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July 11, 2017 Comments on the National Toxicology Program’s “Draft Report on Carcinogens Monograph on Haloacetic Acids Found as Water Disinfection By-Products” Environmental Working Group, a nonprofit research and policy organization with offices in Washington, D.C.; San Francisco, California; and Ames, Iowa, submits this letter in support of the National Toxicology Program’s efforts to evaluate and identify the hazards posed to people by haloacetic acids in drinking water and the proposal to list these chemicals in the Report on Carcinogens. This report, published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is a congressionally mandated, science-based, public health document that NTP prepares and updates regularly. It serves as a basis for public policy decisions made by various federal and state agencies tasked with protection of public health. Haloacetic acids are common drinking water contaminants that form when disinfectants such as chlorine interact with plant and animal waste in source water. EWG has been researching and educating Americans about the toxicity and concerns of water disinfection byproducts for almost two decades (EWG 2013). Given the strong evidence of haloacetic acid carcinogenicity from animal studies and widespread human exposure to these chemicals, EWG fully supports and agrees with the NTP’s proposed classification of the six following haloacetic acids as “reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens”: • Dichloroacetic acid, containing two chlorine atoms; • Dibromoacetic acid, containing two bromine atoms; • Bromochloroacetic acid, containing one bromine and one chlorine atom; • Bromodichloroacetic acid, containing one bromine and two chlorine atoms; • Chlorodibromoacetic acid, containing one chlorine and two bromine atoms; • Tribromoacetic acid, containing three bromine atoms. This proposed classification is grounded in extensive research showing that the above haloacetic acids produce tumors in experimental animals and can be expected to similarly cause cancer in humans. EWG reviewed the analysis presented in the Draft Report and concurs with the NTP’s conclusion that this listing is both justified and necessary. While drinking water disinfection is critical to save lives and prevent illness from disease-causing microorganisms, when chlorine and other disinfectants react with

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Page 1: July 11, 2017 identify the hazards posed to people by ... science-based, public health document that NTP prepares and updates regularly. It serves as a basis for public policy decisions

July11,2017CommentsontheNationalToxicologyProgram’s“DraftReportonCarcinogensMonographonHaloaceticAcidsFoundasWaterDisinfectionBy-Products”EnvironmentalWorkingGroup,anonprofitresearchandpolicyorganizationwithofficesinWashington,D.C.;SanFrancisco,California;andAmes,Iowa,submitsthisletterinsupportoftheNationalToxicologyProgram’seffortstoevaluateandidentifythehazardsposedtopeoplebyhaloaceticacidsindrinkingwaterandtheproposaltolistthesechemicalsintheReportonCarcinogens.Thisreport,publishedbytheU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,isacongressionallymandated,science-based,publichealthdocumentthatNTPpreparesandupdatesregularly.Itservesasabasisforpublicpolicydecisionsmadebyvariousfederalandstateagenciestaskedwithprotectionofpublichealth.Haloaceticacidsarecommondrinkingwatercontaminantsthatformwhendisinfectantssuchaschlorineinteractwithplantandanimalwasteinsourcewater.EWGhasbeenresearchingandeducatingAmericansaboutthetoxicityandconcernsofwaterdisinfectionbyproductsforalmosttwodecades(EWG2013).Giventhestrongevidenceofhaloaceticacidcarcinogenicityfromanimalstudiesandwidespreadhumanexposuretothesechemicals,EWGfullysupportsandagreeswiththeNTP’sproposedclassificationofthesixfollowinghaloaceticacidsas“reasonablyanticipatedtobehumancarcinogens”:

• Dichloroaceticacid,containingtwochlorineatoms;• Dibromoaceticacid,containingtwobromineatoms;• Bromochloroaceticacid,containingonebromineandonechlorineatom;• Bromodichloroaceticacid,containingonebromineandtwochlorineatoms;• Chlorodibromoaceticacid,containingonechlorineandtwobromineatoms;• Tribromoaceticacid,containingthreebromineatoms.

Thisproposedclassificationisgroundedinextensiveresearchshowingthattheabovehaloaceticacidsproducetumorsinexperimentalanimalsandcanbeexpectedtosimilarlycausecancerinhumans.EWGreviewedtheanalysispresentedintheDraftReportandconcurswiththeNTP’sconclusionthatthislistingisbothjustifiedandnecessary.Whiledrinkingwaterdisinfectioniscriticaltosavelivesandpreventillnessfromdisease-causingmicroorganisms,whenchlorineandotherdisinfectantsreactwith

Page 2: July 11, 2017 identify the hazards posed to people by ... science-based, public health document that NTP prepares and updates regularly. It serves as a basis for public policy decisions

organicmatterinthewater,harmfuldisinfectionbyproductslikehaloaceticacidsareformed.Thesebyproducts,thesecondlargestgroupofhalogenateddisinfectionbyproducts,arefoundinthewaterofmorethan250millionAmericans,increasingtheimportanceoftheNTP’sproposedclassification.EWGalsourgestheNTPtoclassifytrichloroaceticacidas“reasonablyanticipatedtobeahumancarcinogen,”basedonevidenceofliverneoplasmsinmaleandfemalemiceexposedtothischemicalthroughdrinkingwater,asdocumentedbytheCaliforniaOfficeofEnvironmentalHealthHazardAssessmentinitsreviewofthischemical(OEHHA1999).EWGalsoraisesconcernsaboutthehealtheffectsandpotentialcarcinogenicityofiodine-containinghaloaceticacids.Inthedraftmonograph,NTPdidnotidentifysufficientdataforimmediateclassificationofiodoaceticacids.Yet,researchshowsthatiodine-containingdisinfectionbyproductsaregenotoxicinmammaliancells(Richardson2008),andmoreresearchonthesecompoundsisurgentlyneeded.ThepublichealthimplicationsoftheNTPresearchonhaloaceticacidsaresignificantbecausehundredsofmillionsofAmericans,childrenandadults,areexposedtothesedisinfectionbyproducts,includinghaloaceticacids,everydaywhentheydrinktapwater,shower,orswiminpublicpools.Theidentificationofthecancerhazardsofhaloaceticacidsisthenecessaryfirststeptoprotectingthepublicfromcancer-causingdisinfectionbyproducts.Inconclusion,EWGfirmlybelievesthathaloaceticacidsshouldbelistedinthenationalReportonCarcinogensas“reasonablyanticipatedtobehumancarcinogens.”Thegeneralpublic,academicresearchers,othergovernmentagencies,andwaterutilitiesalllookuptotheNTPforanunbiasedassessmentofcancerrisksfromchemicalsinourenvironmentandinourwater.ThehealthofallAmericans–especiallyvulnerablepopulationsandchildren–shouldbesafeguardedfromthetoxiceffectsofwatercontamination,andNTPresearchandanalysisisessentialinthisprocess.Thankyoufortheopportunitytocommentonthisimportantassessment.SubmittedonbehalfoftheEnvironmentalWorkingGroup,TashaStoiber,Ph.D.,SeniorScientistEnvironmentalWorkingGroup

Page 3: July 11, 2017 identify the hazards posed to people by ... science-based, public health document that NTP prepares and updates regularly. It serves as a basis for public policy decisions

500WashingtonSt.Suite400SanFrancisco,CA94111(415)963-0750ReferencesEnvironmentalWorkingGroup,2013,WaterTreatmentContaminants:ForgottenToxicsinAmericanWater.Availableatstatic.ewg.org/reports/2013/water_filters/2013_tap_water_report_final.pdf?_ga=2.236991296.1736848890.1499706616-2009753781.1455041018NationalToxicologyProgram,2017,DraftReportonCarcinogensMonographonHaloaceticAcidsFoundasWaterDisinfectionBy-Products.Availableatntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/about_ntp/monopeerrvw/2017/july/haadraftmonograph.pdfOfficeofEnvironmentalHealthHazardAssessment(OEHHA),1999,EvidenceontheCarcinogenicityofTrichloroaceticAcidanditsSalts.Availableatoehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/tcaf.pdfS.D.Richardsonetal.,2008,OccurrenceandMammalianCellToxicityofIodinatedDisinfectionByproductsinDrinkingWater.EnvironSciTechnol.42(22):8330-8.


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