julian bond, a militant inside the system
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/ JULI
AN
BO
ND
, A
MIL
ITA
NT
INSI
DE
TH
E S
YST
EM
by J
OH
N N
EA
RY
Wh
en
yo
u f
irst
meet
him
, it
is
vir
-
tuall
y i
mposs
ible
to b
eli
eve t
hat,
stand
ing
here
befo
re y
ou
in
th
at
casu
al,
in
sou
cia
nt
slo
uch
, is
th
e
very
sam
e y
oung m
an, H
ora
ce J
u-
lian B
on
d, w
ho
ele
ctr
ifie
d t
he n
a-
tion a
t th
e C
hic
ago c
onven
tion.
Yet
here
he i
s, 2
8 y
ears
old
, a
reedy s
ix f
eet
one a
nd a
half
inch-
es t
all
, 175 p
ounds, so f
air
he
once h
ad t
o s
how
an i
denti
ficati
on
card
to p
rove h
e s
hould
be r
e-
fuse
d s
erv
ice i
n a
Geo
rgia
co
ffee
shop, th
e d
esc
endant
of
an e
man-
cip
ate
d s
lav
e a
nd
her
form
er
ow
ner,
a c
hil
d o
f th
e c
ivil
rig
hts
movem
ent,
a p
ubli
shed p
oet
wit
h
a h
ole
in h
is s
hoe, a m
em
ber
of
the G
eo
rgia
Ho
use
of
Dele
gate
s
by v
irtu
e o
f a l
andm
ark
Supre
me
Court
decis
ion a
nd, by a
ny y
ard
-
stic
k o
f fo
rensi
c m
easu
rem
ent,
the
cle
are
st,
san
est,
an
d o
ne o
f th
e
mo
st
resp
on
sib
le v
oic
es f
rom
the N
ew
Left
—w
hic
h,
by
th
e w
ay
,
he h
elp
ed
to
sta
rt.
In C
hic
ago, B
ond h
andle
d h
im-
self
wit
h t
he l
evel-
headed s
elf
-as-
sura
nce o
f a v
ete
ran a
nd w
on a
c-
cla
im n
ot
only
for
his
vic
tori
es
there
bu
t fo
r th
e i
nd
om
itab
le c
oo
l
A ce
lebrity a
t the co
nve
ntio
n (le
ft), Bond re
turn
s to A
tlanta
and to
urs a
slum
near h
is district
Out of the South,
A H
ero-at-Large
43
tused s
erv
ice in
a U
eorg
ia c
oiie
e
shop, th
e d
escendant o
f an e
man-
cip
ate
d s
lave a
nd h
er fo
rmer
ow
ner, a
child
of th
e c
ivil rig
hts
movem
ent, a
publis
hed p
oet w
ith
a h
ole
in h
is s
hoe, a
mem
ber o
f
the G
eorg
ia H
ouse o
f Dele
gate
s
by v
irtue o
f a la
ndm
ark
Supre
me
Court d
ecis
ion a
nd, b
y a
ny y
ard
-
stic
k o
f fore
nsic
measure
ment, th
e
cle
are
st, s
anest, a
nd o
ne o
f the
most re
sponsib
le v
oic
es fro
m
the N
ew
Left—
whic
h, b
y th
e w
ay,
he h
elp
ed to
sta
rt.
In C
hic
ago, B
ond h
andle
d h
im-
self w
ith th
e le
vel-h
eaded s
elf-a
s-
sura
nce o
f a v
ete
ran a
nd w
on a
c-
cla
im n
ot o
nly
for h
is v
icto
ries
there
but fo
r the in
dom
itable
cool
with
whic
h h
e to
ok th
em
. Hard
ly
had th
e c
ath
ode tu
bes c
oole
d
acro
ss th
e c
ountry
when p
eople
began a
skin
g e
ach o
ther w
ho th
is
young m
an w
as—
and th
e b
ig-
league p
ots
who h
ad w
atc
hed h
im
work
their g
am
e a
nd w
in th
e h
uge
sta
kes h
e h
ad p
layed fo
r asked
them
selv
es w
hat h
e m
ight b
ecom
e.
CO
NT
INU
ED
His
cool a
nd
jaunty
manner
was
Win
ed b
y
pre
judic
e
CO
NT
INU
ED
Bond a
nd h
is b
and o
f G
eorg
ia
irre
gula
rs trium
phed o
ver
the
hand-p
icked c
rew
of th
e g
riddle
-
ch
ef
turn
ed
go
ve
rno
r, L
este
r M
ad
-
dox, w
innin
g h
alf o
f G
eorg
ia's
42
floor
seats
and h
elp
ing d
efe
at
the
un
it v
otin
g r
ule
th
at
ha
d s
ti-
fle
d d
isse
nt
at
so
ma
ny p
revio
us
conventions. T
his
vic
tory
and h
is
-po
ise
d d
em
urr
al w
he
n h
e.
him
se
lf
wa
s n
om
ina
ted
fo
r V
ice
Pre
sid
en
t
all
mark
ed h
im a
s a
com
er,
per-
haps the p
roto
type o
f a w
hole
new
bre
ed o
n the p
olitical scene—
yo
un
g,
art
icu
late
, w
ell-
ed
uca
ted
an
d d
ete
rmin
ed
Ne
gro
po
litic
ian
s
who m
ust be inclu
ded in the p
o-
litic
al equation fro
m n
ow
on.
Bond b
egan d
evelo
pin
g h
is d
e-
term
ination a
nd c
ontr
ol early. A
s
a b
oy in
Pe
nn
sylv
an
ia,
wh
ere
his
fath
er,
Ho
race
Ma
nn
Bo
nd
, w
as
pre
sid
ent of Lin
coln
Univ
ers
ity, he
firs
t ra
n h
ea
d-o
n in
to r
ace
. p
rej-
udic
e. W
hen h
is fam
ily m
oved to
Atla
nta
, yo
un
g J
ulia
n h
ad
alre
ad
y
develo
ped a
n a
bid
ing fear
of
South
ern
whites. T
hen r
acis
m
seare
d h
im d
eeply
at G
eorg
e
School, a
Quaker
pre
p s
chool in
Pe
nn
sylv
an
ia, w
he
n, a
s a
se
nio
r,
he w
as o
rdere
d b
y the h
eadm
aste
r
to leave h
is s
chool te
am
jacket in
the
clo
se
t o
n t
he
occa
sio
ns h
e
took h
is w
hite g
irl fr
iend a
long
with
him
in
to N
ew
tow
n f
or
a d
ate
.
"That w
as just lik
e s
om
ebody s
top-
pin
g y
ou
an
d s
lap
pin
g y
ou
acro
ss
the
fa
ce
."
But he learn
ed to c
onceal his
hurt
and h
is o
utr
age b
ehin
d a
fa-
cade o
f cool th
at he b
egan c
on-
scio
usly
to e
rect aro
und h
imself a
s
a teen-a
ger.
Bond's
cool w
as h
ard
-
en
ed
, te
mp
ere
d a
nd
fin
ally b
ur-
nis
he
d t
o a
de
ce
ptive
pa
tin
a in
the h
eat of th
e S
outh
where
he
went to
%A
tnrk
ac ;)
civi
l ri
ghts
work
-
Worn
shoe u
p o
n h
is desk
, Bond
(top
) scans a p
aper in
the
dark
ened
well o
f the G
eorg
ia H
ou
se—w
here h
e wo
n a seat in
1
96
6 o
nly
after an ap
peal to
the
Suprem
e Court. A
t center, h
e h
ears ou
t follo
wers o
f Malco
lm X
in
Harlem
, wh
ere he cam
paig
ned
fo
r Sen
ate cand
idate P
aul
O'D
wy
er. At left, stu
den
ts in N
ew
York
's Westch
ester County
surg
e aro
un
d h
im after h
e urg
ed th
em
to "re-in
vo
lve th
emselv
es in th
e stru
ggle o
f the S
outh
," and said
, "I d
on
't con
do
ne v
iolen
ce—h
ut I
un
derstan
d w
hy
it hap
pen
s."
Pen
nsy
lvan
ia, w
hen
, as a
sen
ior,
he w
as o
rdere
d b
y th
e h
ead
maste
r
to le
av
e h
is sch
oo
l team
jack
et in
the c
loset o
n th
e o
ccasio
ns h
e
too
k h
is w
hite
girl frie
nd
alo
ng
with
him
into
New
tow
n fo
r a d
ate
.
"Th
at w
as ju
st like so
meb
od
y sto
p-
pin
g y
ou
an
d sla
pp
ing
yo
u a
cro
ss
the fa
ce."
But h
e le
arn
ed to
conceal h
is
hu
rt an
d h
is ou
trag
e b
eh
ind
a fa
-
cad
e o
f co
ol th
at h
e b
eg
an
co
n-
scio
usly
to e
rect a
round h
imse
lf as
a te
en
-ag
er. B
on
d's c
oo
l was h
ard
-
ened, te
mpere
d a
nd fin
ally
bur-
nis
hed to
a d
eceptiv
e p
atin
a in
the h
eat o
f the S
ou
th w
here
he
wen
t to w
ork
as a civil rig
hts w
ork
-
er. B
ehin
d it lu
rks a
deta
ched,
wry
, secre
t hu
mo
r that ta
kes v
ery
little e
xcep
t the "m
ov
em
en
t" very
seriou
sly—
no
t even
Julian
Bo
nd
.
As a
bo
y h
e h
ad
wan
ted
no
th-
ing m
ore
than to
be a
movie
di-
recto
r; then a
s a y
outh
, listenin
g
alo
ne to
jazz, h
e c
hose to
be-
co
me a
write
r, a p
oet. B
y th
e
time h
e w
as a
senio
r in M
ore
house
Co
lleg
e in
Atla
nta
, he h
ad
been
pu
blish
ed
in fo
ur a
nth
olo
gie
s an
d
severa
l magazin
es, a
poet w
ho
could
write
mourn
fully
of R
ay
Charle
s as "th
e b
ishop o
f Atla
nta
,"
and e
xubera
ntly
excla
im in
a z
any
couple
t, "L
ook a
t that g
al sh
ake
that th
ing/W
e c
annot a
ll be M
ar-
tin L
uth
er K
ing. . . ." H
is fath
er a
resp
ecte
d N
egro
educato
r who is
now
at A
tlanta
Univ
ers
ity, h
is
moth
er a
libra
rian, B
ond m
ight
well h
ave b
een s
hie
lded b
y h
is
fam
ily sta
ture
in th
e A
tlanta
Ne-
gro
co
mm
un
ity fro
m in
vo
lvem
en
t
in th
e n
ew
bo
rn m
ov
em
en
t that.
in 1
96
0, w
as a
bo
ut to
eru
pt in
a
six-y
ear-lo
ng sp
asm
that w
ould
CO
NT
INU
ED
On t
he
law
ns
of
his
alm
a m
ater
, M
ore
house
Coll
ege,
Bond e
nfo
lds
his
so
n, M
ichae
l Ju
lian
, 2, an
d l
iste
ns
to
his
fat
her
, D
r. H
ora
ce M
ann B
ond,
who i
s a
dea
n a
t A
tlan
ta U
niv
ersi
ty.
aw
aken t
he c
ountr
y a
nd f
inall
y
chan
ge
its
law
s H
e c
hose
inst
ead, w
hen t
he
choic
e pre
sente
d i
tsel
f one
day
in
a d
rugst
ore
, to
enli
st. A
footb
all
pla
yer
nam
ed L
onnie
Kin
g s
how
ed
Bond a
new
spap
er h
eadli
ne
about
sit-
in d
em
onst
rati
ons
in G
reens-
boro
, N
C A
s B
ond r
ecal
ls i
t, K
ing
said
, " 'D
on't y
ou t
hin
k t
hat's
gre
at—
don't y
ou t
hin
k s
om
ethin
g
like t
hat
ought
to h
appen h
ere
?'
and I
said
, 'I
'm s
ure
it
wil
l,' and
he
said
, 'D
on't
you t
hin
k w
e ought
to m
ake
it h
app
en?'
an
d I
th
ou
gh
t,
'Why m
e?'"
S
wal
low
ing h
is m
isgiv
ings,
Juli
an
Bond j
oin
ed K
ing a
nd e
ach t
ook
a r
ow
of
booth
s in
the d
rugst
ore
, te
llin
g t
he o
ther
More
house
stu
-d
en
ts t
hat
there
wo
uld
be a
meet-
ing o
uts
ide
one
of
the
dorm
s T
hus
they
beg
an t
he
Com
mit
tee
on A
p-
pea
l fo
r H
um
an R
ights
, one
of
the
gra
ssfi
re c
ivil
rig
hts
gro
ups
that
wer
e so
on t
o c
oal
esce
into
the
Stu
-cle
it N
on-V
iole
nt
Coord
inati
ng
Com
mit
tee—
"Snic
k "
The g
roup
had i
ts f
irst
sit
-in o
n M
arc
h 1
5
and B
ond w
as
arr
est
ed f
or
the
firs
t and o
nly
tim
e, so
far,
in h
is
life
: he l
ed t
he g
roup o
f dem
-onst
rato
rs i
nto
Atl
anta
's s
egre
gat
ed
cit
y
hall
cafe
teri
a B
y t
he t
ime
CO
HA
R,
as
the
studen
ts c
alle
d i
t,
mel
ded
wit
h S
nic
k, it
had
bec
om
e
month
He a
nd h
is b
roth
er
Jam
es,
fi
ve y
ears
his
junio
r, h
andle
d
Snic
k's
publi
c r
ela
tions,
a j
ob J
u-
lian
des
pis
ed—
"I f
elt
like
a w
hore
, or
a p
imp"—
feedin
g t
apes
to r
a-
dio
sta
tions,
han
douts
to r
eport
ers,
te
arin
g a
round t
he
South
in S
nic
k's
dis
tinct
ive
whip
-ante
nnae
d P
lym
-outh
Savoys.
. . . "
This
is
Zero
-one,
cal
ling Z
ero-t
wo;
I'm
50 m
iles
fr
om
Sunfl
ow
er,
and c
om
ing i
n,
VA
RO
OM
!" T
her
e w
ere
mid
nig
ht
chase
s by t
he p
oli
ce, w
ith d
ari
ng
"moonsh
iner
turn
s"—
lights
out,
a
do t
hat—
I can d
o i
t fa
ster.
' A
nd
she d
oes
it, and s
o t
his
gir
l sa
ys,
'W
ell
, hell
, I'
ll n
ever
learn
how
to
type
if t
his
chic
k i
s goin
g t
o c
om
e dow
n h
ere
hunti
n' a
nd p
eckin
' and
by t
he e
nd o
f th
e s
um
mer,
she'll
whip
back u
p t
o V
ass
ar
and I
'll
still
be h
ere
, hunti
n' and p
eck-
in'.' "
Rese
ntm
ent
gre
w—
alo
ng
wit
h f
ear
of
terr
ible
vio
lence b
y
whit
e r
acis
ts p
rovoked b
y t
he
"outs
ider
s."
The f
inal
put-
dow
n
was
felt
ac
ute
ly b
y b
lack
civ
il r
ights
work
-
denti
als
Com
mit
tee s
upport
ed t
he
FD
P c
ause
that
par
ty c
hie
ftai
n L
yn-
don J
ohnso
n, th
reate
ned w
ith a
n
ugly
and pm
harr
accin
g fln
nr
fiuht
As
a Sn
ick
offi
cial
, he
saw
th
e si
t-in
s beg
in a
nd e
nd
CO
NT
INU
ED
a ro
w o
f bo
oth
s in
the
dru
gsto
re,
tellin
g th
e o
the
r Mo
reh
ou
se
stu
-d
en
ts th
at th
ere
wo
uld
be
a m
ee
t-in
g o
uts
ide o
ne o
f the d
orm
s T
hus
they b
egan th
e C
om
mitte
e o
n A
p-
peal fo
r Hum
an R
ights
, one o
f the
gra
ssfire
civ
il rights
gro
ups th
at
we
re s
oo
n to
co
ale
sce
into
the
Stu
-de:it N
on-V
iole
nt C
oord
inatin
g
Com
mitte
e—
"Snic
k " T
he g
roup
had its
first s
it-in o
n M
arc
h 1
5
and B
ond w
as a
rreste
d fo
r the
first a
nd
on
ly tim
e, s
o fa
r, in h
is
life: h
e le
d th
e g
rou
p o
f de
m-
onstra
tors in
to A
tlanta
's segre
gate
d
city
ha
ll ca
fete
ria B
y th
e tim
e
CO
HA
R, a
s th
e s
tudents
calle
d it,
me
lde
d w
ith S
nic
k, it h
ad
be
co
me
o
ne
of th
e w
ea
lthie
st a
nd
be
st o
r-ganiz
ed o
f all th
e s
tudent g
roups,
with
nearly
$6,0
00 in
the b
ank,
4,0
00 p
ickete
rs o
n th
e s
treets
of
Atla
nta
ca
rryin
g w
ate
rpro
of p
lac-
ard
s a
nd w
earin
g p
ark
as to
fend
off g
ob
s o
f sp
ittle. E
ve
n D
r. Ma
r-tin
Lu
the
r Kin
g J
r., a M
ore
ho
use
alu
mnus, h
ad jo
ined th
em
and,
Bond re
calls
pro
udly
, "the lu
nch
co
un
ters
we
re in
teg
rate
d."
Th
ose
we
re h
ea
dy, g
old
en
da
ys
for a
bo
y b
are
ly o
ut o
f hig
h
sch
oo
l; at a
lmo
st th
e s
am
e tim
e,
he
me
t an
d m
arrie
d A
lice
Clo
pto
n,
the s
hy a
nd a
ttractiv
e d
aughte
r of
a re
sta
ura
nt c
he
f an
d a
ma
jor in
l lo
me
Ec a
t ne
arb
y S
pe
lma
n C
ol-
lege. B
abie
s b
egan a
rrivin
g, a
nd
Bo
nd
, ne
ed
ing
a jo
b a
nd
a m
ore
in
vo
lve
d e
xis
ten
ce
tha
n b
ein
g a
n
un
de
rgra
du
ate
affo
rde
d h
im, le
ft colle
ge in
the m
iddle
of h
is s
e-
nio
r ye
ar to
wo
rk fu
ll time
for th
e
Atla
nta
In
quire
r a
nd
the
mo
ve
-m
ent. H
e b
ecam
e m
anagin
g e
dito
r o
f the
pa
pe
r, the
n w
as in
vite
d
ove
r to S
nic
k h
ea
dq
ua
rters
to b
e
info
rmatio
n d
irecto
r at $
40 a
46
mo
nth
He
an
d h
is b
roth
er J
am
es,
five y
ears
his
junio
r, handle
d
Sn
ick's
pu
blic
rela
tion
s, a
job
Ju
-lia
n d
esp
ise
d—
"I felt lik
e a
wh
ore
, o
r a p
imp
"—fe
ed
ing
tap
es to
ra-
dio
sta
tion
s, h
an
do
uts
to re
po
rters
, te
arin
g a
rou
nd
the
So
uth
in S
nic
k's
dis
tinctiv
e w
hip
-ante
nnaed P
lym
-outh
Savoys. . . . "T
his
is Z
ero
-o
ne
, ca
lling
Ze
ro-tw
o; I'm
50
mile
s
from
Su
nflo
we
r, an
d c
om
ing
in,
VA
RO
OM
!" T
he
re w
ere
mid
nig
ht
chases b
y th
e p
olic
e, w
ith d
arin
g
"moonshin
er tu
rns"—
lights
out, a
hard
left U
-turn
on a
dirt ro
ad,
the
bra
ke
s a
lmo
st lo
cke
d, a
tou
ch
of th
e e
merg
ency b
rake, a
double
-clu
tch d
ow
n in
to lo
w a
nd th
e g
as
pe
da
l flat—
to c
are
en
ba
ck p
ast
the
po
lice
me
n th
ere
wo
nd
erin
g,
"Wh
ere
'd h
e g
o, w
he
re'd
he
go
?"
Th
e m
ove
me
nt d
rew
vo
lun
-te
ers
from
all o
ver th
e c
ountry
, a
nd
as th
ey c
am
e d
ow
n to
tha
t stra
ng
e la
nd
be
low
the
Ma
so
n-
Dix
on lin
e th
at is
so m
uch a
part
of, a
nd a
t the s
am
e tim
e s
o s
ep-
ara
te fro
m, th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s, in
-te
rior s
train
s a
nd
ten
sio
ns b
eg
an
to
mo
un
t with
in th
e m
ove
me
nt.
So
uth
ern
Ne
gro
es ca
me
up
ag
ain
st N
orth
ern
wh
ites, a
nd
the
wh
ites
tended to
take o
ver m
ostly
be-
cause o
f their b
ette
r educatio
n. "I
mean, y
ou'd
see a
Negro
girl ju
st
lea
rnin
g h
ow
to ty
pe
," Bo
nd
re-
ca
lls, "w
ho
gre
w u
p in
Gre
en
-w
oo
d, M
iss., w
en
t to h
igh
sch
oo
l th
ere
, is ju
st le
arn
ing h
ow
to ty
pe
on
the
offic
e ty
pe
write
r an
d s
om
e
ch
ick fro
m V
assa
r sa
ys, 'L
et m
e
'111111E
do th
at—
I can d
o it fa
ste
r.' And
she d
oes it, a
nd s
o th
is g
irl says,
'We
ll, he
ll, I'll ne
ve
r lea
rn h
ow
to
type if th
is c
hic
k is
goin
g to
com
e
dow
n h
ere
huntin
' and p
eckin
' and
by th
e e
nd o
f the s
um
mer, s
he'll
whip
back u
p to
Vassar a
nd I'll
still
be h
ere
, huntin
' and p
eck-
in'.' " R
ese
ntm
en
t gre
w—
alo
ng
w
ith fe
ar o
f terrib
le v
iole
nce b
y
white
racis
ts p
rovoked b
y th
e
"ou
tsid
ers
." T
he
fina
l pu
t-do
wn
wa
s fe
lt acute
ly b
y b
lack c
ivil rig
hts
work
-ers
, who h
ad s
o o
ften g
one u
p to
eld
erly
Negro
es a
nd a
sked th
em
to
go
do
wn
an
d re
gis
ter to
vo
te
on
ly to
be
told
, va
gu
ely
, to c
om
e
ba
ck n
ext w
ee
k. "B
ut y
ou
ge
t a
young w
hite
kid
to c
om
e u
p a
nd
sa
y, 'M
iste
r Sm
ith, w
e w
an
t yo
u
to g
o re
gis
ter,' a
nd
he
'd s
ay, 'O
h,
ye
ssu
h, c
ap
tain
, ye
s, s
uh
, be
righ
t dow
n
there
,' " and, B
ond s
ays
bitte
rly, "it b
ecam
e p
eople
doin
g
the
righ
t thin
g fo
r the
wro
ng
rea
-son a
ll over a
gain
." T
hen in
the s
um
mer o
f 1964
cam
e a
shock s
o d
isillu
sio
nin
g it
dro
ve m
any c
ivil rig
hts
work
ers
w
ho
ha
d p
revio
usly
be
en
willin
g
to w
ork
with
white
s a
nd w
ithin
th
e "s
yste
m" o
ff fore
ve
r into
bla
ck
milita
ncy. T
he M
issis
sip
pi F
reedom
D
em
ocra
tic P
arty
, in a
mo
ve
sim
i-la
r to B
ond's
ow
n s
uccessfu
l ef-
forts
last s
um
mer, h
ad s
ele
cte
d its
o
wn
de
leg
ate
s to
the
Atla
ntic
City
conventio
n o
f the D
em
ocra
tic P
ar-
ty, c
laim
ing th
at th
ey a
nd n
ot th
e
regula
rs tru
ly re
pre
sente
d th
e p
eo-
ple
of th
e s
tate
. S
o m
any m
em
bers
of th
e C
re-
de
ntia
ls C
om
mitte
e s
up
po
rted
the
F
DP
cause
that p
arty ch
iefta
in L
yn-
don J
ohnson, th
reate
ned w
ith a
n
ug
ly a
nd
em
ba
rrassin
g flo
or fig
ht
over th
e M
issis
sip
pi s
eats
, pushed
the m
uscle
butto
n. A
hig
h P
en-
tagon o
fficia
l calle
d a
dele
gate
fro
m th
e C
an
al Z
on
e a
nd
sp
oke
softly
about th
e im
pendin
g lo
ss o
f a
job
; Ca
liforn
ia G
ove
rno
r Pa
t B
row
n m
urm
ure
d to
an
oth
er d
el-
egate
about a
judgeship
that
would
n't c
om
e h
er h
usband's
way
if she p
ers
iste
d; M
ayor R
obert
Wa
gn
er p
ersu
asive
ly urg
ed
his N
e-
gro
se
cre
tary
to w
ithd
raw
he
r su
p-
port; th
e W
hite
House le
aned
ha
rd, th
ou
gh
un
su
cce
ssfu
lly, o
n
Joe R
auh, c
ounsel to
the F
DP
. F
ina
lly, c
om
mitte
e s
up
po
rt wa
s
ero
ded p
erilo
usly
clo
se to
the e
s-
se
ntia
l nu
mb
er 1
1—
at le
ast th
at
many m
em
bers
were
needed fo
r a m
inority
report—
and th
en th
e
Adm
inis
tratio
n fo
rces re
veale
d a
co
mp
rom
ise se
ttlem
en
t—tw
o se
ats
at la
rge
. It wa
s, R
au
h re
ca
lls, "lik
e
a R
ussia
n to
rture
ch
am
be
r—th
ey
get y
ou s
care
d a
nd th
en o
ffer y
ou
a c
igare
tte."
Th
e F
DP
reje
cte
d th
e o
ffer d
e-
spite
warn
ings th
at if th
ey d
id,
Hu
mp
hre
y w
ou
ld lo
se
the
bid
for
CO
NT
INU
ED
Now
he
is w
orki
ng f
or a
pow
er b
ase
for
him
self
and
his
rac
e
CO
NT
INU
ED
the
Vic
e P
resi
de
ncy
. "F
or
a lo
t o
f people
," B
ond s
ays
, "t
hat w
as
just
th
e e
nd
. P
olit
ica
l lib
era
ls in
th
e
pa
rty
tha
t S
nic
k h
ad
alw
ays
co
un
t-e
d o
n f
or
su
pp
ort
un
de
r th
at
kin
d
of
pre
ssu
re ju
st c
ou
ldn
't st
an
d u
p
to it. T
hey w
ilted a
way, and that
wa
s t
he
la
st
str
aw
. P
eo
ple
sa
id,
'We
ll, w
e're
no
t g
oin
g t
o g
et
it in
p
olit
ics;
yo
u c
an
't co
un
t o
n w
hite
p
eo
ple
; th
ey'll
fin
k o
ut
at
the
la
st
min
ute
'; a
nd
th
at
wa
s it.
" E
mbitte
red a
s h
e, like h
is
frie
nds,
was
by
Atla
ntic
City
, B
ond
neve
rthele
ss c
hose
to s
tay
with
in
the "
syst
em
," a
nd in
1965 r
an for
a n
ew
seat in
the G
eorg
ia H
ouse
th
at had b
een c
reate
d b
y th
e S
u-
pre
me
Co
urt
de
cisi
on
on
re
ap
po
r-tio
nm
en
t. I
t is
th
is v
ery
fa
ct
tha
t Ju
lian
Bo
nd
did
no
t q
uit
the
ga
me
in
dis
gust, that he c
hose inste
ad
to b
ecom
e a
polit
icia
n, still
a m
il-ita
nt
bu
t o
ne
alo
ne
, o
uts
ide
mil-
itancy, and a
ble
to r
ecogniz
e the
po
litic
ian
's n
ece
ssity t
o c
om
pro
-m
ise
, th
at
ma
kes
him
so
pe
rple
x-in
gly
inte
resting. W
ith s
om
e h
elp
fr
om
Snic
k, he w
on the p
rim
ary
by a
resoundin
g m
arg
in, and s
ix
weeks late
r th
e g
enera
l ele
ction,
dra
win
g 8
2%
of
his
dis
tric
t vo
te.
He se
em
ed
he
ad
ed
fo
r a
se
at
in
On
a s
pe
aki
ng
to
ur
wh
ich
ha
s h
im
bo
oke
d u
ntil
Ch
rist
ma
s, B
on
d t
ells
a
Ne
w Y
ork
hig
h s
cho
ol a
ud
ien
ce U
.S.
sho
uld
en
d "
raci
st"
Vie
tna
m w
ar,
the
ve
ry le
gis
lativ
e c
ha
mb
er
fro
m
wh
ich
he
ha
d b
ee
n e
jecte
d ju
st
thre
e y
ea
rs e
arlie
r w
he
n h
e t
rie
d
to in
tegra
te it
s vi
sito
rs' g
alle
ry.
But th
en B
ond e
ndors
ed a
po-
sitio
n s
tate
me
nt
by
Sn
ick
tha
t co
n-
dem
ned the w
ar
in V
ietn
am
, and
com
pounded the p
olit
ical d
am
age
by
ap
pla
ud
ing
th
e c
ou
rag
e o
f d
raft
-ca
rd b
urn
ers
. H
ou
se m
em
be
rs g
ot
up p
etitions a
gain
st his
seating,
fee
ling
no
do
ub
t a
go
od
de
al lik
e
Hu
ck F
inn
's f
ath
er
wh
en
he
me
t a
"f
ree n
igger
from
Ohio
." O
ld P
ap
reco
unte
d, M
ark
Tw
ain
tells
us,
in-
dig
na
ntly:
"An
d t
o s
ee
th
e c
oo
l w
ay o
f th
at nig
ger—
why, he
would
n't'a
' giv
e m
e the r
oad
if I h
adn't s
hoved h
im o
ut o'
the
wa
y.
I sa
ys t
o t
he
pe
op
le,
why a
in't this
nig
ger
put up a
t a
uct
ion
an
d s
old
?"
A
specia
l com
mitte
e r
ecom
-m
ended a
gain
st p
erm
ittin
g h
im to
take the o
ath
of offic
e; and o
n
Ja
n.
10
, B
on
d w
atc
he
d w
ith
blu
r-rin
g e
ye
s a
s t
he
big
ele
ctr
ic t
ote
board
record
ed the h
ouse v
ote
-1
84
-to
-12
ag
ain
st s
ea
ting
him
. U
p
in t
he
ga
llery
, h
is w
ife
to
ld h
im
late
r, s
he h
ad b
are
ly b
een a
ble
to
ke
ep
fro
m s
cre
am
ing
, a
nd
his
fa
-th
er
said
not lo
ng a
go, "I
did
n't
kn
ow
he
ha
d it
in h
im w
he
n t
he
y
had that ka
ngaro
o c
ourt
; I w
as
sit-
ting
up
th
ere
ge
ttin
g f
urio
use
r a
nd
fu
rio
use
r, b
ut h
e k
ept his
cool."
B
on
d t
oo
k h
is c
ase
to
fe
de
ral
4011
MIS
NR
IMIN
IIIIM
I111
1111
11
co
urt
an
d lo
st
an
d t
he
n,
on
De
c.
5,
19
66
, th
e S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt g
ran
t-e
d B
on
d,
the
th
ird
me
mb
er
of
his
fa
mily
in thre
e g
enera
tions to b
e
a p
lain
tiff b
efo
re t
he h
igh c
ourt
, h
is s
ea
t, d
ecla
rin
g t
he
le
gis
latu
re
had n
o r
ight to
stifle the v
oic
e o
f a m
em
ber.
(B
ond's
gra
ndfa
ther
in
19
08
ha
d b
ee
n,
as a
me
mb
er
of
the b
oard
of tr
ust
ees
of B
ere
a C
ol-
lege, a c
o-p
lain
tiff in a
case that
un
succ
ess
fully
att
ack
ed
a K
en
tuck
y la
w r
equirin
g s
epara
tion o
f th
e
race
s in
sch
oo
l. In
19
54
, h
is f
ath
er
help
ed p
repare
the b
rief in
the h
is-
toric
case
that st
ruck
dow
n t
he n
o-
tio
n o
f "s
ep
ara
te b
ut
eq
ua
l"
sch
oo
ls.)
I n th
e H
ou
se
, a
le
gis
lative
bo
dy
wh
ere
, sa
ys C
ha
rle
s M
org
an
, la
w-
ye
r fo
r th
e A
me
rica
n C
ivil
Lib
-e
rtie
s U
nio
n in
Atla
nta
, "H
itle
r w
ould
be a
mid
dle
-of-
the-r
oader,
" B
ond a
dm
ittedly
has
not been n
o-
tab
ly e
ffe
ctiv
e.
Bu
t h
e s
till p
refe
rs
his
job to that of, s
ay, bein
g m
ay-
or
of
a c
ity (
"Wh
at
will
Lin
dsa
y
be a
ble
to s
ay a
t th
e e
nd o
f his
fo
ur
ye
ars
; w
ha
t w
ill h
e p
oin
t to
?
I ca
n p
oin
t to
little
sid
ew
alk
s—
ma
yb
e in
50
ye
ars
, th
ey'll
ca
ll it
the 'J
ulia
n B
ond M
em
orial S
ide-
wa
lk'").
An
d w
hile
his
19
65
ca
m-
paig
n p
latf
orm
of a
min
imu
m
wage law
, elim
ination o
f right-
to-
work
law
s a
nd the s
tate
's c
apital
pu
nis
hm
en
t la
w r
em
ain
s u
nfu
l-fille
d,
Bo
nd
, u
no
pp
ose
d in
th
is
year's e
lection, pla
ns to s
tay in
the
Ho
use
fo
r a
no
the
r fo
ur
yea
rs.
By t
he
n,
he
ho
pe
s,
his
co
ng
res-
sio
nal dis
tric
t w
ill have b
een
ha
lve
d a
nd
he
exp
ects
to
be
carr
ied into
the U
nited S
tate
s
In a
wa
y,
alth
ou
gh
he
ha
sn
't
written a
couple
t in
years
, B
ond is
continuin
g w
ith h
is p
oetr
y, but
now
it is
a v
erb
al kin
d o
f tr
ou-
ba
do
urin
g,
usin
g h
is p
oe
t's im
ag
-ery
and la
nguage to d
eliv
er,
in h
is
deceptively
languid
, hoars
e, soft,
smo
ker's
voic
e,
an
ad
mo
nis
hm
en
t,
a c
ajo
lery
, a s
tern
warn
ing to h
is
audie
nce
s; a
s poets
can s
om
etim
es
do, he is r
oam
ing the c
ountr
y
spre
adin
g the u
nple
asant new
s
tha
t A
me
rica
's f
utu
re is
no
w.
Ju
lian
Bo
nd
do
esn
't h
an
d o
ut
any a
spirin
to e
ither
whites o
r bla
cks. H
e s
ees "
just a lot of tu
r-m
oil f
rom
no
w o
n,"
te
rro
rism
, b
lack
sa
bo
tag
e. o
f p
ow
er
pla
nts
, w
hite
po
lice
bru
talit
y, s
ee
s a
co
un
-tr
y w
hic
h is d
ecid
ing n
ow
whic
h
of
two
wa
ys it
will
go
: to
wa
rd c
on
-centr
ation-c
am
p-lik
e g
hettos o
r "b
roth
erh
ood, peace a
nd lig
ht."
He s
ees
the e
lect
ion a
s "t
wo r
oad
sh
ow
s o
n t
ou
r, s
pe
akin
g f
rom
th
e
sam
e s
crip
t. T
he
titl
e o
f th
is y
ea
r's
extr
avaganza is L
aw
and O
rder,
o
r, H
ow
to
Se
ll O
ut
to t
he
So
uth
w
ithout O
nce S
ayin
g 'N
igger.
'"
The a
nsw
er,
as
Bond c
an b
est
see
it, is
fo
r "t
ho
se le
ast
aff
ect
ed
, le
ast
in
volv
ed, th
e g
reat m
ass o
f bla
ck
and w
hite
mid
dle
-cla
ss A
merica
ns,
to
in
vo
lve
th
em
se
lve
s .
..
tha
t a
c-
tion
re
pla
ce s
log
an
s, t
ha
t rh
eto
ric
be r
epla
ced w
ith r
ealit
y."
Div
idin
g h
is t
ime
be
twe
en
a r
aft
of sp
eaki
ng e
ngagem
ents
and p
o-
litica
l g
ue
rrilla
mis
sio
ns d
ow
n
So
uth
an
d a
rou
nd
th
e c
ou
ntr
y; h
e
frets
that he h
as n
o im
media
te
ho
pe
of
usin
g t
he
im
pe
tus h
e
ga
ine
d a
t C
hic
ag
o a
nd
th
at
he
ha
s so
fa
r n
ot
de
ve
lop
ed
an
y p
olit
ica
l p
ow
er
ba
se
of
his
ow
n.
Th
is h
e
will
try
to r
em
edy in tim
e to r
un
for
Congre
ss in
1972 a
nd h
as
pla
ns
as w
ell
to h
elp
oth
er
Negro
es in
the
So
uth
bu
ild th
e o
rga
niz
atio
ns
in d
isgust, th
at h
e c
hose in
ste
ad
to b
ecom
e a
politic
ian, s
till a m
il-
itant b
ut o
ne a
lone, o
uts
ide m
il-
itancy, a
nd a
ble
to re
cogniz
e th
e
politic
ian's
necessity
to c
om
pro
-
mis
e, th
at m
akes h
im s
o p
erp
lex-
ingly
inte
restin
g. W
ith s
om
e h
elp
from
Snic
k, h
e w
on th
e p
rimary
by a
resoundin
g m
arg
in, a
nd s
ix
weeks la
ter th
e g
enera
l ele
ctio
n,
dra
win
g 8
2%
of h
is d
istric
t vote
.
He s
eem
ed h
eaded fo
r a s
eat in
On a
speakin
g to
ur w
hich
has h
im
booke
d u
ntil C
hristm
as, B
ond te
lls a
NeW
York high school audience U
.S.
should
end "ra
cist" Vie
tnam
war.
A s
pecia
l com
mitte
e re
com
-
mended a
gain
st p
erm
itting h
im to
take th
e o
ath
of o
ffice; a
nd o
n
Jan. 1
0, B
ond w
atc
hed w
ith b
lur-
ring e
yes a
s th
e b
ig e
lectric
tote
board
record
ed th
e h
ouse v
ote
-
184-to
-12 a
gain
st s
eatin
g h
im. U
p
in th
e g
alle
ry, h
is w
ife to
ld h
im
late
r, she h
ad b
are
ly b
een a
ble
to
keep fro
m s
cre
am
ing, a
nd h
is fa
-
ther s
aid
not lo
ng a
go, "I d
idn't
kn
ow
he h
ad
it in h
im w
hen th
ey
had th
at k
angaro
o c
ourt; I w
as s
it-
ting
up
the
re g
ettin
g fu
riou
se
r an
d
furio
use
r, but h
e k
ept h
is c
ool."
Bond to
ok h
is c
ase to
federa
l
tably
ette
ctiv
e. ta
ut h
e s
till pre
ters
his
job to
that o
f, say, b
ein
g m
ay-
or o
f a c
ity ("W
ha
t will L
ind
sa
y
be a
ble
to s
ay a
t the e
nd o
f his
four y
ears
; what w
ill he p
oin
t to?
I can p
oin
t to little
sid
ew
alk
s—
maybe in
50 y
ears
, they'll c
all it
the 'J
ulia
n B
ond M
em
oria
l Sid
e-
walk
'"). And w
hile
his
1965 c
am
-
paig
n p
latfo
rm o
f a m
inim
um
wage la
w, e
limin
atio
n o
f right-to
-
work
law
s a
nd th
e s
tate
's c
apita
l
pu
nis
hm
en
t law
rem
ain
s u
nfu
l-
filled, B
ond, u
nopposed in
this
year's
ele
ctio
n, p
lans to
sta
y in
the H
ouse fo
r anoth
er fo
ur y
ears
.
By th
en, h
e h
opes, h
is c
ongre
s-
sio
nal d
istric
t will h
ave b
een
ha
lve
d a
nd
he
exp
ects
to b
e
carrie
d in
to th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s
Congre
ss—
by th
e v
ote
s fro
m
the
bla
ck h
alf.
In th
e m
eantim
e, th
is s
om
etim
es
uncerta
in y
oung m
an, w
ho c
arrie
s
a h
eavy g
old
pocket w
atc
h in
his
vest a
nd h
as a
n a
ntiq
ue c
am
eo le
t-
ters
eal d
anglin
g fro
m th
e w
atc
h
chain
, ponders
the s
well o
f fan
ma
il he
is g
ettin
g a
fter C
hic
ag
o.
(Tw
o p
eople
wro
te h
im th
at h
e
had e
voked in
them
feelin
gs th
ey
had e
xperie
nced o
nly
once b
efo
re
—w
hen Jo
hn F
. Kennedy a
ppeare
d
at th
e c
onventio
n in
1956.)
Despite
this
sudden a
dula
tion,
Bond is
pic
kin
g h
is s
hots
care
fully
,
figurin
g a
ngle
s w
ith th
e p
recis
ion
of fa
r more
experie
nced p
ols
, ven-
turin
g n
orth
for a
Paul O
'Dw
yer,
into
Atla
nta
for a
Charle
s W
eltn
er
(the fo
rmer c
ongre
ssm
an w
ho
jum
ped o
ff the tic
ket in
1966 ra
th-
er th
an ru
n w
ith M
addox) a
nd
appearin
g a
t so m
any c
olle
ges
he is
gone fro
m h
om
e m
ost o
f
every
week—
to th
e d
ism
ay o
f
his
wife
, who h
ate
s p
olitic
s a
nd
lam
ents
that s
he th
ought
she w
as
marry
ing a
write
r.
tie a
nsw
er, a
s o
unu L
an uent. A
CC
it, is fo
r "those le
ast a
ffecte
d, le
ast
involv
ed, th
e g
reat m
ass o
f bla
ck
and w
hite
mid
dle
-class A
merica
ns,
to in
vo
lve
the
mse
lve
s ... th
at a
c-
tion re
pla
ce s
logans, th
at rh
eto
ric
be re
pla
ced w
ith re
ality
."
Div
idin
g h
is tim
e b
etw
een a
raft
of s
peakin
g e
ngagem
ents
and p
o-
litical g
uerrilla
mis
sio
ns d
ow
n
South
and a
round th
e c
ountry
, he
frets
that h
e h
as n
o im
media
te
ho
pe
of u
sin
g th
e im
pe
tus h
e
ga
ine
d a
t Ch
ica
go
an
d th
at h
e h
as
so fa
r not d
evelo
ped a
ny p
olitic
al
pow
er b
ase o
f his
ow
n. T
his
he
will try
to re
medy in
time to
run
for C
ongre
ss in 1
972 a
nd h
as p
lans
as w
ell to
help
oth
er N
egro
es in
the S
outh
build
the o
rganiz
atio
ns
they n
eed d
espera
tely
if they a
re
ever g
oin
g to
surv
ive th
at g
rand
old
geld
ing d
evice
, the D
em
ocra
tic
prim
ary
. He re
cently
stu
die
d 5
0
politic
al c
am
paig
ns b
y N
egro
can-
did
ate
s in
the
So
uth
for th
e S
ou
th-
ern
Regio
nal C
ouncil a
nd h
opes
to fo
rm a
no
np
rofit in
stitu
te w
ith
oth
ers
like J
ohn L
ew
is, fo
rmer
chairm
an o
f Snic
k, th
at w
ould
, in
part, c
ontin
ue th
at s
tudy a
nd h
elp
Negro
candid
ate
s g
et to
ehold
s in
South
ern
city
halls
.
An
d a
s fo
r his
pe
rso
na
l po
litica
l
hopes, w
hen th
e c
row
d c
hants
over a
nd o
ver a
gain
, sta
ndin
g o
n
the s
eats
to a
ppla
ud h
im a
s h
e
lea
ve
s th
e s
tag
e, s
cre
am
ing
it ou
t,
"Julia
n B
ond, Ju
lian B
ond," y
ou re
-
mem
ber C
harle
s W
eltn
er in
the
livin
g ro
om
of h
is A
tlanta
hom
e,
mullin
g o
ver w
hat h
e s
aw
ahead
for th
is u
psta
rt friend o
f his
, Ju-
lian B
ond—
that h
e h
ad, p
ow
er
base o
r no p
ow
er b
ase, a
gre
at fu
-
ture
in s
tore
. As
what?
he w
as
asked, a
nd C
harlie
replie
d, "O
h, I
don't k
now
—m
aybe ju
st a
s h
ero
-
at-la
rge!"