TUGAS MATA KULIAH ENGLISH FOR BIOLOGY

REPORT

Disusun oleh :

Dwi Nopita Sari

K4312017

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI

JURUSAN PMIPA

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET

SURAKARTA

2013

MORPHOLOGY OF FRUITSDwi Nopita Sari / K4312017 /A

Biology Education Department, Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta

Introduction

In botany, a fruit is a part of a flowering plant that derives from specific tissues of

the flower, one or more ovaries, and in some cases accessory tissues. A fruit

results from maturation of one or more flowers, and the gynoecium of the flowers

forms all or part of the fruit. Fruits are the means by which these plants

disseminate seeds. As the ovules develop into seeds, the ovary begins to ripen and

the ovary wall, the pericarp, may become fleshy, or form a hard outer covering.

The pericarp is often differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the

exocarp (outer layer, also called epicarp), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp

(inner layer).

In some fruits, especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts

of the flower (such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens),

fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. When such other floral parts are a significant

part of the fruit, it is called an accessory fruit. Purpose of this laboratory activity is

to know about type and kinds of fruits, texture of fruits, specs, and comparison

with other fruits.

Methodology

Material : paper, bolpoint, Cytrus sp, Anacardium occidentale, Mangifera indica,

and Oryza sativa.

Procedures : First, we must prepare the tools and materials needed. We need to

observe one by one fruit to know about the outer shape and parts of the fruit. And

then we have to draw it in the paper. Second, the fruits are divided vertically into

two part and we also observe it to know about the parts of fruits and special

character of the fruit. After that, we need to draw it and give description of the

image. Last, we have to make a table and classify fruits based on general type,

general kind of fruits development, texture, major layer, and the part of fruit that

can be consumed.

Result

Fruit type kind texture layer Edible part

Cytrus sp True fruit Simple Fleshy Flavedo, albedo,

endocarp

Endocarp

Anacardium

occidentale

False fruit Simple Dry Exocarp,

mesocarp,

endocarp

Flower’s

stalk which

also grow

Mangifera

indica

True fruit Simple Fleshy Exocarp,

mesocarp,

endocarp

Mesocarp

Oryza sativa True fruit Simple Dry Lemma, palea Seed

Discussion

- Cytrus sp include true type fruit and single kind fruit. It means that Cytrus sp

is formed from the ovary that becomes the dominant part in fruit and develop

from a single flower having one ovary. It has fleshy texture and there are three

main layer. It is flavedo, albedo, and endocarp. Flavedo is an outer layer that

has aeteris oil. Albedo is a middle layer like spons, consist of spons

parenchyma white colour. Endocarp is an inner layer that has much pulp and

can be consumed.

- Anacardium occidentale include false fruit and single fruit. It means that

Anacardium occidentale is formed from a single flower having one ovary but

there are other parts of the flower, that is flower’s stalk are joined evolving

and become the dominant part of the fruit. It has dry texture and consist of

three major layer : exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Exocarp is an outer layer

that dry, mesocarp is a middle layer, and endocarp is an inner layer that close

with seed. Part of fruit that can be consumed is flower’s stalk that also grow

together with ovary and become the dominant part.

- Mangifera indica include true fruit and single fruit. It means that Mangifera

indica is formed from the ovary that becomes the dominant part in fruit and

develop from a single flower having one ovary. It has fleshy texture and

consist of three major layers : exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Exocarp is an

outer layer, mesocarp is a middle layer that fleshy and can be consumed,

endocarp is an inner layer that hard.

- Oryza sativa include true fruit and single fruit. It means that Oryza sativa is

formed from the ovary that becomes the dominant part in fruit and develop

from a single flower having one ovary. It has dry texture and consist of two

major layer : lemma and palea. Lemma is a layer that bigger and larger than

palea, so palea is covered by lemma. Part of fruit that can be consumed is seed

that covered by lemma and palea.

Conclusion

There are two general type of fruit. First, true fruit are formed from the ovary that

becomes the dominant part in fruit. Second, false fruit are formed from the ovary

but there are other parts of the flower are joined evolving and sometimes become

the dominant part of the fruit.

Beside that, there are three general kind of fruit development. First, Simple fruit in

which fruits develop from a single flower having one ovary, and they are the

simplest fruits. Second, Agregat fruit in which fruits develop from a single

gynoecium having two or more carpels fused together. Third, Multiple fruits form

from many different flowers.