kalisindh thermal power plant

8/19/2019 Kalisindh Thermal Power plant

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A##i#$an$ %er#nne& !!icer '(a$%%) R*UNL) +HALAWAR,

ACKNOWLOWEDGMENT

I am gratefully indebted to my management for the many opportunities given to me for

doing this project or!" I am profoundly grateful to #r" #ANO$ #ITTA% &'O() #E* in Gecj

+ollege"

I am come out of impression and !noledge) hich has been given to me by the

supervision) guidance and valuable suggestion from all the faculty members during the

completely academic session"

I also ant to than!s #r" ,"P" #EENA assistant personnel officer !atpp) R-.N%)

$'A%A/AR for alloing me for the practical training in the plant"

I ould also li!e to pay than!s to all the staff of electrical section for their !ind support"

RA0E,' 0.#AR

1" TE+') 2T' 3EAR

4T' ,E#) #E

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CHAPTER-.

C/a%$er na0e1- %a2e n1-

.". INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL POWER PLANT"""""3

."4 WORKING PRINCIPLE"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".5

."6 COMPONENTS OF POWER PLANT""""""""""""""""""""""""""""..

."7 PLANT LAYOUT"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".4

CHAPTER-4

4". DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".6

4". 'a, 8OILER""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".6

4". '9, 8OILER AU:ILLARY"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".;

4". 'c, 8OILER MOUNTING""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".<

4". 'd, TUR8INE"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".


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CHAPTER-7

7". SWITCHYARD""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4;-43

7".'a, CIRCUIT 8REAKER"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4;7".'9, ISOLATOR""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4<

7".'c, LIGHTNING ARRESTER"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4<

7".'d, EARTHING ISOLATOR"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""43

7"4 SWITCHSER>>>>>>>>>>>>>>">>43-65

CHAPTER-?

CONTROL ROOM PANEL""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""6.

CHAPTER-=

WATER TREATMENT PLANT""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""64-6?

CHAPTER-;

;". COAL HANDLING PLANT"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""6=-63

;"4 ASH HANDLING PLAT""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""63

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CHAPTER-<

COOLING TOWER"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""75

CHAPTER-3

EFFICIENCY"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7.

CHAPTER-.5

CONCLUSION""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""74

REFERENCE"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""76

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LIST OF FIGURE1-

FIGURE NO TOPIC NAME PAGE NO

." Ka&i#ind/ $/er0a& %@er %&an$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 3

4" Ran(ine cc&e"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .5

6" P&an$ &au$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .4

7" Genera& 8i&er"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .6

?" 8i&er in (a&i#ind/""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .7

=" Tur9ine #$a2e#""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 45

;" Tur9ine in (a&i#ind/""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 45


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LIST OF TA8LES1-

TA8LE NO NAME OF TOPIC PAGE NO

." Wa$er $u9e 9i&er"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .?

4" Genera$r #%eci!ica$in !r uni$ . and 4"""""""""" 44) 46

6" Die#e& 2enera$r #e$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 46

7" Wa2n $ri%%&er""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 6;

?" C/ru#/er Mac/ine>>>>>>>>>>>> 6;

"

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CHAPTER-..". INTRODUCTION TO KALISINDH THERMAL POWER PLANT

The site of !alisindh thermal poer plant is located in Nimoda) .ndal) #otipura) ,ingharia and

(evri villages of tehsil $halarapatan) dist;jhalaar) Rajasthan" The proposed capacity of coal

based thermal poer project is 8>?99@:899 #/" The project site is about :8!m from $halaar

and N';:8"it is 8!m from state highay no : and B!m from Ramganj #andi;1hopal broad

gauge rail line"

This poer plant is included by the govt" Of Rajasthan in ::th five year plan"

The cost for this poer plant is 448C crores proposed by govt and this poer plant is constructed

ith the help of 1GR +ompany +hennai

FIG-. KALISINDH THERMAL POWER PLAN

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."4 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THERMAL POWER PLANT

Thermal poer plant or!s on the principle of Ran!ine cycle" The Rankine cycle is a

model that is used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems TheRankine cycle is an ideali!ed thermodynamic cycle of a heat en"ine that

con#erts heat into mechanical $ork The heat is supplied e%ternally to a

closed loop& $hich usually uses $ater as the $orkin" 'uid

Fi2"4 RANKINE CYCLE

/ater is heated turns into steam and spins a steam turbine hich drives an electric generator

after it passes through the turbine )the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to here it

as heated Dthis is !non as ran!ine cycle"

1(


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:"C +O#PONENT, O 0A%I,IN(' T'ER#A% PO/ER P%ANT

F 1oiler

F ,uper heater

F Turbine

F +ondenser

F Alternator

F +ooling toer

F +irculating ater pump

F eed ater pump

F +oal handling tan!

F Ash handling tan!

F Ash storage tan!

F +oal storage tan!

F Economiser

F Air preheater

F Induced draught fan

F orced draught fan

F +himney

F Transformer

F /ater treatment tan!

F +ondensate e>traction pump

F E>citer

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ENERG3 +ON-ER,ION PRO+E,, IN T'ER#A% PO/ER P%ANT

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Fi2"6 PLANT LAYOUT OF KALISINDH POWER PLANT

CHAPTER-4

4". DESCRIPTIONS OF COMPONENTS1-

4". 'a, 8i&er

A boiler is a closed vessel type tan! in hich coal coming from crusher mill &poder type 8


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combustion" ,o boiler is also called steam generator" It is one of the major components of

thermal poer plant" The transfer of heat from boiler to raise the temperature of steam is done by

three methods i"e"by conduction) convection and radiation"

The process of heating a liHuid until reaches its gaseous state is

called evaporation" 1oiler are tangentially fired) balance draft )natural circulation) radiant type)dry bottom ith high ash content"oil burners are located beteen coal burners for flame

stabilisation" Pulveried coal is directly fed from coal mills

ig;2 GENERA% 1OI%ER;

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FIG-?" 8OILER IN KALISINDH THERMAL POWER PLANT

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In simple ay) boiler is a device used for producing steam" There are to types of boiler

&depending upon tube content*

F ire tube boiler

F /ater tube boiler

'ere) boiler used is of ater type" In the boiler) heat energy transfer ta!es place through tube

alls and drum" The gases lose their heat to ater in the boiler or superheated" The escape heat is

used to heat the ater through economier"

I( and ( fans are used to produce artificial draught" The fuel oil is used to ignite the boiler and

pulveried coal is lifted from the coal mills by PA fans"

WATER TU8E 8OILER USED IN KaTPP WITH 3;M HIGHT

-arious motors use in boiler are different rating and parameters C80/ ):


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'O/ IT /OR0;

The concept of burning coal that has been pulveried into a fine poder so that if the coal is

made fine enough) it ill burn almost and efficiently as gas" The feeding rate of coal according to

boiler demand and amount of air available for drying and transporting the pulveried coal iscontrolled by control room" Pieces of coal are crushed beteen balls or cylindrical rollers that

move beteen to trac!s or 5races6" The ra coal is then fed into the pulveriser along ith air

heated to about ?iliaries used

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• ECONOMISER1 Its purpose is to preheat feed ater before it is introduced into

boiler drum by recovering heat from flue gases leaving the furnace" Economiser is

located in the boiler near gas pass belo the rear horiontal super heater"

• AIR PREHEATER1 air preheater is employed to recover the heat from the flue

gases leaving the economiser and are used to heat the incoming air for

combustion" This raises the temperature of the furnace gases) improves the

combustion rates and efficiency and loers the stac! &chimney* temperature) thus

improving the overall efficiency of the boiler" cooling of flue gases by 89Mraises

the plant efficiency by :M"

In !alisindh thermal poer plant) regenerative type of preheater is

used" The rotor is placed in a drum) hich is fi>ed on an electrical shaft rotating at

a speed of 8 to 2 rpm" As the rotor rotates the flue gases) are pass through

alternatively gas and air one" The rotor elements are heated by flue gases in their

one and transfer the heat to air hen they are in air one"

• SUPER HEATER1 It increase the temperature of steam to super heated region" Asuper heater is a device) hich removes the last traces of moisture from the

saturated steam leaving the boiler tubes and also increases its temperature above

the saturation temperature" The steam is superheated to the highest economical

temperature not only to increases the efficiency but also to have folloing

advantages"

F Reduction in reHuirement of steam Huantity for a given output of energy

oing to its high internal energy reduces the turbine sie"

F ,uperheated steam being dry) turbine blades remain dry so the mechanical

resistance to the flo of steam over them is small resulting in high efficiency"

F No corrosion and pitting at the turbine blades occur oing to dryness of

steam"

• REHEATER1 It is used for heat addition and increase the temperature of steamcoming from high pressure turbine to


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4".'c, 8OILER MOUNTINGS-These are used for the safe operation of boiler" ,ome

e>ample of mountings used are ater level indicator in drum) furnace temperature probe) reheat

release valve) pressure gauges indicating steam pressure etc"

4".'d, STEAM TUR8INE

Turbine is an mc in hich a shaft is rotated steadily by the impact of reaction of steam of

or!ing substance upon blades of a heel" It converts the potential energy or heat energy of the

or!ing substance into mechanical energy" /hen or!ing substance is steam) it is called ,team

Turbine=

In the steam turbine) the pressure of the steam is utilied to overcome e>ternal resistance

and the dynamic action of the steam is negligibly small"

PRINCIPLE Wr(in2 of the steam turbine depends holly upon the dynamic action of steam"

The steam is caused to fall ith pressure in a passage of nole) due to this fall in pressure) a

hole amount of heat energy is converted into mechanical energy J steam is set moving ith

the reactor velocity" The rapidly moving particle of steam enter the moving part of turbine and

here suffers a change in the direction of motion hich gives rise to change of momentum and

therefore to a force" This constitutes a driving force to a turbine"

The passage of themthrough the moving part of the turbine commonly called the blade)

may ta!e place in such a manner that the pressure at the outlet sides of the blade is eHual to thatof the inlet side" ,uch a turbine is broadly termed as outlet turbine or Impulse type"

On the other hand) the pressure of the steam at outlet from the moving blade may be less

than that at type inlet side of the blade" The drop of pressure suffered by the steam during its

flo through the moving blades causes a further generation of !inetic energy ithin the blades

and adds to the propelling force) hich is applied to the turbine rotor) such a turbine is broadly

termed as Reaction Turbine" 'ere in Ka&i#ind/ T/er0a& P@er PrBec$ N?99;:?"4


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design and constructional feature have proved their reliability in service and ensure trouble free

operation over long operating periods and at the same time ensuring high thermal efficiencies"

HP TUR8INE1-

The hp casing is a barrel type casing ithout a>ial joint" 1ecause of its rotation symmetry the barrel type casing remain constant in shape and lea! proof during Huic! change in temperature"

The inner casing tool is cylinder in shape as horiontal joint flange are relieved by higher

pressure arising outside and this can !ept small" (ue to this reasion barrel type casing are

speially suitable for Huic! start up and loading" The hp turbine consists of 8< reactions stages"

The moving and stationary blades are inserted int appropriately shapes into inner casing and the

shaft to redue lea!age losses at blade tips"

IP TUR8INE1-

the IP part of turbine is of double flo construction" The double flo inner casing is supported

!inematically in the outer casing" The steam from 'P turbine after reheating enters the inner

casing from above and belo through to inlet noles"The centre flos compensate the a>ial

thrust and prevent steam inlet temperature affecting brac!ets) bearing etc" the arrangement of

inner casing confines high steam inlet condition admission branch of casing) hile the joints of

outer casing is subjeted only to loer pressure and temperature at the e>haust of inner casing"

The pressure in outer casing relieves the joint of inner casing so that this joint is to be sealed only

against resulting differential pressure"

The IP turbine consists of 89 reactions stages per flo the moving and

stationary blades are inserted in appropriately shaped grooves in shaft and inner casing"

LP TUR8INE1-

The casing of double flo type %P turbine is of three shell design" The shells are a>ially split and

have rigidly elded construction" The outer casing consist of the front and rear alls) the lateral

longitudinal support bearing and upper part"

The outer casing is supported by the ends of longitudinal beams on the base

plates of foundation" The double flo inner casing consist of outer shell and inner shell the inner

shell is attached to outer shell ith provision of free thermal movement" ,team admitted to %P

turbine from IP turbine flos into the inner casing from both sides through steam inlet noles"

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IG;? T.R1INE ,TAGE,

FIG-; TUR8INE IN KALISINDH PLANT

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CHAPTER-6

6". GENERATOR1-

Generator is the important part of thermal poer plant" It is a device) hich

convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy" Generator is driven by coupled steam

turbine at a speed of C999 r"p"m" (ue to rotation at high speed it get heat" Therefore) there is

cooling construction enclosing the inding core of the generator so that during the operation is

being in normal temperature"

In 0aTPP ) Each of the 8 units have been provided ith C;phase turbo generator ratedoutput 49?#-A) :B"

::999889v) neutral grounding transformer) hose secondary coil is laminated by laminated strip

ith mechanical ventilating holes) is connected across a ?


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TA8LE-4 GENERATOR SPECIFICATION FOR UNIT I AND II1-

#a!e +K GEAR1OL +hina

Type K,N

Apparent output 49? #-A

Active output ?99 #/

Poer factor 9"B< lagging

Rated voltage 88 0-

Rated current :B


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F ,TATOR 1O(3;

Armature of a generator formed of laminations having slots on its inner periphery toaccommodate armature conductor and is !non as stator" The stator body is totally enclosed gas

tight fabricated structure suitably internally to rigidity" The function of stator frame is to contain

and support the stator core inding) hydrogen coolers and path for distribution of cooling

hydrogen through the generator"

F ,TATOR +ORE;

The rotating magnetic field flo ith the core in order to reduce the magnetiing current

&eddy current* losses in the active portion of the stator core due to rotation of field structure

in beteen the stator the entire core is built up of thin laminations"

,TATOR /IN(ING-

The stator has C;phase double layer) short pitched and bar type of inding having to

parallel paths" Each slot accommodates to bars" The upper and loer bars are displaced

from each other by one inding pitch and connected at their ends to form coil groups" Each

bar consists of solid as ell as hollo conductor ith cooling ater passing through the later

alternator"

F ROTOR;

The field structure is the largest and heaviest component of generator and is called the rotor"

The rotor houses the static e>citation inding and the e>citing current is supplied to the rotor

through the slip rings and brushes" The rotor shaft is a single piece forging the longitudinal

slot for inserting the field inding" The slots are distributed over the circumference so that

to field solid poles are obtained"

Negative seHuence relay is used for the protection of generator"

6"4 TRANSFORMER

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Transformer is a static device hich is used to change the voltage level !eeping the poer and

freHuency same" In the poer plant transformer is one of the most important eHuipment" The

transformer or!s on the principle of araday=s las of Electromagnetic induction" This process

is completed in to process first the A"+ applied is converted into magnetic flu> then this flu>

lin!ed ith secondary inding giving as of desired value depending on the no" Of turns in

primary and secondary inding"

/henever e apply alternating current to an electric coil) there ill be an alternating

flu> surrounding that coil" No if e bring another coil near the first one) there ill be an

alternating flu> lin!age ith that second coil" As the flu> is alternating) there ill be obviously a

rate of change in flu> lin!age ith respect to time in the second coil" Naturally) emf ill be

induced in it as per aradays la of electromagnetic induction" This is the most basic concept of

the theory of transformer"

The inding) hich ta!es electrical '3PER%IN0 7http"electrical2u"comelectric;poer;

single;and;three;phase7 '3PER%IN0 7http"electrical2u"comelectric;poer;single;and;three;phase7 poer from the source) is generally !non as primary inding of transformer" 'erein our above e>ample it is first inding"

Transformer is made of folloing components;

F +ore

F /inding

F On load tape changer

F Tan!

F 1ushing

F Au>iliary eHuipment

F Insulating oil

F +ooling system

The inding) hich gives the desired output #olta"e due to mutual induction in thetransformer& is commonly kno$n as secondary $indin" of transformer )ere in oure%ample it is second $indin"

The above mentioned form of transformer is theoretically possible but not practically) because inopen air very tiny portion of the flu> of the first inding ill lin! ith secondD so the current that

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flos through the closed circuit of later) ill be so small in amount that it ill be difficult to

measure"

The rate of change of flu> lin!age depends upon the amount of lin!ed flu> ith the second

inding" ,o) it is desired to be lin!ed to almost all flu> of primary inding to the secondary

inding" This is effectively and efficiently done by placing one lo reluctance path common to

both of the inding" This lo reluctance path is core of transformer ) through hich ma>imumnumber of flu> produced by the primary is passed through and lin!ed ith the secondary

inding" This is the most basic $/er ! $ran#!r0er"

Main Cn#$ruc$ina& Par$# ! Tran#!r0er

The three main parts of a transformer are)

F Pri0ar Windin2 ! $ran#!r0er ; hich produces magnetic flu> hen it is connected

to electrical source"

F Ma2ne$ic Cre ! $ran#!r0er ; the magnetic flu> produced by the primary inding)

that ill pass through this lo reluctance path lin!ed ith secondary inding and create

a closed magnetic circuit"

F Secndar Windin2 ! $ran#!r0er ; the flu>) produced by primary inding) passes

through the core) ill lin! ith the secondary inding" This inding also ounds on the

same core and gives the desired

In !alisindh) there are various transformers for various purposes" They are;

F Generating transformer&GT*

F .nit transformer&.T*

F .nit au>iliary transformer&.AT*

F .nit service transformer

F .nit ,tation transformer

F +urrent transformer

F Potential transformer

F GENERATING TRAN,OR#ER&GT*;

In !alisindh thermal poer plant C single phase generating transformer

installed for each phase in single unit" Output of generator has step up to 2990- by

generating transformer" In !alisindh poer plant :


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.nit transformer are installed to fed supply to 'T sitchgear" There are

to B9#-A transformer installed near GT hich are fed through main busducts coming

from generator and fed to the 'T sitchgear" After step don this supply upto :: !v 'Tsitchgear used to supply on the measure a>uliary of the plant li!e 1P)+/P)I( )()PA

fans etc" The unit transformer is used to 'T sitchgear and it supply voltage 88::0- to

.AT and different motors in boiler" .T is rated for 2B?2B9#-A)88::"?::"?0-)dyn::yn:: type inding" This permit to voltage don upto ::0- it have 8 radiator"

• .NIT A.LI%IAR3 TRAN,OR#ER&.AT*;

Each unit has to unit au>iliary transformers" /hen the unit starts generating

electricity these transformer are energied and then supplies poer to the au>iliaries"1efore starting of the) .AT bus is connected to the station bus" Au>iliaries of one unit

ta!e about 89#/ of poer" .ATis connected beteen the generator and the GT" A

tapping is ta!en from the poer coming from the generator to the GT" .AT relieves GT

from e>tra load of about 89#/ hich is to be supplied to the au>iliaries via GT and ,T

thus increasing the efficiency" It is step don transformer)hich steps don the voltagefrom :?"< 0- to ?" 0- " The rating of .AT is 89 #-A" .AT bus supplies only those

au>iliaries) hich are not necessary to be energied in case of sudden tripping of generator"

• .NIT ,ER-I+E TRAN,OR#ER;

It is also a ?? 0- 2:< - transformers hich is used to supply the au>iliaries connected

to the the unit secondary sitchgear bus"

• .NIT ,TATION TRAN,OR#ER;

It is a step don transformer )hich is connected to the station bus" It steps don thevoltage from ?"? 0- to "2CC 0- " it is used to supply the voltage au

IG; TRAN,OR#ER IN 0A%I,IN(' PO/ER P%ANT;

27


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CHAPTER-7

7". SWITCHYARD1-

The 2990- and 8890- sitchyard have conventional to buses arrangement ith a bus;coupled brea!er" 1oth the generator transformer and line feeder ta!ing off from sitchyard can be ta!en to any of the to buses) similarly to station transformer can be fed from any to

buses" Each of these line feeders has been provided ith bypass isolators connected across line

isolator and brea!er isolator to facilitate the maintenance of line brea!er" Each 2990- and

8890- lines have provision of local brea! up protection" All the brea!er of the connected one

and bus coupler) brea!er ill trip in event of fault in that one"

Each of the to bus bars has one P"T" one for each phase connected to it" Potential transformer

are ma!e in +RO#PTON %T(" Each time line feeders has three no" cores for each phase

capacitor voltage transformer" or metering and protection are multicored single line phase) oil

filled) nitrogen sealed and are provided at rate of one per phase" Electrical eHuipment at 2990-

and 8890- system is as follos;

F +ircuit brea!er

F Isolator



F %ightning arrester

F Earthing arrester

F +apacitor voltage transformer

F Inter connected transformer

2":&a* +IR+.IT 1REA0ER;

A circuit brea!er is a piece of eHuipment) hich can ma!e or brea! a circuit manually or by

remote control under normal condition" 1rea! a circuit automatically under fault condition"

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IG;:9 +IR+.IT 1REA0ER;

2":&b* I,O%ATER,;

It is essentially a !nife sitch and is designed to open a circuit under no loads" Its main purpose

is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended to be opened hile

current is floing in the line" ,uch sitches are generally used on both sides of the circuit brea!ers in order that repairs and replacement of circuit brea!ers can be made ithout any

danger" They should never be opened until the circuit brea!er in the same circuit has been opened

and should alays be closed before the circuit brea!er is closed" It is also called no load brea!er

IG;:: +IR+.IT I,O%ATOR;

2":&c* %IG'TNING ARRE,TER;

An electrical discharge beteen cloud and earth is !non as lightning"

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A lightning arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device) hich conducts the high voltage

surge on the poer system to the ground"

2":&d* EART'ING I,O%ATOR,;

The term Earthlings= means connecting of the non;current carrying parts eHuipment or the

neutral point of the supply system to the general mass of earth in such a manner that all times an

immediate discharge of electrical energy ta!es place ithout danger" An earthling=s isolator is a

value of capacitance" This can be charged up to the voltage" Earthling=s isolator is used to

discharge the line capacitance and or! on it"

7"4 SWITCHGEAR1-

The apparatus used for sitching) controlling and protecting the electrical circuits and

eHuipments are as !non ,/IT+'GEAR",itchgear is one) hich ma!es or brea!s electric circuit"

The main components of sitchgear are as follos;

F 1us;bars

F Isolating sitches



F +ircuit brea!er

F Relays

F Inter loc!ing arrangement

• 1.,;1AR,;

1us bars are defined as the conductor to hich several incoming and outgoing lines are

connected" They are essentially component of sitchgear" They are made up of cu and al"

the bus bars are enclosed in bus chamber" In !alisindh) thermal poer plant to types of

indoor sitchgear are used"

::0- and C"C0- or high tension

C"2:< Or lo tension

• I,O%ATING ,/IT+'ING;

They are capable of interrupting the transformer magnetiing current)

Interrupting line charging current) interrupting load transformer sitching"

• +IR+.IT 1REA0ER;

3(


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They are capable of brea!ing the circuit on faults" It is heavy duty

eHuipments mainly utilied for protection of various circuits and separation of load"

The circuit brea!er uses on a relay or by manual signal" The circuit brea!ers) hich are

used in sitchgear) are -+1 type"

F EART'E( ,/IT+'E,;

Earthed sitches are connected beteen line conductor and earth" Normally

it is open hen line is disconnected" The earthing sitched is closed to discharge the

voltage trapped on line for high voltage and so the capacitor beteen line and earth is

charged to high voltage"

F INTER;%O+0ING;

The folloing type of inter;loc!ing are provided

The circuit brea!er must be in open position before it is loered in this position"

The brea!er can be closed only raising the final plug in position"

The circuit brea!er can be closed before raising plug in position"

Inter;loc!ing beteen isolator) earthlings sitches and circuit brea!ers are provided"

F RE%A3,;

A relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit brea!er

to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system"

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CHAPTER-?

CONTROL ROOM PANEL1-

-arious measurements can be ta!en at the control room simultaneously" The relays used in

!alisindh thermal poer plant are as follos;

AN +ONTRO% (E,0;

Induced draft fan at full load"

orced draft fan at full load"

Primary air fan at full load"PRE,,.RE +ONTRO% (E,0;

urnace pressure &


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,tator cooling

+'APTER;?

/ATER TREAT#ENT P%ANT;

To protect boiler from corrosion ater treatment is necessary"

/ATER

FThe purest available from ater vapor in atmosphere as rain )sho or produced by melting or

ice"

FThis '8O reaching ground different type of gases from atmosphere li!e N8) and lesser e>tent

carbon dio>ide"

FApart this '8o travels to various place and catches various organic matter suspended solid

&macro sie sand) rite) slit etc"*"

F+olloidal micro sie particles &9;:99nm*"

F(issolved forms al!aline salts) neutral salts and organic matter

FAl!aline salts are mainly bicarbonates rarely carbonates and hydrates of +a) #g and Na

FNeutral salts are sulphate chlorides) Nitrates of +a) #g and Na"

/ATER +ON(ITIONING IN T'ER#A% PO/ER P%ANT, OR PRO+E,, AN( 1OI%ER

.,E

-arious ater Hualities inside thermal poer plant

F+ooling /ater &1+/) A+/*

F1oiler ater

F+onsumptive ater

'8O TREAT#ENT

FPre;treatment of ra '8O

Filter '8O for softening and (# Plant

F(# '8O for 1oiler

'8O TREAT#ENT /'3Q

FTo avoid formation

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FTo avoid corrosion

FTo control microbiological groth

The purpose of '8O treatment programmed is to provide real e>changer surface that are intact

and free of deposits) so that designed specification are met at 0,TP," ,uspended and soluble

'8O impurities are removed ith the help of PA+ &Poly Aluminum +hloride* hile treatment of organic impurities are removed ith the help of ra '8O and circulating cooling '8O is being

carried out ith the help of liHuid chlorine

+%ARII+ATION

FRemove all types of solid and large particle sediments oil) natural organic matter) color etc"

+onsist of four steps

F+oagulation;locculation

F,creening

F,edimentation

Filtration

F#edium screening &,pacing :9 29 mm*

F+oarse screening &,pacing S 29 mm*

F+oagulation locculation removes suspended solids and colloidal particles

F,creening protect donstream units form) easily separable objects

ION EL+'ANGE

FResins;acidicbasic radicals ith ions fi>ed on them) e>changed ith ions present in '8O"

FTheoretically removes :99M of salts) organics) viruses or bacteria"

F8 types of resins;

Gel type &micro porous* micro porous or loosely cross;lin!ed type

C system of resign beds

,trong acid cation strong base anion"

,trong acid cation ea! base anion strong base anion"

#i>ed bed (eioniation"

Ion e>change plant softens) removes heavy metals) and produces demineralised '8O"

-arious cooling ater system /A

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FOnce through cooling ater system"

FOpen recirculation cooling system"

("#"P%ANT

(issolved solids present in ater are removed in (# Plant by ION e>change process and for

this) ION e>change Resins are used"

ION EL+'ANGE RE,IN,

ION E>change Resins are synthetic organic polymers" #ost commonly used resins are gel

type polymerie resins" Acrylic;resinsmacro porousmicro porous resins are no available in

mar!et"

+ATION EL+'ANGE RE,IN,

+ation E>change Resins are nothing but acid and can be simply represented us

R;') here R is resin matri>) completely insoluble in ater and only ' is mobile in ater"

+ation resins are of to type" ,trong Acids +ation E>change Resins &,A+* and /ea! Acid

+ation E>change Resins &/A+*"

,A+

/hen the functional group attached to resins matri> is strong acid group" It is called ,ac resins"

,A+ can split all the salts and their performance is not influenced by p' of ater" Operational

e>change capacity and regeneration efficiency of ,A+ is less than /A+"

/A+

/hen the attached functional group is of ea! acid is called /A+ resin"

/A+ can only split ea! electrolyte &+arbonate and 1icarbonate*"

It performs better ith high p' ater and ith loer p' ater its performance decreases and

hen p' falls belo 2 actually regeneration ta!e place"

ANION EL+'ANGE RE,IN,

Anion resins can be simply represented by R and O'; and is nothing but an al!ali base" O';

is only mobile in ater"

Anion E>change resins is to types" ,trong base anion resins &,1A* and /ea! base anion resins

&/1A*"

,1A

/hen the functional group is strong) base it is called ,1A resins" ,1A performance is not

influenced by ater p' and it can e>change ith both strong and ea! acids"

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/1A

/hen the functional group attached ith a ea! base it is called /1A resins" /1A performs

better at lo p' and increased p' decreased its performance" /hen p' is more than ::) actually

regeneration ta!es place"

Operational capacity and regeneration efficiency of /1A is higher than ,1A" /1A can onlyreact ith strong acids"

PRIN+IP%E O (EIONI,ATION

All impurities e>pect dissolved solids are removed in pre;treatment plant"

Only dissolved solids are removed in ("#" Plant"

(issolved solids in ater dissociates into ions &as ater is polar solvent and it is dissolved in

electro;valet compound"

Positive charged ions are called cations and Negative charged ions are termed as anions"

In normal river ater most common salts presented are calcium) magnesium and sodium salts)

associated ith corresponding eHuivalent ions li!e +l;) ,O2; etc"

If above ater passes through a cation e>changer) all cations are e>changed ith ' of cation

e>changer resins"

,imilarly all cations are e>changed and retained by resins and ultimate product ill becorresponding acids" P' drops around C"< and it becomes soft"

The above ater hen passed through an anion e>changer) all anions e>changed ith O'; of ,1A resins and eHuivalent of ater is produced"

,imilarly all acids are convertible to '8O" It appears that by passing ater;containing salts

through a cation and anion e>change resins all;isolable salts can be removed"

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FIG-.4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT1-

+'APTER;4

4": +OA% 'AN(%ING P%ANT;Thermal poer plant is based on steam produced on the e>panse of heat energy produced on

combustion of fuel" +oal is categoried as follos depending upon fi>ed carbon) volatile matter

and moisture content

Anthracite having B?M fi>ed carbon

1ituminous having 2? to B?M fi>ed carbon

%ignite having C9M fi>ed carbon and

Peat having < to :9M fi>ed carbon

+oal from mines is transported to +'P in railay agons" It is unloaded in trac! hoppers"

Each project reHuires transportation of large Huantity of coal mines to the poer station site"

Each project is established near coal mine hich meets the coal reHuirements for the span of its

entire operational life" or the purpose each plant has #erry Go;Round GR* rail

transportation system" The loading operation of the coal ra!e ta!es place hile it is moving

under the silo at a present speed of 9"B 0mhr" the loading time for each agon is one minute"

or unloading of coal from the agons) an underground trac! hopper is provided at the poer

station"

The term coal handling plant means to store and to handle the coal) hich is transported by

the train) and convey to the bun!ers ith the help of belt conveyers" Through the bun!ers) coal is

transferred to the coal mill and drifted to the furnace" The coal handling plant includes agon

tippler) conveyer belt) crusher house) and stac!er J reclaimed) bun!ers J coal mill"

COAL SUPPLY IN KaTPP;#inistry of coal) Govt" of India has allotted Paras east and 0anta basin coal bloc!s to R-.N in +hhattisgarh state"

4"4 STAGES OF COAL HANDLING PLANT

WAGON TIPPLER-The term /agon Tippler contains to ords /AGON J TIPP%ER

"/agon means the compartment of train hich is just li!e a container hich is used to

carry the coal from mines to generating stations J the ord Tippler means a machine)

hich is used to unload the agon into the hopper" 'opper is just li!e a vessel) hich is

made of concrete) J it is covered ith a thic! iron net on its top" 'ere big sie coal

pieces are hammered by the labors to dispose it into the hopper "

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TA8LE-7 WAGON TIPPLER1-

+apacity 9 tonnes

Types of Tipplers :"/eighing type)8"Non eighing type

Angle of Tip C9 toC


39/44

F CON*EYORS-+onveyor belt is used to send the coal from coal storage yard and used to

send crushed coal from store to mill bun!ers" The carrying capacity of conveyors belt is

4:999 mm idth ith


40/44

F I0%ac$ Id&er-These Rubber idlers are provided under chutes through hich coal falls

on conveyors"

F Carrin2 Id&er#-These are installed to run the conveyor"

8UNKERS-1un!ers are fabricated to store the coal before sending to coal mills" +oal isfed in the bun!ers ith the help of tripper trolleys installed at C4 m height for unit : st and

8nd"These are 89 bun!ers for unit :st and 8nd"

+apacity of a bun!er@ed ith ater

to form slurry"

ASH WATER SYSTEM-In this system) the ash collected in E,P hopper is passed to flushingsystem" 'ere lo pressure ater is applied through nole directing tangentially to the section of

pipe to create turbulence and proper mi>ing of ash ith ater to form slurry" ,lurry formed in

above processes is transported to ash slurry sump" 'ere e>tra ater is added to slurry if reHuired

and then is pumped to the dump area"

FLY ASH SYSTEM-Even) though E,P is very efficient) there is still some ash) about 9"8M) left

in flue gases" It is disposed to the atmosphere along ith flue gases through chimney "

4(


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CHAPTER -<

+OO%ING TO/ER;

It is a structure of height 898 m &$a&&e#$ in $/e @r&d* designed to cool the ater &coming

from condenser* by natural draught" The cross sectional area is less at the centre just to create

lo pressure so that ate air can lift up due to natural draught and can carry heat from spherical

drops" The upper portion is also diverging for increasing the efficiency of cooling toer" 'ence)

it is named as natural draught cooling toer"

In 0aTPP to natural draught cooling toers '4 NDCT* is present ith height 898 m each

for each unit"

41


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IG;:C +OO%ING TO/ER;

+'APTER;

EI+IEN+3;Efficiency is defined as the ratio of output to input" Efficiency of any thermal poer plant can be

divided into four parts;

F +ycle Efficiency

F 1oiler Efficiency

F Generator Efficiency

F Turbine Efficiency

Efficiency of thermal poer plant is defined as in the term of overall efficiency

i"e" overall efficiency @ cycle > boiler > generator > turbine efficiency

CYCLE EFFICIENCY- +ycle efficiency is defined as the ration of energy available for

conversion in or! to the heat supplied to the boiler"

8OILER EFFICIENCY- Efficiency of boiler depends upon the folloing factors

F (ry flue gas loss Increase by e>cess air in boiler"

F /et flue gas loss #oisture in coal"

F #oisture in combustion loss 'ydrogen loss"

GENERATOR EFFICIENCY- Efficiency of generator is about BM also its efficiency depends

upon

F +opper and iron loss

F /indage losses

TUR8INE EFFICIENCY-It means the efficiency of steam turbine in converting the heat

energy made available in the cycle into actual mechanical or!"

42


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+'APTER;:9

+ON+%.,ION;This is my first practical training in hich I learned lot of things and seen lot of huge machine

li!e Turbine) 1oiler) Generator) cooling toer and many other things"

The architecture of the poer plant) the ay various units are lin!ed and the ay or!ing

of hole plant is controlled ma!e the student realie that engineering is not just learning the

structure description and or!ing of various machine but the great part is of planning proper and

management"

I thin! training has essential for any student" It has alloed an opportunity to get an

e>posure of the practical implementation to theoretical fundamentals"

43


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REEREN+E

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* @@@"22&eindia"c0

Genera$in ! e&ec$rica& %@er 8 8" R" Gu%$a) S CHAND PU8LICATION

IEEE #i$e
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kalisindh thermal power plant

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