. Muell. spear Johnston and Cleland

1943:152, 154NE of SA

Acacia tetragonophylla F. Muell. spearthrower Johnston and Cleland1943:152, 154

NE of SA

Acacia tetragonophylla F. Muell. boomerang Johnston and Cleland1943:152, 154; Parker1980:41

NE of SA; Western Desert, WA

Acacia tetragonophylla F. Muell. ceremonial stick (small) Johnston and Cleland1942:99; 1943:164

NE of SA

Acacia torulosa Benth. spear Specht 1958:490 Arnhem LandAcacia tumida F. Muell. boomerang Smith and Kalotas 1985:352 Dampierland, WAAcacia tumida F. Muell. spear (from young trunk) Smith and Kalotas 1985:334,

352Dampierland, WA

Acacia victoriae Benth.Syn.A.sentis F. Muell.

knife handle Etheridge 1891:31 Nth Qld

Acacia victoriae Benth.Syn.A.sentis F. Muell. spear point Latz 1982:49 Central Aust

Aglaia elaeagnoidea Benth. spearthrower Roth 1909:197 Nth QldAlbizia basaltica Benth. Red lancewood 1200 spear Roth 1897 North, west and central QldAlstonia actinophlia (A. Cunn.) K.Schum.Syn.A. verticillosa F. Muell.

White cheesewood 400 dugout canoe Roth 1910a:11; Specht1958:498

Endeavour River, Nth Qld; ArnhemLand

Alstonia actinophlia (A. Cunn.) K.Schum.Syn.A. verticillosa F. Muell.

White cheesewood 400 ceremonial pole Armstrong 1974; Specht1958:498

Nth Qld; Arnhem Land

Alstonia actinophlia (A. Cunn.) K.Schum.

White cheesewood 400 carved figurines for touristtrade

Smyth and von Sturmer1981:12

western Arnhem Land



28/53

Syn.A. verticillosa F. Muell.Araucaria cunninghamiiAit. ex D.Don.

Hoop pine 580 spearthrower Robins 1980 Cardwell, Nth Qld

Archontophoenix alexandrae (F.Muell.) H. Wendl. and Drude

960 spear shaft (distal section) Roth 1901:9; 1909:195 Lower Tully River, Nth Qld

Argyrodendron peralatum (Bailey)Edlin ex 1.H. Boas

Red tulip oak 780 sword Cosgrove 1980 Rainforest region of Nth Qld

Argyrodendron peralatum (Bailey)Edlin ex 1.H. Boas

Red tulip oak 780 spearthrower see Robins 1980 Rainforest region of Nth Qld

Atalaya hemiglauca (F. Muell.) FMuell.

Whitewood 770 ceremony ornaments Latz 1982:49; Stirling1896:105

Central Aust

Austromyrtus leuhmanni(F. Muell.)L. JohnstonSyn. Myrtusexaltata Bail.Syn.Austromyrtus exaltata (F.

Bailey)

Burrett 710 spear Roth 1909:195 Tully River, Nth Qld

Austromyrtus leuhmanni(F. Muell.)L. JohnstonSyn. Myrtusexaltata Bail.Syn.Austromyrtus exaltata (F.Bailey)

Burrett 710 sword Roth 1909:210 Tully River, Nth Qld

Avicennia marina (Forst. f) Vierh.var. australiasica (Walp.) Moldenke(3)Syn.A. officinalis auctt. austral.

Grey mangrove 880 shield Dick 1915:282; Goddard1934:192

Port Macquarie, NSW

Avicennia marina (Forst. f) Vierh.var. australiasica (Walp.) Moldenke(3)Syn.A. officinalis auctt. austral.

Grey mangrove 880 boomerang Dawson 1935:13, 22 Clarence River, northern NSW

Backhousia bancroftiiF.M. Bail.and F. Muell.

Johnstone Riverhardwood

960 sword Cosgrove 1980 Rainforest region of Nth Qld

Backhousia bancroftiiF.M. Bail.and F. Muell.

Johnstone Riverhardwood

960 spearthrower Robins 1980 Rainforest region of Nth Qld

Backhousia hughesiiC.T. White Stony backhousia 1010 spearthrower Dick 1974; Robins 1980 Central coast of NSW; Cardwell andCooktown, Nth QldBombax ceiba L.Syn. B. malabaricum DC.

Kapok tree 420 spearthrower Robins 1980 Boolman, NW Qld; Darwin, DalyRiver, Melville Islands, NT

Bombax ceiba L.Syn. B. malabaricum DC.

Kapok tree 420 dugout canoe Jones 1980; Roth 1910a:11;1910b:40; Woolston1973:100

Arnhem Land, Batavia River,Endeavour River; Wellesley Islands,Nth Qld

Brachychiton gregoriiF. Muell. Desert kurrajong carrying container Latz 1982:59 Central AustBrachychiton gregoriiF. Muell. Desert kurrajong shield Kalotas 1982:59 Central AustBruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wightand Arn. ex Griffith

900 canoe paddle White 1949:55 Arnhem Land

Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L) Savigny. Black mangrove spearthrower (linear Robins 1980 Gulf Coast of Nth Qld, Arnhem Land



29/53

Syn. Bruguiera rheediiBlume. notched spatulate type)Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L) Savigny.Syn. Bruguiera rheediiBlume.

Black mangrove canoe paddle Roth 1910a:9 Yirrkala, NT

Buchanania obovata Engl. shield Crawford 1982:55 King Edward River, Nth Kimberleyregion, WA

Bursaria spinosa Cav. Sweet bursaria club Ling Roth 1899:71 TasCallitris glaucophylla Thompsonand Johnson (4)

White cypress pine 690 ceremonial board Spencer and Gillen 1899:144 Central Aust

Callitris glaucophylla Thompsonand Johnson (4)

White cypress pine 690 unspecified artefacts(implements)

Meggitt 1962:6 Central Aust

Callitris intratropica R.T. Baker andH.G. Smith

Northern cypress pine 577 spear Tindale 1925:99 Groote Eylandt and of the west coastof the Gulf of Carpentaria


Northern cypress pine 577 spear point White 1967:96 western Arnhem Land

Callitris intratropica R.T. Baker and

H.G. Smith

Northern cypress pine 577 spearthrower Robins 1980; Tindale

1925:99

Nth Qld; Groote Eylandt and of the

west coast of the Gulf of CarpentariaCallitris intratropica R.T. Baker andH.G. Smith

Northern cypress pine 577 message stick White 1967:96 western Arnhem Land


Northern cypress pine 577 canoe paddle Specht 1958:483; Tindale1925:89

Arnhem Land; Groote Eylandt and ofthe west coast of the Gulf ofCarpentaria


Northern cypress pine 577 ceremonial artefacts Tindale 1925:99 Groote Eylandt and of the west coastof the Gulf of Carpentaria

Calytrix exstipulata DC.Syn. Calytrix microphylla A. Cunn.

pressure flaker (formaking stone Kimberleypoints)

Akerman, pers. comm.;Crawford 1982:66

Nth Kimberley region, WA

Camptostemon shultziiMasters Kapok mangrove log raft Smith and Kalotas 1985:336 Dampierland, WACanarium australianum F. Muell. Scrub turpentine 660 dugout canoe Crawford 1982:54; Jones

1980Nth Kimberley region, WA; easternArnhem Land

Canarium australianum F. Muell. Scrub turpentine 660 shield Smith and Kalotas 1985:334 Nth Kimberley regionCanarium australasicum (FM. Bail.) Leenhouts

Brown cudgerie570 dugout canoe Roth 1910a:11 Cape Bedford, Nth Qld

Carissa lanceolata R. Br. spear point Meggitt 1962:6 Warlpiri territory, Central Aust

Cassia eremophila A. Cunn. exVogel spear barb Stirling 1896:87 Central Aust

Castanospermum australe Cunn.ex C Fraser ex Hook

Black bean 760 spearthrower (linear lathtype)

Robins 1980 NE Qld

Casuarina decaisneana F. Muell. Desert sheoak spear Spencer and Gillen1899:578; Stirling 1896:89

Central Aust

Casuarina decaisneana F. Muell. Desert sheoak unspecified artefacts(including weapons)

Kalotas 1983:A35; Meggitt1962:6

Central Aust

Casuarina equisetifolia L. Beach sheoak 960 spear Specht 1958:487 Arnhem LandCasuarina littoralis Salisb.Syn. C. suberosa Otto et Dietr.

Black sheoak 720 club Ling Roth 1899:71 Tas

Casuarina littoralis Salisb. Black sheoak 720 spearthrower (linear Robins 1980 NT (no locality)



30/53

Syn. C. suberosa Otto et Dietr. notched spatulate type)Casuarina stricta Ait. Drooping sheoak 930 boomerang (ancient

archaeological find)Luebbers 1975:39 SE of SA

Ceriops tagal(Perr.) C.B. RobinsonSyn. Ceriops candolleana Arn. exWight.

Spurred mangrove 1020 canoe paddle Roth 1910a:9 Gulf Coast of Qld


Spurred mangrove 1020 Fishing boomerang Smith and Kalotas 1985:343 Dampierland, WA


Spurred mangrove 1020 spear Smith and Kalotas 1985:343 Dampierland, WA

Clerodendrum floribundum R. Br. fire drill Palmer 1883; Roth 1904 Cloncurry River, Nth QldClerodendrum inerme R. Br. spear shaft segment

(proximal part of death

spear)

Roth 1909:193 Palmer River, Nth Qld

Clerodendrum inerme R. Br. spearthrower peg Meehan 1974 eastern Arnhem LandCordia subcordata Lamk. 460 spear shaft segment Roth 1909:192 Pennyfather River, Nth QldCrotalaria cunninghamiiR. Br. sandal Gould 1969:210 Gibson DesertCroton triacros F Muell. Spear birch spear Roth 1909:191 Nth QldCryptocarya sp. spearthrower Robins 1980 Burketown, NW Qld and Yirrkala,

Arnhem LandDendrocnide excelsa (Wedd.)ChewSyn. Laportea gigas Wedd.

Giant stinging tree 240 carrying container Australian Museumcatalogue registrationnumber E5051

Tambo, Qld

Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.)W.L. ChewSyn. Laportea moroides Wedd.

carrying container McBryde 1978:163 Richmond River district, NSW

Desmodium umbellatum (L.) DC. spear Roth 1909:191 Nth QldDesmos wardiana (F.M. Bail.)JessupSyn. Unona wardiana F.M. Bail.

digging stick Roth 1904:24 Pennefather River, Nth Qld

Dillenia alata (R. Br. ex DC.)

Martelli

Red beech 640 dugout canoe Specht 1958:494 Arnhem Land, NT

Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh. var.humilisSyn. Maba humilis R. Br.

Australian ebony 130 European smoking pipe Smith and Kalotas 1985:332;Specht 1958:498

Dampierland, WA; Groote Eylandt,NT

Dodonaea lanceolata F. Muell. var.lanceolata

boomerang Smith and Kalotas 1985:342 Dampierland, WA


digging stick Smith and Kalotas 1985:342 Dampierland, WA


walking stick Smith and Kalotas 1985:342 Dampierland, WA

Dodonaea triquetra Wendl. spear Watkins 1891:46 Stradbroke and Morton Islands, QldDolichandrone filiformis F. Muell. spearthrower Smyth and von Sturmer western Arnhem Land



31/53

1981:18Drymophloeus normanbyiF. Muell. Black palm handle for stone hatchet

headSmyth and von Sturmer1981:18

western Arnhem Land

Duboisia myoporoides R. Br. Duboisia 450 spear shaft (sections) Roth 1909 Princess Charlotte Bay, Nth QldEremophila longifolia (R. Br.) F.Muell.

spearthrower Robins 1980 Mornington Islands, NW Qld

Eremophila longifolia (R. Br.) F.Muell.

nose peg Johnston and Cleland1943:158

NE of SA

Eremophila longifolia (R. Br.) F.Muell.

stick for tooth evulsion Johnston and Cleland1943:158

NE of SA

Erythrina variegata L. dugout canoe Jones 1980 Coastal Arnhem LandErythrina vespertilio Benth. Grey corkwood

(also Bat's wing coraltree, Bean tree)

190 spear shaft (butt section) Roth 1897:147 Widely reported for northern andinterior Aust

Erythrina vespertilio Benth. Grey corkwood(also Bat's wing coraltree, Bean tree)

190 shield Blackman 1904:178; Cane1985:99; Cleland andJohnston 1939:24; Crawford1982:34; Hayden 1979:52;Johnston and Cleland1943:166; Lumholtz1908:332; O'Connell et al.1983:106; Palmer 1883:109;Roth 1909:204-5; Schulze1891:228; Spencer andGillen 1899.586

Widely reported for northern andinterior Aust


190 Carrying vessel (womansbowl)

Akerman and Bindon1984:361; Cane 1985:99;Cleland 1957:161; Hayden1979:114; O'Connell et al.1983:106; Roth 1897:149;1904:29; Spencer 1915:42;Spencer and Gillen 1899:586



190 spearthrower Akerman and Bindon1984:361; Crawford 1982:34;Robins 1980


Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F.Muell.) Hennings ex Taub.Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F.Muell.Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell.

Cooktown ironwood 1220 spear Palmer 1883:109; Roth1909:193, 197

Nth Qld

Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F.Muell.) Hennings ex Taub.Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F.

Cooktown ironwood 1220 spear point and spear prong

Armstrong 1974; Basedow1907:25; Palmer 1883:109;1884:323; Tindale 1925:90

Arnhem Land, Victoria River, NT;Kimberley region WA; Nth Qld



32/53

Muell.Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell.Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F.Muell.) Hennings ex Taub.Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F.Muell.Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell.

Cooktown ironwood 1220 spearthrower Palmer 1883:109; 1884:323;Robins 1980; Roth 1909:193,197

Nth Qld


Cooktown ironwood 1220 digging stick Thomson 1939a:plate 12 Arnhem Land, Victoria River, NT;Kimberley region WA; Nth Qld


Muell.Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell.

Cooktown ironwood 1220 club Armstrong 1974; Blackman1904:185; Spencer 1928:490

Arnhem Land, Victoria River, NT;Kimberley region WA; Nth Qld


Cooktown ironwood 1220 mallet Thomson 1936:490 Nth Qld


Cooktown ironwood 1220 handle for hafted stoneflake (archaeological find)

Setzler and McCarthy1950:72

western Arnhem Land


Cooktown ironwood 1220 throwing stick Palmer 1884:323 Nth Qld

Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F.

Muell.) Hennings ex Taub.Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F.Muell.Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell.

Cooktown ironwood 1220 fighting pole Blundell 1974:537; Smith and

Kalotas 1985:336

Victoria River, NT; Kimberley region

WA


Cooktown ironwood 1220 clap sticks Basedow 1907:47; Lister n.d.(for modern Aboriginal craftmanufacture)

widely reported in Arnhem Land,Victoria River, NT; Kimberley regionWA; Nth Qld


Cooktown ironwood 1220 smoking pipe Thomson 1939b:4 Arnhem Land



33/53

Muell.Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell.Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F.Muell.) Hennings ex Taub.Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F.Muell.Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell.

Cooktown ironwood 1220 didgeridoo [didjeridu](modern Aboriginal craftmanufacture)

Lister n.d. Unspecified

Eucalyptus ?abergiana F. Muell.[Eucalyptus abergiana F. Muell]

Range bloodwood 1010 spearthrower (linear lathtype)

Robins 1980 Cardwell, Nth Qld

Eucalyptus ?apodophylla Blakelyand Jacobs [Eucalyptusapodophylla Blakely and Jacobs]

Whitebark spear Cleland and Johnston1939:25

The Granites, Central Aust

Eucalyptus browniiMaiden andCambage (5)

Broad-leaved box carrying container Roth 1904:31 Nth Qld

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.Syn. E. rostrata Schlecht.

Red river gum 930 club Smyth I878:299 Yarra River, Vic

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.Syn. E. rostrata Schlecht.

Red river gum 930 carrying container Love 1942:215; Kalotas1983:A31; Spencer andGillen 1899:608

Central Aust

Eucalyptus ?citriodora Hook(6)[Eucalyptus citriodora Hook]

Lemon-scented gum 1010 spearthrower (linear lathtype)

Robins 1980 NW Qld/NT

Eucalyptus crebra F. Muell. Narrow-leaved redironbark

1090 spear Petrie 1932:102; Roth1909:195

Brisbane, Qld

Eucalyptus crebra F. Muell. Narrow-leaved redironbark

1090 club Petrie 1932:102 Brisbane, Qld

Eucalyptus dichromophloia F.Muell. incl. E. erythrophloia Blakely

Gum-topped bloodwood 1040 spearthrower Robins 1980 Atherton, Cardwell and Mapoon, NthQld

Eucalyptus doratoxylon F. Muell. spear Maiden 1889:447 SE of WAEucalyptus ?drepanophylla F.Muell. ex Benth.[Eucalyptus drepanophylla F.Muell. ex Benth.]

Grey ironbark 1110 spearthrower (linear lathtype)

Robins 1980 Barambah and California Creek, NthQld

Eucalyptus dumosa A. Cunn. exSchau. White mallee 1110 spear Beveridge 1889:59 Swan Hill, Vic

Eucalyptus dumosa A. Cunn. exSchau.

White mallee 1110 shield Beveridge 1889:66 Swan Hill, Vic


White mallee 1110 boomerang Beveridge 1889:59 Swan Hill, Vic


White mallee 1110 club Beveridge 1889:59-60 Swan Hill, Vic


White mallee 1110 carrying container Beveridge 1889:59-60 Swan Hill, Vic

Eucalyptus eremophila (Diels)Maiden var. E. grandiflora Maiden

spear Hayden 1971:10 Cundeelee, WA



34/53

Eucalyptus exserta F. Muell. Queensland peppermint 1010 club Blackman 1904:186;Lumholtz 1908:332

Central coast of Qld

Eucalyptus flocktoniae (Maiden)Maiden

Merrit digging bowl (scoop) Hayden 1979:39 Cundeelee, WA

Eucalyptus foecunda SchauerSyn. Eucalyptus leptophylla F.Muell. ex Miq

spear Maiden 1889:448 SW of WA

Eucalyptus gamophylla F. Muell. unspecified artefacts Meggitt 1962:7 Warlpiri territory, Central AustEucalyptus gomphocephala A. DC. Tuart 1040 carrying container Spencer 1915:42 WAEucalyptus incrassata Labill. Yellow mallee spear Johnston and Cleland

1942:99Ooldea, SA

Eucalyptus incrassata Labill. Yellow mallee spearthrower Johnston and Cleland1942:100

Ooldea, SA

Eucalyptus incrassata Labill. Yellow mallee digging stick Johnston and Cleland1942:99

Ooldea, SA

Eucalyptus ?intermedia R.T. Baker[Eucalyptus intermedia](7)

Red bloodwood 1010 smoothing board Hey 1911 Mapoon mission, Nth Qld

Eucalyptus ?intermedia R.T. Baker[Eucalyptus intermedia](7)

Red bloodwood 1010 spearthrower Hey 1911 Mapoon mission, Nth Qld

Eucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell.var. E. macrocarpa J.E. Brown

Yellow gum 1010 spearthrower Smyth 1878:314, 330;Spencer 1915:12

Vic (no locality)

Eucalyptus marginata Donn exSmith

Jarrah 870 spearthrower Bates n.d.:16 SW of WA


Jarrah 870 mesh stick Spencer 1915:58 SW of WA


Jarrah 870 carrying container Spencer 1915:42 SW of WA

Eucalyptus microcarpa Maiden (8) Grey box 1110 digging stick Johnston and Cleland1943:160

NE of SA

Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell.var. E.cymbaliformis Blakely andJacobs

Coolibah 1110 emu decoy horn Dunbar 1944:175 Central Darling River, NSW

Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell.

var. E.cymbaliformis Blakely andJacobs

Coolibah 1110 carrying container O'Connell et al. 1983:107 Sandover River drainage, Central

Aust

Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell.var. E.cymbaliformis Blakely andJacobs

Coolibah 1110 digging bowl Cane 1985:99; O'Connell etal. 1983:107

Western Desert, WA; CentralAustralia

Eucalyptus miniata A. Cunn. exSchauer

Darwin woollybutt 1090 boomerang Smith and Kalotas 1985:347 Dampierland, WA


Darwin woollybutt 1090 harpoon (from young treetrunk)

Smith and Kalotas 1985:347 Dampierland, WA


Darwin woollybutt 1090 shield Smith and Kalotas 1985:347 Dampierland, WA

Eucalyptus ?obliqua Lherit (9) Messmate 990 spear Smyth 1878:304 Vic (no locality)



35/53

[Eucalyptus obliqua]Eucalyptus ?obliqua Lherit (9)[Eucalyptus obliqua]

Messmate 990 shield Oldfield 1864:263 Twofold Bay, NSW

Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. ex Miq. Red mallee 1190 spear (one-piece Gould 1970:7, 15; Johnstonand Cleland 1942:99

Western Desert, WA; Ooldea, SA

Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. ex Miq. Red mallee 1190 digging stick Johnston and Cleland1942:99

Ooldea, SA

Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. ex Miq. Red mallee 1190 club Johnston and Cleland1942:99

Ooldea, SA

Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. ex Miq. Red mallee 1190 carrying container Johnston and Cleland1942:99

Ooldea, SA

Eucalyptus ?pachyphylla F. Muell.[Eucalyptus pachyphylla]

Thick-leaved mallee unspecified artefacts Meggitt 1962:7 Warlpiri territory, Central Aust

Eucalyptus paniculata Smith Grey ironbark 1120 spearthrower Robins 1980 Mapoon, Nth QldEucalyptus papuana F. Muell. Ghost gum 1010 carrying container Thomson 1964:407 Western Desert, WA

Eucalyptus papuana F. Muell. Ghost gum 1010 unspecified artefacts Kalotas 1983:A31; Meggitt1962:7

Central Desert

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. Red mahogany man's fighting pole Roth 1909:209 Middle Palmer River, Nth QldEucalyptus pellita F. Muell. Red mahogany spearthrower Robins 1980 Kamma Settlement, Nth QldEucalyptus polycarpa F. Muell. Red bloodwood 1000 spear Specht 1958:496 Arnhem LandEucalyptus polycarpa F. Muell. Red bloodwood 1000 spearthrower peg Specht 1958:496 Arnhem LandEucalyptus polycarpa F. Muell. Red bloodwood 1000 canoe paddle Specht 1958:496 Arnhem LandEucalyptus polycarpa F. Muell. Red bloodwood 1000 clap sticks Armstrong 1974; Specht

1958:496Arnhem Land

Eucalyptus polycarpa F. Muell. Red bloodwood 1000 didgeridoo (didjeridu) Specht 1958:496 Arnhem LandEucalyptus pyriformis Turcz. spear Johnston and Cleland

1942:99Ooldea, SA

Eucalyptus pyriformis Turcz. digging stick Johnston and Cleland1942:99

Ooldea, SA

Eucalyptus pyriformis Turcz. club Johnston and Cleland1942:99

Ooldea, SA

Eucalyptus pyriformis Turcz. carrying container Johnston and Cleland1942:99

Ooldea, SA

Eucalyptus resinifera Smith Red mahogany 1000 spearthrower Robins 1980 Magoura, QldEucalyptus salmonophloia F. Muell. Salmon gum 1070 spear Gould 1970:7, 15 Western DesertEucalyptus setosa Schauer Rough-leaved

bloodwoodchildrens boomerang Woolston 1973:101 Wellesley Islands, Gulf of

CarpentariaEucalyptus setosa Schauer Rough-leaved

bloodwooddidgeridoo (didjeridu) Smyth and von Sturmer

1981:20western Arnhem Land

Eucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. exWools.

Red ironbark 1130 shield. Smyth 1878:330 Vic (no locality)

Eucalyptus terminalis F. Muell. Pale bloodwood 960 spearthrower Roth 1909:197 Nth QldEucalyptus terminalis F. Muell. Pale bloodwood 960 digging bowl Cane 1985:99 Western DesertEucalyptus terminalis F. Muell. Pale bloodwood 960 unspecified artefacts Meggitt 1962:7 Central DesertEucalyptus tessellaris F. Muell. Carbeen 1040 spear Roth 1909:192; Robins 1980 Nth Qld



36/53

Eucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell. Darwin stringybark 1100 spear Armstrong 1974; Specht1958:497

Arnhem Land

Eucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell. Darwin stringybark 1100 spear point ? White 1967:96 Arnhem LandEucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell. Darwin stringybark 1100 grave post Specht 1958:497 Arnhem LandEucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell. Darwin stringybark 1100 canoe paddle Specht 1958:497 Arnhem LandEucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell. Darwin stringybark 1100 clap sticks Specht 19,58:497 Arnhem LandEucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell. Darwin stringybark 1100 didgeridoo (didjeridu) Specht 1958:497 Arnhem LandEucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell. Darwin stringybark 1100 stem of European

smoking pipeSpecht 1958:497 Arnhem Land

Eucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell. Darwin stringybark 1100 hollow cylindrical drum Specht 1958:497 Arnhem LandEucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell. Darwin stringybark 1100 coffin Specht 1958:497; Warner

1937:502-3Arnhem Land

Eucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell. Darwin stringybark 1100 bullroarer Specht 1957:497, Warner 1937:492

Arnhem Land

Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. Manna gum 730 shield Smyth 1878:332 Vic (no locality)

Eucalyptus wandoo BlakelySyn. E. redunca Schauer var. elataBenth.

Wandoo 1100 digging stick Bates n.d.:16 SW of WA

Eucalyptus wandoo BlakelySyn. E. redunca Schauer var. elataBenth.

Wandoo 1100 boomerang Bates n.d.:16 SW of WA

Eugenia reinwardiana (Blume) DC.Syn. Eugenia carissoides F. Muell.

c. 760 club Roth 1904:33 Pennefather River, Nth Qld

Eupomatia laurina R. Br. spear shaft (promixalsection)

Roth 1909:195 Lower Tully River, Nth Qld

Excocaria agallocha L. Milky mangrove 400 dugout canoe Roth 1910a:11 Endeavour River, Nth QldExcocaria agallocha L. Milky mangrove 400 shield Smith and Kalotas 1985:335 Dampierland, WAExocarpos cupressiformis Labill. Native cherry 900 spearthrower Maiden

kamminga timber

Documents