JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGYVOLUME 137 0 NUMBER 1 0 JANUARY 1979

EDITORIAL BOARDSimon Silver, Editor-in-Chief (1982)Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.

Stanley C. Holt, Editor (1982) Donald P. Nierlich, Editor (1982)University of Massachusetts, Armherst University of California, Los A ngeles

Sam Kaplan, Editor (1983) Allen T. Phillips, Editor (1980)University of Illinois. Urbana Pennsylvania Stale University,

University Park, Pa.

Elizabeth McFall, Editor (1980) Howard V. Rickenberg, Editor (1983)New York University, New York, N. Y. National Jewish Hospital, Denver, CO

Mark Achtman (1979)James N. Adams (1979)Nina Agabian (1980)James Akagi (1979)David Apirion (1979)Arthur I. Aronson (1979)Gad Avigad (1980)Stephen D. Barbour (1979)Jeffrey M. Becker (1980)Claire M. Berg (1980)Douglas E. Berg (1980)Richard S. Berk (1980)Harriet Bernheimer (1980)Dale C. Birdsell (1981)Edwin Boatman (1980)Winfried Boos (1979)H. D. Braymer (1979)Jean Brenchley (1980)George H. Browneli (1980)Richard 0. Burns (1980)A. M. Chakrabarty (1980)Peter J. Chapman (1979)G. William Claus (1979)Don B. Cleweli (1980)Stanley N. Cohen (1979)John W. Costerton (1980)John E. Cronan, Jr. (1980)Lolita Daneo-Moore (1981)Dana L. Diedrich (1980)Walter J. Dobrogosz (1979)

Patrick R. Dugan (1980)A. Eisenstark (1979)Alan D. Elbein (1979)David P. Fan (1981)Walton L. Fangman (1981)W. R. Finnerty (1979)John D. Foulds (1979)Bijan K. Ghosh (1981)Harry E. Gilieland, Jr. (1979)Helen Greer (1980)Walter R. Guild (1981)Tadayo Hashimoto (1979)Gerald L. Hazelbauer (1981)Joy Hochstadt (1980)Bruce Holloway (1979)Philip Hylemon (1979)Joseph Inselburg (1981)Robert J. Kadner (1979)Donald L. Keister (1980)David E. Kennell (1980)Bruce C. Kline (1980)Thomas G. Lessie (1979)K. Brooks Low (1979)P. T. Magee (1980)Manley Mandel (1981)Robert E. Marquis (1979)Barry Marrs (1981)Neil H. Mendelson (1981)Sally Ann Meyer (1981)Gene E. Michaels (1980)Walter G. Niehaus, Jr. (1981)

Hiroshi Nikaido (1981)John H. Nordin (1979)Michio Oishi (1980)Sunil Palchaudhurn (1979)Leo Parks (1979)Martin Pato (1981)William S. Reznikoff (1979)Palmer Rogers (1981)Antonio H. Romano (1979)Barry P. Rosen (1980)Robert Rownd (1980)Harold L. Sadoff (1980)Milton H. Saler, Jr. (1979)Gene A. Scarborough (1979)Irwin H. Segel (1979)Jane K. Setlow (1981)J. A. Shapiro (1979)David Sherratt (1980)Douglas W. Smith (1980)Issar Smith (1981)Dieter G. Soll (1979)A. L. Sonenshein (1980)Dwight Stinnett (1979)Stanley Streicher (1980)Robert L. Switzer (1979)Bonnie M. Tyler (1981)James A. Wechsler (1981)David White (1980)Clifford A. Woolfolk (1979)Howard Zalkin (1979)

Robert A. Day, Managing EditorGisella Pollock, Assistant Managing Editor

Linda Illig, Production Editor1913 I St., N. W., Washington, D.C. 20006

EX OFFICIOEdwin H. Lennette, President (1978-1979)

J. Mehsen Joseph, Secretary

The Journal of Bacteriology (ISSN 0021-9193), a publicationof the American Society for Microbiology, 1913 I St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20006, is devoted to the advancement anddissemination of fundamental knowledge concerning bacteriaand other microorganisms. Instructions to Authors are publishedin the January issue each year. The Journal is published monthly,and the twelve numbers are divided into four volumes per year.The nonmember subscription price is $115 per year. Single copiesare $10. The member subscription price is $22 per year. Corre-spondence relating to subscriptions, reprints, defective copies,availability of back issues, lost or late proofs, disposition ofsubmitted manuscripts, and general editorial matters should bedirected to the ASM Publications Office, 1913 I St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20006 (area 202 833-9680).

Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C. 20006, and atadditional mailing offices.

Willis A. Wood, President-Elect (1978-1979)Brinton M. Miller, Treasurer

Made in the United States of America.Copyright © 1979, American Society for Microbiology.All Rights Reserved.

The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journalindicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the articlemay be made for personal use, or for personal use of specificclients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that thecopier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clear-ance Center, Inc., P.O. Box 765, Schenectady, New York 12301,for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of theU.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kindsof copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertis-ing or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works,or for resale.

Author IndexAlfasi, Hana, 69Allet, Bernard, 681Antonian, Edna, 469Arias, A., 409Ascenzi, Joseph M., 384

Balch, W. E., 256, 264Baumberg, Simon, 189Beckwith, Jon, 365Bell, G., 447Berg, Douglas E., 681Bishop, C. W., 574Bishop, Dean S., 537Black, F. T., 456Blech, J. E., 574Bock, A., 480Botstein, David, 433Bott, Kenneth F., 213Bottomley, Peter J., 321Brock, T. D., 420Broda, Paul, 281Buller, C. S., 62Burgdorfer, Willy, 605

Canosi, Umberto, 124Carter, B. L. A., 1Castensson, Staffan, 129Cervefiansky, C., 409Chace, Nina M., 614Chai, T -ujyi 226Chandler, Carol J., 350Chapman, Virginia, 545Chase, John W., 234Chattopadhyay, Pranab K., 309Chenault, Sara S., 653Ching, Te May, 153Christiansen, C., 456Clark, Virginia L., 340Cohen, Stanley N., 92Cox, Charles D., 357Crawford, Irving P., 700Cseke, Cs., 667Cullum, John, 281Curtis, Susan J., 644

Davidson, Lois, 204Deeley, Michael, 700Del Giudice, Luigi, 673DeLong, Sara, 545Dennis, Patrick P., 115, 197deSilva, Arminda Orozco, 502Dickson, Lesley R., 51Dickson, Robert C., 51Doolittle, W. Ford, 648Downey, Ronald J., 105Dubnau, David, 635Duncan, M. J., 415

Earhart, Charles F., 653Edmiston, Susan H., 568Ehrhardt, C. W., 1Ely, Bert, 627Emerich, David W., 153Eriquez, Louis A., 620Evans, Harold J., 153

Falaschi, Arturo, 124Farkas, G. L., 667

Farley, John R., 350Fernwalt, Jeffrey D., 391Ferrari, Eugenio, 124Fields, Patricia I., 391Fonzi, William A., 285Foulds, John, 226Fraenkel, D. G., 415, 502Freundt, E. A., 456Friedberg, Devorah, 69Friedberg, Ilan, 69Frohler, J., 480

Gaal, Andras, 13Gardiol, A., 409Garg, G. K., 28Gerstenberger, P. D., 502Gest, Howard, 524Gibson, Evelyn M., 614Glaser, Luis, 327Glickman, B. W., 658Gociar, Eva, 502Goldberg, Daniel E., 502Graham, Madge Yang, 635Graham, Rex, 357Grant, W. D., 35Griill, J. M., 480Gryczan, Thomas, 635Guild, Walter R., 556Gunsalus, I. C., 28, 697

Hack, Adelle M., 692Hardaway, K. L., 62Harmon, S. A., 374Hartman, Fred C., 490Harwood, Colin R., 189Hayes, Stanley F., 605Heller, K. B., 670Hennecke, H., 480Henning, Ulf, 664Hermann, Monique, 28Holtje, Joachim-Volker, 661Honma, Yoshiharu, 677Hooper, Gary R., 537Hoshino, Toshimitau, 73

Inouye, Masayori, 595

Jahnke, Linda, 179Jann, Klaus, 664Johnson, Reid C., 627Johnson, Steven R., 531Johnston, G. C., 1Jorgensen, Richard A., 681Jouve, H6eine, 161

Kageyama, Makoto, 73Kennedy, Eugene P., 686Kipe-Nolt, J. A., 146Kitto, G. Barrie, 204Klein, Harold P., 179Konijn, Theo M., 169Kosman, Daniel J., 313Kowalski, John B., 689Kozloff, Lloyd M., 545

Labour6, Anne-Marie, 161Lai, Jiunu-Shyong, 309Lamb, David H., 213

Langworthy, T. A., 185Lark, Cynthia, 44Lau, Reginald H., 648Little, Robert, 115Loewy, Arleen, 327London, Jack, 614London, Sidney B., 614Long, Mary V., 490Lorincz, A., 1

McCullough, W. G., 243Macedo, Paula M., 461MacGregor, C. H., 574McIntosh, Mark A., 653Madigan, Michael T., 524Manson, Claude, 161Markin, Jennifer S., 51Martinez-Drets, G., 409Masker, Warren E., 234Mason, Mark, 204Mato, Jose M., 169Matsuhashi, Michio, 474, 644Mayer, Stephanie, 350Mazza, Giorgio, 124Menninger, John R., 694Merkal, R. S., 243Miller, Jeffrey H., 433Minet, Michele, 440Misono, Haruo, 22Mitchison, J. M., 440Montie, Thomas C., 274Morgan, Edward A., 507Morrow, T. O., 374Mortlock, Robert P., 173Moses, Robb E., 397Moulton, Rebecca C., 274Mount, David W., 568Murphy, Janet B., 234

Nakamura, Kenzo, 595Nass, G., 480Neujahr, Halina Y., 13Nombela, C6sar, 6Nomura, Masayasu, 507, 584Norton, I. Lucile, 490Nurse, Paul, 440

Ohya,-Satoshi, 474Okubo, Yasuhita, 677Old, David C., 173Opheim, Dennis J., 285

Pacelli, Laura Z., 568Paulus, Thomas J., 82Pawar, Shashi, 469Payne, J. W., 447Pelxnont, Jean, 161Pendyala, Lakshmi, 248Pfahl, Magnus, 137Phares, E. F., 490Pirtle, Robert M., 595Pisano, Michael A., 620Plate, Charles A., 221Pol6nia, J. J., 461Porter, Ronald D., 556PramArik, Ajay, 469

Rampe, Glenn, 556Reznikoff, William S., 681Rocha, Victor, 700Romig, W. R., 531Rudd, Kenneth, 295Rudick, Michael J., 301Ruiz-Argueso, Tomas, 153Rupp, W. Dean, 692

Sancar, Aziz, 692Sanchez, Miguel, 6Santos, Tom"s, 6Schloss, John V., 490Schulman, Howard, 686Schulz, Horst, 469Segel, Irwin H., 350Shanley, Mark, 285Sharma, Surendra, 397Shatzman, Allan R., 313Shoemaker, Nadja B., 556Shuman, Howard A., 365Silva, M. T., 461Silverman, Michael, 517Simon, Louise T., 537Simon, Melvin, 517

Skold, Ola, 129Smith, Gale, 204Smith, Paul F., 185Smyth, Janine, 248Soda, Kenji, 22Sousa, J. C. F., 461Stacey, Gary, 321Steiner, Francis X., 105Stevens, S. E., Jr., 146Stringer, Claude D., 490Strominger, Jack L., 644Sugawara, Shinichi 474Suzuki, Shigeo, 677Swedberg, Gote, 129Switzer, Robert L., 82

Tabita, F. Robert, 321Tamaki, Shigeo, 644Taylor, Dean P., 92Thacker, R., 697Thiet, Tran-Quang, 204Thomale, J., 480Thomson, Jennifer, 502Thorne, Curtis B., 689Thuriaux, Pierre, 440

Togawa, Hitoshi, 22

Van Baalen, Chase, 321Vestal, J. Robie, 384Vilanueva, Julio R., 6Vinther, O., 456

Weimer, P. J., 332Weisblum, Bernard, 635Weilman, Angela M., 248Winston, Fred, 433Woelders, Henri, 169Wolfe, R. S., 256, 264Wu, Henry C., 309

Yamamoto, Masayuki, 584Yamamoto, Tatsuo, 22Yamazaki, Mitsuo, 474Yasbin, Ronald E., 391

Zehnder, A. J. B., 420Zeikus, J. G., 332Zieg, Janine, 517Zorzopulos, Jorge, 545Zusman, David R., 295

JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

Instructions to Authors

HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTSSubmit manuscripts to the ASM Publications

Office, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006.Please indicate the journal to which the manu-script is being submitted; the most appropriatesection of that journal; the address and tele-phone number of the corresponding author; andthe former manuscript number and Editor (if itis being resubmitted).Submit two complete copies of each manu-

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(iii) Manuscripts describing new or novelmethods or improvements in media and cultureconditions will not be considered by the Journalof Bacteriology unless they are applied to thestudy of basic problems in microbiology. Suchmanuscripts are more appropriate for Appliedand Environmental Microbiology or for theJournal of Clinical Microbiology.

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Manual (4th ed., AIBS, 1978). The Editors andthe Publications Office reserve the privilege ofediting manuscripts to conform with the stylisticconventions set forth in theManual and in theseinstructions.

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Regular PapersRegular full-length papers should include the

elements described in this section.

Title. Each manuscript should present theresults of an independent, cohesive study; thus,numbered series titles are discouraged. Place theimportant elements of the study as close to thebeginning of the title as possible. Avoid themain-title/subtitle arrangement. On the titlepage, include: title, running title (not to exceed46 characters and spaces), full name (includingfirst name and middle initial) of each author,address(es) of institution(s) at which the workwas performed, and each author's affiliation ora footnote indicating the present address of anyauthor no longer at the institution where thework was performed. Place an asterisk after thename of the author to whom inquiries regardingthe paper should be directed, and give thatauthor's telephone number.

Abstract. Limit the abstract to 200 words orless. Summarize the basic content of the paper.Avoid abbreviations, diagrams, and references;use the past tense to describe the results of thestudy. Use the present tense in referring to pre-viously established and generally accepted phe-nomena.Introduction. The purpose of the introduc-

tion should be to supply sufficient backgroundinformation to allow the reader to understandand evaluate the results of the present studywithout needing to refer to previous publicationson the topic. The introduction should also pro-vide the rationale for the present study. Useonly those references required to provide themost salient background rather than an exhaus-tive review of the topic.Materials and Methods. The methods sec-

tion should include sufficient technical infor-mation so that a competent worker could repeatthe experiments that are described. In the caseof commonly used materials and methods (e.g.,commonly used media, protein determinations),a simple reference is sufficient. If several alter-native methodologies are commonly employed,it is useful to identify the method briefly as wellas to cite the reference. For example, it is pref-erable to state "cells were broken by ultrasonictreatment as previously described (9)" ratherthan stating "cells were broken as previouslydescribed (9)." You should allow the reader toassess the methodology without constant refer-ence to previous publications. Describe new ornovel methods completely, and give sources of

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unusual chemicals, equipment, or microbialstrains. When large numbers of microbial strainsor mutants are used in a study, include straintables identifying the source and properties ofmutants, bacteriophages, plasmids, etc.A method, strain, etc., used in only one of

several experiments reported in the paper shouldbe described in the Results section or, if briefenough, may be included in a table footnote orfigure legend.

Results. The Results section should includethe results ofthe experiments. Reserve extensiveinterpretation of the results for the Discussionsection. Present the results in as concise a formas possible, using tables or graphs to presentrepetitive data. However, avoid extensive use ofgraphs to present data that might be more con-cisely presented in the text or tables. For exam-ple, except in unusual cases, double-reciprocalplots used to determine apparent Km valuesshould not be presented as graphs; instead, thevalues should be stated in the text. Similarly,graphs illustrating other methods commonlyused to derive kinetic or physical constants (e.g.,reduced viscosity plots, plots used to determinesedimentation velocity) need not be shown ex-cept in unusual circumstances. Limit photo-graphs (particularly photomicrographs and elec-tron micrographs) to those that are absolutelynecessary to demonstrate the experimental find-ings. Number figures and tables in the order inwhich they are cited in the text, and be sure tocite all figures and tables.Discussion. The Discussion should provide

an interpretation of the results in relation topreviously published work and to the experi-mental system at hand and should not containextensive repetition of the Results section orreiteration of the introduction. In short papers,the Results and Discussion sections may be com-bined.Literature Cited. Each listed reference must

be cited in the text. Arrange the Literature Citedsection in alphabetical order, by first author, andnumber consecutively. Abbreviate journalnames according to Bibliographic Guide forEditors and Authors (American Chemical So-ciety, 1974). Cite each listed reference in the textby number.The following types ofreferences are not valid

for listing: "unpublished data," "personal com-munications," "manuscript in preparation,""manuscript submitted," "in press" references,pamphlets, abstracts, patents, and theses. Ref-erences to such sources should be made paren-thetically in the text. An "in press" reference toan ASM journal included in Literature Citedshould state the control number (e.g., JB 976)

or the month of publication, so that the copyeditor can verify the reference and include it inthe listed references.

Follow styles shown in the examples below.1. Anagnostopoulos, C., and J. Spizizen.

1961. Requirements for transformation inBacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 81:741-746.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum,and R. E. Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular re-quirements for enzyme inhibition by endo-toxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schlessin-ger (ed.), Microbiology-1977. AmericanSociety for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

3. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E.H. Spaulding. 1977. Cumitech 5. Practi-cal anaerobic bacteriology. CoordinatingEditor, W. E. Shepherd. American Societyfor Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

4. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytopha-gales nomen novum, p. 99. In R. E. Bu-chanan and N. E. Gibbons (ed.), Bergey'smanual of determinative bacteriology, 8thed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Balti-more.

5. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in moleculargenetics, p. 352-355. Cold Spring HarborLaboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

Parenthetic references in the text should becited as follows:... and protects the organisms against oxygentoxicity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed. Proc.35:1686, 1976).... system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H.Gibson, and J. D. Pagan. Biochem. Biophys.Res. Commun., in press).... in linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D.thesis, University of California, Los Angeles,1972).... in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer and C.W. Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Mi-crobiol. 1976, K15, p. 139).

Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments forfinancial assistance and for personal assistanceare given in two separate paragraphs. The usualformat for acknowledgment of grant support isas follows: "This work was supported by PublicHealth Service grant CA-01234 from the Na-tional Cancer Institute."

NotesThe Note format is intended for the presen-

tation of brief observations that do not warrantfull-length papers. Submit notes in the same wayas full-length papers. They receive the samereview, and they are not considered preliminarycommunications.

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Each Note must have an abstract of no morethan 25 words. Do not use section headings inthe body of the Note; report methods, results,and discussion in a single section. The text is notto exceed 1,000 words, and the number of figuresand tables should be kept to a minimun. Presentacknowledgments as in full-length papers, butdo not use a heading. The Literature Cited sec-tion is identical to that of full-length papers.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES

PhotographsSubmit electron micrographs, photographs of

polyacrylamide gels, etc., sized to fit a journalpage (i.e., 6.5 cm wide for single column; 14 cmwide for double column, maximum). Includeonly the significant portion of the illustration.Each must be of sufficient contrast and magni-fication to withstand the inevitable loss of con-trast and detail inherent in the printing process.Indicate the magnification of each photomicro-graph with a scale marker on the electron micro-graph.

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In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as wellas table column headings), avoid ambiguoususe ofnumbers with exponents. In the ma-jority of cases it is preferable to use the appro-priate SI symbols (A for 10-', m for 10-', k for103, M for 106, etc.). A complete listing of SIsymbols can be found in the IUPAC "Manual ofSymbols and Terminology for PhysiochemicalQuantities and Units" (1970) Pure Appl. Chem.21:3-44. Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpmon a figure ordinate is to be made by the number20, accompanied by the label kcpm.Where powers of 10 must be employed, atten-

tion is directed to the fact that the editorial styleof the journal follows the CBE Style Manualrecommendation, which differs from the conven-tions used by several other journals. The CBE

Style Manual suggests that the exponentpower be associated with the numbershown. In representing 2 x 107 cells per ml, thecorrect designation would be 2, labeled as 107cells per ml, not cells per ml x 10-7. Likewise, anenzyme activity of 0.06 U/ml would be shown as6, accompanied by the label 10-2 U/ml. Anequivalent designation would be 60 mU/ml(milliunits per ml). Figures that do not conformwith these recommendations may be returnedto the author, and this may result in a delay ofpublication.

Figure Legends

Type figure legends on a page separate fromthe illustrations. Provide enough information so

that the figure is understandable without fre-quent reference to the text. However, do notrepeat experimental methods in the legend. De-fine all symbols and abbreviations used in thefigure. Common abbreviations and others usedin the preceding text need not be redefined inthe legend.

TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange

the data so that columns of like material readdown, not across. The headings should be suffi-ciently clear so that the meaning of the data willbe understandable without reference to the text.See the "Abbreviations" section ofthese instruc-tions for those that may be used in tables. Ex-planatory footnotes are acceptable, but theyshould not include extensive descriptions of theexperiment. A well-constructed table is shownbelow:

TABLE 1. Distribution ofprotein and AT,Pase infractions of dialyzed membraneea

Mem- ATPasebranes Fraction U/mg offrom: protein Total U

Control Depleted 0.036 2.3membrane

Concentrated 0.134 4.82supernatant

El treated Depleted 0.034 1.98membrane

Concentrated 0.11 4.6supernatant

a Specific activities ofATPase of nondepleted mem-branes from control and treated bacteria were 0.21 and0.20, respectively. Membranes were prepared fromcells treated with colicin El as described in the legendto Fig. 4.

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Camera-Ready CopyDrawings, tables, chemical formulas, etc., that

can be photographically reproduced for publi-cation without further typesetting or artworkare referred to as "camera ready." Such copymay also be prepared for complicated mathe-matical or physical formulas, portions of geneticmaps, diagrams, and flow schemes. Camera-ready copy must be carefully prepared to con-form with style standards of the Journal. Theadvantage in submitting camera-ready copy isthat the material will appear exactly as envi-sioned by the author, and no second proofread-ing is necessary. This is particularly true wherethere are long, complicated tables, and wherethe division of material and spacing are& impor-tant.

NOMENCLAT1URE

Chemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of

chemical compounds is Chemical Abstracts(Chemical Abstracts Service, Ohio State Uni-versity, Columbus) and its indexes. For guide-lines to the use of biochemical terminology, con-sult the following: Tentative Rules & Recom-mendations of the Commission on BiochemicalNomenclature IUPAC-IUB and Related Doc-uments (2nd ed., 1975, reprinted by the Ameri-can Society of Biological Chemists, Inc.); theinstructions to authors of the Journal ofBiolog-ical Chemistry and Archives of Biochemistryand Biophysics (first issues of each year); andthe Handbook of Biochemistry and MolecularBiology (G. D. Fasman, ed., 3rd ed., 1976, Chem-ical Rubber Company, Cleveland)..Do not express molecular weights in daltons.

For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial)name assigned by the IUPAC/IUB Commissionon Biochemical Nomenclature as described inEnzyme Nomenclature (Elsevier Scientific Pub-lishing Co., 1972) and supplement (Biochim.Biophys. Acta 429:1-45,1976) Use the EC num-ber when it has been assigned, and express en-zyme activity either in katals (preferred) or inthe older system of ,umol/min.Nomenclature of MicroorganismsBinary nomenclature consisting of a generic

name and specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli)must be used for all microorganisms. Names ofgenera and higher categories may be used alone,but a specific epithet must be preceded by ageneric name the first time it is used in a paper.Thereafter, the generic name may be abbrevi-ated to the initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli),provided there can be no confusion with other

genera used in the paper. Names of all taxa(phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, species,subspecies) are printed in italics; strain desig-nations and numbers are not.The nomenclature of bacteria should follow

that presented in Bergey's Manual of Determi-native Bacteriology (8th ed., The Williams &Wilkins Co., 1974).

Since the classification of fungi is so far fromcomplete, it is the responsibility of the author todetermine the currently accepted binomial namefor a given yeast or fungus. Sources for thespelling of these names include The Yeasts (J.Lodder, ed., North-Holland Publishing Co., Am-sterdam, 1970) and Ainsworth and Bisby's Dic-tionary of the Fungi (Commonwealth Mycol-ogical Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1963).

Genetic Nomenclature

Bacteria. The genetic properties of bacteriaare described in terms of phenotypes and geno-types. The phenotype designation describessome measurable property ofa gene or mutation,whereas the genotype is the name applied to thegenetic locus of a gene or mutation. Use therecommendations of Demerec et al. (Genetics54:61-74, 1966) as a guide in employing theseterms.

(i) Phenotype designations must be employedfor describing mutants when the genetic locusgiving rise to the properties of the mutant hasnot been identified or mapped. Phenotype des-ignations generally consist of three-letter sym-bols; these are not italicized and the first letterof the symbol is capitalized. It is preferable touse roman or arabic numerals (instead of letters)to identify a series of related phenotypes. Thus,a series ofbacteriocin-tolerant mutants might bedesignated Toll, ToIII, ToIIII, etc., or a series ofnucleic acid polymerase mutants might be des-ignated Poll, Pol2, Pol3, etc. Wild-type charac-teristics can be designated as Tol+ or Pol+ and,when necessary for clarity, negative superscripts(Tol- Pol) can be used to designate mutantcharacteristics.

(ii) Genotype designations are similarly indi-cated by three-letter locus symbols. In contrastto phenotype designations, these are lowercaseitalic (e.g., ara his sup). Wild-type alleles areindicated by positive superscripts (ara+ his'),but negative superscripts are redundant and arenot employed with genotype designations. If sev-eral loci govern related functions, these are dis-tinguished by italicized capital letters followingthe locus symbol (e.g., araA araB araC).

(iii) Mutation sites are designated by placingserial isolation numbers (allele numnbers) afterthe locus symbol (e.g., araAl araA2). If only a

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

single such locus exists or if it is not known inwhich of several related loci the mutation hasoccurred, a hyphen is used instead of the capitalletter (e.g., ara-23).

(iv) The use of superscripts (other than + toindicate wild-type alleles) should be avoided.Designations indicating amber mutations,temperature-sensitive mutations, etc., shouldfollow the allele number [e.g., araA230(Am)hisD21(Ts)]. Deletions are indicated by the sym-bol A placed before the deleted gene or region[e.g., /AtrpA432 A(aroP-aceE)419].

(v) Keep in mind the distinction between amutation (an alteration of the primary sequenceof the genetic material) and a mutant (a straincarrying one or more mutations). One may speakabout the mapping ofa mutation, but one cannot"map a mutant." Likewise, a mutant has nogenetic locus-only a phenotype.Any deviations from standard genetic nomen-

clature should be defined in Materials and Meth-ods or in a table of strains. For more detailedinformation about the symbols in current use,consult reviews by Bachmann et al. (Bacteriol.Rev. 40:116-167, 1976) for E. coli K-12 andSanderson and Hartman (Microbiol. Rev. 42:471-519,1978) for Salmonella typhimurium. ForBacillus subtilis, yeasts, Chlamydomonas, andseveral fungal species, symbols such as thosegiven in Handbook ofMicrobiology (A. I. Laskinand H. A. Lechevalier, ed., CRC Press, Cleve-land, 1974) should be employed.Viruses. The genetic nomenclature of viruses

(bacteriophages) differs from that for microor-ganisms. In most instances, viruses have no phe-notype, since they have no metabolism outsideof host cells. Therefore, distinctions betweenphenotype and genotype are not made. As ageneral rule, the entire description of a virus isitalicized, including the designations am (amber)and ts (temperature sensitive). Superscripts areemployed to indicate hybrid genomes. Geneticsymbols may be one, two, or three letters. Forexample, a mutant strain of A might be desig-nated as XcI857int2redll4susAll; this straincarries mutations in genes cI, int, and red, anda suppressible (sus) mutation in gene A. A straindesignated Ximm2'att3 would represent a hy-brid of phage A which carries the immunityregion (imm) of phage 21 and the attachment(att) region of phage 434. Host DNA insertionsinto viruses should be delineated by squarebrackets, and the genetic symbols and designa-tions for such inserted DNA should conform tothose employed for the host genome. Geneticsymbols for phage A can be found in Echols andMurialdo (Microbiol. Rev. 42:577-591, 1978),and examples of usage for A and related viruses

can be found in The Bacteriophage Lambda, A.D. Hershey (ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Labora-tory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1971.Transposable elements, plasmids, and re-

striction enzymes. Nomenclature of transpos-able elements (insertion sequences, transposons,phage Mu, etc.) should follow the recommen-dations of Campbell et al. (p. 15-22, DNA Inser-tion Elements, Plasmids, and Episomes, A. I.Bukhari et al., ed., Cold Spring Harbor Labora-tory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1977). The no-menclature recommendations of Novick et al.(Bacteriol. Rev. 40:168-189, 1976) for plasmidsand plasmid-specified activities, of Low (Bacte-riol. Rev. 36:587-607, 1972) for F-prime factors,and of Roberts (p. 757-768, in A. I. Bukhari etal., ed., DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids, andEpisomes, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, ColdSpring Harbor, N.Y., 1977) for restriction en-zymes and DNA fragments derived from treat-ment with these enzymes should be used. Chro-mosomal DNA inserted into plasmids or recom-binant DNA molecules should be described byusing the genetic nomenclature and conventionsof the organism from which this chromosomalDNA was obtained.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

AbbreviationsDefine each abbreviation and introduce it in

parentheses the first time it is used; for example,"Cultures were grown in Trypticase soy broth(TSB)...." Abbreviations should be used as anaid to the reader, rather than as a convenienceto the author, and therefore their use should bestrictly limited. Any abbreviations other thanthose recommended by the IUPAC-IUB shouldbe used only where a case can be made fornecessity, such as in tables and figures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or toparaphrase a long word after its first use (e.g.,"the drug," "the substrate"). Standard chemicalsymbols, numerical multiples (e.g., Me2SO fordimethyl sulfoxide), and trivial names or theirsymbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may be used forterms that appear in full in the neighboring text.Do not abbreviate the names of enzymes exceptin terms of substrates for which accepted abbre-viations exist: thus, ATPase or RNase are ac-ceptable, but LDH, GPDH, and ACE are not.

In addition to standard units of measurementand chemical symbols of the elements, the fol-lowing abbreviations will be accepted withoutdefinition in the body of the paper.DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); DNase (deoxy-

ribonuclease); RNA (ribonucleic acid); RNase(ribonuclease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

(messenger RNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP,ADP, ATP, dAMP, GTP, etc. (for the respective5' phosphates ofadenosine or other nucleosides);2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and 5'-AMP (the 2'-, 3'-, and5'-, where needed for contrast, phosphates of thenucleosides), NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide), NADH (nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide, reduced), NADP+ (nicotinamide ad-enine dinucleotide phosphate), NADPH (nico-tinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, re-duced), Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminometh-ane], DEAE (diethylaminoethyl), EDTA (eth-ylenediaminetetraacetate), Pi (orthophosphate),PPi (pyrophosphate), and UV (ultraviolet).The following abbreviations may be used

without definition in table headings:amt (amount)

approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)expt (experiment)ht (height)mo (month)mol wt (molecular weight)no. (number)

prepn (preparation)sp act (specific activity)sp g (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)vs (versus)wt (weight)yr (year)

Reporting Numerical DataStandard metric units are used for reporting

length, weight, and volume. For these units andfor molarity, use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p (for10-3, 10-6, 10-9, and 10-12, respectively). Like-wise, use the prefix k (for 103). Avoid compoundprefixes such as m,u or ,u. Use ,ug/ml or ,ug/g inplace of the ambiguous ppm. Units of tempera-ture are presented as follows: 37°C or 324°K.When fractions are used to express units such

as enzymatic activities, it is preferable to usewhole units, such as "g" or "min," in the denom-inator instead offractional or multiple units such

as ,g or 10 min. For example, "pmol/min" wouldbe preferable to "pmol/10 min," and ",umol/g"would be preferable to "nmol/,ug."

It is also preferable that an unambiguous formsuch as the exponential notation be used in placeof multiple slashes; for example, ",umol g-min-m" is preferable to "pmol/g per min."See the CBE Style Manual, 4th edition, for

more detailed information regarding the report-ing of numbers. Also contained in this source isinformation on SI quantities to be used for thereporting of illumination, energy, frequency,pressure, and other physical terms. Always re-port numerical data in the appropriate SI unit.

Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor simple molecules, the labeling is indicated

in the chemical formula (e.g., 14CO2, 3H20,H236S04). Brackets are not employed when theisotopic symbol is attached to a word that is nota specific chemical name (e.g., "3'I-labeled pro-tein, 14C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).For specific chemicals, the symbol for the

isotope introduced is placed in square bracketsdirectly attached to the front of the name orword. The following examples illustrate correctusage:[14C]urea [U-4C]glucoseL-[methyl-'4C]methiomine E. coli [32P]DNA[2,3-3H]serine fructose 1,6-[1-32P]bis-[a-_4C]lysine phosphateNote that the isotopic prefix precedes the partof the name that describes the labeled entityand that configuration symbols and modifiersprecede the isotopic symbol. This journal followsthe same conventions for isotopic labeling as theJournal of Biological Chemistry, and more de-tailed information can be found in the Instruc-tions to Authors of that journal (first issue ofeach year).

1979 Full Membership -American Society for Microbiology

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I

A joint effort by members ofthe American Societyfor Microbiologyand the American Association of ImmunologistsThis definitive and much needed new book is a companion volume to the highly acclaimed Manual ofClinical Microbiology, 2nd Edition. It has been written to provide a current, comprehensive, anddefinitive source of information about the best methods for conducting specific immunological tests inlaboratory immunology. It deals exclusively with the applications of immunology to the detection andanalysis of a wide variety of diseases, including, but not limited to, those induced by microorganisms.The clinical interpretations of each procedure are detailed, and pitfalls and problems in performing thevarious analyses are discussed.The contents, by section, are: Tests for humoral components of the immunological response -Tests

for cellular components of the immunological response - Immunoassays - Bacterial, mycotic, andparasitic immunology - Viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial immunology - Immunohematology-Laboratory examination of patients with allergic and immunodeficiency diseases - Autoimmunediseases -Tumor immunology - Transplantation immunology - Licensure and certificationprograms in clinical immunology laboratories.

Publication date: 16 August 1976. 932 pages. Available in two bindings:Cloth, at $20.00 (ISBN: 0-914826-09-3). Flexible, at $16.00 (ISBN: 0-914826-09-3).(Note: Members ofASM may purchase this book at the special member discount prite of$12.00 cloth, $10.00J?lexible. Memberpurchases arefor personal use onlv. Pavment must accompanr member orders.)

Published and AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGYdistributed by: 1913 I Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006

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