Journal of Telecommunication,

Switching Systems and Networks

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

(JoTSSN)

May - August 2014

www.stmjournals.com

STM Publication, a strong initiative by Consortium E-Learning Network Private ltd.(Estd. 2006) was

launched in the year 2010 under the support and guidance by our esteemed Editorial and Advisory board

members from renowned institutes.

Objectives of STM Publication(s):

?Scientific, Technical and Medical research promotions.

?Publication of genuine Research/Review, Short Articles and Case Studies through proper review

process.

?Publishing Special Issues on Conferences.

?Preparing online platform for other print Journals.

?Empowering the libraries with online and print Journals in Scientific, Technical and Medical

domains.

?Publishing and distribution of books on various subjects which mainly falls in the category of

Nanotechnology, Scientific and technical writing & Environment, Health and Safety.

Salient Features:

?A bouquet of 100+ Journals that fall under Science, Technical & Medical domains.

?Employs Open Journals System (OJS) A Journal Management & Publishing System.

?The first and one of the fastest growing publication website in India as well as in abroad for its quality

and coverage.

?Rapid online submission and publication of papers, soon after their formal acceptance/ finalization.

?Facilitates linking with the other authors or professionals.

?Worldwide circulation and visibility.

Focus and Scope Covers

is published (frequency: three times a year) in India

by STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. Pvt.) The views expressed in the articles do

not necessarily reflect of the Publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored

products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products

mentioned in this publication.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any from without written

permission of the publisher.

To cite any of the material contained in this Journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the

beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact STM Journals (info@stmjournals.com)

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks

?Systems Analysis and Design

?Semantic Web and Ontologies

?Knowledge Modelling and Processing

?Sensor data Management

?Temporal, Spatial and High dimensional databases

? Database System and applications

?Data Mining System, Dataware Housing, OLAP

STM Publication(s)

STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. ) having its Marketing office located at Office

No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journal.

Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the author(s) and are not the opinion of STM

Journals unless so stated.

Subscription Information and Order:

Cost of Journal:

? National Subscription: Rs. 3750/- per Journal (includes 3 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1500/copy

? International Subscription:

? Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 3 print issues)

? Online + Print-$199 (includes 3 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at info@stmjournals.com

Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India includes speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change

without notice.

Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of

Consortium E-Learning Network. Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi.

Online Access Policy

A). For Authors:

In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, STM Journals also have Open Access

Policy, authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at

nominal cost as follows

India, SARC and African Countries: INR 2500 or 100 USD including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

B.) For Subscribers:

? Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of

correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber.

? The access will be blocked:

? If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking.

? Due to technical issue.

? Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy.

Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: STM Journals with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent

media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars

etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each

published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are

also very welcome.

Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues:

? Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the

next issue as per the frequency.

? Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will

be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends.

? Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored.

? Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to STM Journals at least 2 months prior to the dispatch

schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber id and the subscription id.

? Refund requests will not be entertained.

Legal Disputes

All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only.

If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team:

info@stmjournals.com; Tel : +91 0120-4781211.

Chairman

Mr. Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director STM Journals, Consortium eLearning Network Pvt. Ltd.(CELNET)

Noida ,India

Group Managing Editor Dr. Archana Mehrotra

DirectorCELNET, Delhi, India

Puneet Pandeya

ManagerMonika Malhotra

Assistant Manager

Assistant Editors

Aditya Sanyal

Anupama Garg

Himani Pandey

Publication Management Team

Internal Members

External Members

Dr. Bimlesh Lochab

Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance

Engineering Centre (ITMMEC)

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.

Prof. S. Ramaprabhu

Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory,

Department of Physics,

Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.

Dr. Rajiv Prakash

School of Materials Science and Technology,

Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University,

Varanasi, India.

Dr. Rakesh Kumar

Assistant Professor, Department of

Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra,

Patna, India.

Associate Editors

Gargi Asha Jha

Nupur Anand

Priyanka Aswal

Sona Chahal

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Dr. Ashish RunthalaLecturer, Biological Sciences Group,

Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.

Dr. Baldev Raj

Former Director, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India.

Chairman, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, India.

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor, Department

of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

Prof. Bankim Chandra RayProfessor and Head, Department of

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology,

Rourkela, India.

Prof. D. N. Rao Professor, Department of Biochemistry,

AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

Prof. Jugal KishoreProfessor, Department of Community

Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Dr. Pankaj PoddarScientist, Physical & Materials ChemistryDivision, National Chemical Laboratory,

Pune, India.

Dr. Hardev Singh VirkProfessor Emeritus, Eternal

University, Baru Sahib, India.

Dr. Nandini Chatterjee SinghAssociate Professor,

National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India.

Dr. Shankargouda PatilAsst. Prof., Department of Oral

Pathology, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Prof. Subash Chandra MishraProfessor, Metallurgical & Materials

Engineering Department, NIT, Rourkela, India.

Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao GhugalProfessor and Head Department, Govt.College of Engineering Station Road,

Osmanpura, Aurangabad, India.

Prof. Sundara RamaprabhuProfessor, Department of Physics

Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.

Dr. Shrikant Balkisan DhootHead Research & Development,

Nurture Earth R&D Pvt LtdMIT Campus, Beed bypass road,

Aurangabad, India.

Dr. Rakesh KumarAssistant Professor,

Department of Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra, Patna, India.

Dr. Priyavrat TharejaHead, Materials and Metallurgical

Engineering department, PEC University of Technology,

Chandigarh, India.

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Editorial Board

Dhayaneswaran YR&D Team Leader - Electrical/

Mechatronics Lakshmi Machine Works Limited, Coimbatore.

Vasantha Jayakantha Raja RAssistant Professor (Research) Centre for

Nonlinear Science and Engineering School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

SASTRA University.

Wiselin GnansigamonyProfessor & Head Department of Computer

Science & Engineering, Dr.Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering,

Tiruchendur.

Santosh Dattatray BhopaleElectronics Engineering Department,

Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engineering & Technology,

Warananagar.

I take the privilege to present the print version for the Volume 1 Issue (2) of Journal of

Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks. The intension of JoTSN is to create an

atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of telecommunication,

switching systems and networks.

The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant research done by

eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoTSN provides an outlet for Research findings and

reviews in areas of found to be relevant for National and International recent developments &

research initiative.

The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for

the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and

research in the domain of telecommunication, switching systems and networks.

Finally,I would like to thank Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and

suggestions in the form of authoring. I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/

Reviewer board for write ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement

of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to

publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. A Review Paper on Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) Techniques for Cognitive Radio Applications Lalit Bhanwrela, Aparna Singh Kushwah 1

2. A GLRD-based Receiver Design Using OBEB Algorithm for MIMO Systems Siva Krishna Y., Ravi Shankar S., Reddy K. A. K. 10

3. Optimization of Reflectance in Silicon based Ternary Grating SAG Structure using Plane Wave Expansion J. S. N. Achary, G. Palai, P. K. Dalai, S. K. Tripathy 15

4. Design of “Hexagonal Rings'' Shaped Cover Metamaterial for WLAN Applications Enhancement of Microstrip Patch Antenna Parameters at 2.31 Ghz Vivek Gupta, Sandeep Kumar Agrawal 22

5. Fivefold Stave in Squares with Circular Disk Structure Contiguous with RMPA for Augmentation of Variant Parameter for WLAN at 2.95 Ghz Anshuman Garg, Anjana Goen 27

ContentsJournal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks

JoTSSN (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks

Volume 1, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

A Review Paper on Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS)

Techniques for Cognitive Radio Applications

Lalit Bhanwrela*, Aparna Singh Kushwah Department of Electronics and Communication, University Institute of Technology,

RGPV Bhopal, India

Abstract Cognitive radio is the best solution for the spectrum scarcity and spectrum underutilization

problem in wireless communication system, because of its ability to rapidly and

automatically adapt operating parameters as per requirements and conditions. In this

paper, a literature review of cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) techniques for cognitive

radio is presented. In cognitive radio, spectrum sensing is the main function which prevents

the interference with the primary users (PU) and identifies the available white spaces to

enhance the spectrum utilization. We examined the use of cooperative spectrum sensing in

cognitive radio systems to enhance the reliability of detecting PUs. We have presented

principle, classifications and components of CSS and CSS techniques based on decision

fusion rules in detail. Also advantages and disadvantages of detection techniques are

investigated and summarized. Finally research issues and challenges are given.

Keywords: cognitive radios, cooperative spectrum sensing, hard and soft decision

fusion

JoTSSN (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks

Volume 1, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

A GLRD-based Receiver Design Using OBEB Algorithm

for MIMO Systems

Siva Krishna Y., Ravi Shankar S., Reddy K. A. K. Department of E.C.E, Vignan University, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract This paper gives the performance comparison of a MIMO system applying a modified

branch-estimate-bound (MBEB) and ordered branch-estimate-bound (OBEB) algorithms

of generalized likelihood ratio detector (GLRD) in the presence of channel estimation error. Here, two sources of errors like, errors due to noise and errors due to time

variations induced by Doppler effects are considered. The GLRD solves the transmitted

symbols using joint channel symbol estimation by combining the channel estimate with a block of received data. The GLRD provides a unified receiver structure which can also be

applied to MIMO systems where no channel estimate is available. The computational complexity of GLRD increases with improved performance. This problem is addressed by

using branch-estimate-bound optimization algorithms. The GLRD implemented with

OBEB algorithm is shown to outperform the GLRD implemented with MBEB algorithm.

Keywords: multiple-input multiple-output, channel estimation error, correlated block

fading, generalized likelihood ratio detector, modified branch estimate bound,

ordered branch estimate-bound algorithm.

JoTSSN (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks

Volume 1, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Optimization of Reflectance in Silicon based Ternary

Grating SAG Structure using Plane Wave Expansion

J. S. N. Achary1, G. Palai

2, P. K. Dalai

2, S. K. Tripathy

3* 1Ganjam College, Ganjam, Odhisa, India

2Gandhi Institute for Technological Advancement (GITA), Bhubaneswar, India

3National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST), Berhempur, India

Abstract We investigate the silicon based ternary grating SAG (silicon on air on glass) structure

for possible filter application. Grating is realized by one dimensional grating structure,

which consists of ternary periodic structure, where ternary period is realized by the combination of silicon-air-silicon dioxide layers. Reflectance’s from such periodic

structures is simulated using plane wave expansion method. Simulation result shows that number of layers in the periodic structure plays an important role for the same. Further

the structure is optimized for 100% reflectivity. It is also found that wavelength shift

gradually increases from 8 to 32 ternary layers.

Keywords: Ternary grating, Reflectance, Filter

JoTSSN (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks

Volume 1, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Design of “Hexagonal Rings’’ Shaped Cover Metamaterial

for WLAN Applications Enhancement of Microstrip Patch

Antenna Parameters at 2.31 GHz

Vivek Gupta*, Sandeep Kumar Agrawal Rustamji Institute of Technology, BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, India

Abstract A rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) along with metamaterial which has

design of hexagonal rings-shaped cover structure is proposed at a height of 3.2 mm from

the ground plane. The RMPA with proposed metamaterial structure is designed to

resonate at 2.31 GHz frequency. This work is mainly focused on increasing the potential parameters of microstrip patch antenna. The proposed metamaterial structure

significantly reduces the return loss and increases the bandwidth and directivity of the

antenna as compare to RMPA alone. The bandwidth is increased u to 76 MHz in comparison to RMPA alone. The return of proposed antenna is reduced to 32.9 db.

Keywords: Rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA), hexagonal rings shaped

cover metamaterial structure.

JoTSSN (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks

Volume 1, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Fivefold Stave in Squares with Circular Disk Structure

Contiguous with RMPA for Augmentation of Variant

Parameter for WLAN at 2.95 GHz

Anshuman Garg*, Anjana Goen Department of Electronics and Communication, Rustamji Institute of Technology, M. P., India

Abstract A rectangular microstrip patch antenna with “Fivefold Stave in Squares with Circular

Disk” shaped meta material cover is designed and replicated at a height of 3.2 mm from the ground plane. The antenna along with the proposed metamaterial structure is

designed to resonate at 2.95 GHz frequency. But the proposed metamaterial cover significantly reduces the return loss and increases the bandwidth, and gain of the antenna

in comparison to rectangular microstrip patch antenna or previous author’s paper. The

system is modelled by computer simulation technology software (CST-2010). With the help of CST-2010, the return loss, directivity, and radiation pattern of compact

rectangular patch antenna operating at 2.95 GHz frequency and rectangular patch

antenna along with designed metamaterial shape have been evaluated in this work.

Keywords: Rectangular micro strip patch antenna (RMPA), double negative left-

handed metamaterial, return loss (LH-MTM)