kaduna state economic empowerment and development strategy...

KADUNA STATE

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

STRATEGY (SEEDS)

FINAL DRAFT

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Fonvard x i Executive Summary xii

An Overview 1 What are the Major Benefits of KADSEEDS over Previous Attempts 3 The Major Strategies for Achieving KADSEEDS Goal 7

Vision and Policy thrusts for the period 2005 - 2007 13 Reform Government and its Institutions 14 Social and Economic Empowenent 17 Provide Enabling Environment for Economic Actors to Thrive 20

Methodology 22 Structure of the Report 24

Chap:er One Framework for Understanding and Implementing the KADSEEDS 26 Accountabilrty Relationships 27 Promoting Accountability Relationships Among Four Actors 30

Chapter Two Poverty and Poverty Reduction 34 Poverty and Security 39 Tackling Poverty 4 1 Incentives for Civil Servant 1999 2004 45

Chapter Three Reforming Government and its Institutions 47 Public Sector Reform 48 Structural Reform 50 Institlrb;onal Reforms 53

Economic Planning, Cooperation and Coordination 57 Fiscal Policy and Operations 63 Administration of Justice and Human Right 68 Information, Communication, Advocacy and Participation 72

Chapter Four Infrastructure and Social Services 77 Education 79 Health 94 Water Supply 110 Roads, Transport and Housing 125 Rural and Community Development 129 Lands and Survey 1 34 Gender and Youth Development 138 Women Affairs and Sociai Development 142

Chapter Five Agriculture 1 46 Environment 164 Culture and Tourism 171 Science and Technology 176

Chapter Six Private Sector Investment 1 86

Chapter Seven Implementation 192 Institutional Framework 192 Monaoring and Evaluation 193 Pilot Projects 196 Risk Mitigation 196

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 0.1 KAOSEEDS Value tree 11

Figure 1.0 Five instruments of accountability 28

Figure 1.1 Accountability Relationships 31

Figure 2.0 Kaduna state Poverty Index by LGAs 36

Figure 2.1 Channels of making water available 38

Figure 2.2 Electricity Suppfy 3 9

Figure 3.0 Pattem of revenue collection 64

Figure 3.1 Ratio of Capital to Recurrent Expenditure (1 995-2003) 66

Figure 4.0 Number and Ownership Patterns of Health Facilities in Kaduna State 95

Figure 4.1 Kaduna State Health Personnel 96

Figure 4.2 Condition of Water Supply (2004) 11 1

Figure 4.3 Channels of making water available 114

Figure 4.4 Number of villages linked to Electricity Supply from 1999-2004 by LGAs 131

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ACRONYMS

DTA

ED1

Duty Travel Allowances kau

A@UTH

Pi)@

AIDS

Ahmadu Bello University

Ahmadu Bello University Teachlng Hospital

Education lndex

Economlc And Financial Crimes Commission African Development Bank EFCC

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Environment And Infrastructure E l

ERC Africa Programme For Onchocerciasis Control APOC

ARI

Educational Resource Centers

Acute Respiratory Infection ESA

ESI

External Support Agency

Economic Status index Best Available Technology

Business Apprenticeship Tra~ning Centers

EL! European Union BATC

E t G

E?.1FIII

cao

CSPP

F A 0 Food And Agricultural Organisation

FASCOM Farmers Suppiy Company

FCT Federal Capctal Territory

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

Bacile Calmette Guerin

Budget Monitoring And Price Intelligence Unit

Community Based Organisation

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Convention On The Ellmination 0 1 All Forms Of Discrimination Against Women

FGN Federal Government Of Nigeria

Department For International Development

GER Gross Enrolment Ratio

HC Health Clinic

HDF Human Development Fund

HIV Human immuno- Deficiency Virus

DFlD

E M 0

DPT

DRF

Debt Management Office

Diphtheria. Partusis And Tetanus

Drug Revolving Fund

IMR

ITN

JAM6

JP5

JSS

KADSEEDS

KAPVIA

K3SG

KSDPC

KSMC

KSTA

LGA

LSS

t"1ilAFI

MAN

Independent Corrupt Practices Commission

International Fund For Agricultural Development

International Financial Institution

Institute Of Governance And Soclal Research

International Monetary Fund

Infant Mortality Rate

lnsacticlde Treated Nets Joint Admlsslons And Matriculation Board

Joint Planning Board

Junior Secondary School

Kaduna State Economic Empowerment And Development Strategies

Kaduna Publlc Works Agency

Kaduna State Government

Kaduna State Development And Property Company

Kaduna State Media Corporation

Kaduna State Transport Author~ty

Local Government Area

Life Saving Skills

Mathematics Association Of Nigeria

Manufacturers association of Nigeria

MDGs

MDT

MMR

MSADP

MTEF

NCDP

PIEC

PlECO

NEEDS

NEPA

HFDP

NGCI

N:JF

NI,IPC

FJPC

NPI

NSPFS

ODA

OPSR

GPV

Millennium Development Goals

Muniple Drug Therapy

Maternal Mortality Rate

Multi State Agricultural Development Programme

Medium Term Expenditure Framework

National Council On Development Plannlng Natlonai Economic Council

Nigerian Examination Council

National Economic Empowerment And Development Strategies

Natlonai Electric Power Acthcrity

National Fadama Development Programme

Non-Governmental Organisation

Nlgerian National Petroleum Corporation

Natlonal Planning Commission

National Programme On Immunization

National Support Programme On Food Security

Official Development Assistance

Office Of Public Service Reform

Oral Polio Vaccine

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Kadiina State Economic Empowerinenl and LJevelopment Strategy (KADSEEDS) is a amscious effort by the people to design a comprehensive programme tirat will address the unique challenges that confront the State. It is a development plan that is conceptualized and articulated as a vision of the Government and the people of the State to reduce poverty and create wealth. Through broad consultative and participatory processes, the KADSEEDS provides well-defined policy direction for the next two and a half years of this administration and lays a solid foundation for continuity and sustainable development thereafter.

The development history of Kaduna State is simply exemplifying. The State is a proud custodian of the history of the North. It is the repository of the structures and legacies of the great Sardauna of Sokoto and other Northern Leaders of repute. Unfortunately, these valuable legacies have, over the years, not been sustained, thus posing new and enormous social challenges to our contemporary environment. The emergent scourges of poverty, disease and ignorance have culminated in creating a demoralised society that thrives on fear and suspicion.

Ultimately, the future has remained uncertain for the citizenry inspite of the massive interventions to mitigate the circumstances of their existence.

KADSEEDS is a new approach to the struggle to promote and make good the laudable intentions of our past leaders by expunging the social vices that currently frustrate poverty reduction and wealth creation efforts. The new process compels us today to understand 'where we are now', 'where we want to be between now and 2007', and 'how to get there1. Under the new dispensation, the enormous potentials of the State, which have suffered neglect andlor misuse, will be exploited, harnessed and utilised to turn things around. KADSEEDS is indeed, an economic and social action plan that will transform Kaduna State into a vibrant economy where prosperity, equity and justice shall reign.

To achieve this commitment, KADSEEDS is introducing radically, new and more efficient ways of doing things, at the public, private and individual levels using the following principles: a. Reforn~irrg Government and

irrstitutinns: This strategy involves restructuring, right-sizing, re-

xii

professionalising and strengthening government institutions to perform maximally by: i. Rationalising the number of official

institutions and officials; ii. Stn'ctiy enforcing the implementa-

tion of the provisions of the ,

recently reviewed and updated '. official publications;

iii. Improving internally generated revenue collection mechanism by ii. enforcing existing tax laws and regulations and exploring new iii. revenue sources;

iv. Preparedness to enforce the Fiscal Responsibility Act to ensure iv.

transparency and efficiency in the utilisation of public funds and resources;

v. Sustaining manpower develop- V.

ment by re-introducing the State Manpower Committee and execution of the Kaduna StateNVorld Bank Capacrty Vi. Building and Good Governance project,

vi. Introducing Due Process, Budget Monitoring and Price Intelligence C.

Units in all Agencies of Government

vii. Re-aligning the functions of all line Ministries, Agencies and Parastatals to minimize duplications and waste of scarce resources.

1 1 . Promoft Private Sector Growtli: This involves the creation of enabling

environment for foreign and indigenous enterprises to thrive and flourish with a view to enhancing employment opportunities and economic growth in the State. The exercise will, among other things, entail:

Conscious and consistent effort to promote security of lives and property throughout the State; Privatisation and liberalization of non- performing public enterprises; Improvement of investment in the provision and utilisation of infraslructural facilities and services; Pursuit of avenues for increased credit facilities to individuals and SMEs and providing improved network of loan recovery; Encouraging the co-operation and development of strong linkages between industries, SMEs, NGOs and research institutions in the State; Creating Public Private Partnership through joint investments and structured interaction with private sector operators. Implerncntation of a Social Charter for Empowerirtg People: This aspect of KADSEEDS deals with the commitment of government to provide economic and social empowerment through the provision of basic facilities and infrastructure required to uplift the living conditions of people. These facilities would include health, education, security, housing, roads, . . .

Xll l

water and communication. This effort will entail the provision of resources for Ministries and Agencies to carry out their duties effectively and efficiently in close collaboration with NGOs donors and the Civil Society at large.

d. Value Orientation. The KADSEEDS emphasizes on character and behavioral change as a necessary tool for development. It therefore intends to ensure that:

i. Government is more responsive and responsible to its citizens through social inclusion by enhancing communication, participation and information dissemination about its activities.

ii. A tripartite system of governance is evolved whereby the Civil Society, private individuals1 organisations and the public collaborate in collective decision and implementation of development policies.

iii. The application of rule of law is promoted through implementation of the Fiscal Responsibility Act, the provisions of revised official publications, Due Process, etc. The rule of law would ensure tolerance, discipline, justice fairness, truth, selflessness.

patriotism, industry and good conscience.

The KADSEEDS production process has gone through wide and broad consultation throughout the State and beyond in order to package a balanced document that reflects the views and aspirations of all stakeholders. This economic strategy will be executed and monitored under the auspices of an Independent Monitoring Committee, which will comprise all stakeholders with the State providing the enabling environment to enable the full attainment of the noble objectives of the plan. The document will serve as the compass that will chart the course of development in the State in the years to come. The Private Sector, our respected Traditional Rulers, the NGOs, CBOs, the Civil Society and Donor Agencies are enjoined to join forces with the Government in its quest to urgently reduce poverty, create wealth and bring new lease of life to the good people of Kaduna State.

xiv

An Overview

T the meeting of the National Economic Council (NEC) in August A 003, all State Governors in Nigeria

agreed to adopt an economic reform agenda that is similar to the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS). This economic reform agenda is a State-based Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), which has now been christened the State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (SEEDS). Details were prepared by the National Council on Development Planning (NCDP) comprising Honourable Commissioners of State Ministries of Economic Planning, the Joint Planning Board (JPB)- made up of Permanent Secretaries responsible for Economic Planning from the States, and the National Planning Commission (NPC). This initiative is intended to provide specific pro-poor medium term development plans for the 36 States of the Federation including the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Consequently, each State was encouraged to develop its specific SEEDS to reflect its peculiar socio-economic challenges and diverse effective ways to tackle them.

The Kaduna State version of SEEDS is called KADSEEDS. Like the NEEDS, KADSEEDS' objectives are to build trust

and confidence in Governance, reduce poverty, create wealth and achieve value reorientation by eliminating negative values that have shaken the very fabric of our society. These negative values have stagnated growth and development and have set us backward economically. Thus, KADSEEDS is intended to pull together and utilize the all available resources in the State, Priiate Sector, NGOs, CBOs and the Civil Society, towards the achievement of the primary objectives of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) especially that of reducing poverty by 50% by the year 2015 as well as specificaliy regaining the enviable socio-economic vibrancy of the state.

This task ahead is daunting and cannot therefore be taken lightly. The proposed instruments for realizing this vision are complex and difficult to implement. For instance, changing the ways Government does things, eliminating corruption and enforcing Wansparency and accountability in all their ramifications would require firm commitment by all stakeholders. Consequently, the 'price' of implementing the plan could be high. In spite of this, the Government of Kaduna State is determined to fully implement Uu: KADSEEDS because the long-timc benefits far outweigh the short t e m co-1-

Expected outcome of

KADSEEDS: aurld inis: , J ~ I S

confidence Recluce Foverty .- - r ~ ~ . - \>Izl!h

V;iue ,?zar,z,?!ai!sn

B o x 0.1 Backg round lnforrnat lon on Kaduna State In 1976, when h e Gentral Murtala Mohammed administration created seven new States In Nigeria, the then North Central

State, wkh capital at Kaduna, was renamed Kaduna State. It was made up of the two colonial provinces of Zarla and Katslna. When In 1987, the number d States In the country was increased from nineteen to twenty-one, Katsina Provlnce became

Katsina State, M i l e the old Zarla P r o v l w became the new Kaduna State. Administratively, States were InlUally dlvided into provinces and NativeRocal Authorities. However, In 1976, the Murtala Mohammed admlnlstratlon Introduced the Local Government Admlnstration ryilem, which delegated some respondMlitles to eltctedlappolnted councllon. With each succeulve Military Government, the number d the LGAs In Kaduna State were Increased, rlslng from 14 In the early 1980s to 23 in 1998.

Kaduna State ~ccuples almost the entlrs mid-central portlon of the Northern parts of Nlgerla and shares common borders with Zamlara. Katsina, Niger, Kano, Bauchl, Nasarawa, Plateau States, and the Federal Capital Territory to the South -West.

The State ks located globally between latitudes 9' [M'N and 11' 32' North of the Equator and longitudes 6' 05' and 8" 38' East of the Graenwkh Meridian. The total land mass occupied by the State is estimated at 46,OM'sq km which is about 5% ofthe total land area of Nlgerta whlch Is estimated at 923,768 sq km. This makes Kaduna State the twelfth largest State In the counw.

Major Riven In Kaduna include: Rlver Kaduna (from whlch the State derives Its name), Rlver Kogum, River Gurara, River Wonderful, or Rlver Matslrga and Galma, among reveral others. Climate: The State experiences a typical tropical contlnental climate wlth two dlstinct seasonal climates, dry and rainy seasons. These seasons reflect the influences of tropkal continental and equatorial maritime air masses, whlch sweep over the entire country. However, In Kaduna State, the seasonality is pronounced with the cool to hot dry season being longer than the rainy aeason. The weVralny aeason Is usually from May to October and varies as one moves North-wards. it is very much heavier in placer llke Kafanchan and Kagoro In the Southern parts of the State, whlch have an average of over 1 ,S24mm, than parts like Makam and lkara In the Northern parts, which have an average of 1,016mm. On the average, the State enjop a ralny season of about six months. The vegetation changes with the seasons so that during the wet season, the grasses and the leaves are green and fresh while during the dry season, they wither and dle. This is caused by high evaporation, which creates water shortage problems especially in Igabi, Giwa, Soba. Makam and lkara LGAs.

Average monthly and yearly dlmatic indkes of the State are as follows:

This climatic pattern is suitable for the cultivation of subsistence and cash c r o p round the year, although dry season farming is often compkmented by irrigation. Kaduna State's topography is favourable for small, medium and large-scale farming and for tourism.

Souw lOdunr Sbts Plan d M i ~ n (2(09 - Xa7). Kadura Yn. d E m . Plamng.

Year Average

1,272.5 56.64

176.1 2

15.1

35.18

SlNo I Parameters 1 I Average Rainfall (mrn)

2

3

4

5

,, HumlcHty(%) Daily wind speed (knot)

Average Daily min. temp. (C)

.. mar ,. (C)

In addition to this official commitment, the of Kaduna State are willing to cooperate ethnic diversity and plural cultural heritage with Government In the bid to implement of our people compel the introduction of the new agenda to foster peace and the desired change. Therefore, the people development.

Box 0.2 T h e People, Ethnic Composition, Cul tures and Arts

Kaduna State forms a portlon of the Country's cultural melting polnt with about SIX major ethnlc groups and no4 less than twenty other smaller groups. Among the major groups are: Hause, Fulanl, Kadara, Kagoro, BaJju, Jeba, Gbagl, Kataf and Kurame. In the northem parts of the State, the Hauoas and wme lmrnlgrants from the Southern States pradlce lslem whlle the majority of the people in the Swthem LGAe profws Christlanlty. The major Muslim festlvala Include Sallah Celebratlone of Id - El - Fitri, Id - El - KaMr and Id - El - Maulud whlle the Christians celebrate Christmas, New Year and Easter. All ethnic groups at one time or the other, wlthln the year, hold different festivals but three worth mentioning here are the Tuk - Ham, the Alan, and Durbar festivals. Prominent among traditlonal arts are pottery, leather works, Indigo -pit dyelng, and traditlonal basketslmat weaving.

Swrm: (Kaduna Stale Plan of Action (SPA) - 2004-2007). Kaduna State Mlnlstry of Ewnomlc Planning, Kaduna)

What Are the Major Advantages of KADSEEDS Over Previous Developfnent Plans?

1. KADSEEDS is founded on a Wcll- Defined Socio-econornic Framework of Accountability Relationships: Previous attempts at development were based on mauoeconomic framework that failed to explain the political, social and cultural aspects of the design, implementation and outcomes of the plan. But KADSEEDS is based on a framework that captures the roles of political, administrative, economic and social actors in the processes of change. The emphasis on accountabilrty relationship seeks to revive and enbench the values of

transparency, responsibility, participation and honesty in Public and Private Sector operations. The absence of this collaborative approach would allow corruption, poverty and decay to set In. It therefore, provides a clear road map for improvement in every aspect of development.

2. The KADSEEDS is Highly Consultative and Participatory: The plan is not based on Government ideas alone, as was largely the case with previous plans. KADSEEDS is the outcome of a comprehensive and broad-based consultation and

partlcipation of people from all walks of life monitoring and evaluation. As a result of including the poor, women groups, the this wider consultation and participation, Private Sector, Non-Governmental one can safely and confidently say that the Organisa-tions (NGOs), Community Based KADSEEDS conveys the very vision, Organisations (CBOs) and experts in all desires and aspirations of the people of fields of endeavour. All stakeholders are Kaduna State. In this wise, the plan is involved in the design, implementation, people-based and demand driven.

Box 0.3 KADEEDS k founded on the primlples of specialization and the philosophy of complementaritles. In other words development h no longer a Government affair alone. The new plan Is aimed at trlmmlng Public Sector oprratlona down to enable % concantrate on the provision of essential servlces, whlch will protect and provide safety nets for Ita cwens. The Private Sector will engage In production and provlslon of specialized servlces and the donor Agencies, NGOs and the Civil Soclety at large will complement development In their o m ways. Therefore, KADSEEDS will pull the resources of different groups together and channel same towards the fulfillment of poverty allevlatlon goals, growth and prosperity. Actlvltles In the State wlll be coilaboratlve In nature - no longer acting In Isolation.

3. The Plan is Kaduna State Specific: Although the KADSEEDS resembles 'how to get there' as a people. The peculiar NEEDS in structure, the key issues are characteristics of KADSEEDS will be peculiar to the State, drawn essentially collated and translated into the State's

from the State's unique and long-term annual budgets. Therefore, the experiences and overall development KADSEEDS is a plan of seif- determination needs. This is the first attempt to define and actualisation.

'where we are' 'where we want to be' and

Box 0.4 History of Kaduna State

In 1956, Kaduna town was declared the Capital Territory of the former Northern reglon, and later the capital of former North Central State. Thls historical fad has established social and economlc tles between Kaduna and the governments and people of the former Northern Region, and has made the town a major centre of polltical anglneering In the country.

The State is home to top military officials Irrespective of their ethnlc and religious origlns. Kaduna clty attracted a creme of elites, the r kh and specialized people around the country who earned the tltle 'Kaduna Mafla'. It Is believed that the 'Kaduna Mafia' is an rlite club of political pace setters who often lnfluenca the placement of Northarnen on the seats of power at the Federal level. It Is often sald that, In addition to the peaceful nature of Kaduna State, the 'Kaduna Mafla' was responsible for the large Prlvate Sector Investment in the State.

On the realm of education and training, Kaduna Stete hosts many Federal Government Institutions such as the Nlgarian Defence Academy, Federal Training Centre, Natlonal Board for Technical Educatlon, National Primary Education Commission, National Eye Centre and the Ahmadu Bello University Zarla, to mention a few. The latter ranks among the earliest and the largest universities In Nigeria and Is one of the best in Africa. These and other educational establishments have earned the State the tltle: 'Center of Learning".

Economically, Kaduna is one of the major commercial cities in Nigeria, second only to Kano in the North. Its Industrial establishments such as textiles. furniture, automobile (Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Ltd) Nigerian Brewerlea and the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) refinery afford the town and its envlrons lots of aconomlc activities. But there companies are not operating at full capacity. In fact, some have resorted to epileptic production while others have folded up. It Is Important to observe, at this point, that the economlc downturn In Kaduna Stata la not peculiar to it, rather If is a reflection of a national economic stagnation and decline.

Wm an International airport, major rail junction that llnks up wlth Zaria, Kano, Lagos and Port Harcourt, Kaduna town enjoys Local and International trade patronage. For Instance, its International Trade Fair Complex is only second to that of Lagos in terms of aba and global patronage. The biggest and most swess fu l multinational companies in Europe such as the UTC, Leventis and Challarems reslded In Kaduna town. However, apart from the annual trade hlr that the State hosts, other major commercial actlvlties have waned.

4. KADSEEDS Focuses on Reforming any meaningful economic progress is Government: The central theme for this achieved, Government must adjust the plan is to change the way Government processes and ways 1 does things. This does things. It is believed that erstwhile approach is a significant shift from official corruption and inefficiencies have previous attempts to refom stmctures

been the major Causes of under- without due consideration to procedures development and poverty. Thus, before

and behavioral pattern of Government. human, and financial resources as well as Therefore, the reform agenda emphasises its future prospects. Unlike the past on institutionalising target driven planning, development plans that were mere balanced budgeting and enforcement of 'wishlists', KADSEEDS programmes and monitoring and evaluation culture across projects are based on a realistic projection Government institutions whereby of the State's resources. This is In line with discipline, accountability, transparency and the principles of Medlum Term Expenditure the will for enforceability will prevail. The Framework (MTEF) in which expenditure is reform also focuses on minimizing limited to available resources. The MTEF Government's responsibilities to the promotes resource-based planning, provision of enabling environment for other effective participation, monitoring and Sectors of the economy to thrive. This evaluation. The set targets and strategies aspect particularly seeks to promote as contained in this text are achievable, Private Sector participation in the because they were set after taking into economy. account the magnitude of the problems 5. The Implementation Modalities are and the human and financial resources based on Resource Availability in needed to address them over a given Kaduna State: These include its natural, period of time (2005 - 2007).

Box 0.5 Population Based on Vle annual growth rate of 3.2% Kaduna State populatlon Is estimated at 5,775,203 mllllon in 2005 as against 3,935,818 rnllllon In 1991, making it the third most populous State In Nlgerla. The rapid population growth has given rise to a population density of 125 people per square Kilometer In 2005 against 110 In 1999

The State's populatlon structure shows that, the majority of the citizenry currently live In urban and semi urban towns like Kaduna, Zarla, Kafanchan, Kagoro, Zonkwa BIGwarl, Makarfl and Zangon Kataf. Another unique feature of the State's populatlon Is the near 1:l male 1 female ratio not just fw the State as a whole, but among the 23 LGAs. 27.% of the populatlons are infants aged between G5 years and children aged 6-1 1 years constitute 18%. Further, the age dlstrlbution of the State suggests that only 10% of males and 8% of females live to see their 44th birthdays and only 1% of the populatlon scales to 75 years.

Based on these flgures we can clearly say that the State Is under siege of population outburst with majonty of the people living in the towns and semi urban areas, putting pressure on the limited uban resources and Infrastructure. The population of women, infants and children also suggests a high level dependant and vulneraMe group In the State.

The UNICEF Study of 2003 also shows clearly a general high mortality rate especially between the ages of 6 1 1 years and 2445 years. Souner: Ministry d EaxKrmic Planning - Kadune 2031 and UNICEF 2W3

enabler, a motivator and an evaluator of all viable economic investments. Government institutions at the grassroots (for instance the 23 LGAs, 32 Emirates and Chiefdoms and 46 Development Areas) will be strengthened to mobilize, organize and co-ordinate development activities in their areas of jurisdiction.

2. Promoting Private Sector Growth and Development - In this respect, priority wiil include deep commitment to the provision of security of lives and property, provision of viable physical infrastructure, Partnership and cooperation with the Private Sector. The current programme on privatization and commercialization will be accelerated while the Kaduna State mining and solid mineral industry, tourism, SMEs and agricuttural Sectors wiil be linked to Private initiatives to maximize economic benefits derivable from them.

3. Implementing a Social Charter for Empowering the People - This term is broadly used to mean tackling the causes of poverty head on, including among others, social exclusion, unemployment, poor or inadequate delivery of health care, education, water and housing facilities. A precise attack on poverty will involve strengthening the skill base of Kaduna

State people, protecting vulnerable and under-priviledged groups; women, children and the disabled. People's empopwerrnent programmes will include;

a. Encouraging job creation outside the Public Sector through Private Sector investment and strategic support for the SMEs. Credit schemes will be boosted by facilitating access to funds at low interest rates. Apprenticeship training and integrated rural development will remain strategic instruments for job creation in the State. SMEs will also be encouraged through skill clustering and agglomeration for this purpose.

b. The housing conditions of the people of Kaduna State deserve urgent improvement. Therefore, deliberate strategies will be developed to cooperate with Private developers to build affordable housing for renting, outright sale or mortgage to the citizenry. In addition to this, KADSEEDS will seek to cut the cost of owning apartments by encouraging research on local building materials so as to promote their use in the industry.

c. Introducing a State Health Policy which will plan and operate a

comprehensive and functional health system. It will foster Public Private Partnership (PPP) in the Sector and ensure the equipping of existing hospitals, enhancement of the Primary Heath Care (PHC) system and development of necessary skills in the sector. Private practitioners vhll be adequately monitored to ensure corporate delivery of health services as a strategy to protect the people from sub-standard health care services. The new plan to eliminate child-killer diseases which is targeted at priority diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIVIAIDS, reproductive health and related illnesses will be firmly pursued. Family planning servlces will be promoted along side awareness creation towards checking the current high rate of population growth.

d. Empowerment would also take the form of strengthening the skill base of our people through functional education. The Government will adhere to the Kaduna State Educational Policy and ensure general improvement in teaching and learning environment. Special incentives will be created for girl child education while the incorporation of formal education

into Islamic schools will be accelerated. Fairness in staff appointments, promotions and other incentives will be enhanced.

4. Effective Communication System Government will promote broad based participation by involving the Private Sector, Press, NGOs and the Civil Society in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the KADSEEDS. Through continuous publicity on the Internet and local media programmes, the public will be enabled to track the operations of Government and assess their progress in the implementation of the KADSEEDS. The intention is to promote an 'open system' through which the Public can hold Government accountable for its actions.

5. Vrtlue Reorientation - This concept borders on character and behavioral change - a turn around from the negative values we uphold as individuals and as a people. The bane of deception, lying, corruption, cheating and unpatriotic attitudes have eroded the very foundation of development. Thus, KADSEEDS seeks to minimize these vices. The concept of value reorientation is borrowed from the simple wisdom of a tree that bears good fruits because its roots are embedded in a good and nutfitious soil. Like the tree in figure 0.1, the roots of value reorientation for our Society must include among others, God-consciousness, fairness, discipline and truth. Government believes that nuclear families, traditional leaders and religious groups can encourage these

0.6 Necessary Va lues for Poverty Reduction and Development

1. Respect- Our cultural heritage In Kaduna lo based on respect for our elders, authority and human lives. Our leaden must recognize the fact that every Kaduna citlzen has the rlght to live, freedom to express hls/her views and right to enjoy the abundant resources that God has Mewed us all wlth. On Me other hand, the citizens must respect the leadership In ways that promote patriotism and aemessness.

2. Tolerance- The pursuR for peaceful change rests In our ability to tolerate one another lrrespectlve of our expectatlons of them. To this end, the Moslems must tolerate the Christians and vice versa. Ethnic differences should not inform our actions and responses towards others; rather, tolerance would enable us work as a progresslve team ready to achieve a common agenda.

3. Social Inclusion- Living in harmony with our neighbors, colleagues and people around us would make a great difference. KADSEEDS would thrive in an atmosphere of friendliness and togetherness. This value will help us disband the artificial walls of ethnic, religious and tribal sentiments because it will enhance cooperation and collaboration In all spheres of life.

4. Honesty- To be honest in our dealings wlth fellow men and God. This value will eschew cheating, lying, deception and corrupt practices. It will uphold fairness, equity and dlsclpiine. KADSEEDS positions this value to be a central prerequisite to success.

5. Participation- This is the act of involving people in decision making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development programmes and projects. Participation creates a seme of belonging, thereby enhancing patriotism and loyalty to a common cause.

VISION AND POLICY THRUSTS FOR THE PERIOD 2005 - 2007

n recognition of the peculiar development challenges and the need to reverse their negative

effects, the vision of the Government of Kaduna State will implement strategic policies to underscore the confidence building measures being pursued at home and outside the State, reform and strengthen Government and its institutions, empower the people and create enabling environment for all economic, social and political actors to thrive. Agriculture and Small and Medium Entereprises (SMEs) will be the primary focus in the drive to create jobs and generate growth in the economy. The overall target is to reduce

poverty from 70% in 2003 to 50% by 2007.

Security and Trust The policy thrust for confidence building is to ensure the security of lives and property, promote peaceful co-existence and curb the activities of unscrupulous and violent people whose agenda is to destabilize the State and its progress. The Government is resolved not to tolerate any person or group of persons whose intention is to disrupt the peaceful co-existence of the State. At the same time, dialogue will be intensified to foster mutual understanding and tolerance.

Trust, Security and Confidence BuNding Strengthen the strike force bases in Kaduna town and broaden their scope of coverage to Include Ikara, Kubau, Kafanchan, Kachia, Saminaka, Makafi, BIGwari and Zaria.

Codify community securlty system and promote cooperation betweem formal and informal policing.

Effectively utilise formal security system such as the SSS to conduct perpetual surveillance in order to obtain fwst hand information on security matters.

Empower the SSG's Office and other

- -- . - Agencies responsible for security to collect, collate and interprete security information.

Review, and where necessary, revise the sociai arrangement in Kaduna State to discourage suspicious activities such as segregated settlements and rumour mongering. - .

1 Promote fairness and transparency in resource distribution and merit based reward system.

Strengthen dialogue and sociai interaction among the diverse religious and ethnic gruops, Chiefdoms and Emirates to foster understanding and curtail mutual suspicion.

Produce administrative maps to show boundary demarcations between Emirates and Chiefdoms.

Reform Government and its Institutions As a state, our policy thrust and sense of purpose in reformimg Government and its institutions is to strenthen the coordination and exploitation of our potentials in natural, human and financial resources, and allocate same in ways that reflect the aspirations of our people without compromising efficiency, effectiveness of service delivery and the future growth of our economy. The consideration of this policy thrust is anchored on the principle mat Governments must carve out the road-

emulate particularly in the areas of discipline, prudent financial management, accountability, transparency and promotion of the rule of law. 'if Government gets it right, others stand a better chance to get it right'. Our quest to make Kaduna State an attractive place is cleariy demonstrated by the bold steps we have taken to restructure, right size, harmonize, and reprofessionalize the operation of Government and its institutions with special respect to making governance more demand-driven, responske and responsible to the yearnings of the people.

map and lay leading examples for others to

Public Sector Reform

Sound Fiscai Pollcy and Operation

Economic Planning, Coordination and Cooperation

Implement the adopted portions of the Federal Government WhAe Paper of Ayida's Report on the review of the Civil service. Make copies available to all Ministries.

Restructure, harmonize, right size and reprofessionalize Government and its institutions

Privatue non-performing and less profitable enterprises

Institutionalize Due Process and Code of Ethics and implement the Fiscai Responsibility Law when enacted.

Phase out incremental budgeting and substantially base expenditure on available resources using KADSEEDS targets and strategies.

Maintain a more orderly and disciplined budget formulation process that curbs the numerous sources of extra budgetary expenditure.

Raise internal revenue from N2.5b to N3.5b in 2007 Improve the capital - recurrent expenditure ratio from 2375 in 2003 to 60:40 by 2007 Harmonize and streamline donor supports

improve data collection, processing and storage across the State - coordinate and harmonize the activiiies of all research and statistics

Information Disseminaffon, Communications and Particlpafion

departments and units

Reactivate and strengthen monitoring and evaluation.

lmprove Partnership across tiers of Government

Promote information dissemination, communication and participatory governance

lmprove ail mechanisms for checks and balances.

Coordinate and ensure the implementation of the KADSEEDS

Entrench participatory approaches to planning, budgeting and implementation.

Implement Financial Instructions and other official puiications in compliance with Due Process in the conduct of Government business.

Create and maintain a State website

Promote dialogues at State, LG and community levels.

Develop community based radio programmes

Effective coverage of Government activities (budget and implementation) on TVIRadio

Mobiiization, sensitization and creation of awareness on effective participation

Social and Economic Empowerment The policy drive to empower the people of Kaduna State is all encompassing but with special attention to poverty reduction from the current level of 70% to 50% by 2007. This administration Is very conscious of the scourge of poverty on the people and the consequences of not tackling it head on. This is why we have focused on implementing a number of poverty

alleviation policies and programmes. Poverty reduction strategies in Kaduna State are in forms of skill development, credit facilities and protection schemes for vulnerable groups (women, youth, and HIVIAIDS patients), improvement in the provision of basic social services such as water, feeder roads, health and education, effective participation, social inclusion and Information dissemination.

Targeted Poverty Reduction Schemes

Provision of Social Services

Reduce unemployment by 2% by 2007

lncrease beneficiaries of loan schemes by 20%

Increase number of apprenticeship trainees by 25 % by 2007

Reduce capital-recurrent expenditure ratio of Ministry of Health from 90:lO to 5050.

Reduce Doctor-Patient ratio from 1 :66,966 to 1 :50,000 by 2007

Reduce maternal and infant mortality rates by 50%

Reduce or eradicate the incidences of priority diseases (malaria, typhoid, acute respiratory infection, measles, diarrhea and TB) by 2007

Reduce HIVIAIDS prevalence rate from 5.6% to 4.5% by 2007.

Raise girl child primary school enrolment from 29% to 40% and overall enrolment from 56% to 80% by 2007

Improve conditions of primary health care

B, NECO and SSCE) from 8% to 20% by

Gender Balance I Mainstream aender issues. ... - I -

s

( lncrease women representation in Government

In addition to these, the Government will Enterprise (SMEs) because these are give special attention to the promotion of areas where native talent is most agricutture and Small and Medium efficient.

Environment

Agriculture and Prosperity I Achieve 5% annual growth rate in

leadership to 30%

lncrease bylo% the number of women that are economically empowered Promote justice for women by domesticating the Convention on the Ellmination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Mainstream environmental issues

Improve forestry reserves and plantation development by 2% each year

Strictly enforce environmental law. Privatize less efficient activities of the Ministry.

I comparative advantaged crops - maize, ginger, Irish potatoes etc and

I seasonings.

1 lncrease livestock production by 25% each year

I Enhance the Growth of Small and ( Promote formation of Cooperative Medium Enterprlsar (SMEs) Societies.

Facilitate access to Private andlor long term low interest credit facilities.

Resuscitation of moribund SMEs and facilitating the establishment

I of new ones I

1 Harmonize all micro-credit schemes

I and develop objective criteria for selectino beneficiaries.

I - 1 Strengthen methods of monitoring

I and evaluation of loan performance and ways of recovery.

Provide Enabling Environment for very foundation for an enabling other Actors of the Economy to environment. Therefore, among other Thrive things, the State must strengthen security Creating enabling environment for Private in ways that build confidence in the minds investments and capital flow into Kaduna of prospective investon, Provitle State remains a major area of focus, infrastructure and make the judicial systr>!r~ Indeed, our ability and commitment to effective.

realize prevlous set goals could be the

Create Enabling Environment for a// other Actors o f the Economy to Thrive - Private Sector Investment, NGOs, CBOs and Donors.

Enhance security of lives and properties, rule of law and effective legal system.

Provide strategic economic infrastructure

Encourage Public Private Partnership in priority areas (Mining, Agriculture, Manufacturing, Tourism and Housing).

Privatization and Commercialization of commercial/industrial enterprises.

Promote a well-defined cooperation with NGOs and CBOs especially in the areas of women and youth development, mobilization, awareness

creation and HIVIAIDS prevention and care. Consolidate and strengthen donor support and participation.

Strengthen the coordination of non- Public Sector inputs in Kaduna State

METHODOLOGY

onsuttative and participatory approaches were used in developing the KADSEEDS. The

design process commenced WITH the creation and inauguration of two Committees namely, Drafting and Technical Committees headed by the Deputy Governor, His Excellency Engr. Stephen Shekari and the Permanent Secretary of the Minisby of Economic Planning respectively. The first Committee was made up of Honourable Commissioners, Secretary to the State Government, Head of Service, NGOs, Traditional Rulers, Labour Unions, Private Sector Organizations and experts from relevant disciplines. They were responsible for regulating the Technical Committee

which comprised 3 Permanent Secretaries, Auditor and Accountant Generals of the State, Directors, NGOs and experts from the academia and the UNICEF. The Technical Committee has been responsible for data gathering, analysis and drafting the document. A KADSEEDS Secretariat was also created at the Ministry of Economic Planning. With the inauguration of these committees by the Executive Governor of Kaduna State, His Excellency Nhaji Ahmed Mohammed Makarti which was backed up by financial comm'hents; one can say that the KADSEEDS has enjoyed necessary political support in Kaduna State.

Data Gather ing and Analyses

The processes of data gathering and analyses were guided by three challenges namely establishing: Where are we' 'where do we want to be' 'and how do we get there'? The answers to the first question provided some information on the current development conditions of the State as a whole with details on specific Sectors. The second and third questions provided data for target and strategy setting respectively. Existing Government

structures and operations were the main focal points and the whole exercise revolved around them.

The Technical Committee was saddled with the responsibilities of data collection, analyses and timely progress reporting to

the Drafting Committee. Data were obtained through library research and review of existing materials (such as the poverty index study, State budgets and the

UNICEF-supported State Plan of Action - (SPA) just to mention a few. SEEDS workshops and various consultative exercises were also conducted.

All the 19 Ministries including their Parastatals, Special Duties Outiits, Agencies, representatives of NGOs and the Private Sector provided the Technical Team with some situation analyses of their respective organizations. The methods of sourcing Information from Ministries, NGOs and Private Organuatlons included the creation of In house sub-committees aimed at facilitating broad -based Interactions beyond the KADSEEDS Secretariat. This was an inclusive process that allowed for detailed analyses of the submissions of all Ministries and their AgencieslParastatal in the State.

In addiiion, 2 rounds of detailed discussions with all line Ministries, NGOs and the Private Sector were organized by the Technical Committee. The sessions were almed at reaching a consensus on the targets and strategles set for the line Ministries and their Agencies. Once this was achieved, the Executive Council along side the Drafting Committee selected priority areas that formed the basis for 2005 budget. The Ministries of Finance and Economic Planning conducted the resource potentials of the State Agency by Agency and came up with a

comprehensive revenue prosp i?:k

between 2005 and 2007 - see page 21.;

The draft copy was widel'h circul,~lrld among development experts, IuGOs, 111d the Civil Society. Dialogue on the re t 'rt was conducted on the meclia anc a conference was organized t:l sens i,:e Local Government stake-holders. b $id inputs from these processes v I .e incorporated and the final copy is b I ~g prepared for launch~ng I ~d implementation.

It is important to note that, for the purpc !s of ensuring Pa*ership and ov~nershi of the KADSEEDS, the who13 exer +e revolved around Government institut IS

and activities. In other words, the struc e of this document, its targets and strate !s reflect the actual actions of all Governr I i t

organizations as obtained in their dat )-

day activities. Thus the KADSEEDS ie at an abstract policy; it is a presentatio ~f

how Government should be run on I ly bases to meet public expectations.

The process of packaging KADSE. document has brought to the fore the , state of statistical information in the S lndeciding the way forward, it bec imperative to undertake a thori situation analyses to determine whet* are at the moment. In attempting ,

analyses, the Committee realised

the management of statistical information has been a major problem in the State. The process of data generation, collation, interpretation and dissemination has over the years been ignored. Thus, available data, where it exists, is highly unreliable and/or incomplete. Since KADSEEDS is basically a plan and since there is no way of producing a balanced and operational

Structure of

The KADSEEDS document as packaged is a complete policy plan for poverty reduction and wealth creation. It comprises of a Forward which reflects the personal conviction and commitment of His Excellency, the Executive Governor on the document. It is followed by an Executive Summary that encapsulates the the policy direction of the plan while the Overview whlch provides basic historical information on the State, highlights the comparative advantages and major benefits derivable from KADSEEDS. This is followed by the Vision and major Policy Thrusts of the plan, its Methodology and highlight of the structure of the document.

The KADSEEDS document proper is made up of seven chapters viz; Chapter One provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and implementing the development plan. The framework explains the important

plan without reliable and veritable data, statistical information management should be accorded a unique and special recognition is the State. KADSEEDS, like any other plan, can only create effective and meaningful Impact, if the quality of information onwhich it is predicted is urgently and drastically addressed.

the Report

institutional arrangements and factors needed to enforce operational and accountability relationship among Public Sector actors. It postulates that the successful implementation of KADSEEDS will rely on a relationship that is driven and sustained by accountability relationship. The four actors - politicians, Civil servants, implementers and citizens can only play their roles effectively under the new dispensation if the accountability factors are applied.

Chapter Two analyses and explains poverty conditions from various perspectives - Income, capability, functional, social exclusion and intangible poverty. About 70% of Kaduna State population is said to live below the poverty line. This is aggravated by the poor conditions of socio-economic and infrastructural facilities, rapid population growth and continual deprivation. The

chapter on poverty reiterates the point that KADSEEDS's ultimate outcome is to overcome poverty, empower people and to create wealth in all its ramifications.

Chapter Three discusses the challenges of achieving 'good governance' in Kaduna State; key among them are the fight against corruption, fraud, waste, abuse of office and other related Public Sector problems that hinder efficient performance. Government and institutional reforms are major determinants to change without which the whole KADSEEDS processes will be abortive, To this end this chapter is devoted to changing the ways Government does things with special reference to strengthening transparency and accountabilrty in Government operations, institutional reforms towards reducing the size of Government and providing enabling environment for Private Sector participation in the economy and conduct of fiscal operational reforms (such as improved Locally generated revenue, debts and debt management, balanced budget and resource-based budgeting).

A detailed analysis of infrastructural and social services is contained in Chapter Four. The analysis is focused on the present conditions of education, health, water, roads, housing and electricity and how to improve service delivery. Particularly, activities of women and youth

are expounded as a major component of the Social Charter. This chapter explains the Social Charter Principle of the SEEDS whereby poverty reduction and empowenent are enhanced through efficient delivery of key infrastructural and social services.

Chapter Five discusses the challenges and action plans for achieving specific Sector development especially on the fields of; agriculture, environment, culture and tourism, science and technology and solid minerals. These Sectors require close cooperation and collaboration between Government and Private Sector.

Chapter Six discusses the role of Private Sector in the development of the economy of the State. As one of the pillars of KADSEEDS, Private Sector development is conceived to be an important process for positive change. Progress In this Sector will rely on a number of factors, key amongst which is the effective performance of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in creating potent linkages between Private investmenffcapital and the activities of various Minisbies.

Chapter Seven discusses the institutional arrangement for the implementation of the KADSEEDS and the provision of regular monitoring and evaluation of the entire process.

CHAPTER ONE

FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING AND IMPLEMENTING KADSEEDS

T He cenwal goals of SEEDS are to reduce poverty, create wealth and achieve value re-orientation. But we all know that more often than

not, such development goals turn out to be 'wishful thinking' because the institutional and structural mechanisms for achieving them are usually weak and flawed by unproductive values, corruption and

inefficiencies, corrupt practices and financial misallocation. Institutionally, Government organizations are prone to these setbacks because of the dearth of accountability relationships among major actors. This framework proposes that deliberate effort be made to enhance the accountabili relationship in the Public Service and ensure its

inefficiencies. This suggests that the enforceability in the processes of framework for designing and successful implementing the SEEDS in order :o implementation of KADSEEDS must, of necessity, focus on addressing these problems and strengthening the operations of the Public Sector (which is the main lmplementer of SEEDS) to realize the goals.

Experience has revealed that the factors that bedeviled sustainable development plans of the past were not necessarily because of inherent defects in the planning process per se but in the structural and institutional arrangements for their implementation. More importantly, the processes of implementing previous development plans in Nigeria lacked clear cut framework for reforming the Public Sector and eliminating major setbacks like;

achieve and sustain its laudable goals.

The framework takes into account the Federal structure of Nigeria within which State Governments operate. The Nigerian Federation is such that the center is particularly strong because of its privileged control over its major economic resources especially from the handsome oil revenue. The State and Local Governments draw a paltry 47% from the Federation Account while the balance goes to the Federal Government. However, at all levels, there has not been stringent process of accounting for how the resources allocated are being managed, thereby allowing for wastages and corruption. The situation seems to have been aggravated as funds are in many cases, being expended

without following g the Due Process or reference to rules and regulations. However, lack of vertical and horizontal accountability within and among the three tiers of Government has been a major reason for the failures of previous development plans and indeed the cause of deepening level of poverty.

1. Institutionalization of 5 key accountability instruments;

2. Promotion of answerability fectors across four Public Sector actors - the State (politicians), policy custodians (Civil sewants), policy implementers (organizations) and policy beneficiaries (citizens or clients).

Given these rather peculiar problems in Nigeria, the successful implementation of SEEDS would depend on 2 major actions:

Accountab i l i ty Relat ionships

There are many definitions of accountability from the point of view of a variety of disciplines (economics, political science, sociology, accounting, and public administration). Its application to the KADSEEDS design and implementation lays no claim to any superior definition. Rather, it is conceived as a critical process for home-based economic growth and sustainability, a full basket of ideas that connote positive virtues and good moral values (honesty, sincerity, discipline, orderiiness, self-respect, productivity, equality, effectiveness and godliness),

healthy relationships, performance, consistency and continuity. Accountability from this perspective is constituted of 5 elements: Hierarchy, Assignment, Financing, Functioning and Enforcement. The elements the State Government should institutionalize in the processes of designing and implementing its KADSEEDS. The use of these components to depict accountability is not altogether new, the World Development Report (2004) potrays these componerits as necessary factors for effective service delivery to the poor.

Figure 1.0

Five Instruments of Accountability

, - .

Functioning

1. Hierarchy: This refers to well-defined structures for the exercise of authority that ensure answerability at ail levels of Government operations. The orga- nogram of the State which depicts authority and power distribution is clear, though it has had to be radically modified to accommodate immediate political imperatives. Institutional proliferation, the interplay of pressure groups and political compensation seem to have altered the existing hierarchical structures in the State. The underiying assumption here is

that, an effective hierarchy (devoid of unnecessary bureaucratic structures) will ensure checks and balances, enforce performance and effective service delivery. Furthermore, a hierarchy that is compliant to accountability will ensure responsibility and answerability upon which the successful implementation of this plan relies.

2. Assignment: There can be no accountability where organizations and officers operate without distinct and wen-defined and specified roles

and assignments, as is often the case with State Government instiiutions. Assignment, in this context refers to schedule of duty, job description and specification, which spell out the hierarchy and responsibilities for organizations and Individuals. Sometimes, the creation of Ministries, Agencies and Parastatals and the employment of staff and consuitants are driven more by poiiical 4. conveniences and discretion rather than need and competence. In such cases, organizations and staff operate without clear-cut assignments, which allows for the creeping in of duplications, inefficiencies, wastages and corrupt practices into the system. Accountability from this perspective demands that operations of Government Agencies must be guided by clear assignments of order andlor delegattons that culminate in the achievement of overall development goals of the State. Outside the Public Sector arena, Government can delegate roles to Private enterprises (PPP), donors and NGOs based on negotiated terms and conditions. 5.

3. Finance: This refers to the input (money, material, manpower and managerial skills) that enables the implementation of assignments. The inability to provide timely and adequate finances for public sector

assignments has constituted a serious setback to effective Public Sector performance. Timely and adequate financing of assignments could minlmize these problems. Accountability in this context also has to do with proper budgeting and budget implementation - making the budgets the vehicle for implementing and achieving targets and goals. Functioning: This is about measuring outputs and out-comes to ascertain efficiency or performance successes or failures. An Agency or individual can be said to be functionally productive if assignments are promptly, adequately or efficiently carried out. Performance measurement is key to this instrument. Accountability at this level demands that organizational and individual performance assessments are regularly carried out through a variety of technlques: monitoring and evaluation, being the most veritable, it also requires that the outcomes or the score cards of these processes are published andlor disseminated. Enforcement: This refers to reward systems that recognise good performance and sanctions paor performance. It also menris appropriate application of the laws tlr)d regulations that promote the reign of the rule of law. Implelnenfi*rt~

enforceability is complex and difficult it will be unfair and ineffective to especially where assessments are enforce rewards or punishment. biased or de-linked from the earlier Accountability at this stage requires stages. For instance, if clear that the first three stages are properly assignments are not given and finance entrenched before enforcement is is not adequately allotted to Agencies, implemented.

Promot ing Accountability Relat ionships among Four Actors

B o x 1.0 Def in i t ion of Four Accoun t~ l b i l i t y Ac to rs

Polltlclans: In the Nigerian democratic setting, politicians as electedlappointed representatives, act on behalf of the State and have monopoly of legitimate use of physical force, rules and laws of the land. They have the power to regulate, leglslete and sel and enforce the 'rules of the game'. They also represent the interests of the electorates who in this case are classifled as citlzens. Poiiticlans in thls context can be defined as the State ruiing machinery.

Clvll Servants: These are well-trained Public Sector workers who provide expert support for politicians in running the affairs of the State. Civil Servants are the custodians of the law; they llaise with the politicians in the course of formulating and Implementing State laws end the regulations that guide the application of the 5 accountability instruments. They also form part ofthe state machinery.

hplementardProvlders: These groups in the accountability chain are the frontline providers of Public Sector organisationa - Minlstries, departments, bureau, Agency and Parastatals. Front line providers are those Public Sector workers Ktro come in dlrect contact with clients. They could be teachers, doctors, nurses and pharmacists.

Cllentdcitlzenr: These are individuals or households who try to Influence Government decisions for improve Services and welfare packages. As citiiens, they participate both as individuals and through coalitions (CBOs, cooperative societier, political parties, labour unions, development associations) to define collective objectives. As clients they put pressure on Government to improve the supply of given services like water, eiactrlcity, heakh and education.

To help understand the challenges of box 1 .O) is rather artificial, it supports the reforming Public Sector operations at the distinct role that each of them will play in State level in Kaduna, a chain of four sets the implementation of KADSEEDS. of actors and the relationship between them has to be examined. Atthough the classification of these actors (as shown in

Arrows in figure 1.1 point the direction of accountability and portray collective objectives by stakeholders. This relationship is typical of all public sector operations - health, education, sanitation, agriculture, water and electricity supply. Under this assumption, politicians are the most influential because they control the instruments of power. Therefore the Implementation processes of KADSEEDS must win the support of this class. Also, the framework assumes that the State comprises of the top Civil Servants and the political class in power who jointly delegate responsibllities to lmplementers. Thus the accountability relationship between these actors is a mutual one. It is assumed that if at any point In time the relationship between the political group in power and Civil Servants is severed, the application of the 5 instruments will be flawed.

This suggests that politicians should rely on the professionalism of Civil servants to provide efficient governance particularly in the areas of allowing the rules to govern their behaviour. The power relationship between these two should be that of mutual trust in ways that both parties can hold each other responsible and accountable based on the State's stipulated rules and laws.

The accountability relationship between politicians and implementers is not always

easy to draw because the former does not generate information on the performance of the latter. Apart from this, the relationship between politicians and lmplementers is dominated by master - servant relationship in ways that prohibit a fair and objective performance assessment that leads to true accountability.

However, the KADSEEDS will minimize these problems through the provision of specified targeted assignments for all Government Agencies within which their performance can be easily measured. It is now left for the Government of Kaduna State to finance the implementation of these assignments, engage the services of independent monitoring team and enforce compliance and answerability at all levels

Figure 1.1 shows that all three actors - politicians, implementers and Civil servants are answerable to citizens. However, in most circumstances, such accountability relationships do not exist. Most times, citizens are unable to exert the desired influence on Government actions because they lack the basic instruments - education, information and coalitions. This preposition holds that clients or citizens can be empowered to hold all other actors in the circle accountable in 3 ways. First, Non Governmental Organizations, donors and interest groups

can empower clients through awareness creation, training and information dissemination. On the other hand, Government can empower clients by creating a competitive economy for wider cholces of services. Clients can empower themselves by creating alliances, unions or pressure groups to speak with a common voice.

The accountability relationship between citizens and the rest of the actors can also be improved by empowering them to hold the latter liable for their actions. Such empowerment can be in form of increasing citizen's choices by creating competition among service providers (schools, hospitals) that would result in improved service delivery. The State can also promote accountability relationship between implementers and citizens through participatory actions. Since politicians hardly have time to hold implementers accountable, improving the

accountability relationship between client- providers deserves more consideration.

Formal political institutions (political partieslelections) and informal relationships (advocacy and public information campaigns) are the probable ways of ensuring accountability between politicians and Civil servants on the one hand and citizens on theother. However, in all of these relationships, citizens have to be empowered so that they can initiate ways of enforcing accountability.

Overall, the successfui implementation of KADSEEDS hinges on strengthening the relationships in the chain - between politiciansCivi1 servants, politicians- implementers, implementers - citizens, politician-citizens and Civil servant- citizens. Making just one link effective may not be enough to create the required impact. Conversely, keeping a weak link in the chain will distrupt the workability of Uie accountability relationships in the syste111

CHAPTER TWO

POVERTY AND POVERTY REDUCTION

overty means so many things to so reduce poverty - particularly ameliorate many people but the bottom line is absolute poverty and deprivation. that the concept connotes lack. It KADSEEDS will not only treat the P

could be lack of intangible things like symptoms of poverty but will also attack its health, education or tangible things like root causes. The development plan will money, food and infrastructure. One of the also produce accountability and create expected outcomes of KADSEEDS is to wealth opportunities for all.

Causes and Effects of Poverty

The major causes of poverty in Nigeria and indeed in Kaduna State include the following:- 1. Corruption and mismanagement of

resources in both Public and Private Sectors;

2. Inadequate and deterioration in both quantity and quality of infrastructure such as roads, water supply, electn'city, heatth and educational facilities, etc;

3. Frequent social unrests due to communal and religious conflicts, etc;

4. Low returns in resource utilization in both agricultural and industrial Sectors;

5. Disproportionate distribution of job opportunities and social amenities;

6. High prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other killer diseases;

7. Lack of family planning.

In the course of interactions, the people's perception of the causes and effects of poverty includes the following: 1. Increasing incidences of corruption by

Public Sector officials as they attempt to make ends meet and increase their purchasing power to the dis- advantage of the majority.

2. Increased importation mainly through smuggling, of low quality, fake and

adulterated goods to make them affordable to the pauperized citizens and this gradually kill local initiatives and investments.

3. Rapid deterioration in living conditions of the people, resulting in poor health and a return to traditional methods of healing;

4. Increasing rate of crime and social vices;

5. The rise of individualism and survivalist concerns aimed at meeting daily needs;

6. Loss of confidence in Government and its programmes;

7. Low morale and declining patriotism; 8. Misplacement of priorities.

The 1999 Kaduna State Povedy lndex (POVI) study by the UNDP explains its poverty conditions from different perspectives, computed from 9 composites and compressed into 4 major indicators - Economic Status lndex (ESI), Education lndex (EDI), Environment and Infrastmcture (El) and Social Development lndex (SDI) - each having a total score of 1. The indicators are both comprehensive and explicit, showing welfare and living conditions of people across the State. Based on these indicators (which do not reflect the tremendous changes that have occurred since 1999), Jaba LGA ranks highest with 2.39 POVl and Kudan LGA

ranks the least with 1.42 POVl as shown in figure 2.0 below.

While the POVl ranking gives insight into the poverty situation of the Local Government Areas, the method of aggregating the 9 components has failed to dissect poverty details within the same context, thereby providing skewed representation of poverty profiles. For instance, although the POVl of Jaba Local Government ranks highest, its infrastructure conditions are poor, even worse than those of Kudan Local Government.

The figure below clearly shows that the poverty level is high and varies across LGAs with highest proportion of the poor living in the North. Overall, the education index (EDI) is poor. The ED1 of Bimin Gwari, Giwa, Ikara, Lere, Soba and Sabon Gari LGAs rank between 0.10 and 0.16 while Kudan and Makarfi LGAs rank as low as 0.04. (See details in Appendix 1) The infrastructure and environmental (El) conditions of Sanga, Kauru, Kudan, Giwa, Kagarko, Jema'a and Jaba LGAs are relatively backward. Life Expectancy, measured by (SDI), is generally low acrosr; the State with Sanga and Kauru having tht! highest scores of 0.38 while S a b ~ n Gal, Zaria, Makarfi, Giwa, Kubau and Kuda~c are among the lowest with scores r etwi '. 0.01 and 0.17.

B o x 2.0 Kadunn State Poverty lndex (POVI)

One of the most compehenslve poverty studles of Kaduna State that established thls poverty lndex (POVI) was concluded In 1999 by the UNDP In collabaatlon with the lnstttute of Governance and Social Research (IGSR). The study was based on the fu-ndonlng appoach and used Indicators like environment, Infrastnrcture, educatlon, demography, economic and soclal factors to measure poverty condltlons In the State. The flndings are both lllumlnatlng and revealing. Spedflcally, the Indkes that measured the level of poverty were:

> Education- The lndex consists of the level of formal education and adult literacy rate. It measured the number of people who termlnated their education at wondary and tertiary levels and the number of people with adult literacy.

> Availability: - This refers to the presence of basic sewlces such as telecommunication, postal services, police and security services, transportatlon and education. The index actually reveals the level of Infrastructure development In a glven community (in this case by Local Government areas).

> Road Accesslbllity: -This lndex measured the condtions of roads across the LGAs and their Implied accessibility were scored on the bads of whether the roads were tarred and accessible in rslny and dry seasons; not tarred bul good or Mether the roads were bad all year round. Road accountablllty Is central to poverty reduction as it provides fw movement of goods and people, access to market, hospitals and exchange of Ideas.

> Housing:- The study also measured the quality of houses across the 23 LGAs of Kaduna State. it classified buildings and houses by type of building wall (stonel brlck, cement, mud or wood), rooflng (slate or asbestos, zinc, grass or mud) and type of tollet lacilklee available to the household -whether it Is water flush, pit or bush system.

> Amenities:- Thls Indicator defines the source and availability of drinking water, energy for cooklng and electricity supply. It shows the number of people using piped water, well water and stream sources. Some people use electricity or gs3 cookers, others kerosene or wood. Some villages are also llnked to private generators, national electricity grid and others have no sources of electricity supply. indeed, people's quality of life Is dependent on thase amenities.

> Crowding: This is a measure of the degree of housing congestion - number of people that share one room. This also refleds the poverty level of a household.

> Economic Status: This refers to the total expenditure of a household divided by number of persons In the household. The indicator Is essentially relevant f w measuring the Income and pattern of expenditure. The assumptlon here Is that the total amount expended In a given period and the quality of goods and services bought can deflna whether an lndlvldual or household is rich or poor.

> Nutrition:- The Inferred balance in the daily diets of a household was used to compute nutrition. These diets are carbohydrates, protein and vitamins. If the dally dlets of households do not contain appropriate portions of these diet components, then the household could be said to be poor.

> Social:- Thls lndex was computed on the basis of life expectancy at birth. A household with high mortality rate Is sald to be poor.

Source: UNDP. GSR 1999

These outcomes of the study clearly show a correlation between education and life expectancy. In other words, the LGAs with higher ED1 tend to reflect better SDI, signifying that, good education is key to any attempt to escape poverty. The provision of Infrastructure also requires precise intervention. For instance, about 85% of the households live in mud houses among which 68% are living in single rooms. Figure 2.1 below also shows that, stream water is the major source of water availability in the State.

In addition to these poverty indicators, the UNDPIIGRS poverty index survey also /n~p!erneritmg at showed that over 70% households still use least 60%

wood as major source of energy for KADSEEDS goals can

cooking while about 14% use kerosene. arneliorato The frequent use of wood is putting these poverty

pressure on forest and plantation corld,:ions

resources which eventually could lead to the exposure of the soil to wind and water erosion and reducing the quality of land available to a teeming population.

Figure 2. 1

Saurw: UNICEF 2003

Figure 2.2

Source: UNDP, IGSR 1999

An important aspect of poverty that is often ignored is intangible poverty. This is not defined by the lack of physical access to things like money, infrastructure or social amenities, rather, it is perceived to mean a negative intrinsic trait(s) that determines the way a person perceives and does things. These traits may be ignorance, intolerance, fear, suspicion, distrust, anxiety, fanaticism and lack of voice. Although the indicators cannot be easily measured, they constitute potent factors for good and fulfilled life. Some have identified lack of access to physical infrastructure as a major cause of

intangible poverty, but in the real sense both are mutually reinforcing. The World Bank Study on 'Voice of the Poor in Nigeria showed' that intangible poverty is both rampant and devastating on people's quality of life. For instance, the factors of fear and suspicion can become a threat to peaceful coexistence.

Poverty and Security Specifically, there is a causal relationship between poverty and social unrest; we can clearly assert that the instabilrty witnessed in Kaduna State is rooted in a complex

combination of tangible and intangible poverty. Among the major factors are;

Illiteracy andlor ignorance: in spite of Government efforts to make education accessible to majority of the citizenry, he level of illiteracy in our society Is still uacceptabie. The prevalence of this menace that breeds an army of unemployed constitute willing tools in the hands of mischief makers. High level of unemployment: the bulk of the productive segment of the society is either unemployed or unemployable. This situation is further compounded by the depresson in the manufacturing sector of the economy. Unequitablc distribution of wealth: the concentration of wealth in a few hands and uneven allocation of amenities breed discontent and general ill-feeling. These have direct bearing on the security of any society.

r Lack of social cohesion: one of the major effects of the numerous crises we have witnessed in the State is the division of the towns particularly Kaduna environs into 'safe" and 'unsafe" sefflements, essentially on religious grounds. Integration factors like inter-marriages are being relegated to the background. Attitudinal problems: the craze for weah has led to such vices like armed robbery and mismanagement of

public funds which ultimately leads to underdevelopment and its corresponding effects. Religion: religious sentiments are the most potent tools that are manipulated by mischief makers to cause crises in the society.

The value reorientation strategy discussed above can be used to curtail intangible poverty.

Sustainable Poverty Study in Kaduna State The 1999 UNDPIIGSR - sponsored poverty study seems to be the last major intervention of its kind in the State. The study did not only reveal the various faces of poverty but has reflected the inter- disciplinary nature of the phenomenon. A study of poverty levels must have to take into account not only the income level of the people but also their access to qualitative education, health, water, housing, energy, balanced diet, good environment and a host of others.

Since the advent of Civilian administration, huge amounts have been spent to address deficiencies in all the Sectors of the economy. The full impact of such interventions has not been fully grasped by the people because of inadequate recognition of Sectoral inter-relationships in the development process. Under KADSEEDS, sustained studies of the

various ramifications of poverty will be given prominence. This will enable systematic channeling of resources not only to reduce the level of poverty but also to eradicate its root causes.

The KADSEEDS Implementation1 Monitoring Committee will work closely with Agencies that handle micro-credit, skills development, cottage and small- scale industrial development, other line- Ministries, the Private Sector and donors, in order to obtain an articulate programme to tackle poverty head-on.

Tackling Poverty Official measures that have been taken to alleviate poverty are clearly demonstrated by recent interventions in the Sector. On inception, the present Administration initiated a Poverty Alleviation Programme known as the State Community Empowerment Programme (SCEP). This was partly in response to the crises that occurred in the state in February and May, 2000 and involved neighbourhood watch, sanitation and community development activiies. About 5000 youths were engaged in the programme.

The SCEP has been reviewed and replaced with a State Poverty Alleviation Programme (SPAP) which is headed by an Honourable Commissioner at the State level and a Coordinator at the Local

Government level. The objectives of the SPAP are to:

Train beneficiaries in skilful ventures and entrepreneurship; Design programmes that will generate mass employment for the youth, women and other vulnerable groups especially in sanitation and community security services; Formulate and review development policies and strategies that will monitor and ensure steady reduction in poverty; Coordinate and harmonise all poverty reduction programmes to facilitate complementarity and eliminate duplication and waste; and Introduce and operate an efficient and viable micro-credit scheme that will ensure sustainable financial support to qualified and eligible individuals and groups, create active cottage industries and stimulate economic activities at the grassroot.

Since inception, SPAP has implemented three micro-credit schemes and a Women Empowerment Programme as follows: 1. A Motorcycle Loan Scheme under

which a total of 1768 units of motorcycles were purchased and distributed to mostly unemployed youth at highly subsidized prices and under favourable terms of repayment;

Poverty redtlcfion

programmes t";!l/ ,'ac11s O!I

e i i ~ r l : r z ! ~ n g tangibio *3!1d

Q:tanycbia

pover:;,~ T11c

{ailer w l i ha

,!>!9;7!~!:.!i ! l y

[/;e ~ $ ; ; , ( ! ~ s of re,':;!obz

gra:;ps,

,\;GO9 3rid

st255 i'!:':;

, rp, , , . , , . ~ .,,# ,... ,

2. A Micro Credit Scheme for Butchers which involved disbursing I450 million to Butchers' Associations all over the state;

3. A Micro Credit Scheme on Transport under which 110 units of fairly used vehicles were purchased at a total cost of about N100 million and sold at highly subsidized rates to beneficiaries; and

4. Women Empowerment Programme which is still being implemented and involves establishing at least one cottage industry for women in each Local Government Area based on availability of raw materials.

In addition to the above, the government also operates the following: 1. Loan Scheme for Civil Servants

(covering housing, motorcycle, motor vehicle and furniture).

2. Industrial Special Trust Fund Loan Schemes for Small and Mediurn Scale Enterprises (SMES)

3. UNDP - Supported Micro Cr~!tlil Scheme operated under a Trwt Ftnttl referred to as the Human Developtrf.'*' Fund.

State Poverty Alleviation Programme (SPAP) Kaduna State Action Plan

Poverty Alleviation Programme (SPAP) Kaduna State

Dept I Targets I Strategies

I I State i Beneliclaries I Tralnlna and

programme Is to engage about 1,300 unemployed youths ard jobless persons (males and females) from all the wards In LGAs into gainful employment.

Actlvitles 1 C o s t (M) I 2006 I 2006 1 2007

Monitorlna of 1 46.800 1 56.160 1 67.392

Skills Acquisition Programme. t To ~rovide bai;ling and empowerment to about 500 number of unemployed youths and jobless persons from all the Local Government Areas in Kaduna State

Acquisition Programme. To provide

engaglh the youth to provide sanitation. security, nelghbourhwd watch and community development services

To collaborate wlth suitable and highly result-oriented NGOs to provide skills and financial support for self- employment

- efficient sanitation programme for all the LGAs

Monttoring of community development projects in all the LGAs

Monitoring of safety of lives and property In all the LGAs nleghbourhood watch and training Receipts and analysis of proposals from NGOs

Negotiation with selected NGOs on terms of engagement

Financial and material support to selected NGOs

, Monitoring and ' evaluation of 1 empowerment of 1 trainees for self-

s;g;~y lndlcator

KDS

To coilabonte Negotiation with I I I I I with suitable selected NGOs NGOs and I In terms of provid them I engagement I 1 1 1 I

suppart to reputable NGOs involved in skllls development and empowerment

with grants for advancement to beneficiaries of thelr products

Finanolal, moral and material support to selected NGOs

Receipts and analpis of proposals from NGOs

Monitoring and evaluatlon of empowerment of tralnees for self- employment and poverty reduction1 alleviation

Kaduna State lndustriaiisation (Special) Trust Fund (KSITF) Action Plan

Dept I Targets 1 Strategies Activities

- Project proposal appraisal - Loan support approval - Project implementation monitoring for enhancement of production and loan repayment

KSlTF Provide 300 ventures with funding support who would each employ an average of 5 people to get an employment target of 1,500 people between 2005

- and 2007

Agency I Indicator

KSlTF Operate a Credit Guarantee Scheme and grant approval for loan support through approved participating banks

C o s t j P I ) 2006

150.0m 2006 1 2007 100.0m 50.0m

Incent ives for Civ i l Servants, 2004-2007

The Government, in demonstrating a clear understanding of the role of Incentives on performance, has provided the following: 1. Upward review of salaries of all Civil

Servants 2. Renovation of Government quarters 3. Motor cycle loans 4. NlOOmillion annual credit scheme to

all categories of Civil servants to cover for housing, furniture, vehicle, motorcycle and bicycle loans; amount to be gradually increased to N500m by 2007.

5. 100% upward review of the Civil Servants Duty Travel Allowances (DTA).

6. A policy called 'Security of Tenure' whereby staff enjoy job security. The policy has allayed the fear of indiscriminate dismissal from office and other related uncertainties about the Civil Service.

7. Mass housing projects which involve establishing about 240 housing units under phases 1 8 2.

The initiatives so far embarked upon will generally be sustained in the coming years but schemes that are perceived as mere government handouts will be discouraged and emphasis will shift to collaboration with NGOs in skill acquisition and empowerment of beneficiaries to make

them self-reliant. A Multi-partner Micro Finance Scheme involving the Federal, State and Local Governments, Commercial Banks, micro-finance institutions and Community Banks will be introduced to make funds available to needy entrepreneurs and also ensure that the loans are transformed into viable and sustainable businesses.

Poverty R e d ~ ~ c t i o n Programme:

Target Reduce poverty by 20% - from 70% in 2005 to 50% in 2007.

Strategies Adopt firm measures to reduce population explosion in collaboration with UNFPA and related Agencies; Implement anticorruption laws and imbibe the Financial Responsibility Act to reduce corruption, promote accountability, financial discipline and transparency; Implement key actions on agriculture, SMEs, health and education; Harmonize loan scheme activities under the Kaduna State Industrialization and Human Development Trust Funds in the State;

Develop and standardize the type and criteria for selecting poverty alleviation beneficiaries;

CHAPTER THREE

REFORMING GOVERNMENT AND ITS INSTITUTIONS

Judiciary I .

Governance

hanging the way Government does things' is a national slogan that is firmiy rooted in

the NEEDS and SEEDS. It is a progressive attempt to change the perception and behavior of the people and practices in Government which have deprived the Civil Service of its professionalism and the people of their rights. Overcoming

Nigeria has been ranked as one of the most corrupt countries of the world, where the misuse of public office and primitive accumulation have been entrenched as an integral part of Government operations. However, the consequences of corruption and other related Public Sector weaknesses are enormous; worst among which are the decline in Civil Service

conuption and financial improprieties are professionalism, lack of accountability, low probably one of the greatest challenges of manpower development, deprivation, these reforms. For many years now,

47

inequitable distribution of resources and KADSEEDS is an expression of a increased poverty. conscious realization that Government's The initiative to change the ways structural and institutional arrangements Government does things through the require urgent transformation.

Public Sec to r Reform

1. Tackling Corruption and Promoting Transparency and Accountability

In the past decade, corruption was practically institutionalized in the operations of Government In Nigeria. This adversely affected the operations of all levels of Government. Societal institutions decayed to an unprecedented extent, as the powerful elites and the colonized opportunities. The process was accompanied by the intimidation of the judiciary, the subversion of due process, the manipulation of existing laws and regulations, the suffocation of the Civil Society and general disregard for the rule of law. Kaduna State, like other parts of Nigeria, experienced its share of these problems.

The corruption quagmire in Nigeria and indeed in Kaduna State was rooted in the failure and virtual collapse of good governance, the non-existence of democratic values, the erosion of procedures for accountability and the prevalence of bad eggs in leadership positions. Waning public confidence in the

State's political and economic institutions promoted a culture of contempt for the rule of law and ultimately a passive tolerance for behavior previously considered abominable.

Given the negative implications of these malpractices on the State's image, growth, and development, the present Administration felt it could not continue to ignore them, particularly as experience has shown that the successful pursuit of a State vision has often been nurtured and advanced by the inculcation of good moral and ethical values in the citizenry.

Since the coming of the democratic dispensation, there has been some measure of improvement on the structural process of governance, thus addressing some of these many negative trends. KADSEEDS envisions a prosperous State that is not only developed economically but also infused with strong moral and ethical values.

A respons;ble and

resporisive

Gor,ernrnent wi;l ivin the

coirfidancn

cocperz!ldn dlid SU);pJlt

cli:s nlicnns

Policy Target Some of the policy targets for minimizing compt practices are:

Inculcating integrity and good citizenship at the individual and corporate levels; Development of disciplined and strong work ethics; Promoting excellent, competitive, creative and innovative service delivery machinery; Enhancing perseverance and visionary thinking as opposed to short-term expediency; Creating an atmosphere for thirst for knowledge, information, and know- how; More commitment to the welfare of vulnerable groups; Creating an identity and pride in the spirit of Kaduna State; Promoting effective participation of Civil Society in Government decision- making and implementation processes; Sustaining effective dissemination of information through the media and Internet.

Strategies Reform, strengthen, and modernize institutions (based on limited intervention of the State on the institutions) whose duty is to promote and enforce compliance. This may

involve working closely with Federal Agencies such as the National Orientation Agency, the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, the Police, Customs, the Judiciary, Prisons, and Immigration, Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) and the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). Expand the State's budgetary process to include Due Process, Budget Monitoring, Price Intelligence Unit (BMPIU) or a similar institution at the State level. Laws aimed at combating corruption and promoting law and order should be strengthened; Stepping up measures to check economic and financial crimes, including making legal provision for the exposure and punishment of unethical behavior, Adopting a formal code of ethics for ail organizations and Sectors, publish a code of ethics to engender transparency in the conduct of Government affairs, and require the disclosure of information; lnstiiutionalising the process of training staff in ethical behavior; Openly rewarding exemplary conduct (such as academic excellence, exposure of fraudulent acts, etc) and sanctioning unethical and unproductive behaviors;

Reforming the bureaucracy through Reforms. The State Government has since monetisation of fringe benefits (Car, ratified substantial parts of the housing, utilities, domestic assistants, recommendations. These among others drivers, etc), redefining and include training and staff development, redesigning processes to reduce performance evaluation and organizational delays, rotating officers and increase review; operational methods, procedures supervision; manuals, financial management, morality Involving Private Sector and Civil in the Civil service, minimization of Society in governance, including corruption and abuse of office and staff participation in checks on the exercise remuneration. This report is precise and of Government power by providing explicit on Civil Service reforms; therefore,

information about Government actions. its full implementation will facilitate the TO complement this effort, achievement of the KADSEEDS goals and

Government should continue to objectives. publish budgets and records of revenue collection and expenditure on the media and Internet; Providing a platform for economic coordination for all Ministries, Agencies and Local Government Areas to avoid the use of discretion in fund allocation and expenditure. Establishing special incentive schemes and measures to improve self-checks and regulation; Government may develop a service delivery charter that will be a watchdog between service providers and beneficiaries:

In addition to the provisions of the Ayida report, the KADSEEDS seeks to right size and possibly down size the Public Sector and increasingly expand Private Sector involvement in the economy. This is because experiences elsewhere have shown that Government is relatively poor in the provision and operation of some goods and services. Government is expected to concentrate In its statutory functions of providing basic Infrastructure, services and security. Under this initiative, the State Government is expected to act as an enabler, a monitor and an evaluator of all

, A~~~~~ and introduce the F~~~~~ prosperous economic investment.

Responsibility Act in the State. 2. Structural Reform

The public Sector reform priorities of The size of Government machinery in

WU)SEEDS conform to the Report Kaduna State is relatively large and has

of the ~~~i~~ panel on the civil Service grown significantly since 1999. Dernocralic

Ti~c?r. ore 19

/;I?? t'.?~lr,z!!;es, 23 1.GAs. 32

Em:r3les and 16 Adrnir;!sfr~!ive

areas. lns : , :ur ion~l

~?!onn is focused to

c::33/3

,::;J7:.'l:l ;.'iCfi 211d cco:C~1:lorl

~ s ~ , ~ / ~ c ! I :;,,7sc au:hcr.i!.?s { I ?

v ~ j y s nrar i i i r c . : c e s

:,?,::\>dl;,.>,? l ! ! d

grass 13ufs deve:o;rnen:.

governance returned to the State when the State's Civil Sewice had just experienced one of the most extensive purges in history. Between 1997 and 1998, the then military government conducted a large- scale retrenchment in an effort to radicalty down size the Civil Service. Though good Intentioned, the reform brought some structural defects in the system while instilling insecurity in the Civil Sewice. In addition, it left behind a huge bill of unsettled claims arising from the misadventure. This was the confused and pathetic state of the Civil Service when the political Administration took over the reigns of power in 1999. Size of the State Civil Service: The State Civil Sewice is currently made up of 19

Ministries, 41 Extra Ministerial Departments and Parastatals and 3 Bureaux manned by 24,564 employees comprised of 15,637 senior staff (on GL 6 - 17) and 5,927 junior staff (on GL 1 - 6). Over 3,000 of these staff were employed between 2000-2004 in the medical/paramedical, education/ academic as well as in the administrative, professional and sub-professional cadres. Apart from the traditional Ministries and Agencies of Government, political exigencies have demanded the introduction of additional structures. For instance, there are at least 300 persons on special duties in Government that operate outside the statutory Ministries and Agencies.

Box 3 . 1 Expansion of the Public S e c t ~ r

In additlon to the employment of new staff, 6 new Parastatals were Created that include Bureau of Religious Affairs (Christians), Bureau of Religious Affairs (Moslem). 9 School Management Boards, Kaduna Public Works Agency (KAPWA). State University and State Emergency Management Agency (SEMA). 7 new Ministries were also put In place; these are Minlstries of Science and Technology. Rural and Community Development, Chleftalncy Affairs, Economic Planning. Envlronment. Youth and Sports, and Culture and Tourism. To some extent, the structure by the Kaduna State Public Service is a reflection of Its Internal political and security peculiarities.

it is clear that the options to employ new staff and to create new Ministries, offices, Parastatals and institutions as a response to poliical peculiarities, security expediencies and other considerations might have broadened the Civil service Sector. Whatever may be the case, there is need to check overlapping functions and redundancy. In the process, capacity of the Civil s e ~ c e is still relatively low, thus, building professionalism in the Civil service should be based on sustainability and proactive structural adjustment.

Kaduna State, like most States in Nigeria, operates a large Public Sector. The data above also indicates that Government is still the major formal employer of labour. However, a careful study of the Civil service manpower status and structures should be carried out in line with the KADSEEDS goals to realign, right- size and professionalise the service.

Structural reform also has to do with manpower development andlor capacity building. Government's commitment to train more than 10% of its work force annually needs to be enacted. Already, a World Bank Capacrty Building and Good Governance Facility of $6m is being negotiated. This project is expected to commence in the first quarter of 2005. It is expected that, within its 5-year tenure. training needs of the Kaduna State Civil

Service would be identified, assessed and addressed. This project is carefully planned to coincide with the introduction of KADSEEDS as it will assist to ensure the I attainment of the objectives of this new development plan. It will also create a Civil Service that can partner with the Private Sector, NGOs, CBOs and donor Agencies to boost economic activity and improve the economic well-being of the citizenry.

Policy Target Reform and transform the Public Sector in line with the Government White Paper on Civil Service Reforms and KADSEEDS specifications, with a view to rapidly reduce poverty, create jobs and wealth and restore dignity of labour, sanctity of life and respect for the rule of law.

S tratey ies Implement the adopted Federal Government White Paper otherwise called Ayida Report on the Review of the Civil Service Reforms; Right size the Public Sector and strengthen institutional professionalism;

Integrate all research and statistics, monitoring and evaluation units across Ministries to the Ministry of Economic Planning;

* Conduct a research on the roles of Agencies and Parastatals, align their functions with key Ministries'

Local au!ilortbos ~:,111 be

encouraged to be less

dependent on Govcmrriont in

trrrns of :inanctng.

objectives, and reduce duplications and number of offices.

Strictly enforce the existing revised offlcial publications in the Civil Service. Make copies of these publications available to all key officers and conduct training on same subject;

Revive manpower development and capacity building of 10% of the Civil

servants annually.

3. Institutional Reforms People understand and appreciate good governance in the ways the State, in recent years, has decentralised the social and economic landscape up to the grassroots through the creation of 32 Emirates/Chiefdoms, 46 Development Areas, etc. The running of Government is therefore currently enjoying a smooth relationship with the Local Government Areas (LGAs), the Development Areas, traditional institutions and CBOs. However, a close examination of the creation of Chiefdoms and Districts shows that the financial and manpower resources required for sustaining the structures are tasking the State's resource base.

Case for Local Government Economic Empowerment and Development Strategies: The 1999 Constitution has defined the statutory functions of LGAs to include maintenance of local roads,

markets, motor parks, sewage, primary education, health, agriculture. They are also empowered to partake in traditional and commercial activities. In the bid to minimize wastages and functional duplications, KADSEEDS provides for streamlining and harmonizing the activities of State and Local Governments. Specifically, special interest will be directed towards streamlining LGAs salary and pension schemes, unifying accounting, auditing, due process and all other accounting matters, coordination of economic planning, revenue generation and budget implementation. To this end, it has become imperative for the State to arrange a sensitization process whereby Local Government Councils can imbibe the new philosophy in planning and implementation of relevant poverty- reducing programmes

The fact that all grass-roots institutions draw more than 95% of their revenue from the National and State coffers, and their activities are closely interlocked with those of the line Ministries creates a need to enhance better understanding and coordination between the State and these bodies. Local institutions under the KADSEEDS arrangement are considered to be major implementation partners particularly in the areas of primary education, health and mass mobilization.

These local institutions should be brought on board to accelerate development. The Local Governments, Development Areas and Traditional Councils (which draw directly or indirectly from the statutory allocations as well as exercise power of revenue generation) should establish development planslstrategies akin to KADSEEDS. This will enforce accountability and promote good governance at the grassroots level. The ultimate objective of poverty reduction and ensuring general welfare and progress can be enhanced if development strategies are harmonized across the tiers and among the arms of Government. The establishment of Local Government Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (LEEDS) will be one bold step in achieving the State's development agenda in the near future.

The Ministry of Local Government Affairs is the link organ between the State and the LGAs and should establish machinery for carrying out this activity to achieve the goals of KADSEEDS.

The Ministry of Chieftaincy Affairs was created as a response to demands for the creation of additional Emirates and Chiefdoms. The Ministry is preoccupled with the consolidation of new Emirates and Chiefdoms and stabilization of other related traditional institutions. The roles ol the Ministry also enhance maintenance of law and order, promotion of peacef~~l coexistence, culture, and tourism and boundary clarification between tmditioi::,l institutions.

The Ministries of Local Governm.?nt i l i t ~ !

Chieftaincy Affairs are the focal ag?nts ',.: implementing most aspects o1 tha institutional reforms.

KADSEEDS infends to make

opbmal use of all Lccal ins(ifu!ions

by build~ng P~ttnership for

imvet:; reiii!ction 2: ' I ;idve:s so as

:3 iil,niin;zo tile

!oi:g s:anding pr~~b len ls of

o:~?::c;!iz!is as ..a!( < , - , I ?ra!::<~Io

g;?.?s roots ;.?!sc:?;r;on 1n

!.'~?:~elopr!ii.rrt dt.c,s:o;~s,

-. ,. . ,. >,.n~?!!:~?rvo[j

a'?: ;noIl!!o!,nG ::u! concern

t1;om

Local Government Action Plan - - . . " " , . -.-

I LGAs I I I I I I I Build Local Resaarch Purchase 1 Govt Data analvses and 5Nos. I dat.storage compufers. I 2No. I I I ILocaiGovt I

Agency

State Govt. via Mln. for Local Govt.

I Areas ' I I culvert. 1 I I I I

lndlcator '

Number of ration machines provlded

Adlvlties

Purchase of radio message machine & maintenance

Dept 1 Targets

FacllRate effective communication between 23

Improvement of the living conditions of Development

Strategies

Purchase and Supply

2007 0.5m

C o s t ( U 2006

Capital grant to Development Areas

2008 1.2m

equipments Renovation of primary schools, c o n s t ~ t i o n of

552.0m - - I

Ministry, State Govt., LGAs, NGOs And Donors

Dept.

- Bound. Matters

- Chief- taincy Affairs

Chieftaincy Affairs' Action Plan - - -

I I I MlEl ; Targets Strategies Actlvitles Cost (N)

In Millilons I

I

To resolve all inter reconciliatory Consultative meeting and Intra- meetings to with parties lnvolved In boundary dlsputes solve Inter boundary disputes wlthin various and intra- Emirates dlsputes /Chiefdoms between particularly the emirateslchief newly created doms ones To produce to liaise with adminlstrative Mlnlstry of maps showing land and clear cut survey boundaries between Me Emirates/ Chiefdoms , districts and

update laws Ministry of relating to Lands and boundary and Survey

contemporary I . . realties To demarcate important cattle routes In all the LGAs to reduce conflicts between cattle rearers and

Royal Highnesses through the chairman, Councii of

farmers

on disputs reconciilatory relating to matters meetings, and of inheritance. enlightenment boundary demarcation etc.

4. Economic Planning, Cooperation and Coordination

The instrument establishing the Ministry of Economic Planning provides that the Ministry shall be responsible for the preparation, implementation, monitoring and coordinating of all development programs and budgeting In the State. It also plans the manpower development and coordinates all forms of foreign assistances to the State. The Ministry serves as the think tank and provides statistical data for plannlng purposes.

Over time the Ministry's capacity to perform these duties effectively has been eroded as a result of rapid depletion of staff and inadequate training and experience of the few existing staff. The Ministry is currently faced with new challenges in the areas of coordinating the preparation and effective implementation of the KADSEEDS and capacity building of the Civil service.

One cardinal objective of the Ministry under KADSEEDS is to srtenghthen its institutional capacity to enable it perform its coordinating, monitoring and evaluation roles more effectively. The enhancement of the Ministry's effectiveness will impact on general performance of the service and bring the benefits of good governance to the entire citizenry.

The Ministry is working closelywith donor agencles on numerous poverfy eradication and wealth creation programmes. The impact of the interventions of UNICEF, UNDP (undt!r Human Development fund), the NIqF and others is being visibly felt in thr: beftiting communities. Thesi? programmes will be enforc~d nr111 replicated in other communities metw.. 2005 - 2007.

Economic Planning Action Plan

Dept I Targets I Strategies I Actlvlties

Int'nal Coop Dept

Agency 1 lndlcator

Dept of International Cooperatlon

Ministry of Economic Planning

Dept, of International Cooperation

Ministry of Economic Planning

2006 0.3m

1 .Om

0.2171

0.5m

Harmonize 8 streamline donor support

increase capacity buildlng

Creating more units

Resuscitate State Committee on Food 8 Nutrition (SCFN)

Cost N 2008 0.5m

2.5m

0.3rn

1 .Om

2007 0.055

m

2.5m

0.3m

1.0m

Create a unit to deal with all donor Agencies

Set up Committees

Creating the loans 8 Manpower units

Cali meeting by inviting members

Compilation cd ail donor Agencies in the State, types 8 donations received

Setting up 8 inauguration d t h e State Manpower Committees

tiaising with Ministry of Finance on all loans received in the State

Contlnuous meetings & vist to UNICEF COLNISA projects

Budget Dept

Preparatlon of annual Budget and budget documents

Analydr or advanced proposals bilateral discussloris

Mlnlstrles/Para statale and final

with the State Legislature

Preparatlon ' Sept. - Dec : Production ' Jan. - March

7 Om 7 Om Dlrector of Budget

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5. Fiscal Policy and Operations Budget: As has been the practice In Kaduna State in the past, KADSEEDS will ensure that budget processes will continue to be participatory to improve the agencies of Government, the Local Governments and the communities.

Under the new arrangement, the State will have a balanced budget. This means that anticipated expenditure must be kept at the level of anticipated income. Deficit budgeting will continue to be discouraged. Hence as much as possible, realistic forecast of revenue must be made. Blowing up anticipated revenue as has been practiced will not be accepted.

While the key challenge is to tailor Government spending toward striking equilibrium with revenue, spending will continue to be in line with predetermined priorities. Keeping revenue and expenditure at equilibrium also requires accurate prediction of resources and their efficient utiiization on viable programmes.

between 1999 and 2003. Of this amount, Statutory Allocation from federation Account and Value Added Tax account for 76.42% and Statutory Allocation alone accounts for 66.41%. The internal revenue effort of the State Government only accounted for 8.82%. This shows a very high dependence of the State on Federal sources, most especially on the Federation Account, for the financing of its programmes. This makes the State highly vulnerable to the exigencies of Federal politics and to instability in the National economy. In other words, its fiscal and budgetary operations are subservient and cannot function without the Federal oil revenue allocation. The Kaduna State Revenue Board collection targets are always in deficit, showing that the mechanisms require improvement. The factors militating against maximum performance by revenue collection agencies are being looked into by a high powered committee. The implementation of the committee's report will enable the State achieve its target of raising internally generated revenue from N2.5m in 2004 to

W.5m by 2007. Revenue Generation: The Kaduna State Government realized a total of N77,109,246,838.97 from various sources

Figure 3.0

Pattern of Revenue Collection (2000-2003)

Expected Collected Shortfalls

Source: M i n i r l ~ of Finance (see revenue proJec(ion for 2005-2007 In Chap!er 7)

Some specific revenue collection challenges in Kaduna State are: a. Lack of adequate information on

taxpayers: this is because the tax payers are not willing to come forward and declare their actual income.

b. Lack of cooperation from the tax payers: Many Nigerians do not feel accountable to Government and its cause; therefore they do not consider the payment of tax as a civic obligation. There is also an observed lack of patriotism by some well-to-do indi~iduals who outrightly refuse to pay tax despite being the highest beneficiary of Government patronage.

c. Some eligible tax payers do not pay tax because of misinformation - they do not understand the logic and usefulness of taxation, so they resist any efforts to be taxed.

d. Lack of tax uniformity: Virtually, most tax payers believe that they are unfairly levied. There are no standard structures and modalities for levying tax in Nigeria, and the problem has created distrust between collectors and payers.

e. Complexity of the tax system - Due to lack of adequate publicity of the tax system in Nigeria, the public Is of the view that the tax system is difficult to

understand. Many tax payers cannot distinguish between PAYE, WHT & VAT while the concept of mubple taxation or double taxation is vague to them.

f. Inadequate capacity: Tax collectors are often not composed; some of them have low educational background and lack the basic knowledge and techniques to communicate. Tax collectors should be professionally equipped and friendly; On the contrary, some of them are very aggressive and boastful, thereby putting the tax payer on the defensive.

In addition to these challenges, the structure of the tax system is overwhelmed by indirect taxes. Atthough these taxes are generally retrogressive, the high rate of evasion of direct taxes attributed mainly to poor data about people and sources of income (as a result of large informal Sectors) makes indirect taxes attractive. The State is also exploring the possibility of collecting user charges on infrastructure and some social services. Income tax system in the State is also poorly coordinated (individual and corporate, including withholding taxes) resulting in asituation whereby community tax is not being collected.

to minimize heavy dependence on statutory allocation from the Federation Account or borrowing. To this end the structure of the tax system, collection methods and coordination of tax administration are being reviewed and wil continue to be the focus of tax reforms in the State.

Expenditure On the expenditure side, the State Government has spent a total of N93,898,577,900.43 between 1999 and 2003. Out of this, 58.24% has been spent on recurrent services while 42.76% has been on capital projects. Viewed against the ratio of 60.40 which is recommended (in NEEDS) between recurrent and capital expenditures to allow room for some development to occur, the State seems to have done well on the whole as figure 3.1show a ratio of about 58:42.

The share of capital expenditure however, rose to 65% in 1998 and remained above the 40% mark up to 2001. It then dropped to 35% in 2002 and 25% in 2003.This trend is informed by Government's efforts to service its debts which were taken to finance capital projects. In real sense therefore, the CapitaVRecunent expenditure ratio still remained within the range of 60:40.

The State Government is gearing up its effort to improve its revenue drive in order

Ratlo of Capital to Recurrent Expenditures (1886-2005)

Source: Ministry of Emnomlc Planning

The high ratios of capital expenditure in 2000 and 2001 suggest that much of the boost realized in receipts from Federation Account Allocation since the take-over from the Military was initially ploughed mainly into the implementation of capital projects. Since then, however, recurrent expenditure has been expanding rapidly. Between 1999 and 2001, both recunent and capital expenditure curves rose sharply and the gap between the two has been widening. The growth in recurrent expenditure was as a result of internal debt servicing taken for the implementation of capital projects. The policy of the State in

introducing Contractor Finance in implementing numerous capital projects has enabled it to provide a number of development projects.

For 2002 and 2003 a lot of the expenditure, which might not have gone as capital expenditure for new projects, was however expenditure to pay for capital projects executed in previous years.

There are gaps between budget estimates and actual revenue generating capacity as earlier mentioned. There has always been some shortfall between actual revenue

generation and the size of the budget. A possible explanation for this is that under democracy, the people express their desires more openly to the Government and the Government in turn more responsive to the pressures emanating from these demands. The effort to justify itself to the people and to balance political pressures tends to make the Government over-ambiiious and hence the difficulty to balance its budgets. It is necessary to limit Government budgets to more realistic expectations of resource inflow and hence to make the budgets more balanced.

The analysis so far has drawn attention to the need to curtail recurrent expenditure and allow sufficient room for an acceptable level of Government investment to occur. One area that is often targeted when the need for such curtailment arises is personnel costs. A look at the experience when this was last done on a large scale in Kaduna State, however, suggests that curtailing personnel costs by reducing the number of workers may not achieve the objective of reducing recurrent expenditure. Rather, it may increase it if appropriate precautions are not adopted.

I>L;Z.~ on:! CpY: M.:n;?j~fi:~;n! Kaduna State internal and external loans profile stands at 2.9Billion and 1.8Billion respectively. Its Public debt repayment stands at 5.9billion in 2003. This in real

sense represents expenditure in capital projects. However, the State meets its obligation on both short term and long-term debts.

Policy Targets Phase out incremental budgeting - base budgeting and expenditure on KADSEEDS targets and strategies; Pursue Balanced Budget and avoid deficit budgeting; Maintain a more orderly and disciplined budget formulation process that corrects the numerous sources of extra budgetary expenditure; Increase internal revenue collection from N2.5 billion to N4.5 billion by 2007; lmprove the process of revenue projection, collection and acccunting; Develop structures and better techniques for tax collection and accounting; Enforce budget-base expenditure; Maintain the capital-recurrent expenditure ratio at 60:40 up to 2007; Reduce the role of Government in direct production of goods and services; Strengthen facilitation and regulatory functions of Government; lmprove financial record keeping, usage and dissemination through information technology;

Institutionalize the coordination of financial expenditure of all Ministries, Agencies and Local Government Areas; Provide coherent strategies to reduce and manage fiscal deficl.

-ategies Base all subsequent budgets from 2005 projections on KADSEEDS programmes and projects; Strengthen Agencies that regulate Public Sector financial expenditures; Train all budgetary and treasury staff on the computerization of budgetary system; Strengthen and ensure compliance of the procurement process; Establish inter-Governmental fiscal coordination based on fiscal responsibility initiative; Systematically train all staff of Revenue Board and other revenue generating agencies on enhanced collection techniques. Set a Committee to expand andlor improve on revenue generation sources. Revamp, restructure and strengthen collection system. Committee should come up with set levels to collect which tax and how in order to avoid multiplicity of taxes and conflicting methods of collection; Ensure that the ' Fund Allocation Committee functions as intended so

also the Estimates Committee and Plan lmplementatlon Committee; Set or re-enforce expenditure ceilings for Public Sector Ministries and Agencies to conform to available revenue; Strengthen the Debt Management Office to conform to the National Debt Management Office (DMO) guidelines; Studies to strengthen existing and identify new revenue sources will be encouraged e.g. exploration of mineral resources.

g. Administration of Justice and Human Rights

The State's Ministry of Justice is responsible for upholding due respect and observance of the rule of law, which is a sinequa-non to successful governance, particularly in a democratic system. W S E E D S seeks to sustain a just and egalitarian Society where the citizens and the State are protected and respected within the framework of the Constitution and Kaduna State Laws and Regulations. Due compliance with the law in the pursuit of official responsibility is a central prerequisite for achieving KADSEEDS goal.

Other major stakeholders in the administration of justice are the Police, Courts, Prison Services, Private legal practitioners, the Legal Aid Council and the

Legislature. The effective pursuit of justice hangs on how human rights can be achieved through the cooperation of these organs. One challenge of the justice system is the need to review and modernize existing laws and practices to conform to realities on ground. The law review process will be strengthened and the entire justice system re-oriented to provide justice as the public expects and demands.

Targets Maintain a crime free Society; Increase citizens and Government satisfaction of quality and timely justice delhery;

Reduce by half the average time between a reported offence and judgment; Promotion of women's rights from domestic and other related abuses.

Strafegies Build capacity through the ernploymerlt of 30 additional lawyers and 811% training of the existing ones by 2007; Provision of necessary equipment fq r

effective dispensation of duties: Develop cooperation ! etw~:,' 1 ,

administrative stakeholders oi jus' and human r~ghts.

Justice Action Plan - - - - - -.-- - -- %-, . --

Justice I justice I requirement I I I I I Justice I time riqulred with a view to to administer ensuring Justice

arraignment and diligent prosecution of I I

Dept

Ministry of

2,132,754 00

improve on the mathod of law review through the introduction and use of information

Targets

Quick dispensation of

To adopt technological method of producing legal dccuments

technoioty I

Agency

Ministry of

Ensure - comprehensive record keeping and retrlevai of Laws through the w e of electronic

Strategies

To strengthen the manpower

Indicator '

improvement ' in length of

case3 Enlarging the existing unit and co- ordinatlng its activities with that of the Law Reform Secretariat

Activities

Recnritment of additional staff

equipment

Purchase of additional computers (Hardware & software) and other relevant office

Training and Re-training the relevant staff

- - - ~ ~ ~

I equipment I I I I I I I I Make1ustke I To establish 1 Enlightenins i - i 2,OW.OW 1 2.000,OW 1

-

easliy. accessible to the wmrnon man

the department for the protection of indigent c l i ens rlghts

2,000,000

the public the activities of Me department through confidence buildlng programmes

3,OW,OW Ministry of Justice

Quality legislature and legal document

To reduce the workload on regular courts through the introdudlon of Aternative Dispute Resosolute mechanism

To give effect to the decisions of the Publlc Complaints Commlsssion (Ombudsman)

Encourage aggrieved persons to seek redress through the public defenders unit of the Ministry

I Effective I b i i i n with existing civil ilberty organisations and other NGOs Constitlute and fund arbnratlon committees

Educate the public on their rights of electrion to submit to the decision of the arbitration committees

Amend all relevant legislations to make the decision of the arbtratlon committees binding on the

I I I partiei I I I I I I To provide a I To 1 C o m t ~ c t 5 I 10,WO.WO ( lO,WO,WO 1

conducive accommodate more offices /22;~;fmI:LE0fthel / I I I 1

out thek day to I day actlviti& ( I I I I I I ( To ensure I To povlde I The provision 1 ( 7,000,000 1 7,000,000 (

I I I branches I I 1 I I

proper custody of properties

I current Law Books. Law I I I I I

space for attached peroperties

of 3 stores for the Rent Tribunals for the Hlquarters andoneeach for the

7. Information, Communication and Participation

One of the attributes of good governance is effective communication and information dissemination to all citizens. In this way stakeholders can participate in the decision making and implementation of development programs especially those that concern them. Participation enables citizens to contribute effectively to the determination of objectives of Government thereby holding Government accountable for the delivery of the objectives.

. -. - . - -..

Effective communication and participation are firmly rooted in the KADSEEDS whereby information on issues of governance are made available to the Public at all times. Sirnilariy, Government is also able to hear the voice of its citizens through constructive criticisms.

This task is to be carried out by all stakeholders but especially the media and NGOs. The Government intends to entrench these cultures in Government by empowering the media to transmit relevant information on the performance of KADSEEDS.

To enhance quick and sfflclent services

Target

Raise advocacy on good governance though the radio, television and papers Create and sustain a Kaduna State

website by 2005 and publish all KADSEEDS programme regularly.

4,000,003

The details on how these can be achieved through the activities of Ministry of information and home affairs are contained in the matrix below:

Provision of omce equipment

Reports, Jornels etc Purchae of photocopiem, etc.

5,003,000 5,000,000

KSMC

KSMC

5.00

13,088,

KSMC

To provide lor about 80% stabilrty in transmkslon of FM and URBAN TV channels.

To have a TV

15.00

25.00

10.0 Channel for Commercial Broadcasting to finance our operations competing effectively with other urban and satellite channels.

To ensure the sustenance of

Upgrading

Install and

Purchase of power generating plants or high tension supply of Rabah Road from 11KVtoa more reliable 33KV and provision of 11 KV supply to Kulena TV studios currently on domestlc supply.

Supply and installation of 33/0.415KV Transformer at KSMC Rabah Road and the relocation of the 11/0.415KV Transformer to Kufena TV House Supply and

-

15.00

8.7 operate from Kaduna a small UHF Television Transmitter to cover the metropolis and environs. Make programmemlng and content highly attractive to advertisers.

Install a Digital FM transmitter

Mlnlstry of lnforrnatlon

Englneering Departments Radio and TV.

Engineering Installation of a 2.5KW Upgradeable UHF Television Transmitter. PIE and Feed Lines. Mast modification. renovation of transmitter room and training Supply and Installation of

5,253,9 90

259

20.0 20.0

Department, TV

Engineering Department.

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CHAPTER FOUR

INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES

Ho\ 1.0 Focal and lmplcmenting Agencies

I N March 2004, the Office of Public Sewices Reform (OPSR), United Kingdom, conducted a study on

Public service delivery in Nigeria. The outcomes concluded that Public services in Nigeria are not serving the people well; they are inaccessible, poor in quality and indifferent to customer or beneficiary needs. The road map for improved Public service delivery under NEEDS and SEEDS lends to the OPSR findings.

The absence andlor dearth of efficient service delivery across Sectors in Kaduna State is simply an echo of a national problem spurred by conuption, large Public

Sector operations and subsequent disincentive for Private Sector initiatives. State resources are often pressured by large structures that result in inadequatt! funding. Institutionally, arrangement:; to supervise or monitor Sector performance and accountability are sometimes weak of nowexistent.

Due to these conditions, services acros:i board are not meeting the yearnings of thc! people well. Services such as water ant1 electricity supply, hospital and educatiot~ are epileptic and inaccessible if they exist Providers are often insensltive t r l

beneficiaries needs, and mistake thei

responsibility and mandate to provide efficient services with rendering favour to beneficiaries.

There is also the problem of getting 'value for money' especially from Government- dominated paid services. For instance, how much money should it cost a customer to obtain an efficient supply of water or electricity? Very often, service delivery is not cost driven and the welfare of customers is left to the caprices of providers. There are practically no methodologies for understanding the interface between cost and efficiency and for measuring performances. These and other related problems have consislently worsened social and Private service delivery. Many would like to see 'well-equipped hospitals manned by dedicated and

compassionate doctors and nurses that respond to patients in a professional, orderly and prompt manner; the prison yards wear decent looks and the courts adjudicate cases fairly and promptly; teachers and pupils are enthusiastic to attend school because adequate incentives are put in place; graduates are able to put their knowledge to use; farmers are benefiting from agricultural programmes; general order and efficient supply o l services across Ministries and Agencies with well-defined linkages. This is the sort of vision that the KADSEEDS advances towards Sector d~veloprnent.

KADSEEDS intends to minimize these challenges by inducing a positive :;ystemic change in Public Sector service delivery i r l ways that will win people's respf!ct ai,!t

confidence.

EDUCATION

I t is a universally accepted fact that education is the storehouse of wealth as

well as the bridge between poverty and prosperity. This fact has informed Kaduna State Government's huge investment in the education sub-sector which stood at M.9 billion in 2003 and N3.9 billion in 2004. This investment is already making a positive impact on the school system especially in the areas of staffing, renovation of dilapidated school infrastructure and the provision of additional buildings, teaching materials and quality of the products.

Kaduna State is not only among the largest states but is strategically located and hence attracts people from all over the Federation who have chosen it as a second home. As a result of the above facts, the demand by the general public for educational opportunities and other facilities provided by the government is consistently on the high side. The education sector, in particular, has been

under pressure for more of its services which can be addressed through increased funding.

The broad aim of education is to train and develop the individual to be useful to himself and to the society. The introduction of a pre-vocational curriculum in the earty 1980s at the Junior Secondary School level was intended to meet this need of self-reliance. Unfortunately, inadequate funding of education during the last tv~o decades led to the poor implementation of the scheme. The schools have been left with only one option: a pre-occupation in training for grammar school education and the passing of examinations for certification. The Kaduna State Econo~r~ic Empowerment Development Strategy ail!:$ at putting in place programmes rutti

strategies that will bring about a posttfe intervention through schooling and mabt:rj its outcome more meaningful and relev to the society.

The Current Status of Education in Kaduna State

The State had 2,842 public Primary and Enrobnent 286 secondary schools in the year 2004. The Kaduna State government gives high There has been an Increase of private priority to the development of education participation in the Education sector, from especially in the areas of infrastructure 1990-2004 over 135 private schools were expansion, rehabilitation, reconstruction, registered in the state. It is also observed renovation and provision of equipment and that with the introduction of the Universal manpower. This accounts for the relatively Basic Education scheme (UBE), there is huge budgetary allocation to the Ministry. heightened demand for education by the But the output in terms of quality of various communities as evidenced by the education, measured by teacher-student establishment and management of primary ratio and examination results are still schools by some communities in the state. worrisome. This is indeed a positive development as the pressure on public schools may be reduced through the process.

Table 4.0 Trend in Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), znd Completion Rate ill Priinary Schools 1999 - 2004

Source: Wtnislry of education 2004

80

% COMPLETED

85

86

81

88

90

86

YEARS

199811 999

1999/2000

2000/2001

2001/2002

2002/2003

2003/2004

ACTUAL ENROLMENT CLASS I - 6

639195

841 569

795573

843634

763747

916496

CLASS OF ENROLMENT

89454

1 18369

65675

76337

70694

84833

There has been a steep increase in primary School enrolment in the State since the introduction of the Universal Basic Education Scheme (UBE) but the percentage of female enrolment is still low. Only 29% of female children were enrolled into primary schools in the past 6 years. Cukural beliefs and poverty might have contributed to the low rate of female child enrolment in the schools. The table above suggests that about 56% of school aged children were out of school in 200312004 session. This number is high and may threaten the future of education in the State if concerted efforts are not taken to reverse the trend. Though primary school

Table 4.1 Condition of Prirnary Schools Fac~lities

Actual Enrolment 795573 843634 Teachers Available 18824 17693 Additional Teachers 1065 3398 Needed Class in Good 5866 61 59 Condition Additional 14023 14932 Classrooms Needed

completion is high, there is a need to raise this level to 100%.

Educational facilities and Teachers The table below provides useful information on the condition of classrooms and teachers at the primary school level. The available facilities are overstretched.

For a sound and quality education, the schools must be provided with qualified and adequate number of teachers. Presently in some local governments like Giwa, and BIGwari, the teacher-pupils ratio is 1.93 and 1:91 respectively.

Source: Mnislry of education (see projections and more details in appendix)

200312004

916496 20115

2797

66%

16262

200412006

939408 2061 8

2867

681 6

16669

Project 2008

962894 21133

2939

6987

17089

Projection 2006

986966 21 682 301 2

7161

17513

Apart from the enormous shortage of classrooms the table also clearly shows the number of additional teachers required to match the growing enrolment. Secondary ScRool Enrolnlent: Secondary school enrolment records show that, 39% of children aged between 12-18 years were enrolled into Secondary Schools in 200312004 session. This percentage is lower than that of the primary school and suggests that about 61% of this category of children are out of school, There are also indications that progressive enrolment from primary to secondary and secondary to tertiary is low and many children drop out of school when they complete primary and Junior

Secondary Schools, lnspite of this the schools are pressured with a 'large demand' for educational services. This indicates that available facilities (especially classrooms and teachers) to cater for current number of pupils and students are in short supply.

The state is currently faced with high number of primary school leavers wanting to move to secondary schools. This leads to over-admission and large population of students in the secondary schools. Consequently this situation leads to poor performance in the schools because the facilities are overstretched.

Table 4.2 Enrollnent in Publ~c Post Primary Schools by Local Government Areas as at 200312004 Sessiori

SIN0

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Teachers No. of Schools

7 15 12 16 6

10 15 17 22 15

LGA

BiGwarl Chikun Giwa lgabl lkan Jaba Jema'a Kachia Kaduna Nolth Kaduna South

M 46

265 109 106 81

193 31 6 21 7 759 353

F

1 93 17 25 5

24 103 24

323 151

Enrolment

M 2520 981 3 4892 6638 3424 61 83

12482 8805

22829 11 688

F

394 31 31 1503 1 568 46 1

2368 2905 2433 8440 6242

Source: Minislry of Education. Ksduna Slate

Contribution o f Different Sectors to

Secondary Edi~cation: There were 284 public secondary schools in the year 2003/2004 with a total enrolment of over 244,286 students. Data available in the State Ministry of Education indicates that over 90% of children in Kaduna State are enrolled in public secondary schools. Only 10% attend private schools.

21 15 91 6 6 6

18 3

78 10 8

76 76

1,405

Number o f Teachers arid Teacher- Student Ratio in Secondary Schools: An inventory of the number of teachers in public schools in the year 2004 indicates a total of 5,976 teachers serving in 284 Secondary Schools. Women represent about 25% of the secondary school teachers in the State. With a total enrolment of 244,286 the Teacher-Student ratio in the State is 1:56 for Arts subjects.

The situation is more critical for mathematics and physics with a teacher- student ratio, of 1:268 and 1:396 respectively.

8680 4975

11 084 5251 1173 3745 7353 2096

13607 6328 31 87

12144 12144

187,251

12 9

11 9 3 9

16 6

14 12 6

26 16

284

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Access to Highcr Educalior?. Kaduna State is indeed one of the most privileged States in Nigeria in terms of number and variety of tertiary institutions. With over 13 different types of tertiary Institutions including one of the largest Universities in Africa, i.e the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, indigenes of the State with relevant entry qualifications ought to have more access to tertiary institutions than most of their counterparts from other States. However due to high demand for tertiary education many qualified indigenes are unable to gain admission into these institutions.

Kagarko Kajuw Kaura Kauru Kudan Kubau Lere Makam SIGarl Sanga Soba UKataf Zaria

TOTAL

2049 1092 2961 931 134

1089 1327 222

5707 1707 1311 1807 1807

57,036

105 103 31 0 96 22 81

193 34

292 86 94

31 9 31 9

6,262

The Kaduna State government has therefore established a State University, to provide more opportunities for its indigenes. Data on enrolment of Kaduna State Indigenes in higher institutions of learning is estimated at 45,000 as at 2004.

Access to Alfernative Education: In addition to a number of Federal, State and privately owned Institutions, the State has a total of twelve Business Apprenticeship Training Centres (BATCs) in different locations. Women Training Centres are also established by the State and Local Government Councils to promote women empowerment and development. A total of 23 of such centres, one in each of the LGAs are being operated in the State. Skill Development Centres are also being established by private organizations, individuals and Non Governmental Organizations. Trades and vocational centers established by the National Poverty Alleviation Programme and other State Parastatals to improve skills among women and youth also provide access to other forms of education.

Enrolment into lslarniyya Schools: Another form of access to education that is rapidly progressing in the state is the women and children lslarniyya Schools. They are supported and monitored for the benefit of the State. Data on the number. type and enrolment into the lslamiyya

Schools was not readily available. However, information from the State profile (1999 to 2003) indicates a general increase in total enrolment and number o l schools established. In nearly all cases, enrolment into the lslamiyya Schools favour females more than males.

Mass Literacy Centres In an effort to increase the literacy level, the State, Agency for Mass Literacy has facilitated the establishment and registration of over 1,278 literacy centres as part of its efforts towards promoting mass literacy across the country. Over 70% of the 1,279 centres are run by the Agency and Local Government Councils. Effort is being made to obtain current information on the enrolment because different organizations handle their programmes individually. However, the Agency for Mass Literacy is working out modalities for the coordination of all the groups and programmes being carried out in the State.

Nomadic Education. Sequel to the government intensive campaign on the value of education, and expansion of the facilities all over the stat*. the children of Nomads are increasingli. patronizing the schools as shown b-:low.

Table 4.3 Statistics on Nomadic Schools

Quality of Educatiorl The quality of learning at any level is the bedrock of the educational system. Infact; educational policies are fashioned with the ultimate goal to improve its quality and relevance to the society. Between 1999- 2003 the government introduced a number of policies, programmes and projects in order to improve the educational system and achieve qual~ty services in the sector. Among other things Teacher's salaries are paid promptly and regular promotions are carried out. These efforts impacted positively on teaching and learning in the school system.

Year

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

The dividends of the huge investment in education may not be visibly evident immediately through activities like the performance of students in both internal and external examinations. This is because investment in education is a long term venture and takes time to manifest. Already, more teachers are being recruited and posted to schools to handle the curriculum. The improved teaching environment facilitated by Government intervention has greatly changed the physical otrtiook of many of the schools and enhanced teaching and learning.

No. of Schools I E n r o l m e n t

Total

1,100 6,183 9,129

10,013 10,013 20,000

36 51 95

102 111 120

M 645

3,538 5,104 5,597 5,597

1 1,346

F 455

2,645 4,025 4,416 4,416 8,654

Table 4.4 Students' Performance i!) NECOISSCE Exams

Lfajor Constraints

8 lnadequate qualified manpower for teaching and learning activities in our schools; Limited and unconducive office accommodation in the schools; Increased enrolment particularly in h e urban and semi-urban areas; Shortage of classroom facilities and infrastructures at all levels of education; Lack of specialist rooms i.e Science Laboratories. Libraries and Workshops with the necessary equipment etc.; Some Parastatals and institutions lack vehicles for logistics; lnadequate funds for parastatals and institutions to carry out projects and maintain existing ones;

Year

199912000 200012001 2001 12002 2002l2003

lnadequate teachingllearning materials (textbooks, equipment, teaching aids, computers etc) in the schools; Outdated textbooks and materials in public and school libraries;

8 Shortage of ofice accommodation for

No. of Students with 5 Credits [+ Maths 8 English (NECO)]

the lnspectorate Divisions.

3,579 1,931 1,820 2,078

Targets Raise girl-child primary school enrolment from 29% in 2004 to 50% in 2007;

14.80 8.71 9.12 8.07

Raise overall primary school enrolment from 50% to 80% in 2007; . Improve teacher pupil ratio in areas like Giwa & BlGwari LGA to 1 5 0 by 2007; Raise primary school completion rate from 86% in 2004 to 100% in 2007;

Education Action plan

I

INDICATOR ! i

I

I

. ? :.{ , i

I ' ?

1 i

t ! !

AGENCIES

SPEB

SPEB

SPEB

JiCA Project

UBE World Bank Project

UBE World Bank project

E.T.F.

SPEB

SPEB

SPEB

ACTIVITIES

a) Construct 1200 dassrooms In the new primary schools

b) Construct 600 ciassrooms In the existing schools

c) Sensitization, moMllzation, workshop. awareness campaign for traditional/religious leaders

d) Construction of 265 new classrooms

e) Construction of 295 new classrooms in existing schools in 6 LGAs

I) Renovation of 279 c l a~~ rooms

g) Construction of 171 classrooms in the existing primary schools

h) Renovation of 840 classrooms

i) Suppiy of 7500 3- seater combined desks

j) Supply of 4200 No. of teachers tables and

STRATEGIES

a) Construct 600 new primary schools

b) Expansion d existing schools

c) Advocacy

d) Japanese International Opsratlon Agency (JICA)

e) UBEMlorld Bank assisted P o l s t

f) Renovation

g) Expansion of existing primary schools

h) Renovation of classrooms

i) Provision of dassroorn furnaure

j) Provislon of Teachers deskslchairs

2007 450,000,000

300,000,000

2,000,000

-

99,969,340

46.81 5,610

57,500,000

140,000,000

20,000,000

14,000,000

2006 -

-

-

-

99,969,340

46,615,610

57,500,000

140,000,000

20,000,000

14,000,000

'rimary .ducation

COST (U)

2006 300,000,000

150,000,000

2,OW,OW

327,170,170

99,969,340

46,815,610

57,500,000

140,000,000

20,000,000

14.W0.000

TARGETS

Raise overall primary schools enrolment from 50 to 80% in 2007 (I.@. 1,197,445)

Ralse glrl child school enrolment from 29% In 2004 to 40% by m07

To reduce teacher - pupll ratio from 1:101 to 1 :SO in LGAs with hl h ratics Ralse 4 cmpletion 1 z r m

from primary to junior secondary school from 65% to 100% (1.e. 84.833) by 2007

a) Advocacy

b) Provlslon of toilets fw both bays and girls a) Recrulment of more teachers

teachers and provision of faclllles

b) Provision of essential textbooks to match 1:l ratlo

c)Malnstreamlng HIVIAIDS Into the cunkulum modulw a)Establlshment d more JSS by Government to accommodate UBE poducts

b) Expansion d existing schools

c) Recruitment , d teachers for

I l l I I be reculted to serve as rde models

i i ! f i

Purchase of textbooks In the 4 core subjects

SPEBIMOE Agency for Mass Lteracy

Construction of 2 VIP tdits In each of the schools Recruitment of 24,425 additional teachers

Same as in a) and b) above

Sensitlzalion and

chairs Q 10,000 per pair llncrease mobllisatlon wmlnam, workshops, awarenecu campaigns for Tradttlonal and Rellglous Leders. Also more female reaches

awareness campaigns HIVIAIDS

90,000,000 -

-

85,919,M)8

Construction of 284 schools from 2005 - 2007

90,000,000

Construdion/renovation of classrooms, laboratories, lrbranes

Recruitment of 3,000 teachers

15,000,000

85,919,008

15,000,000

85.91 9,008

-

UBE, SPEB, World Bank, etc.

SPEB, NGOs MOE, AML AND CBOs MOE

MOE

MOE

SPEB

SPEB

SPEB

f

I

;

1 :

! - .

teachers based on performance 8 merit

d) Create award for best teacher of the year

e) Pay up to 30% of inducement allowances

f) improve capacity of Education Resource Centre ERC

g) Improve library services in schools

Award best teacher annually In each division and at State level = 13

Payment o science teachers allowances

a) Posting of experienced class teachers as resource persons to handle various aspects of the school curriculum, i.e. one resource person per subject

b) Staff development training and retraining of staff of ERC & teachers

c) lnstitutlonal capacity building -renovation of conferences, printing rooms and office - equipment and furniture

d) Construction of a general purpose workshop with equipment and library with internet facility

I a) Construction of a library in 4 schools in each of the 23 LGAs

I b) Provislon of books for the new libraries

I c) Recruitment of 184 staff for the new libraries

6,000,000

6,000,000

10,700,000

45,000,000

460,0C0.000

138,OC0,000

15,367,600

MOE

E.R.C.

E.R.C.

E.R.C.

E.R.C.

MOEl Library Board

MOEi Llbrary Board

MOE

:ural ibraries, :aduna

enrolment of the girl child

a)Establishment of rural libraries

b) Renovation and rehabilitatlon of existing rural libraries and updating of books stock

C) Provision of 3 No. generating set at HIQ Kaduna. Zaria and Kalanchan

employment wnsitization, mobllisation, wm1naraMorkshop and awareness campalgn

I Construction and equlpping of rural libraries in 14 LGAs

I Renovation of 4 existing libraries at BIGwarl. Saminaka, lkara and Kachia

Purchase 01 3 No

HEALTH

Health Facilities State Government has T ::tablished 23 hospitals and 3 dental

centres, in 21 LGAs except Sabon Gari and Kubau. The process of establishing a general hospital In Sabon Garl LGA is on course and that of Kubau is already under construction in Pambegua. In the meantime, Sabon Gari is being served by ABU Teaching Hospital Zaria and Gambo Sawaba Hospital WGayan while Kubau is served by General Hospitals in Ikara, Kauru and Saminaka. In addition, provision has already been made in the 2005 budget for the establishment of hospitals in the undeserved areas of Kaduna melropolis. The affected areas are Kawo, Rigasa and Sabon Tasha.

The Federal Government of Nigeria has also established specialized tertiary health institutions In the State. These are the Psychiatry, Eye and Ear Hospitals among others. In addition to these, there are 608 Local Government health facilities which include Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Health Clinics (HCs) and 656 Private health facilities which include Private and faith based hospitals, clinics, laboratories and pharmacies, spread through out all the 23 LGAs of the State. In addition we have 2,500 registered Patent and Proprietor Medicine Shops. These are

fortified by 8 academic institutions. There are 4 other post basic programmes offered in ABUTH, National Eye Centre etc.

Donor Agencies have also offered credit facilities for the provision of health facilities in the State. The World Bank Health System Development Project has proposed the construction and upgrading of 6 primary health centers and 10 health clinics in 16 LGAs. The successful implementation of these projects will improve access to health care in the State. Also, the African Development Bank Kaduna Health Rehabilitation Project has just completed the rehabilitation and equipping of 5 hospitals through a credit facility to the Minisby.

Figure 4.2 below shows that, Kaduna State has well over 1,300 hospitals, health and dental centres, pharmacies, laboratories and health clinics, half of which are privately owned. In order to consoiidate the laudable achievements made so far by the present Administration, there is need for the provision of adequately trained personnel and modem equipment. For optimum benefit, there is need for Government to effectively supervise the Private health institutions so that they cn11

provide good services to their clienls.

Figure 4.0

Source: Ministry o( kallh

Health Personnel medicine, pharmacy, laboratory science, x- Health Care Services in the State are ray, etc generally in short supply of specialists in

Table 4.5 Health Personnel - Patient Ratio

Sauna: Ministry of HeaJlh

In recognition of this need, the Minis try of Eqoipnlent

Health PersonnelIPatient Ratio 2004

1 :31,079

1 :2,826

1 :20,203

C ~ o r Y

Medical doctor

Nurses

Pharmacist

Laboratory scientist

Health established a scheme whereby The five hospitals rehabilitated by students in their clinical years (400 level Government through the AD6 Keduna for medicine and dentistry and 300 level Health Rehabilitation Project were for pharmacy and laboratory sciences) supplied with medical equipment, hospital

Health PersonneUPatient Ratio 2000

1 :71,309

I :4,789

1 :97,471

I :570,475

receive scholarship covering living furniture and non-medical equipment as expenses and school fees. The students part of the loan portfolio. State on graduation are expected to come back Government has also provided some to the Ministry as staff. The outcome of equipment to other State hospitals. this scheme has been positive - it is However, there is plan to use the responsible for the upward change in $2.8miIlion from the balance of the ADB Doctor-patient ratio from 1 :71,309 in 2000 credit facility for the procurement of to 1:31,079 in 2004. The State medical equipment for distribution to Government magnanimously approved the secondary health facilities in the State. employment of 650 medical staff in 2004. This has gone a long way to improve the Most of the State hospitals have or are situation though there will be need for undergoing renovation. The five hospitals more staff to be employed to meet the rehabilitated with the ADB loan facility optimal standards for providing effective have been fairly adequately equipped. Health Care services in the State. These are located in Birnin Gwari,

Kafanchan, Saminaka, Tudun Wada and Kakun. Government will now focus its

attention on providing these equipment to enhance the gains already made.

The State has phased the rehabilitation of the remaining 22 facilities. While the rehabilitation of ldon has been completed and commissioned, 7 others are at different levels of completion and will be commissioned within the year. These are located in Kwoi, Zangon Kataf, Kofan Gayan Zaria, Giwa, Makarfi, Kachia and Barau Dikko Specialist Hospital. Hunkuyi was rehabilitated and has already been plrt to use slnce 2002.

Three new facilities have been established and wcrk has already commenced to make them functional during the year. These are located at Doka (Abuja Express Way) Sabon Gari Zaria and Parnbegua.

Six of the remaining 11 health facilities have been earmarked for rehabilitation in 2005. These are located in Kagarko, Gwantu, Ikara, Family Health Unit Tudun Wada and two Dental Centres located in Kaduna and Zaria. The remaining five will be captured in the subsequent budgets. These are located in Kujama, Kaura, Kauru, Turunku and Maigana.

Government has also identified parts of the Kaduna metropolis that are underserved with heathcare services and has provided for the construction of

hospitals in the year 2005. The affected areas are Sabon Tasha, Kawo and Rigasa. For full functioning of these faciliies the State will need to spend not less than N30 million for medical equipment. Equipment have been purchased for those facilities that are functioning now, however some vital equipments are still lacking in some hospitals. The major ones are x-ray machines, surgical equipment, spectrophorneters and electrophoretic machines in the laboratories. Government will now focus its attention on provlding these equipments to enhance the gain already made.

Implementation of Projects and Programmes Many of the services are offered through the implementation of projects and programmes. Some of the programmes are Drug Revolving Fund Scheme, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Roll Back Malaria, National Programme on Immunization, HIVIAIDS Control Programme. TB Leprosy Control Programme, Kaduna State Eye Care Programme, Reproductive Health, etc.

Dtug Revolving Fund (DRF) Scheme This is a cost recovery scheme for drugs where hospitals add 10% mark up on the cost price of drugs, reagents and other consumables. The scheme is being run

successfully by most hospitals except for the low capitalization of the programme. There is therefore the need for additional capkalization of funds to ensure regular provision of drugs which will eventually eliminate out of stock syndrome.

Roll Back Malaria (RBM) The Roll Back Malaria Initiative has the goal of halving the malaria burden worldwide by the year 2010 through a multi-Sectoral and muttiator approach. The priority areas in the RBM initiative include the following: (a) Disease Management; (b) Disease Prevention (provision of insecticide treated nets and materials), chemoprophylaxis, environmental management and personal protection); (c) Social mobilization; (d) Operational research and (e) Health System Development.

Ta and Leprosy Control The State has been working with the Netherlands Leprosy Relief Association for the past 10 years to supply free drugs and reagents to TB and leprosy patients through clinics it has established in all the LGAs of the State.

Onchocerciasis Control Programme The State is working with the Africa Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) for the procurement and free

distribution of mectizan tablets to the 16 oncho endemic LGAs in the State. Kaduna Eye Care Programme The State has been working with Sight Savers International for the past 10 years in the area of cataract outreach and capacity building for officers. A new programme to run from 2004-2007 has Included ABUTH, Guinness Eye and National Eye Centre as stakeholders.

National Programme on Immunization The NPI supplies and carries out Immunization activities agalnst 6 killer diseases among children and pregnant women, which are poliomyelltis, measles, tuberculosis, diptheria, pertusis and tetanus.

Reproductive Heallh The Ministry through its reproductive health programme carries out activities in the area of family planning, s;tfo motherhood, integrated management ol childhood illnesses, adolescent health i.e. everything to do with child and mater~~al health.

UNICEF Assisted Programme The UNICEF is working with the State i l l

its focal Local Governments in the are? 1,1 child and maternal health, immulzai:4-. and roll back malaria.

Table 4.6 Mortality Rate - .- -

HlVlAlDS Development Project The HIVIAIDS Development Programme is a World Bank Assisted Project for creating Public awareness on the pandemic. The State has secured a credit facility to the tune of $4.3 million with additional N50 milllon from State Government to fight the scourge. Health Indicators The State of matemal and child health is an indication of level of development as well as the performance of the health care system. The indices for infant, child and matemal mortality for the State in 1999 and 2003 are presented below: HlVlAlDS The prevalent rate of HlVlAlDS in Kaduna State in 1999 was 11 6%. Through massive Public enlightenment the prevalent rate dropped to 6% by 2003. It is estimated that 230,000 people are living with HlVlAlDS in Kaduna State. Natiow.de there are 1,500,000 children orphaned by HIVIAIDS.

While massive Public enlightenment continues, 11 hospitals have been proposed to be approved as centres to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV. At the moment only 400 people in the State are provided with antiretroviral drugs at the ABU Teaching Hospital Kaduna and Zaria. There are plans by the State to bring in more patients in the State owned programme. Malaria Malaria is one of the leading causes of deaths in Infants and children in Nigeria. It is estimated that 50% of the 120 million of the population experience at least one acute episode each year. Kaduna State has a projected population of 5,621,789 half of which might experience an episode thls year. Those at high risk are pregnant mothers and children under 5 years of age. The projected population of pregnant women is 280,331 and that of children under 5 years is 1,123,567. A table on reported cases of malaria and deaths from 2000 to 2003 in Kaduna State is presented below:

Year

1999

2003

UBMR

19111000

20511 000

IMR

9111000

1 1 511 000

I

MMR

95011 00,000

98011 00,000

Table 4.7 Reported Cases of Malaria and Deaths .. - - - - -

Deaths I

The State has procured 40,000 Insecticide treated nets with additional approval of N51,350,000 for procuring more for distribution in the State. TB and Leprosy The Leprosy component is successfully operated with assistance from the Netherlands Leprosy Relief. There are 75 multiple drug therapy (MTD) clinics all over the State. The number of newly detected

The prevalent rate of TB in Kaduna State is 5911 00,000. Reproductive Health Reduction of Infant, child and maternal mortality rate by 20% by 2001. 1. Maternal mortality rate from

9801100,000 live birth to 784 pc!r 100,000 live birth;

2. Infant mortality rate from 11511 000 live birth to 91 per 1,000 live birth;

cases has stabilised and on the verge of 3. Under-five mortality rate from declining with 178 cases in 2003 and 181 20511000 live birth to 16411000 live cases so far this year. The prevalent rate birth. of leprosy in the State is 41100,000. lmmunisation

As a result of the controversies over the The TB component of the programme oral polio vaccines, this has affected started in 1998 and has now expanded to negatively the coverage of other vaccine!:. 33 intake centres (diagnosis and Coverage for 2001-2003 is presented a c

treatment) and 44 ambulatory clinics follows: (treatment only). In 2003 3,803 patients were diagnosed and treated. So far 3,224 patients were diagnosed for the year 2004.

Source: Miistry of Health

Table 4.8 Immunization Coverage

. . . - . . . - .. . . . . . .~ . . . . ....-. . . - ...- .? . - .. --,.

The targets for 2007 are: (d) Measles from 43% to 70%

(a) BCG from 37% to 70%

(b) DPT from 19% to 70% The projections are stated below:

(c) OPV from 38% to 70%

Table 4.8 projections from 2005-2007

i Measles

87%

59

43.03

OPV3

38%

20

38

Year

2001

2002

2003

BCO

62%

54

37

Disease

BCG

DPT

OPV

Measles

DPT3

67%

19.6

19

2006

58%

53%

58%

61 %

2005

40%

40%

49%

52%

2007

70%

70%

70%

70%

Major Problems Though some good progress has been made in the health Sector in the past 4 years, some major problems in the Sector are:- * lnadequatelobsolete medical

equipment Shortage of all categories of health staff High disease burden as a resutt of low coverage for immunization in the past, high mortality rates and ravaging effects of HIVIAIDS.

Policy Targets * Reduce sectoral capital projects funds

in order to raise spending on health service delivery by 50% by 2007. Reduce HIVIAIDS from 5.6% to 4.5 by 2007 Reduce mortality rate from their current rates by 2007 lncrease immunization of BCG, DPT3, 0PV3 and Measles from their current percentages to 70% each by 2007 Reduce occurances of malaria, acute respiratory infections (ARI), measles, diarrhea and TB from their current rates 5% each by 2007 Minimise drug/substance abuse among youth and Society at large through Public enlightment campaigns. To control proliferation of fake and substandard drugs in the State.

To minimize out of stock (01s syndrome in our hospitals.

Strategies Strengthen effective checks and balances to improve judicious use of resources provided by the Government to the Ministry. Prepare for the implementation of the National Health Insurance Scheme (INHIS) by 2005 or whenever the Federal Government decides its take off. Inaugurate a coordination team to coordinate all health programs (especially those sponsored by donors) to minimize duplications and wastages of resources. lncrease health capacity by training and retraining nurses, technicians and laboratory scientists by 2007. Improve student scholarship scheme to increase the number of Doctors and Pharmacists in the State by 45% in 2007. Train staff on child survival strategies and implementation of Life Saving Skills (LSS). Employ 1500 health professionals by 2007 including qualified teachers for the health schools. Step up the status of training schools by providing required equipment. Initiate and slrengthen programs for HlVlAlDS prevention, care and

treatment. This should include schemes to intensify Public awareness campaigns on both communicable and non-communicable diseases. To reduce mother to child transmission of HIVIAIDS by 2007 Provide antiretroviral drugs to cater for at least 500 HIVIAIDS patients especially women and children by 2007. Create a format for measuring and monitoring Private health establishment performance in the State. Recapitalize the DRF scheme with not less than N30million seed stock by 2007. Purchase simple instruments and equipment for data collection, storage and retrieval such as calculators, registers, bicycles, motorcycles, computers etc by 2007. Improve research activities for generating information through surveys, health maps, monthly and annual summaries. To reduce from the present level of 15%to below 10% annual proportion of grade 2 disabilities among newly detected leprosy cases by 2007.

To structurally and functionally integrate the leprosy service within the primary health care system by 2007 To establish two diagnostic and 4 treatment centres for TB in each LGA by 2007 To successfully treat with short course therapy 85% of all diagnosed TB cases by 2007. To achieve 85% cure rate for ail treated TB cases by 2007 from the present level of 72% To diagnosis 70% of the expected TB cases by 2007 from the present level of 50% To ensure at least 60% of those at risk of malaria benefit from use of ITN I)y 2007. To ensure at least 60% of womerl i ~ i their first pregnancy have ac:ess 10

recommended preventive treatment 1:). malaria by 2007. To intensify Public enlighten~ient 111 drug abuse To intensify routine inspecf )n i1 i7 I testing of drugs in Quality Cor ' laboratories.

Strenthening

health services at primary health care

I level

Strenthenlnlng of HMlS

Health Research

ICT

Needs Assessment

- Provision of minimum HMlS packages to headquarters. Zones and selected Hospitals

- Conduct studies on major health issues eg. Malaria, Malnutrition. Reproductive health CSM with the aim of obtaining baseline data

- Provtsion of Internet services - Networking of offices in Headquarters. lraining institutions and the zonal Headquarters

1 -Assessing present 1 situations and needs of

our health facilities in respect of manpower, equipment and treaining and making appropriate

I I recommendations I 1 h

upgrading and equipping 10 dispensaties to 10 health clinics to Increase access to PHC services

Remodelling and upgrading of 6 No. HC to PHCs to Improve

upgrading of<tructures - Furnishing/equlpping

- Remodelling and rehabiiitatlon of existing structures - Furnishing and equipping of facilities

I . ~ I access to PHC ( 1 I I I I

F I To prevent the I To reduce from 1 - Advocay lo policy 4.55 1 4.0 1 4.0 1 Neitherland I

I Ihe present I makers and impalrements level of 15% sensitization meetings I deformlies Ph*icak and annual with the communities

I I I 1 Z7iGyLR), 1 KDSG, MOU

I of -Training of general I I detected heanh workers in I

1.8

1.3

10.0

2.50

13,747, 841 ,.33

1.8

1.3

10.0

2.50

13,747, 841 ,.33

detection and referral of leprosy cases -Provision of leprosy servlces in one specialized clinic in each LGA as a referral centre andln HeaHh Facllltles In the LGAs -Health educatlon in medla houses - Provision of m lc rosc~pe~ for sputum smear examination - Provision ofadedquate lab reagents andmateriais for sputum smear microscopy to all diagnostic centres

-To suspect TB in ail patients with cough fw more than three weeks - To diagnose new sputum positive cases - to dlagnose cases clinically -To provide short chemotherapy to patients - To ensure uninterrupted abaiiabilty of anti-TB drugs at State

leprosy cases

To expand access to tuberculosis se~ i ces

To ensure short course chemotherapy for diagnosed TB patients according to

1.8

1.3

8.0

2.4

13.747, 841 ,.33

disabilttles among newly detected leprosy cases to below 10% by 2007

To establish tuberculosis services in 2 diagnostic and 4 treatment centres I each LGA by 2007

To diagnose 70% of the expected cases of TB by 2007 from present level of 50%

To successfully treat with shod course therapy 85% of all diagnosed TB cases by 2007

NLR

KDSG

KDSG

NLR

KDSG

3.35

2.155

1

and LGA level throughout the year

-To use DOTS for the intensive phase of antl- TB treatment in the treatment centres -To performfollow-up sputum examination at T* ,gm & T h o n t h of short course therapy -To maintain good referral system -To ensure regular treatment

I -Procurement of

natlonal guidelines

I To reduce

3.00

3.00

1 20.0

To achieve 85% cure rate for all treated TB cases by 2007 from the present level of 72%

I To ensure that

KOSG

NLR

1

2.5

2.5

1 25.020 I

WATER SUPPLY

e Water Board and the State's Water Resources takes care of Semi- Ministry of Water Resources are the Urban and Rural areas. Estimated water -r

main Agencies responsible for water demand is put at 751mld and current supply. The Water Board supplies potable service coverage represents 23% of the water to urban towns and the Ministry of State's population.

Table 4.9 State Water Supply Coverage -Year 2004

S a u c e : Ministry d water reroucea

Water faci l i t ies

Cwnmunltles

Ufban

Semi-urban

Urban water supply Dams There are five existing dams built and owned by the State Government mainly for water supply and limited irrigation. 1. Kangimi dam of 58.5 million cubic

meters (rncm) for Kaduna town. 2. Shika dam of 15.3 mcm for Zaria

Water Supply. 3. Bagorna dam of 3.95mcm for Birnin

Gwari Town. 4. Gimbawa dam of 3.0mcm for lkara

town. 5. Saminaka dam of O.5mcm.

Population Coverage

995,720.23

257,460.00

Water Works The State Government has built twelve (12) water works for the supply of portable water to nine (9) urban centres in the State. The Table above shows the estimated population, water demand and capacities of water works. Figure 4.2 also vividly shows that the current supply capacrty of 380.80mld of water by Water Works is inadequate given that 540.25mld is needed to satisfy the water shortages of the estimated urban population. It

State Populatlon Year 2004

3,145,837

1,267,300

The Federal and Slate

Governments have huge

inveslments in piov,2i1ny ivatar

t l ~ i o l ~ g t , darns. usler works.

schemes and boreholes but

iA;a!er shortage

rs st:!/ acula

% Sewlce

Coverage

31.65

20.00

Rural

Total

% State Coverage

16.24

4.20

11.00

02.66

3.04

23.49

Actual Watef

Supply

171.00

31.93

% Stab? Population

51.32

21 .00

5.60 1 186,654.93

Actual Water

Demand (MW

540.25

159.63

1.696.863 1 27.88

8,130,000 1 100 1 761 I 208 1 1,439,836

50.91

therefore, suggests that, more investment Urban water supply operation and is required in this field. maintenance is being commercialized, it is

sustained through appropriate pricing by

Figure 4.2 fixing tariff sufficient enough to defray

Table 4.10 Existing Water Works Capacities Year 2004

I I I

Total of Service Area 1 3,145,837 1 540.25 1 380.08

operational expenses. This Is an important step towards relieving Government of its fmancial burden.

Water Production from the 12 water works has dropped to an alarming rate of 171 mld from the 380mld available capacity due to erratic power supply and worn out equipment. The low productlon level coupled with inadequate capacity has resulted in poor Service Coverage of only 32%. This implies that only 32% of the urban population is receiving potable water from the municipal water supply system daily.

Semi-urban (Small Town) Water

Supply Water supply was hitherto concentrated in urban and ~ r a l areas to the neglect of small towns, otherwise known as Semi- Urban Areas. In an effort to address this neglect, the State Government setup, as a matter of priority, a Semi-urban Water Supply Programme for the provision of potable water in all Local Government Council Headquarters.

There are 27 Semi-urban Water Supply Schemes provided by the Kaduna State Government with two on-going projects at Gure (Lere LGA), and Meyere (Makarti LGA). Semi-urban Water Supply Schemes are operated by the Local Government

Councils. The State Government constructs, commissions and hands over the schemes to the respective Local Government Council for operation. Maintenance of the scheme is through community-based approach - between the State Government, Local Government and the benefiting communities.

As mentioned earlier a total of 27 Semi- Urban Water Supply Schemes have been executed by the State Government with two on-going ones. Presently, there is at least one water facility in every Local Government Headquarters in the State. Considering that semi-urban areas make up about 21% of the total State population, it is estimated that less than 20% of the inhabitants of these areas have access to potable water. In other words, 80%, semi rural dwellers still depend on traditional sources such as hand-dug wells, concrete wells, rain harvesting, etc.

It is estimated that there are over 260 semi-urban communities in the State in need of water facilities as against the present 27 schemes constructed. Therefore only 10% semi urban communities are linked to epileptic water supply.

Table 4.11 Boreholes Spread in Kaduna Rural Areas

Scum: Ministtyd Wafer Rewurces

Rural Water Supply workshop is also used to provide training Rural water supply is catered for through to Village Based Workers for the sinking of boreholes, concrete and maintenance of the hand pumps. The hand-dug wells etc. There are a total of Rural Water Supply Department has 1,667 boreholes constructed by the seven Zonal offices at the following

Figure 4.3 C i ~ a n n e l s of Maltit lc~ W!ntci- Avnila!)lc (7,)

Ministry of Water Resources covering all the 23 LGAs.

In addition to the number of boreholes built by the Ministry of Water Resources as mentioned above, WATSAN has constructed another 400 boreholes. To ensure effective maintenance of the boreholes, a standard mechanical workshop has been constructed. The

locations: Birnin Gwari, Ikara, Kachia, Kaduna, Saminaka, Zarh and Zonkwa. The officers in these zones are charged with the maintenance and supervision of boreholes in their domains.

Only 20% of the boreholes constructed are active and productive. Service coverage is, therefore, estimated at only 11% of the rural populace.

Based on the data above, there is an acute shortage of water in adequate quantity and potable quality in Kaduna State. Streams and hand-dug wells are the prevalent sources of water that constitute more than 77%. The supply of pipe borne water in urban and selected semi urban towns is epileptic, In all, water supply coverage in the State stands at about 23% of the total populatlon. This level of service falls below the 60% level expected in year 2003 in line with the recommendations of the National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy. In fact the supposed 23% supply is not efficient as a large number of consumers in both urban, semi urban and rural areas are dissatisfied with current services.

lrrigation lrrigation activities are carried out in 7 divisional offices and 19 Pilot Schemes. About 150,000 farmers are engaged in the 19 pilot schemes that total irrigation farmers to 500,000 by 2004. All the Pilot lrrigation Schemes have a total area of 1 100 acres on the average.

The development and promotion of lrrigation Farming is undertaken by the lrrigation Services Department of the Ministry of Water Resources. The main objectives of the lrrigation (Dry-Season) Farming are:

1. To enhance all year round food production,

2. To provide employment opportunities, 3, To enhance the general well being of

the people, and 4. To enhance Economic Empowerment.

In this regard, Government adminlsters irrigation operations; it supplies raw water to irrigation farmers at a specified fee, which accrues to Government treasury. Also Government generates some limited amount of revenue from irrigation farmers through land preparation and rents. So far, the State Government has procured and distributed about 2000 units of 3" pumps on loan to farmers for irrigation farming. Pilot Irrigation Schemes are used to provide training for irrigation farmers to acquire skills.

Water and Sanitation The Agency is engaged in the development of Environmental Sanitation by the provision of pit latrines in homes, premises and public places such as motor parks, markets, dinlcs, schools, etc. It has established Sanitation Centres (SANI CENTRE) within LGAs.

The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (WATSAN) currently implements the Water Supply and Sanitation Programme. The programme is run in

collaboration with the Federal Government (FGN), External Support Agencies (ESA), the State Government (KDSG), Local Government Area Councils (LGAs), and CommunitiedNGOs. The programme's ultimate objectives are:

To provide safe whole-some Rural Water Supply; Development of Environmental Sanitation as integral part of safe disposal of faecal waste in pit latrines, and Hygiene Promotion to the Rural Areas and Slums (Peri-Urban) areas of Urban Centres; To eradicate water borne diseases to reduce morbidity and mortality among children; To reduce the burden of fetching water from long distances by women and children; To enhance the general well being of the population in rural and slum areas;

r To stimulate Economic Ernpower- ment.

Constraints The factors militating against efficient service de(ivery in the water Sectors can be summarized as follows:

Technical Constraints Erratic power supply to water systems particularty in the southern part of the State is characterised by low voltage;

Broken down or worn out equipment due to age and lack of readily available spares for effective maintenance; inadequate installed capacity to meet present and future water demands; Borehole yields are generally low, rarely going beyond 1.5 Vs due to crystalline basement complex underlain in most parts of the State; Lack of community based maintenance regime; Lack of commitment on the part of Local Governments to manage semi- urban and rural schemes; There is over emphasis on the exploitation of ground water through the construction of boreholes at the expense of other methods like the construction of concrete wells, rain hawesting and development of springs; Multiple Agencies are involved in the construction of boreholes giving room for duplication of efforts, which has made collation of data difficult if not impossible; Lack of attention given to repairs of irrigation infrastructure and machinery; Near neglect of data collection, analysis and compilation, with adverse consequences on sound planning o l water schemes in future.

Pali of Government's

cflarts In tlie i.'romot!on of

irrigation is to

develop i!:easures for

ccoperdfion and cscrd:aafion of

:he activities herween :he

iClinislr/ of d j icr i l fure and

i:'dier raSOUrCeS.

Financial Constrait~ts High production cost resulting from NEPA commerclal billing; High chemical cost particularly alum due to near monopoly of the major Local producer; Water wastage due to poor consumer attitude to water conservation giving rise to High Unaccounted-For-Water ( U W ; Nonpayment of water rates by Federal Institutions, especially the Military and Police; Funds for capital projects have always come either directly or indirectly from Government, and with increasing population and the demand on the scarce resources, the burden of funding is surely going to increase; Inadequate and late budgetary provisions have adverse effects on borehoie drilling programmes and irrigation activities.

Manpower Constraints Local Governments and benefiting communities lack requisite training to manage semi-urban and rural schemes effectively; Lack of skilled personnel at the State level to effectively manage rural water supply projects and irrigation activities;

There is hardly any training and retraining given to rural water supply and irrigation staff.

Targets The specific objectives of the Water Supply Sub-sector, which all the States of the Federation and FCT, are encouraged to adopt are:

Extend service coverage to 80% of the population by the year 2007; Extend service coverage to 100% of the population in the year 2011 and beyond;

However, without prejudice to the National Water Supply and Sanitation Targets, Kaduna State Government has set the targets to achieve:

50% Service Coverage by the year 2007; 70% Service Coverage by the year 201 1 ; 100% Service Coverage by the year 2015 and beyond; Provide Minimum Service Level of 120 litres per capita per day (Icd) for urban areas with population greater than 20,000 inhabitants to be served by full reticulation and consumer premises connection; Provide Minimum Service Level of 60 icd for Semi-urban settlements with population of between 5,000 - 20,000 to be sewed by limited or full reticulation and house connections as

determined by the beneficiaries1 Government; Provide Minimum Sewice Level of 30 Icd within 250m of the community of 150 - 5000 people, sewing about 250- 500 persons per water point; Provide water of potable quality to conform to WHO standard in the absence of National Standard; Judicious and optimal utllisation of river and dam water for the purpose of dry-season farming; Reduce soil leaching through the constant but seasonal application of crop shiWng cultivation with various grains, spices, and vegetables.

Strategies Establishment, contrd, and management of new water schemes consisting of dams, water works, and distribution systems, and rehabilitation and extension of such existing ones for urban water supply for the purpose of providing water in order to meet the requirements of the general Public, agricutture, trade and industry in the State; Construction of small packaged schemes for Semi-urban Areas (small towns); Recovery of mototised boreholes with overhead tanks and standpipes and repairs of boreholes fitted with hand pumps for rural areas;

Rehabilitation of developed water supply sources in conjunction with Local Government Areas; Protection of openlconcrete wells by Installation of hand pumps or provision of Aprons and covers to avoid contamination from surface wash back; Selection and development of water sources and intake structures for lrrigation purposes; Recovery or construction of canals and distributaries for the conveyance water for irrigation; Development of Pilot and Extended lrrigation Schemes; Seasonal Land Preparation for Irrigation Farmers; Procurement of irrigation pumps for distribution to farmers on a loan scheme; Pursue the rehabilitation of water supply schemes in the State to restore existing capacities in the towns of Kaduna, Kafanchan, Kagoro, Zonkwa, and Saminaka under the proposed National Urban Water Sector Reform Project; Expansion of Kaduna Metropolitan Water Supply to cope with future demand beyond year 2004; Expansion of existing water supply schemes in the towns of Kafanchan, Bimin Gwari, lkara and Kagoro;

Speed up the construction of Zaria Water Supply Expansion Project through the collaborative efforts of Kaduna State Government, Federal Government of Nigeria and the World Bank; Construction of new Regional Water Schemes in the towns of PakiMakarfi, Igabi, Sanga, Kachia, Godogodo, Kajuru and Kauru in accordance with the recommendations of Kaduna State Water Resources Masterplan of April 1997; Improvement of power supply from NEPA particularly In the southern part of the State which is characterised by low voltage; Provision of stand-by generating plants for water systems; The State Government intervention is necessary towards recovery of huge arrears of water bills from Military, Police and other Federal Instiutions; The State Government intervention is necessary to prevail on NEPA to charge concessionary tariff for water supply so as to minimise high charges to the Water Board; Create more Public Enlightenment on water conservation and payment of water rate to change consumer attitudes; Development of borehole programmes should be restricted to communities of not more than 20,000 due to poor

ground water yield in most parts of the State; Rehabilitation and reconstruction of Irrigation machinery and infrastructure; There is need for development of new irrigation schemes to increase food production by encouraging all year round farming; There is need for procurement of 2000 irrigation pumps annually to provide employment opportunities and reduce poverty; Training and re-training of all State Government staff should be given paramount attention; Charging some nominal fees to assist towards the operation and maintenance of Semi-urban and Rural Water Supply Schemes; While protecting the low income bracket, Government will consider the privatisation of the production, distribution and sales of treated water in order to enhahce efficiency in all respect. Training of relevant Local Government Staff and members of the benefiting Communities on operation and maintenance of Semi-urban and Rural Water Supply Schemes; Monitoring and Evaluation of Water Supply Systems after complntion by the State Government; Establishment of community bawd operation regime involving the Lwa1

Government and the benefiting State Government, Local Government Community for Semi-urban and Rural and the benefiting Community for Water Supply; Semi-urban and Rural Water Supply.

Establishment of community based maintenance regime involving the

Water, Sanitation and Irrigation Action Plan

120

Agents

KDSQ in collaboration of FGN

collaboration KDSG In with World Bank

None

None

None

..-...., . " -..,.. i

indicators i I

1

I

; ;

\ i

Actlvitles

Zaria water supply expansion pro]ect

World Bank Assisted National

Urban Water Sector Reform Project for the

towns of Kaduna, a r ia , Kafanchan. Kagoro, Zonkwa, Samlnaka. Blrnin Gwari and lkara

Kaduna town water supply

expansion

Rehabilltatlo of existing water

supply schemes in the towns of Blrnin Gwari, lkara and

Kwoi

Constructlon of new regional water supply schemes in the towns of Paki.

IgaM, Sanga. Kachla.

Kafanchan,

Cost (Cl billion) Strategies

By rehabiiltatlon and sxpanslon

of existing schemes

ConstrucUon of new water

supply schemea

lmplementatlon of appropriate and affordable Tariff S t~c tu re to recover cost

Optlrnun cpacity utilisation of

exlsUng facilities

~ -. ~

Dept.

Urban Water Supply

Targats

To extend water supply coverage to 50% of the State Urban Population by Year 2007, to cover 70% of the State Uhan

Popultaion by Year 201 1 and to cover 100% of the State

Urban Population by year 2015 h

accordance with the targets set by the State Government, Mthout

prejudice to the targets of lhe National Watw Supply and SanltaUon

Policy.

2007

2.3M)

0.603

1.134

8.252

2006

1.230

1.000

2006

2.230

0.800

0.756

6.189

i i

i 1

I I

i 1 I

8

!

3

! i 1 I

I

!

None

None

KDSG

KDSG

KDSG

KDSG

KDSG

KDSG

KDSG

KDSG

0315

0 084

0 150

0 315

0 044

0 009

0 051

0 015

0 035

0 020

0 017

Samlnaka, KujamalKaluru, Godogodo and

Kauru

Water supply extenslom from Zonkwa Water Supply Scheme

Water supply extenslons from

Kwol water supply schemes

Network extenslons In

Kaduna

Network extenscons In Zarla

Laboratory and survey equipment

Emergency rehabil~tatlon of

Blrnln Gwarl Dam

lnstallatlon raw water pumps at

Malall Intake

Emergency rehab11ctaUon

works of Kaduna town Water Works

Con~trLi~tlon of 11 1 schemes

Seml urban water wpply at Taknjel In Zango Kataf LG

Malntalnlng water quality

standard

Meet rnlnlmum consumption

standard of 120 LCD fw urban

areas wth population of 20,000 and

above

Provlslon of full retcculation and

consumer Sewlce

connections In urban towns

Human Resource

Development

To constluct small town water supply schemes throughout the

state

Meet rn~~lmurn supply standard

of WLCD for

Seml Urban Water Supply

To extend water supply coverage to 50% of the State Population living In small towns by Year 2007, to cover 70% of the State Popukalon

living In small towns by Year 201 1 and to cover

100% of the State

Rural Water Supply

irrigation Activkies

population Ilvlng In arnall towns by year 2015 In accordance

wlth the targets set by the State Government, wlthout prejudlce to the targets of the Natlonal

Water Supply and SanRation Policy.

To eltend water suppiy coverage to 50% of the State Population living in rural areas by Year 2007, to cover 70% of the State Popunalon

living In rural areas by Year 201 1 and to cover 100% of the State

population llvlng In rural areas by year 2015 In accordance with the

targets set by the State Government, without

prejudice to the targets of the National Water Supply and SanRaUon

Pollcy.

Judicloua and optimal utilization of rivers and

dam water for the purpose of dry-season

(irrigation) farming

m a l l towne with populatlon

between 5,030 to 20,000

Provlslon of limited

reticulation and house

ccnnectlons

Implementation of boreholes

drllllng programmes

Meet minlmum supply atandard of 30 LCD for rural vlllagea

with popu'ation solless Ulan

5,OW

Provide a water pdnt for 250 to 500 penons with

250 metres radius

SelecUon and development of water awrces

and intake structures for the

purpose of irrigation

Area

Training and Capacky building

lnstallatlon of solar pumps In 3 LGAs,

one In each Senatorial Dlstrlct

Drilling of 6,000 boraholes Statewide

Training and Capacity building

Development or water resource

ntake structures (8 pump bases at

Kagoro, Jaglndi, SIBirln, Kanglmi,

Jere Sakwa, Satung. Richifa

and Nok, 4 dams at Matari, Kubau,

lkara and Humkuyi. 3 well at

Blrnin Gwari. Kuzumtu, S/Birnin. 4 intake dredging

at Galma and Bimin Gwari) for

inigation purpose

Rehabilitation and

0.030

0.015

0.420

0.015

0.012

-

0.1 20

0.053

0.025

0.420

0.015

0.012

KDSG

KDSG

KDSG

KDSG

KDSG

i I i !

\

I

I

: !

! i

3

!

KDSG

KDSG

KDSG

KDSG

WATSAN Agency RWASSA and UNlClEF assisted

i 1 1

I

! I

6

I

i

1 760

0 043

0 240

0 002

0 012

0 001

0 005

0010

0 030

0 004

0 053

0 002

0 005

0 015

1.760

0043

0240

0002

0 0 1 0

0 001

0 005

0010

construction of irrlgatlon canals

and dlstrlbutories at Zaria, lkara,

Lere, Knfsnchan, Kachlr, Kaduna

Garden and Blrnln Gwarl Irrigation

schema covering 1780 acres

Land preparatlon for Irrigation

actlvltler at Zaria, Ikara, Lere,

Kafanchan. Kachia and Birnin Gwari

irrlgatrion schemes

Procurement of small pumps 8 rehabilitation of

existing pumps 8 tractors

Tralnlng of ~rrlgatlon staff

Develop 200 boreholeo through

direct labour drilling and aanltation

Protection of 280 open wells from

surface contam~nation

Development of other water

sources eg 2W Springs hand dug

wells

Conslructlon of

Staff trelning and capacity bulldlng

Collaborative programme as par National

Water Supply and Ssnltatlon Pollcy between FGN. ESAs -

UNICEFIKDSG, LGA and CBOs

as foliowa

- FGN - Presidential

Water Ininitiative -External support

Agencies UNICEF

water Resources (WATSAN) Agency RWASSA

To achleve more service coverage in

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

i 1 ! 1

I

!

i

!

i i

i i I

0.003

0.013

0.002

0.5m

0.3m

0.9Wm

- KDSG programme

Improve access to water supply end sanitation to alleviate scarcity

- LGA Programme of

Improved supply and

rehabilit8tlon of water rources and sanitation development

- Community and NGO

contrtbution to rnalntenance,

sustenance, and security of

infrastnrcuture

WATSANI UNICEF

WATSANI UNICEF

WATSANI UNICEF

WATSANI UNICEF

WATSANI UNICEF

0.003

0.013

0.002

0.5m

0.3m

0.9Wrn

150,000 pN latrines In housee and VIP latrlnes at public

places

Rehabllltdion of 700 boreholes, hand pumps In wn]uctlon with

LGAs

Employment of professional and technlcel staff for

cnpaclty bulding of 200 vlilage based workers (VBW) to

operate and maintain water

supply and sanitation activities

Employment of Sanitory

InspectorwTrainlng workshop for 230

Sanitary Inspectors and

Extension Workers

Advocacy to policy makers for the support of the programme

Mobllisation of communities fw enlightenment of

hygiene promotion

Sensltisatlon of Tradlonal Rulers. Religious Leaden

and Opinion Leaders at local

level

0.003

0.009

0.001

0.5m

0.3m

0.9Wm

ROADS, TRANSPORT AND HOUSING

T he major functions of the Ministry of works are to provide and maintain

infrastructure with particular reference to roads, Public buildings, mechanical and electrical Installations. Its key Parastatals namely: Kaduna State Public Works Agency (KAPWA), Kaduna State Development & Property Company (KSDPC) and the Kaduna State Transport Authority (KSTA) were created in addition to the roles of the three technical departments (Building Department, Civil Engineering Department and Electrical/ Mechanical Engineering Department) to provide for road maintenance, housing and transportation facilities respectively.

Roads, housing and transport form an integral part of the social charter of KADSEEDS - the development and efficient supply of these services will empower the peopie of Kaduna State and relief them of their poverty conditions. Particularly, good roads and transport systems will determine economic growth and sustainable livelihoods.

Related concerns over the provision of infrastructure are the dual status of Parastatals (that affords them to operate as privately owned enterprises and yet enjoy Government privileges such as payment of staff salaries) and inefficient

performance of commercialized or privatized Agencies. For instance, KSTA is fully commercialized but often relies on Government support for its vehicles and other related expenses. Government needs to be firm in the Implementation of its privatization and commercialization policies to ensure that affected agencies take serious steps to realize their revenue potentials and also exercise strict discipline in the management of the resources they generate.

Based on these and other relilted challenges, reforms in the structure and operations of the Ministry of Works and Transport should serve as an integral part of the KADSEEDS. Also based on the outcome of Interactive sessions with the Ministry, it is clear that, KAPWA's activities are only, in practice limited to road maintenance while the Civil Engineering Department of the Minisby is prim,~rily concerned with roads contract planr ing, packaging and administration. The limitation of M A to road mainten~ nce is to make the desired impact on the maintenance of the extensive road neh lark the State has developed since 1999.

Roads A total of 19 rural and 55 urban ,>ad construction/rehabilitation projects l 3ve

FofJ:ms in Ihe s!:ucture and

cpsrat~ons of :hs A1inis:ry of '~.io:ks sliould

seme as an in:egrdi pad of

1/10

KAE3EEDS. Fcr instance.

KAPL'/A's ac:ivi:,es cotild

os Iimftod to road

marntenance wltrle the lechnicaI

departmefils marntain t11ck usual dut~es.

been completed while 30 are ongoing with overall average of 31.25% completion. 16 road projects, provision of culvert and equipment for KAPNA are provided in 2005 Approved Budget Estimate. Lack of adequate data on the conditions of the roads State-wide has constrained broadbased analysls on their status.

The creation of KAPWA was necessary for enhanced and effective road maintenance. To facilitate its capacity buildup, the Agency is in addition to undertaking routine road maintenance, also engages in construction1 rehabilitation of township roads on direct labour bases.

Housing In the housing sector, the Ministry Headquarters takes charge of policies, planning, construction and maintenance of institutorial and public houses including traditional institutions while the KSDPC is responsible for the general housing need of the private sector. Through commercial, the company is also meeting the challenges through private sector collaborations and investment. So far, Government has over 1,340 institutional quarters, housing public and civil servants throughout the State. When this administration came in, most of the houses were hardly habitable and almost lost as result of over 15 years neglect by

previous Government. The present administration then set a policy of first recovering these houses within its two terms of office. The main policy is to recover the houses to be habitable, then refurbished later. So far, about 720 houses have been renovated. concentrating mainly on recovery and rehabilitation to make them habitable, while extension, furnishing and landscaping is planned for latter stages. The target is to get all these houses rehabilitated and refurbished by the year 2007.

Though the general policy of the Federal Government is to gradually hands off the production of houses to the private sectcr, this State has magnanimously embarked on the construction of mass housing for public and civil servants. Currently, 2dO housing units are being constructed through the KSDPC. The target is to construct 1000 housing units by the year 2007.

The KSDPC also plans to procure, prepare sites and services and lease out to the general public in addition to direct construction and selling. Furthermore Government's strategic intervention in areas of providing loans, mortgage and subsidy for public servants and the poor will go a long way to reduce the pressure on housing.

Transport Private operators occupy this sub-sector; meanwhile the KSTA is only partially commercialised, as its charges are midway between commercial and social rate. It is therefore important for the KSTA to minimize dependence on Government resources and be fully commercialised. Major Cor~strairrts

Lack of adequate inventory of existing road infrastructure which are essential data for cost effective planning and bedgeting; Non-determination of economical and social based road network requirement.

Targets Improve road accessibility by addition of 491km and 41km of Asphaltidsurface dressed rural and urban roads respectively by 2007; Build capacity for effective maintenance of roads to cope with the needs of constructedlrehabilitated roads by 2007; Be in a position to publish information about road infrastrucuture in the State; Revise the edict of KAPWA to conform with reality of practice and also to remove areas of conflict; To construct 1000 housing units by the year 2007; To acquire land and provide site and services at 5 designated semi-urban

construction of unit houses for direct sales to the public; To reducee cost of construction of houses and make them more affordable through the use of local building materials and construction technology; At least 85% of public houses and buildings be recovered and rehabilitated by the year 2007 To construct houses for Traditional Chiefs and Emirs in all the Chiefdoms for those yet to have by the year 2007.

rategies Complete ongoing 30 number of roads under construction by 2005; Initiate and complete the constructionlrehabilitation of additional 439km and 41km of ~ r a l and urban and 15km of LC roads by 2007; Classification and preparation of inventories of roads, bridges and culverts; Provide close monitoring and evaluation of all commercialised and privatised transport activities; Establish economidsocial demand based road network for the State and specify which roads should belong I t 1

State and Local Government'Dlstrbl

locations, acquire land and

RURAL AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

The Ministry of Rural and Community Development was established vide Kaduna State LAW N0.3 of 1999 as contained in the Kaduna State Government Gazette N0.14 of 28th July 2000. The Ministry consists of the Departments of Community Development and Rural Development. The Ministry is specifically charged with the responsibility of, among other things:

Planning, processing, supervision and execution of electrification projects in Kaduna State. Coordination and liaison with relevant Agencies, Authorities and various communities in matters pertaining to electricity supply. Development of a hierarchy of Rural Feeder Roads across the length and breadth of the State. Identification of communities' local resources and needs. Mobilizing the communities for effective participation in self help projects. Publicity, enlightenment, awareness creation and participation in communrty Development Programmes, in liaison with other Governmental and non-Governmental organizations Motivation and registration of

communities, and the provision of assistance to communities for the

implementation of Community Development Projects.

De!:,7r n;lc.:,? of C.'.j:r:mu~:ifj) Dr/i.vcio~mc~n? In the years 2000 to 2004, some of the activitieslachievements of the Community Development Department are as follows:- * Mobilization and inspection tours to all

grant aided CD projects in the 23 LGAs of the State. Training of frontline development workers at the Social Development Centre, Zaria. Economic empowerment~vocational training of 500 women at the 4 Women Community Development Centres in Kaduna, BIGwari, Fadan Kagoma and Zaria respectively. Presentation of Awards to fourteen excelling Community Development Associations on community development projects in the State.

r Formation of critlcal Mass committee on HlVlAids activities. Training workshops to all Communlty Development Associations on self-help activities. Disbursement of P113.7 million to 61 No community Development Projects and M million to 46 No Community Development projects as grants-in-aid by the State Government.

Dcpac-;mc.rir 31 Rural i?e'/~io!:mel?f The Department of Rural Development has over the last 5 years succeeded in providing electricity to about 240 towns/villages spread across the State. These were achieved through construction of Inter-township connection lines, town- distribution networks and transformer substations.The process of determining Projects to be implemented is both consultative and participatory.

The approach to rural development in the next 3 years could be multi-dimensional and therefore multi-Sectoral. Rural development is a crosscutting issue. In this wise, comprehensive method of partnership, cooperation and coordination across Ministries, NGOs, etc could be developed to mainstream the issues.

Targels

By 2007, at least 200 rural Communities will have access to more social amenities. During this period, 6,000 women will acquire skills on income generating activities that will better their livelihood thereby reducing the rate of poverty amongst women; Provision/supply of electricity to 240 towns and villages spread across the 23 Local Government Areas of Kadl.ma State; Provision of 888km of feeder roads.

More meaningful projects will b e implemented by various Co.smu.~il~ Development Associations

The approach for rural

developmrnf in fhe next 3years cou!d be muiff-

d~mensional and fherefore niulli- Seclora! Ruin1 devr1opmer;f 1s

a crcsscufliny Issue fherelure comp~ai~ensive

me!l;ud of P~,l.nei;jiip.

c o o p e ~ ! : o i ~ arid csordina!:on

.~:::OSS bl~nislry. NGOs could be t!cvs:spmer;l lo c:a!ns:ream : h ~

issues.

Community and Rural Development Action Plan

, acceslble , , rural roads , I , through the ,

M~nlstry of Rural 8 Community Development

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About 6,000 women will acquire skllls In soapkampela maklng. eewlng, knitting etc which wlll reduce level of unemployment etc One Rural community wlll become semi urban About 460 wmmunltles development assoclatlons will be formed and registered within the 23 Local Governments Provieton of IIgM for domestic & wmmenial actlvltles, SOCIO-

poldiclal development of the rural dwellers Constructing over 888km of

Rural Dev

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0150b

Acqulsltlon of skllls Women Empowerment Improved llteracy programmes

Vlflage regrouping and resettlement.

Creatlng awareness In self- help programme and general development of the rural communities

Prov~slonisupply of electrlc~ty to 240 towns/vlllages In all LGAs of the State

Mahng remore comrnunit~es more

0150b

Conatrudlon d 3 women centers, one In each senatorial zone of the state

Dealgn a modern settlement pattern 4 t h provlslon of social emenltles Mobllizetion and Registration of community development associations by staff slatloned at all the 23 Local Governments

Conslruction of HT & LT llnes substations whkh will be linked to the National Gr~d

Construction d ~ r a l roads

the 23 LGAs, through the Ministry of Rural & Community Development

KDSGand the 23 LGAs,

LANDS, SURVEY AND COUNTRY PLANNING

e allocation and management of land is central to development. The Ministry T

of Land and Survey and Country Planning is charged with the responsibility of control and administration of land. It designs and prepares layouts for residential, commercial and industrial purposes. It also carries out control to minimize illegal development, land abuse and falsification by the preparation of general planning policies, mapping and surveying of identified layouts.

installation and provision of infrastructural facilities relies substantially on approved layout designs and appropriate cadastral maps of towns and villages. However there are no clear linkages and coordination between various Agencies that are charged with these responsibilities. They work at cross-purposes and no sharing of information data. The lack of this cooperation and coordination results in conflict of functions and activities in the State.

Most recent settlements in Kaduna town are not properly planned. Narrow streets, poor road networks, high population density and lack of other infrastructural amenities, characterize these places. There has to be a deliberate pro-active and not reactive policy in urban planning.

Layouts must be created ahead of needs and provided with se~ i ces before allocation. A situation where people dictate the pace of development Instead of the Government cannot bring about decent urban growth. Lack of proper planning generally is a recipe for confusion and it applies to urban planning.

The review of the Master Plan of the existing Kaduna town is a sine-quo-non-for the updating of the cadastral records of Kaduna. The intelligent Survey sheets are in shreds and not reliable for development control. The rate at which Kaduna town is growing and the lack of records makes it imperative for prompt action and the introduction of a Geographic Information System (G.1.S) to restore sanity to our development control efforts. Management of Cadastral data and information manually is no longer in vogue; therefore computerization is a must for the Ministry. While Kaduna town and environs are growing at a faster rate, the designated urban areas at the Local Government are equally growing. The Ministry is working with the 23 Local Government Chairmen on areas of collaboration to have Layout Plans for their areas before allocation of plots are made.

Targets To raise registered land titles in the State from 20,000 to 30,000. Efforts will be made to provide services to major layouts like Barkallahu, Tsaunin Kura, Hayin Danmani, Baban Saura, Romi, Bwaya, Eye center, Ungwa Muazu, Tradefair, Saminaka, Pampo layout, ZEDA, Zonkwa and Kwoi. Efforts will be made to acquire about 20,000ha of the 40,000ha of the Eastern bye pass land. Preparation of Eastern Sector Bye- Pass Master Plan. Review of the existing Max Lock Master Plan of 1967

Establish and set up the Kaduna Geographic Information System (GIs) and computerization of the Ministry. Set up new Cadastral Control Points in the State. Reproduction of Intelligent sheets. Preparation and Demarcation of industrial layouts. Liaison with the Ministry of Commerce and Industry for creation of Industrial Layouts. Preparation of Master Plans for so~r~f: selected Local Governmc!~~l Headquarters. Urban renewal of blighted ar-as i . 1 8 ' slums.

GENDERANDYOUTHDEVELOPMENT

S ubstantial social development in gender inequity and poverty can be Kaduna State is vested on the arrested by the activities of these

activities of women, youth and NGOs. The Ministries. growing incidences of unemployment,

Youths and Sport Youth and Sport activities in Kaduna State: Sports development by individuals, Encourage mass participation through the corporate bodies and the different tiers of promotion of sporting facilities, equipment Government through its activities. and manpower development in order to achieve high standard in Sports The Ministry therefore plans to keep this performance. It focuses on general tempo of enthusiasm and growth of Sports development of the Youth mentally, and Youth activities through a well planned physically, economically and socially. and articulated programme that will ensure

mass Private Sector participation and The Ministry's activities are mainly in the professionalism. The Ministry intends to areas of: train Youth to attain a level of self- a. Encourage the formation of Sporting employment and to encourage more

Associations, Youth Clubs, teams and athletes beyond the shores of Community Development Association this country. among others;

b. Leadership Training, Youth Constraints empowerment programmes and . Lack of equipment and manpower, provision of recreational facilities. office space, skill sustenance ant1

inadequate craft centers. Giant strides have been made in the areas of tennis, football, handball etc.

The Ministry plans to enhance the growing interest and sustain the increasing awareness of the importance of Youth and

Youth and Sports Action Plan

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Women Affairs and Social Development

The proportion of women to men in Kaduna State is i :1 but they are poorly represented in the affairs of the State. For instance, there is less than 10% women representation in policy making poskions and only a few are economically empowered. Inhumane attitude against women particularly in the form of domestic violence, sexual abuse, trafficking, hard labour etc. is on the increase.

A number of global conventions and national resolutions have been enacted to minimize gender imbalance and abuse of women, one of the recent being the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women. Kaduna State is specially giving attention to these Conventions and has set concrete mechanisms to empower women economically, politically and socially.

Women should be economically empowered through skill acquisition like knitting, sewing, tie and dye, handcrafts, computer training etc. so that they can be self-reliant. The Ministry of women Affairs

is canying out well-defined programs to ameliorate the suffering of women and less privileged group of our Society through skill acquisition, capacity building, loan scheme and rehabilitation scheme. In addition to these, deliberate attempts are made to recover the most vulnerable of our Society - beggars, lunatic, orphans and widows. The rights and privileges of these ones are fought for and delivered to them by the Ministry.

However the Ministry is constrainted by lack of adequate funding and manpower. There is aiso the problem of lack of data to facilitate timely and targeted intervention in critical conditions such as domestic abuse against women and girl child trafficking. There is a need to enact laws on the protection of women rights and to domesticate other related international conventions on the protection of all vulnerable groups (beggars, physicilrlv impaired persons, widows and c+phaf.,'

Women Affairs and Social Development Action Plan

- - . - - . . - - - - . . - . . De~ t . I Taraets 1 Strateales 1 Acthrlties 1 Cost IN) I Res~onslble I M & Exwcted !

Income . Micro credit Generating facllltlcs for

em~owered actlvff les Grassroots

2. 30% of decision making position to be occuplcd by women.

3. Mainstream gender In all Ministries and Instiiutlons In the State

4. Dornesticatlon or CEDAW Convention on the elimination of all forms of dlrrimination agalnst women

Skill acquisition

Bill on 30% affirmative action

Establish gender desk In Mlnlstrles and employ gender focal

1 women

I Establlrhment of cottage Industries at LG areas.

Capacity building

Form a working group to advance for 30% affirmative action IoMying actlvlties to relevant Insthution (KDHA).

Advocate for the establishment of gender desk h all Ministries

persons I Training Advocacy Publicatlons. Awareness and campaigns.

Affairs, NGOs, verlflcatlon on CBOs and I number of women

. . 2005 2006 1 2007

NlOm I N5m 1 N3m

Form a working group on CEDEW domestication.

Donor agencies

Agency I outcbme i ; !

Mln. of Women 1 Data coliectlon and

MWA. NGOs

MWA, NGOs, CBOs

that recelved mlcro ' credit and earned 1 higher Income, to be canled out by NGOs, Increase In number of Women aconomlcally empowered.

Monitor of bill passed. Blll passed on women In dccislon-making positions.

Number of gender . desk created. Number of gender tralnlngs. Gender mainstreams In all ,

Mlnlstrles

Level of Public awareness, number : of people tralned. CEDAW domesticated, women live free and fulfilled lives.

CHAPTER FIVE

SECTOR DEVELOPMENT

AGRICULTURE

A griculture remains the main stay of Kaduna State economy - it is estimated that, about 80% of the

population are engaged in small and medium scale farming. Apart from being a major source of livelihood, this Sector remains the largest employer of labour, a key contributor to wealth, income creation and poverty alleviation.

Maize, rice, cassava, sorghum, millet, yams, cocoyams, beans and lrish potatoes can be considered as stable food, while predominant cash crops include sugar cane, ginger, tomatoes, pepper, groundnut, rice, Irish potatoes, soya beans and cotton. These agricultural produce are cultivated for subsistent and cash crop purposes. The strength of agriculture rests in the hands of small-scale farmers.

Most of the crops cultivated under irrigation tend to give farmers higher yield and income. In this respect the potentials of using irrigation agriculture, as an instrument for poverty reduction is reasonably high. Currently, farmers are fast taking the advantages of the

opportunities offered by the irrigation development efforts of the State Government. Similarly, the State Government assists farmers in the areas of extension services, provision of subsidized agricultural inputs such as improved seeds, agro-chemicals, credit facilities, tractors and fertilizer. The Fadama II Programme will further boost dry season farming.

The major constraints affecting agriculture in Kaduna State can be summarized as follows: 1 . The production system is

characterized by small-scale producers dependent on low adoption of improved inputs and practices resulting in low productivity of resource use.

2. The State Agricultural Extension Service is inadequate as extension workers - farmers' ratio continues to widen.

3. Inadequate Government support for farm input, especially on i~nproved seeds delivery services a+~d tfrt inability of the Private Sector to t?* - up the challenge.

4. Price instability of agricultural produce. 5. lnadequate provision of preservation,

processing and storage facilities to reduce on - farm and off - farm losses which are up to 30 percent depending on the produce.

6. lnadequate provision of incentives and support for youths to exploit the various employment and business opportunities offered by the agricultural Sector.

7. lnadequate Government interventions to reduce risks from weather vagaries, pests, diseases and price instability for agricultural goods.

8. lnadequate Private Sector investment. 9. Poor maintenance, supervision and

management of forest reserve and plantations.

10. lnadequate agricultural extenslon.

These and other related problems resulted In sharp drops in variety and total output of staple crops. For instance, maize production decreased from 1334343 metric tonnes to 944671 metric tones between 1998 - 2004.

Table 5.0 Production and Yield of Major Crops in Kaduna State 1998 to 2003

Crops

Maize Rice Swghum Soybean Cassava Glnger Sugarcane Irish Potato Yams Tomato

Yleld Expentancy

Actual Yleld

2.86 - 3.05 2.0 - 2.40 2.0 - 2.05 2.0 - 2.50 8.0 - 0.50 8.0 - 15.00 10.0-18.00 7.0 - 14.00 10.0-15.00 7.0 - 17.00

Swne: Reports of KAW Q?&S

Livestock Kaduna State is endowed with a number of livestock breeds. The major ones are estimated as follows:

Table 5.1 Traditionally Managed Livestock Popillation - 2003

Type of Livestock I Number (commission)

Cattle (Bunaji) Goats (Sokoto Red, Black or White WIAfr.

Dwam Sheep (Yankasa, Balami, Uda) Pigs (Yorkshire, Hampshire) Poultry (Layer, Broilers, Duck, Turkey etc) Rabbits Fish Ponds Bee Hives

Swne: Estimated Based on 1990 National Livestock Survey

Small and rural farmers, except for cattle which, are mostly owned by pastoralists, do livestock farming. They keep cattle for breeding, fattening and animal traction. Seml - urban and modem cattle practices are common in Kaduna and Zaria towns where rich people buy and keep breeding stock.

Pig farming is a popular investment among the southern parts of the State. Large- scale poultry farming are on free-range basis. But many small and medium scale poultry farms are common in the urban

centers. Most of these poultry farms have now gone out of business due to stiff competition from imported stocks.

Traditional Beekeeping is a common enterprise in Kaduna State. Modem Beekeeping is receiving a lot of attention from the Government and Private Sector participation is on the increase.

Government intervention in livestock development is focused on the provision of infrastructures and other support services such as:

1. Pests and Disease control 2. Veterinary Public Health 3. Poultry Development 4. Beef and Dairy Animal Development

(Sheep, Goats Rabbits etc) 5. Grazing Reserve Development.

The Government of Kaduna State is providing substantial financial and material resources support for livestock development.

More than 95% livestock grazing reserves are not developed. Only 36 veterinary doctors are in operation in Kaduna State and 1 known cold meat store available. Government support for this Sector is not adequate and Private Sector involvement is mainly unskilled and undefined.

Diseases Affecting Livestock The Common Livestock Diseases in the State include: 1. CBPP 2. Foot and Mouth Diseases 3. Heiiminteosis 4. PPR (Sheep 8 Goats) 5. New Cattle Disease 6. Gomboro 7. . African Swine fever

Fisheries In the areas of fishery development little success has been recorded. There are at the moment only four Fish multiplication

centers, which have since closed. However, fishermen continue to rely on traditional fishing (Captive) system. A few Private fish farms have been established for commercial purposes but a number of them are uneconomical for many reasons including poor management practices.

Livestock development is critical to poverty reduction as this aspect of farming has become an income generating venture.

Irrigation and Fadarna Development Kaduna State is endowed with vast Fadama land which is scattered along the network of flood plains and low lying areas of river systems, Irrigation activities in the State are mainly on individual smallholder schemes. Farmers rely on both surface and underground water sources. About 0.08 million hectares of Fadama land area exist in the State. So far, about 0.028 million hectares developed are put under cultivation, the Department of Irrigation in the Ministry of Water Resources and the KADP are responsible for the implementation of Government lrrigation development policies and programmes. The achievement of these Agencies, individual farmers and groups especially in the expansion of land area under cuttivation is provided in figure 5.0 below.

Figure 5.0

Irrigation Achievcrnctits in i<ncl~it!n Stat2 2003

(!~cct:~.s of larid)

UTarget Achievements

Given the successes recorded under KADP (MSADP and NFDP I) the State Government concluded arrangements to implement another World Bank Assisted National Fadama Development Programme (NFDP II) which focuses on small holder irrigation management scheme. The NFDP I I recognizes and made special budget provision to cater for the needs of the major Fadama Resource

Users such as farmers, pastoralists, fishermen, hunters etc.

The major bottlenecks mitigating the development of irrigation activities In the State include: 1. Inadequate provision of funds for the

development, operation and maintenance of inigation infrastructures in the State.

2. Low productivity due to low use of improved lnputs and poor management practices.

3. Perishable nature of irrigated crops causes high losses due to poor preservation, processing and storage facilities at all levels of production and marketing.

4. The Increasing conflicts between the various Fadama resource users especially the farmers and pastoralists.

5 . The declining effectiveness of extension and input delivery services in the State.

Extension and Input Delivery Services The current agricultural extension service is tailored to meet the production activities of small scale producers of crops, r~estock, fisheries agro-forestry and other specialized enterprises. It is operated under the unified structure in line with Training and Visit (T 8 V) Extension System. The T 8 V system of extension Is the most effective but costly aspect of agriculture development. At the end of the utilization of the World Bank (No. 2346 UNI) from 1985 to 1996 the State extension outrit standard is as low as 1 extension worker to 750 farm families. Three quarters of State extension workers were rationalized. At the moment the State extension worker to farming families ratio is about 1:3000 which is considered very

high. The major approach of the State extension methods are: 1. Adaptive Research on crops, livestock,

fisheries, OFAR Trials and Demonstrations on Agro-forestry, crop protection, Soil conservation, SPATS etc.

2. Field Days 3. Monthly Technology Review Meetings

(MTRM) 4. Forth nightly Meeting (FNT) 5 . Visit to farmerdwomen 6. Use of Radios, TVs, Mobile Training

Vans 7. Formation of Cooperatives and other

Groups/Associations 8. Implementation of specialized projects

fully and or partially sponsored by FGN, State Government or NGOs. Under this method the KADP is currently implementing the following projects:

a. National Support Programme on Food Security (NSPFS) (FAO- IFGNIKDSG)

b. Root and Tuber Expansion Programme (RTEP) (which is IFADIFGNIKDSG programme)

c. Sassakawa Global 2000 (SG 2000) - (NGOIKDSG).

The State has since established a company, (Farmers Suppty Company Ltd.) FASCOM to supply the needed Inputs and

Exlensron ivorkers to

farmer rabo wrll be rased from

1 3000 tO 1 1000 by

2007 Lspecrally

women fatmen w~ll be

supportcdby edens~on v.orkors

other related services at all times.

The only and most important input whose supply has become so controversial between Federal and States Government is fertilizer. The States will continue to proarre, distribute and sell fertilizer to farmers at a subsidized prlce for many years to come. To meet the needs of farmers for fertilizers under the current subsidy level (25% and above) the cost implication on Government budget will continue to remain hlgh.

Agricultural Mechanization The policy focus of Government programmes on farm mechanization is to gradually introduce farmers to simple farm tools for both production and post-harvest activities; the aim is to mechanize the major operations of production, harvesting, preservation and processing etc. The Department of Agricultural Engineering performs the following functions to achieve the above objectives:

1. Provislon of Tractor Hire Services (HS) 2. Provision of Land Clearing and

Development Senrice 3. Provision of Workshop facilities

Development and Services 4. Tractor Operators trainings 5. Consuttancy Services.

Kaduna State Government has over the years invested resources to acquire

requisite plants and equipments to meet the challenges. Unfortunately, the achievement recorded in farm mechanization is small mainly due to: 1. Poor management 2. Under utilization of plants and

equipment 3. Inadequate funds for operations and

maintenance 4. High cost of procurement

The Current efforts of Government to rehabilitate and procure new tractor for direct sales to farmers and Local Government Councils is yet another drive to assist the farmers.

Targets lncrease Fadama areas being cultivated from 11,000 ha in 2004 to 30,000ha in 2007; lncrease yield of comparative advantaged crops like maize, ginger and sugarcane; Narrow the ratio of extension workers to farmers from 1 :3,000 to 1 : 1,000 by the year 2007; lncrease rate of adoption of new inputs among farmers; Raise productivity of dry season cash crops like tomatoes, pepper, carrots, and other vegetables through increased irrigation practices;

Improve utilization of already existing storage structures or facilities in the State; Reduce on-farm and off-farm losses which are up to 30% to as low as 10% by the year 2007; Increase maize average yield from 2.7metric toneslha to 5.0metric tones; Reduce pest and disease related losses; implement presidential initiatives by raising cassava production from average yield of 9.09metric tonedha in 2003 to 12.50 by 2007; Provide policies for continual and effective Private Sector investment in agriculture; Educate farmers on HIVIAIDS endemic; Promote environmental protection and gender ethics among farmers.

Strategies Employ 150 extension workers by 2007; Implement the Fadama project in collaboration with the World Bank; Collaborate with Ministry of water resources to increase irrigation; Train extension workers or1 mainstreaming HIVIAIDS, environmonl and gender issue in agriculture; Facilitate farmers access to Micro Insurance Schemes that will cater l o r risks and possible losses for key crop promotion; Put pressureiadvocate on the Federal Government to minimizr :hc importation of crops like maizta an(' to enact policies on price stabilize 'ion; Develop sustainable projects to I -;! the youth into agriculture - e.g spe . i credit schemes; Provide special supports for WOE

farmers.

Agric Services

Targets

increased food production by 30%

increase fruit trees crop oroductbn bv t

Agricultural Action Plan - . - . . - , . .... .-. .- . . .... . ... ... .. -. . .~ ., ..-..--

Stretegles I Activities I

per rnnum of ferliilzers to a?

met by State every year Govt. 8 Private Sector interventions. The atate can provide subsidy for 38.000MT valued at N400m

Production of Improved fruit tree seedlings of oil palm. Date palm Managers C i s 8 Guava. To achieve this target, the State will have to borne the cost of subsidy of about N6.Om

Ensure sourcing 8 distribution 6 storage of buffer stock of Agro- chemicals

Sourcing & distribution of improved seeds in collaboration with Prlvate Sector 1 Timely 1 3.00m sourcing distribution of seedlings of fruit tress (May -August each year)

Resuscitation of State owned nurseries (SNos.) 1

Increase fish Production of

Encouraging Private Sector to establish nurseries. orchards 8 plantations Reactivation 11.50m 5.00m 5.00m

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Reactivate Government owned ranches with above 3W0 heada of cattle hdding capacity at a tlme

-9 Rehabilitate sheep and goat centers

Eras Following the devastating enects of African Swine fever on plg population, cranlafy action to MI1 off virus before stocking is advisable

dernonstratlon hdding centers to provide weaners

Conatructlon of control posts

Public enlightenment on report of any disease outbreak

Rehabilitation of inbastmdures for leasing

Rehabilitation of existing Infrastructures for leasing to the Public

Spraying lfumlgatlng piggeries with strong disinfectants

Enlightenment and tralnlng of farmers on the basic management practices of pig production

Sensitize Public on the quality of rabbi meat and to enhance acceptance

Rehabilitate Hides and Skin

mprove hides ind skin ~roductlon and ]reservation for ncome jeneration

Hygienic processing of meat In order to ensure wholesome supply of meat to populace

drying frames and sheds State wide

Enlighten Public on the opportunity cost lost in the abuse of Hides and Skln as food instead of as forelgn exchange earner

Provision and construction of a slaughter house for each LGA

ENVIRONMENT

Industrial Wastes The management of industrial waste in Kaduna State is a subject of great concern. Most of the Industries do not have the Best Available Technology (BAT) to effectively manage all the waste they generate and discharge into the environment. 60% of the industries in the State discharge solid, liquid and gaseous effluent directly into the environment without any prior treatment. A survey of 150 chosen industries in the State indicates that only about 9% undertake rudimentary recycling prior to disposal of wastes. This situation points to the growing industrial pollution problem, which affects the ecosystem in the State and threatens the health of its population.

Water Pollution Of the environmental issues that need to be addressed urgently, contamination of water sources has been identified as one of the most important. Although, agricultural and municipal wastes contribute to the contamination of water in

Kaduna State, industrial effluent in the form of direct liquid waste discharges, solid waste dumping into water bodies, and indiscriminate hazardous waste disposal have become a growing problem, especially in Kaduna town. Untreated effluent from the industrial estate (Kaduna South) flows into Makera, Kakuri, Romi streams, which drain into the river Kaduna, the principal source of drinking water as well as an important fishing area. River Kaduna is severely contaminated by industrial discharges as revealed by some studies. It has been estimated that the industries contributed about 160 kglper day heavy metals to the river. In addition, the industries produce an estimated 3,400 tons of hazardous waste annually and large amount of the waste goes into the river.

Air Pollution Air pollution is another major environmental problem in Kaduna State. The problem is more pronounced in Kaduna South, than other parts of Kaduna

town. Industrial emissions cause the majority of air quality degradation. Air pollutants of concern as observed from physical chemical analysis reports of gaseous emissions are Sox Nox particulate matter and heavy metals.

Municipal Wastes Solid wastes are substances and materials, which are disposed of or required to be disposed of according to the provisions of the law. In Kaduna State, waste generation is associated with human activities particularly in urban areas where domestic, commercial and industrial activities are high.

The type of living determines the nature and characteristics of refuse produced in the community. Solid waste generation in Kaduna State varies from place to place and also from season to season. At a rate of 0.5kg per person per day (World Bank Rate) Kaduna metropolis generates about 450,000kg per day. This is equivalent to 450 standard tipper loads per day. The implication here is that if this is not evacuated on a daily basis, an accumulation will begin to mount and within a short time a garbage crisis will emerge.

The municipal solid wastes generated are classified as follows:

a. Household refuse: These include typical components such as paper, bottles, garbage, cartons, rags, metal contents, bones and combustible debris. These constitute about 75% of the solid wastes being generated in the State.

b. Commercial refuse: This consists of waste from trade premises of business houses. This constitutes about 10% of the total municipal waste.

c. Market refuse: This is made of leaves, vegetables, rotten fruits and other organic matter, which might have been discarded. This constitutes about 7% of the total municipal solid waste generated in the State.

d. Street refuse: These include ali waste from houses, street sweeping such as rags, cow dung, dead animals, discarded waste, paper and bottles.

e. Stable refuse: This is a special kind of refuse containing solid and liquid waste from stables, cattle shear, slaughter houses etc. It also constitutes about 5.5% of the total wastes.

Waste Disposal About 70% of the municipal wastes disposed are through open dumping. Organic and solid refuse are often incinerated.

In an effort to arrest the menace of solid waste within the metropolis, Government set up a committee on refuse known as Kaduna Refuse Collection Implementation Committee. The Government commissioned the Midland consultants in 2002 to assess and evaluate the number of households and waste generation within the metropolis and advice the Government on the Private Sector participation on solid waste management.

Sanitation Poor environment sanitation entails foul stagnant water, co-habitation with animals, bushing and unkempt residential premises etc. These are the common sight in parts of Kaduna especially the high- density zones.

Despite Government efforts to sanitize the environment, little progress has been recorded. The reason may not be unconnected with the level of poverty, illiteracy and nonchalant attitude of the urban dwellers. The Government, in an effort to rid the State of sanitation problems, introduced environmental courts and mobile courts to prosecute environmental defaulters.

Sewage Disposal The mode of sewage disposal in Kaduna State is very unsatisfactory especially in the urban area, the three main methods of

sewage disposal currently employed include: a. Septic Tanks b. The traditional salga system c. Open defecation

Soi l Erosion This results from the removal of the topsoil by wind or water activity. It leads to land destruction, loss of fertile topsoil, and reduction on the land carrying capacity. All parts of the State are affected to some extent by this phenomenon. However, areas most affected include Ikara, Soba, Lere, Zangon Kataf, Giwa, Igabi, Kaduna north and south, Kauru and Sabon Gari.

F lood Flooding is often associated with areas of high rainfall and low line topography. Prone areas with "prodigal" rain experiences that lead to flooding with serious environmental consequences are Kaduna, Saminaka and Lere areas. Over flowing from Galma River affects Makarfi, Ikara, Zaria and Sabon Gari Local Government Areas. Also, the Gurara River basin flow affects Jama'a, Sanga, Jaba, Kagarko and Kachia LGAs.

Drought and Desertif ication This phenomenon is associated with climatic condition, which record rainfall deficiency and stunted vegetation cover over a period of time. Areas most affected

The Gover!~~:?er~t

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in the State include Ikara, Makarfi, Giwa, Keep the Kaduna and other cities Kubau and part of Bimin Gwari LGAs. clean by 2007.

Forestry The forestry department solely carries out the development and conservation of the ecosystem. It creates permanent forest cover by selecting and constituting them as forest reserves. Wildlife resources and plantation establishment and utilization are also vital activities for the sustenance of the ecosystem.

Targets Raise level of recycling waste from 9% to 15% by 2007; Reduce rate of industrial indiscriminate disposals of wastes from 60% to 40% by 2007;

Strategies Take stock of all industries and forms of emission disposed on the State by each; Liaise with Ministry of Water Resources to minimize contamination of water source; Organize workshops on environmerltal cleanliness; Enforce environmental laws on all erring organizations; Privatize refuse collection; Establish Waste Recycling Vlant 1.y 2007.

Dept.

Environment and KEPA

Target

Ralse the level of waste recycling from 9% to 15% by 2007

Reduce rate of Industrial and indiscriminate disposal of waste from 60% to 30%.

To keep the streets of Kaduna town clean.

Strategy

Environment Action Plan

Development of land fills

Encouraging the participation of Private organizations

Take stock of Industries, nature of waste and their State

Purchase of Lab chemicals and reagent

Establishment of Zonal offices.

Llaising with Ministry of water resources.

Production of environmental master plan.

Sanitation, evacuation and privatization Programme

Purchase of refuse plant equipment

Clearlng of drainages and culverts

Actlvttles

Monitoring and control of pollution.

Waste analysis

lab operations and protective clothes

Agency

2006

20m

2.6m

l m

500.000

4,600,000

5m

33m

15m

40m

MENRIKEPA

MENRIKEPA

Cost NM

2008

-

-

-

-

i Indicator : -

1 m

5m

1.5m

10m

1 .Ern

-

5m

1.54m

10m

1.8m

M m

-1 16,700 seedlings of teakleucalyptus at jema'a and zaria nurseries. -Planting ofteakleucalyptus species at Sanga. K.kurmi, Kaura, and Anara FIRS. 104,040 seedlings of eucalyptus, teak and gmelina at GSS Kachia. GSS lkara andgovt day secondav school Gure. 34680 seedlings each year (2005-2007) Fire tracing of Guga, Kabama ,Mairabo.Kachia. Anara, and sanga. TsonjeiKafanchan ,Kurml plantations. -Sale of procured items at subsidized cost -Monitoring of sales -Demonstration -Surveillance of forest reserves and apprehension -1000 cartons of coal and 16M) stoves. -Purchase -Distribution -Patrolling -Planting of river banks at river Kaduna.

-Clearing of reserve

Forestry 5m Forestry dept

Forestry

To establish 300ha of teak/eucalyptus plantation at 1M)ha each year (2005 Mo7)

To establish QOha of community woodlots at 30ha per year.(2005- M07)

To Improve wnservation and development of plantations(3200ha) by year 2037.

To reduce pressure and dependence on forest reserves for fuel wood by 5% through purchase of alternative sources of energy (20052007)

-Procreation of watershed to reduce desertifcation by planting 15ha at 5Ohalyear(MW- 2007)

To secure and

Purchase of motorcycles for monlorlng

Raise seedlings, planting and Surveillance

-Mobilization -Raising of seedlings -Planting -Surveillance

------- -Procure fire fighting tools

Moblluation/awareness -Apprehension Surveillance -Sensitization -Procurement of coal briquettes and improved stoves.

-Raising of 173,400 teak and eucalyptus seedlings at 57.800 seedlings per year (-2007) -Planting -Surveillance -Enlightenment -Raising of 400,000

1.5m

10m

1.8m

25m

Forestry dept.

Forestry dept.1 WFMP

Forestry dept.

Forestry

-

3.0m

39.16m

0..540m

0.80m

1.2m

boundaries -Fixing of sign boards and beacons -Enrichment planting -Su~elilance -Apprehension

116700 seedlings of eucalyptus and teak at Tukurawa, Nassarawa, Doka and Dogon kurmi forest reserves -Instaliation of irrigation sets -Application of pesticidesifungicides and insecticides

-Ralslng of teak seedlings 116700 at Nlmbia -Planting -Survelilance -Coppice reduction and management -fire tracing -Brushing

-Instailation of equipment -Maintenance -Surveillance

-Patrolling of plantations

-Routine servicing -Necessary repairs

seedlings of cassla spp. Neem and Gmelina -Planting -Surveillance -ErectionlRecreation of beundary beacons -Raising of seedlings -Planting -Surveillance

-Procurement of Irrigation sets - Procurement of chemicals

-Planting -Application of pestlcides -Fortiflcatlon -Watering -Surveillance -Raising of seedlings -Procurement of tools -Surveillance

-Procurement of fire fighting equipment -Surveillame

-Procurement of 10 Micycles and 50 bicycles. -Distribution -Purchase of parts -Effecting repairs directly

Forestry (KDFMP)

Forestry (KDFMP)

Forestry (KDFMP)

Forestry (KDFMP)

7..5m

30.66m

0..2m

1.2117

Improve conservation of 68 forest reserves by 50%

To reclaim 300ha of encroached forest reserves at l50ha each year.

To enable the raising of seedlings through effective watering and protection against pests -300ha of teak plantation at lOOha each year(2005- M07) -To conduct maintenance operations in 61 00ha of plantation each year. To ensure protection of omceiresidential buildings and plants against fire. To improve Surveillance and means of mobility in the project. To improve administrative and protection activities in the project

15m

30.66m

O.lm

1.2m

dept.

Forestry dept.

Forestry dept.

KDFMP

KDFMP

KDFMP

KDFMP

CULTURE AND TOURISM

C ulture and tourism is an important service Sector of an economy, it can

promote the history, arts and ways of living of a people. Global experiences have also shown that tourism is a revenue generating Sector for Government and wealth creator for Private enterprises. But in Nigeria, the Sector is grossly under utilized because of lack of human and financial resources to develop it. Significantly also, the tourism industry is being crippled by Nigerians' poor attitude and receptivity to tourists. Some have attributed the low patronage of tourist attraction sights to poverty and unfriendly culture to holiday, rest and sight seeing. Foreigners have also not been keen towards patronizing Nigerian tourist sights because most of them do not meet international standards and worse still security is not guaranteed.

However, the development of tourism in Nigeria would rely on a painstaking change in cultural belief and ways of life of our people. It would also depend on Government policies to create security for foreign tourists and Private Sector investments.

The cultural heritage of Kaduna State affords it potential tourist attractions but the array of opportunities have neither been tapped nor utilized. One of the factors that

militate against tourism promotion is its capital intensiveness, which poses significant challenges on Government's meager resources. Very often, good topographies are equated to tourism potentials, but it takes more than natural topographical resources to develop a tourist economy. The Sector requires huge investments to turn natural endowments to secure and pleasurable sights. It also requires lots of skills and commensurate patronage on the side of the populace.

The development of tourism requires careful planning and taking into cognizance the social, cultural, political and economic characteristics of the Society in the process. Towards this end, the Ministry of Cuiture and Tourism was set up to:

Encourage the provision and improvement of Tourism amenities and facilities in the State; Provide advisory services and information on Tourism; Assist all tiers of Governments in the creation of;

A sub-system of National Parks including natural areas, historical sites and recreational areas which are declared by the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation

to be of national importance and acclaim. Holiday resorts and amusement parks. Sowenir industries. - Games and fish reserves, wild life refuges etc.

Carry out undertakings which appear to be necessary for the promotion and development of the Arts, Culture and Tourism Industry in the State and to do such other things as are incidental to or conducive to the exercise of the functions of the Ministry; Register, classify and grade all hospitality and Tourism enterprises, travel agencies and tour operators in such manners as may be prescribed; Organize, hold or assist financially or otherwise the holding of exhibition performances of festivals of Arts Culture and Tourism, etc, and admit the public thereto, either with or without charge; Lay down the rules under which competition in Arts, Culture and Tourism shall be held and award prizes for same; Organize and undertake the functions of cultural centers for the State.

Tourism Developnient in thc State Presently, the following are the developed sitesand activities for the Tourism industry.

Multipurpose Theatre. General Hassan Usmao Park phases I and II. Zaria Hotel and seven Motels in various Local Government areas. An organized Cultural troupe that performs locally and internationally. There are also cultural festivals in different parts of the State organized on annual basis.

Potential sites and activities that have been earmarked for further development include:

Zaria Dam. NokMuseum. General Hassan Usman (phase Ill) Proposed Holidays resort on Kagoro Hills Fencing of all MotelslHotels. Establishment of Film industry with facilities. Encouragement of Mass Arts crafts

production etc. Promotion of visual Arts.

Some of the challenging questions for this sector are: what is the revenue base of the Kaduna State Culture and Tourism sector; should Government continue to fund the sector or should it hand it over to the control of private initiative? What significant contributions is the sector making to l t ~ e growth of the State? How can Kad<lr~<t state structure this sector to rnaxilnize ih.

potentials?

Culture and Tourism Action plan

Show casing our culture through festivals.

Fenclng of all the Motels/Hotels. To attract more customers.

lnvlting people to festivals by promoting such festivals locally and internationally.

General Hassan Usman Park.

(Phase iii)

Participating in Expositions, Trade Fairs In Kaduna, Enugu, Abula, Lagos, and international Expositions

Arts and Crafts exhibition. productlon of plays and musical shows

Live performances and community theatre productions

I

embankment land scaplng etc. Purchase of relevant equipment and facilities to enhance volume and quality of production

Using the new multipurpose theatre for the exhibitions at both local and international levels

Producing Arts for National and lntematlonal exhibiiom and exports

1. Creating investment opportunities in the Toulism Industry through publications, seminarskVorkshops promotion activities etc.

I purposes I

1 om

15.6m

40m

13m

10.4m

I

~ !

3.9m

I ! I 5.2m

Department of Tourism.


Departrnent of Tourism.




. - ,

Level of ' local patronage

Levai of local patronage

Number of investors Attracted

Culture I Revenue generation Production films through the film I generally for local Industry sales and

exportation.

Establishment of film Industry wlth facilities.

Training of Local

1 I I I I I 1 1

Promotion of Inter- 1 - 1 cultural harmonv ~erformances such

49m of Tourlsm.

Artists.

Providing professional Guidance to Independent vlsual Artists & crafts men.

as music dance and drama with the view to generating some revenue to the Ministry and also provide sources of income for artiffits.

8m 9.6m 10.4m

worksif Arts & Crafts items and other related souvenir objects

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

T he creation of the Ministry of Science and Technology in 2001

signified the need for Kaduna State to make a quantum leap from its backward and primitive industrial level to a modernized and self-sufficient economy, at least in terms of scientific and technological know how. The roles and responsibilities of this Ministry are both timely and desirable.

1. To take direct control of all the existing science, technical commercial and vocational schools, State Polytechnic and such other similar institutions that may be established or constituted in the State.

2. To enhance, facilitate and coordinate the development of Science and technology and formulate such policiesthat will boost technology transfer.

3. To promote information technology1 computer literacy and undertake1 encourage research programmes in the field of science and science education

However, the important place of the Ministry could be threatened by its much attention to administrative matters. It controls about 15 sciences, technical and commercial colleges in addition to 12 Business Apprenticeship Training Centres (BATCs). Substantial funds are already being sunk into renovation, rehabilitation and construction works. These divert attention from the main thrust of the Ministry's functions.

Specifically, the ministry is to: 1. Promote and popularize Science

and Technology in the State; 2. Collaborate with other stakeholders

in Science and Technology; 3. Increase public awareness on the

vital role of science in national development and well being and re- orient the entire society towards scientific thinking;

4. Ensure optimum utilization of the resources of the State for the up- liftment of the general quality of life of the people in accordance with our culture and traditions;

5. Promote skill acquisition for self- reliance;

6. Build capacity, especially in science and technology;

7. Spur students to show more interest in learning science and other related subjects;

8. Promote information and communication technology

9. Produce more qualified science and technical students to fill the State quota in Tertiary institutions in the country; and

10. Produce more qualified sct8:lice and technical students to fill lh~ ! State quota in Tertiary instittrtior~o in t t ~ r t

country; and 11. Supervise the Science and l~?chnic;l l

Schools Management Board, t t ~ e S!slr! Polytechnic and Vocational rrairu Centres to ensure that the ctmndul I environment is provided for sffec teaching and learning.

Encourage adaption. innovation and development in technology

-Fabrication of simple Implements to improve transportation.fwd processing and provlslon of shelter

- support to inventors and innovatcrs

To identify and encourage research and development in relevant areas of needs

Bring research findings to attention of

I - Design and fabrication of a motorized tricycle

- Design and fabrication of a motorized wheel barrow

I - Fabrication of stoves to use coal brickettes for cooking

I - Design and fabrication of a crop dehydrating machine

- Research on Improvement on the durabiiity of the traditional mud roofing ( Gidan soro)

Provision of specialized machines to innovators and fabricators

Assistance to inn~vators~lnventors to collaborate with relevant institutions, research centres and industries In order to enhance their creativity

Provide financial assistance to research and development activities in the State

- Organization of exhibitions on science and technologe activities.

BATC coordinator

BATC CO-

ordinator

BATC coordinator

Rubsonl Nuhu Bamali Polytechnic

Science and tech. dept





Liaslng with Universities. Poiytechnlcs. Research organizations and individuals involved with science and tech activities

Use the resources of the State for creation of wealth and services

entrepreneurs for development into functional products

Support for development of research nndlngs through the provlsisnof grants or linkage with finance organization

- Traiing of Human resources In relevant skills for employment and self-reliance

- Exploitation of the natural resources of the State using availaMe data to advise the Government to invest or encourage investment by interested entrepreneurs to create Job opportunlties for citizens

Equip adequately and update existlng faciliies in Technical and Vocational colleges

-Visit research organizatlons and local crans people In the State to identify research findings end articles being fabricated In order to pubiicise them

- Provislon of flnanclai grants to research organizations

- Provision of linkages between research and relevant organizations

-Identify employable skills - Provide adequate training for the youth In trades Identified

Collate data on material and natural resources through liasing M h relevant agencies and make such data available to the State Government and entrepreneurs

-Carry out inspection of existing workshops and training facilities in the TecWocationai Colleges - Repair faulty machines and replace obsoleteldamaged




BATC Co- ordinator

BATC Co- ordinator


Expand no. of trades in the existing colleges

Increase no, of Vocational colleges in the Slate

Llaise with proprietors of Technical Workshops for Industrial attachments for trainees of TechNoc colleges

Encourage Govi to provide micro- credits for graduands of Voc. Colleges

Senbization of parents In skill acquisition so that they can encourage their Idle wards to patronize yhe various vocational centres spread

tools and equipment - Replace obsolete machines

- Increase no. of lrades In colleges and BATCs having less than 7 trades. - Introduction of new . . . - . . . . trades into the B ATCs

Establishment of 11 more BATCs In LGAs that do not have them

- Identify good technical workshops In the State

A t tach and monitor tranees of TechNoc colleges to proprletors of workshops and Industries to enhance lurther acquisition of skills

Government through the Min. of Science and Tech. will provide assistance in the form of tools and equlpment to graduates of Voc. Colleges to be self- employed

Principals will be directed to vigorously publicise the existence of their BATCs by iialsing with LG chairmen, District Heads and other prominenet individuals within

BATC Co- ordinatoriSTSMB

BATC Cordinator

BATC Cordinator

Tech Dept.

BATC Cordinator

- -.--..-....---.7-...--..--.

Employment of additlonal teachers in core subjects areas

Provision of additional relevant infrastructures

Establishment of well equipped fabrication centre

Training of Staff to man the centre

Construction. equipping and staffing of science and tech. multipurpose centre

Supporting research and development in ethno-medicinal (traditional)

- Encourage exlstlng Lab attendants to attend free laboratory courses at school of Lab sciences lbadan

- Provide Government with accurate data on teaching staff shortages In core - sublect areas. Appeal to Govt to recruit additlonal teachers In core sublect areas - Encourage school PTAs and Old boys to engage the services of part-time teachers In core subjects

Provislon of activities like weather stations, botanical, geographical and bloioglcal gardens, school buses, school farm, corecurricular actlvltles etc to lden the =pa of learning 01 the students

Construction and equipping of 2 Labs. 2 workshops, amultlpurpose centre, Internet cafb. fence and parking lot

-Training of existing staff In the use of equipment to be installed in the muiti- purpose centre

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I gas model plant lor use in kitchens. restaurants etc I

Increase public awareness on utilization of renewable sources of energy

Promot~on of ICT in the State

- Provision of sdditlonai computers and associated accessories for the I Provide training In

ITC to civli servants and the genral publ~c

Min. of Sclence and Tech. - Extension of Internet connectlvity, ministries, parastatals and interested private organlzatlons

, -Recruitment of additional iCT staff

I - Upgrading our internet facilitiy from K to C band I

Sclence Dept

- Continuous training of the staff of Min of science and Tech. in computer - Encourage computer literacy in the State through the training of civil servants an'd the general public at the Ministry headquarters

Sclence and Tech. Dept

Tech. Dept

20.0m

10.0m

Tech. Dept

Tech. Dept

CHAPTER SIX

PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT

Focal and implementing Agency Min~stry of Commerce and Industry

II over Nigeria, there is a clear understanding that expanding A+ ublic Sector activities, which are

bedeviled with corruption and abuse of office, are some of the factors responsible for the country's poor economic performance and poverty. That operating a large Public Sector is no longer desirable is evident in Nigeria's weak industrial base with declining capacity utilization and output, large budget deficit, deterioration in the social and infrasbuctural facilities and high level of unemployment. The role of KADSEEDS in this wise is to redefine the tasks and responsibilities of the Public Sector in ways that enable statutory functional efficiency and effectiveness on one hand and create the necessary enabling environment for other Sectors of the economy (such as the Private Sector, Non Governmental Organizations, Communty Based Organizations and the Civil Society) to thrive.

Providing enabling environment for the growth of foreign and indigenous Private investments is especially important because it is this Sector that provides job opportunities and creates the necessary competltive environment that generates wealth and development across the World.

Foreign Private Sector Involvement The improvement of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and capital flows are some of the central pillars of KADSEEDS because foreign investment can ensure economic growth and prosperity, all things being equal. However it is difficult to attract foreign capital and investment because it is restrictive - going mainly to choice countries where profit can be maximized. In fact, foreign investors often target medium and buoyant economies because they are more competitive and stable. An economy that is less predictable due to economic externalities finds it difficult to

attract foreign investment and capital. Therefore Nigeria has found it very tasking to draw foreign investors into other Sectors of the economy other than oil, telecommunication and electricity supply.

Like most parts of Nigeria, the involvement of foreign investment in Kaduna State has dwindled over the years. However, the rates and composition of FDI in Nigeria is beginning to gain height since the liberalization of selected key Public Sectors and installation of a democratically elected Government in 1999. Also, the participation of International Financial Institutions (IFI) (The World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and African Development Bank (ADB)) and Oftlcial Development Assistance (ODA) such as the DFID, EU and Governments of various countries has also improved significantly in the Nigerian economy. These financial institutions are relevant linkages to the growth of the indigenous Private Sector if they are properly accessed.

Kaduna State requires broad and extensive financial and technical support through these foreign institutions especially that Government financial status is both fragile and dependent on the Federal Government. It is therefore left for the Government to empower the appropriate Ministries (Ministries of Commerce and Industry, Finance and Economic Planning)

to pick up the challenges of exploiting these opportunities for Private Sector development.

Indigenous Private Sector Involvement More than 90% Private Sector operations in Kaduna State are made up of SMEs that range from Bakery, Milling, Printing, Agriculture (especially dry season farming), Welding, Tailoring and Foundary, just to mention a few. This Sector predominantly depends on Government patronage. Thus, the SMEs are not self sufficient in terms of manpower and capital availability, they are significantly weak and subservient to the Public Sector.

The SMEs tend to operate in isolation with little or no vertical andtor horizontal linkages with bigger companies. They are not only small in size but are unable to metamorphose to full-scale industrial Sector. For many years now, the Kaduna State economy has been overburdened by stunted and deteriorating SMEs characterized by poor skills, too little capital and lack of competition. The Government is often blamed for the poor conditions of the Private Sector i.e., its inability to provide the necessary enabli~la environment for the sub-sector to thrive.

Box 6.0 Major Factors M~litating Against Private Sector Development in Kaduna State

1. Lack of access to capital on affordable and approprlate terms

2. Lack of access to sewlces of the formal Sector such as Banks and Insurance

3. Lack of appropriate and adequate education and skills.

4. Lack of managerial capabliities

5. Poor monitoring, control and accountability in the Sector

6. Inadequate access to Infrastructural facilities such as roads, electricity, water, and telecommunication particularly in the rural areas.

The Government of Kaduna State is making frantic efforts to spur the growth of SMEs and to make the State an admirable one for both foreign and domestic Private investments. Some of these steps are the privatization and commercialization of Public enterprises and Issuance of credit facilities to selected SMEs.

Targets Promote the devlopment of 2,000 functional SMEs in the State; Increase productivity of the 2,000 SMEs by 5% per year; Amact more foreign investors by 2007 in priority Sectors of the State economy.

Strategies

Redefine the functions of Government to focus on its primary roles of providing basic infrastructure, security and the social services that are necessary to create a competitive environment for sustainable Private Sector driven wealth and employment; Government to facilitate and promote targeted incentives and interventions in specific areas to promote specific Sectors and industries; Create an enabling environment for competitive Private Sector with special reference to:

Investment in infrastructure especially electricity, transport and water;

= Reduce policy related costs and risks such as administrative

barriers to business, weak legal system and other uncertainties that discourage business incentives; - Improve security of lives and properties;

Provide alternative financial sources for medium to long-term access to credit since the banks and other financial institutions are not easily accessible; Initiate Industrial clusters and agglomeration. This refers to specialized cooperation through vertical or horizontal linkages of industries or SMEs at home or abroad; Adopt methods of promoting the products of SMEs - through trade fairs and information linkages abroad; Develop science and technology in the State so as to create alternative sources to electricity and water supply; Encourage the development of strong linkages between industries, NGOs and research institutions especially the Universities; Embark on long term well strategized campaign for foreign investment promotion in the State, laying emphasis on priority Sectors; Privatize selected Public enterprises in order to shrink the domain of Government and enlarge the size of the Private Sector;

Create Public Private PaAnership (PPP) through Joint Investments and Structured Interaction with Private operators; Base Economic Planning on markel principles in order to minimize politically driven factors on economic decisions; Implement the KADSEEDS, which provides for the coordination of Sector driven growth; Provide appropriate structure for regulating and propelling the Private Sector to develop in a socially and environmentally responsible direction; Conduct a research on the operational patterns, conditions, products and special needs of the SMEs in the State; Equip the Ministry of Commerce and Industry to focus attention on the promotion of Private investment i ~ n d growth of SMEs; Link up SMEs to IF1 and other international financial bodies; Sponsor pilot research projects i r ~ alliance with the Universities or1 clustering SMEs. The research cvill also seek to promote the producl ol the particular SME through pa~:kagi~~!), advertising and marketing; Implement at least 1 scier.:e i - . '

technology pack by 2007.

Commerce and Industry Action Plan

; Medium and large scale unit

Actlvites

Sensitization of people through seminard workshops and granting .of credit.

i i Dept.

: industry

Small-Scale

Development of lndustnal Estates

Cost (U)

State Develop. Of Industrial 'ayouts

Development of lndustnai Estates

Agency

Ministry of commerce and industry In coliaboratlon with any interested party from the private sector.

Targets

Counter part funding to small scale cctlage industries in all the Local Govts. of the

2006

?Om

Companies

Development in all the L.G A for

small

Indicators 1 I i i I

i 1

Strategies

Capacity Building loans from Government and Ihe financial Houses

Providing of Infrastructure such as roads drainages electricity etc. selling of Government shares in publlc private

ndustrles letc

Selling of share in Kaduna, lkara and

Parla I

2006

36m

Provision of infrastructure. Bulldlng up

structures

Partictpatrng in the major international Trade falrs ln the Country 9Lagos, Enugu and Kaduna) etc

Commerce

2007

37.200m

Building of toads and drainages

200m

Attract~ng fore~gn local ~nvestors to Kaduna State

-

Companies

Exhibrtlon of investment opportunrt~es in the State and Hlghl~ghting Government

pol~cles

130m

-

20m

14m

156m

Min. of Comm. and lndustry

24m

i 1 ? f

16 800rr

j j i

i i 1

I'

I Ministry of 1

X) 16Om

187.2Wm

commerce and Industry

Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

!

M~nistry of Commerce and Industry

I 1 : I

i i I

CHAPTER SEVEN

IMPLEMENTATION

we earlier observed, the implementation of any development plan is probably the A

most challenging aspect of the development process. This problem is especially pronounced in Nigeria where Governments seldom act within the provision of any plan.

In recognition of this problem, the arrangement to implement the KADSEEDS will be holistic, consistent and persistent. In a bid to allay the fears of our people over Government's intention to better their lives through the implementation of this plan, we have commenced the pursuance of key targets of our policy thrusts. For instance, the institutional arrangements to maintain security are backed by the creation of the Ministry of Chieftaincy Affairs; strike forces and other deliberate efforts to enhance peaceful co-existence.

We are implementing a number of targeted poverty reduction programs for trade groups, Civil Servants, HIVIAIDS victims, women, youths and the disabled of our Society. Coupled with the establishment of Kaduna State University in 2004, the improved scholarship schemes for

specialized fields of study are focal efforts to improve the quality of education.

The implementation of KADSEEDS defines the process of achieving the set goals. These processes include the institutional arrangements and framework, monitoring and evaluation, financing strategies, pilot projects and risk mitigation initiatives.

Institutional Framework For the purpose of cohesion and coordination of KADSEEDS implementation, an institutional framework is being put in place. All stakeholders are represented in the system and especially, the channels of communication between them, are clearly indicated.

At the apex of implementation are the State Governor, His Deputy, the State Executive Council and the State House o l Assembly. Routine supervision of the KADSEEDS implementation will be conducted by the State Monitoring Committee. The framework portrays that over and above anything else (at least for now), the promotion of synergy, harmonization : ~ r ~ d complementarity is upheld in 1 1 1 ~

implementation process. This is relationship between stakeholders will particularly relevant for minimising ensure transparency, accountability and duplication of efforts and wastage of predictabilityof the process. scarce resources. The structured

Figure 7.0 Framework for Implementation

Monitor ing and Evaluation

The Independent Monitoring Committee will comprise of all representatives of the stakeholders of KADSEEDS including representatives of the Private Sector, Civil Society, donors, labour and NGOs. Sets of performance indicators have been developed for the monitoring and evaluation exercises by the team. Outcome of the exercise will be used to enforce rewards for all Public Sector actors. Donor assistance and other related support will also rely on the outcomes of h.1 & E for the productive investment in the State.

Having clearly understood the si~nificant place of M & E in the implementation process, the team will be inaugurated as soon as possible and training of all members will follow suit.

Financing Government is resolved to seek financial assistance from donor Agencies Private Sector operators and NGOs support in specific areas of the KADSEEDS development. Specifically, the principles of financing KADSEEDS will rely on participation, cost sharing and co-financing of the strategies. Our financing strategy will emphasize on

Increased revenue generation from internal sources for instance, the lax base of the state v~i l l be enilanced; Overseas Development As:;istatlct: (ODA) will be sought; Collaboration with donors - ONFi:'?. UNICEF, World eank will l a ( . streamlined and strengthened;

8 Adopt ways of involving comr ~uniti:: NGOs and other stake'lold~ .

Table 7.1 Resource Projections

. --.----- --- -- Recurrent Revenue

Development Fund I I 1 I I 1

Fund

Capital Receipts Transfer from Capital

--.-

Opening Balance I I I I I I Internal Loans 7.677 1 . . . . - - - .

I

External Loans I 1.839 1 I 2.00 1 I 2.00 1 Grants 0.326 ) 0.500 / I 0,600 (

I I 14.898 1 1 17.132 19.700

-

' Other Capital Receipts

, Total Capital Receipts

3.079

27.81 9

1 2.00 1 I 2.00

1 21.632 1 1 24.300

Table 7.2 Percentage of Budgetary Allocation to KADSEEDS Strategies ( -_-- - ----- _ _ - - * -- ---

1 2005 1 % 1 2006 1 % 1 2007 1 %1 I (Nb) I I (Nb) I I (Nb) I

i Reforming Government and I 0.20 1 0.74 1 0.24 1 0.75 1 0.28 1 0.78 1

Pilot projects The essence of adopting a pilot project in the KADSEEDS arrangement is to test run the system and to amend any areas of difficulty in the processes of implementation. The earmarked projects are carefully selected to tackle what we consider to be of urgent importance to the State. Also, in the face of limited resources, KADSEEDS' pilot projects will help minimize unnecessary wastages through a focal effort to address the felt needs of our people.

Indeed the successful implementation of these pilot projects expressively convince Kaduna State people and indeed the world of our sincere intent to change the ways Government does things and enhance their condiiions of living.

The detailed pilot projects to be implemented are contained in the matrices on overall policy thrusts for 2005 - 2007.

1. Security targets and actions; 2. Economic Planning, co-ordination and

co-operation; 3. Information dissemination, communi-

cation and participation.

Risk Mitigation The implementation of this plan may encounter some challenges that are not unusual to any bold attempt to bring about change. Some of the risks we foresee border around lack of political will, skills and adequate finances to implement the programs. Furthermore, there could be

deliberate attempts on the side of clients to sabotage the plan.

The close involvement of the Civil Society in the processes of developing this document could serve as a mitigating factor for lack of political will. The people of Kaduna State and all other stakeholders of KASEEDS are aware of the potential benetits of the programs. These groups can put pressure on the Government to implement the KADSEEDS to their satisfaction. The Independent Monitoring Group can also assist in pressuring Government to keep to its commitment to the people.

A substantial aspect of KADSEEDS is geared towards training and re-channeling its work force to achieve its development goals. This factor will mitigate for the problems of lack of skills and manpower to implement the program

The strategy to co-finance and share the cost of implementation of KADSEEDS could serve as a mitigating factor for limited finances.

kaduna state economic empowerment and development strategy...

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