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ISSN 2348 – 0319 International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research (2017)
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Volume 5, Issue 5
Journal home page: http://www.journalijiar.com
RESEARCH ARTICLE
PRODUCTION ANDMARKETING OF CAMEL.
Dr. Ghous BukshIsani1, Dr. Zafar Altaf
2, Dr. Abdullah Sethar
3 and Dr. Gul Hussan Sethar
4.
1. Retire Professor-Department of Live Stock, Sindh Agriculture University-Tando jam.
2. Secretary, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.
3. Deputy Project Director-Sindh Agricultural Growth Project-Livestock Component, Hyderabad, Pakistan.
4. Civil Hospital, Karachi.
*Corresponding Author:-Ghous buxisani.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Abstract:
In this chapter, the production aspects of camel like milk production, other dairy products along with meat
production, hair production and draughtability are discussed. The economic contribution of the production aspects of
camel have rarely been determined on national level. Similarly, the marketing aspects including market value of
camel and camel products like milk, hairs and meat have not been studied so far in Pakistan. An analysis of these
production and marketing aspects as in various camel habitats has been attempted. It was further revealed that Hair
are generally clipped during March—April in irrigated plain, sandy deserts and coastal areas, however clipping is
undertaken in April to May in mountainous areas (table 101). Camel hair in coastal belt and irrigated plains of Sindh
is called as ‗Millis‘. Camel hair production is presented in table 102.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Milk Production:- Main stay of people living in remote deserts, particitlarly nomad‘s food is milk. Camel milk is highly
nutritious as it contains lot of minerals and vitamin C. Data collected from camel herders of irrigated plains is
summarized in table 97 and table 98. Sample camel herders reported a lactation length of 300-325 days mean daily
milk yield varied from 6 to 8.6 litres across various zones of the irrigated plains. Mean milk yield of camel is higher
in Punjab than Sindh. It was also observed that mean daily camel yield in winter season was higher than summer
season. Inter-zone comparison revealed that mean camel milk yield was highest in the rice zone of Punjab than other
zones in irrigated plains of Punjab and Sindh.
Milk production of camel in coastal areas is given in table 98. Milk yield averaged 6 litres per day with a
range of 4 to 10 litres in an average lactation period of 340 days (table 99).
Economic benefits of camel products (i.e. milk and hair) are not apparently visible, however, domestic value is
considerable (Jásra and Aujla, 1997).
Table 97:-Milk production potential of various camel breeds of Pakistan
Breed Milk yieldllactation (litres)
Brahvi 1600
Kacchi 2000
Ghulmani 1300
Bagri 2050
Marecha 3600
Dhatii 2800
Table 98:-Milk production of sample camel herds in irrigated plains
Milk production (litres)
Irrigated Punjab Irrigated Sindh
Rice Mixed Cotton Rice Cotton
zone zone zone zone zone
Mean daily muk yield STD 8.64 7.54 7.43 6.91 6.28
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1.54 1.19 1.37 1.14 1.21
Mean daily winter yield
STD
9.5
2.01
7.15
1.93
7.59
1.18
7.00
2.19
6.75
1.81
Mean daily summer yield STD 7.21
1.04
6.07
1.20
7.75
0.79
6.33
1.99
5.49
1.03
Mean lactation length (day) 325 309 317 299 305
Table 99:-Milk production of camels in coastal areas
Parameter Values
Mean Range
Daily milk yield (litres) 6 4 - 10
Lactation yield (litres) 1600 1450-1800
Lactation length (days) 340 316-360
Dry period (days) 358 340-355
Figure 32:-A she camel being milked
IH Thai and Cholistan sandy deserts, average daily milk yield per animal was relatively higher in Choiistan as
compared to Thal. Since total number of milking females was relatively high in Cholistan. therefore, total camel
milk production per herd was higher as compared to Thai. She camels were reported yielding less milk during
summer as compared to winter (table 100).
Table 100:-Camel milk production in various sam)led deserts
Variables 0ujst ‗rla1 Thar
Average daily milk yield (litres) 6.86 5.00 na.
Average daily milk yield in winter (litres) 7.60 6.00 na.
Average daily milk yield in summer (litres) 6.03 4.00 na.
Laclation length (days) 365 365 n.a.
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Milk Products:-
Most common milk products in camel habitats are local yoghurt called Dahi and Lassi (i.e. sour milk).
Other product made from camel milk is a pudding type locally called Khirrinii or Phirrini. These products are tasty
and nourishing. Products like cheese and butter are not produced by local herders.
Hair Production:-
Adult camels are shorn once a year in irrigated areas, coastal, mountainous and desert habitats. Shearing
equipment is pair of scissors like clippers. Hair are generally clipped during March—April in irrigated plain, sandy
deserts and coastal areas, however clipping is undertaken in April to May in mountainous areas (table 101). Camel
hair in coastal belt and irrigated plains of Sindh is called as ‗Millis‘. Camel hair production is presented in table 102.
Hair production of an adult camel ranges annually from 1 to 2.6 kg depending on breed and interval between two
shearings. Mean hair production was highest in the rice zone followed by cotton zone of Punjab in the irrigated
plains.
Figure 33:-A colourful rug made of camel hair
Table 101:-Camel shearing time and method of sample herders in irrigated plains
Irrigated Punjab Irrigated Sindh
Rice
zone
Mixed
zone
Cotton
zone Rice zone
Cotton
zone
Shearing time March - April 35 34 30 44 30
Shearing by scissor % 35 34 30 44 30
Camel hair are locally used for making rugs, ropes, etc (table 102). Half or more of hair production is used
Punjab and cotton zone of Sindh. for making rugs and ropes in mixed zone of Table 103 depicts the amount of hair
produced by the camel breeds of coastal region of Sindh. Hair are very rarely sold because of lack of proper
marketing system, hence they are locally used by the herders and converted into certain products like ropes, gunny
bags, and other products like rugs, carpets and blankets which are said to be warmer than those made from the hair
of other animals. These products are either sold locally or utilized for household purpose. The aged people in certain
families do the job of weaving of camel hair and manufacture the above mentioned products. This business is going
on as a sort of cottage industry on a limited scale at village level in remote areas of Pakistan.
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Table 102:-Camel hair production and their uses in irrigated plains
Hair Production
Irrigated Punjab Irrigated Sindh
Rice
zone
Mixed
zone
Cotton
zone Rice zone
Cotton
zone
Meanhairyield(kg) 1.91 1.25 1.33 1.13 1.09
Range (kg) 1-2.15 1-2.60 1-1.90 1-2.15 0.9-1.70
Uses of hairs
(% respondents) 90 80 70 83 85
Making rugs and ropes
(% respondents) 46 59 76 53 60
Making nakil
(%respondents) 11 8 5 13 6
As waste
(%respondents) 42 33 19 34 40
Table 103:-Hair production of camel breeds of coastal region of Sindh
- Breed of camel Hair yield (kg)
Mean Range
Kharai 1.5 0.75 - 2.5
Sakrai 1.0 0.75- 1.5
Larri or Sindhi 0.35 0.5 - 0.75
Over all mean 0.95
Camel Shearing in Deserts:-
Camel shearing is an important activity in sandy deserts. All sample herders reported season of camel
shearing as March -April. Shearing is done by pair of scissors. None of the respondents reported using trimming
machines for their camels. Average hair yield ranged between 1 and 1.5 kg per Camel. Camel breeds of sandy
deserts are not much hairy hence their hair yield is not high as compared to the breeds of ountainous region. Camel
hair are primarily used for making ropes and rugs (table 104).
Table 104:-Camel shearing practices in various sampled deserts
Camel shearing Thal Cholistan Thar
Shearing during March— April (% respondents) 100 100 100
Shearing done by scissors (%_respondents) 100 100 100
Mean yield (kg) 1.00 1.50 1.18
Uses
- making rugs & ropes (% respondents)
- making nakil (% respondents)
- as waste (% respondents)
72.22
5.55
22.23
100
-
-
90
-
10
Meat Production:-
Varying number of camels are slaughtered in different areas of Pakistan. Authentic data is not available in
national statistical bulletins. According to official reports, 8 to 10 camels are slaughtered daily in Karachi city.
Camel meat is used as a cooked product locally called ‗Nihari‘, a delicious dish consumed by the urban people
mostly on break fast. It is also being sold in hotels of the city. Good number of camels are annually slaughtered on
the occasion of Eid-ud-Duha, a religious islamic festival. Camels are also slaughtered on celebration of certain
festivals in the rural deserts and mountainous region.
According to an estimate, about 9000 metric tons of camel meat worth Rs. 270 million is produced in the
country (Jasra and Aujla, 1997). Carcass yield of camel reared under low input varies according to age at slaughter.
The reported values varied from 129 to 250 kg and dressing percentage ranged between 50 to 52. Price of camel
meat in city is Rs. 50 to 55 per kg (Isani and Baloch, 2000).
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Draughtability:-
Camels were chosen for pack much later in comparison to other draught animals like cattle, horses and
donkeys. Herders reported the state of maturity of a camel at 7 to 8 years as compared to horse at 5 years and bull at
2 to 2.5 years. A five years camel is still considered in growing age and is not put to hard pack work. Herders do not
consider it appropriate to use below five years camel for load carrying. According to them, a camel can be broken
for pack work after 2 years, but should carry nothing but his saddle until 5.5 years of age. They suggested piercing
of animal nostrils for nose peg atleast one month ahead to be controlled to walk with camel herd. A wooden nose
peg is in common use. In most cases, camel with pack load is controlled with a nasal rope called Muhar. This rope is
attached with the nosepeg by a piece of thin string. Load carrying capacity of various camel breeds is reported in
table 105.
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Table 105:-Dran htabi1ity of various camel breeds of Pakistan
Breed Riding speed (Krnlhr) Load carrying capacity (kg)
Sakrai 57 300-350
Kharai 6-8 280-3 10
Larri 4-5 350-400.
Brahvi 7.5 300-350
Kharani 7.0 300-350
Maya 7.0 300-500
(Isani and Baloch, 2000)
Regarding the marketing of camels and its products, no middlemen‘s exploitation was reported in Thai
whereas about 27% and 60% farmers reported exploitation of the middlemen in Cholistan and Thar deserts,
respectivley. All respondents in Thardesert complained about milk and meat marketing problems whereas about
72% and 21% respondents made such complaints in Cholistan and Thai, respectively.
Marketing Of Camel:-
There are three types of camel markets i.e. weekly, monthly and annual livestock markets in Pakistan. The
weekly and monthly markets are markets where all types of livestock including camels are brought for sale and
purchase. These markets occur regularly at various places in the districts of Thatta and Badin. Two annual markets
are famous for sale and purchase of camels in Sindh i.e. one at SajjanSawai in the district Badin and other at
Oderolal, district Hyderabad. Former is general livestock market where as latter is exclusively a camel market. Mean
prices of camels sold at two main annual markets are shown in table 106. Perception of camel herders regarding
marketing patterns in the coastal areas is stated in table 107.
Table 106:-Market prices of camel at various types of markets
S.No Name of market Mean price (Rs.) Range (Rs.)
1. SajjanSawai (Badin) 19000 15000-25000
2. OderoLal (Hyderabad) 22000 19000-30000
Table 107:-Perceptions of camel herders of coastal areas regarding Marketg
Perception
Respondents
saying “YES”
%
Respondents
saying “NO”
%
No reply by the
%
Total
respondents
Market site far from farmer‘s 61.94 38.06 - 155
house
Transport problem for 29.68 70.32 - 155
purchasers
Diffcrent organizations 34.84 65.16 - 155
demand money
Market charges are high 56.77 42.23 - 155
Low market price during sale 82.58 17.42 - 155
Bargaining in market delays 94.19 3.87 1.94 155
to fix price and trade
Feeding and watering 96.13 3.87 - 155
facilities available at market
place
No government control on 100 - - 155
market operating system
Disturbance caused by 57.42 41.29 1.29 155
brokers
Price variation in different 93.55 6.45 - 155
markets
Corrupted law and order 94.19 5.16 0.65 155
situation
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Security problem for camel 69.03 22.58 14.84 155
sellers at iiight
Pick pocketing and theft in 93.55 6.45 - 155
market
Marketing system needs to be 100
155
organized
Shelters for camels available
100 - 155
in the market
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Annual markets are conducted on occasions of annual celebrations locally called Melas or Uris i.e. celebrations of
two famous saints. Weekly and monthly markets are held for one day where as annual markets are usuallyy of
longer duration i.e. 4 days. On occasion of annual markets, racing, dancing and acrobatic camels are brought in for
competitions. Camels are sold at reassonable prices depending on type, breed and utility and price competition does
exists in these markets. Sale price varies from year to year and market to market.
The camels are also sold at the slaughter house Karachi for daily slaughtering. Slaughtering charges or fee
amounts to Rs 35 per camel charged by local corporation. In certain cases, sale of camels at village level was also
reported. It was disclosed by some herders of irrigated plains that middle men come from far flung areas of Pakistan
like LakiMurwat. NWFP and Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab to purchase camels• directly from herders. They purchased
camels at cheaper rates for export at much higher prices. These camels are exported to the markets of Saudi Arabia,
United Arab Emirates (UAE) etc.
In mountainous region i.e. Balochistan province two camel markets are famous. A regular camel market at
Quetta is functional almost on daily basis and through out a year. Similarly another market is Dalbandin. An annual
markting event occurs for few day on the occasion of famous Sibi animal show.
Table 108:-Mean market value of livestock kept by sample respondents in irrigated area
Animals
Irrigated Punjab Irrigated Sindh
Rice
zone
Mixed
zone
Cotton
zone
Rice
zone
Cotton
zone
Buffaloes (Rs.)
STD
19400
(1938)
19667
(3049)
17167
(4345) - -
Cows (Rs.)
STD
19667
(4726)
16750
(1035)
13850
(4590)
15667
(578)
16000
(0)
Bullocks (Rs.)
STD -
10000
(0)
13000
(3559)
15667
(578) -
Sheep (Rs).
STD -
1175
(126) - - -
Goats (Rs.)
STD
1600
(432)
1733
(230)
1220
(501)
1333
(305)
1200
(160)
Horses (Rs.)
STD
27500
(3536)
22000
(8485) - - -
Camel (Rs.)
STD
17654
(2842)
17456
(3674)
32411
(5914)
16167
(1465)
16200
(1322)
STD: Standard deviation
Marketing of Camel Hair:-
Hair are very rarely sold because of lack of proper marketing system, hence they are locally used by herders and
converted into certain products like ropes, grain storage bags and other products like rugs, carpets, shawls, blankets
etc. These products re either sold or utilized for household purpose. Older individuals in certain families do the job
of weaving of hair. Hair production of few camel breeds of Pakistan is presented in table 109.
Table 109:-Annual hair yield of some hairy camel breeds of Pakistan
Breed of camel Annual hair yield (kg)
Brahvi 2.0— 3.0
Bactrian 5.0
Maya 3.0—3.5
Pishin 1.0—2.0
Conclusions:-
Majority of herders were landless. Livestock production was thus the most important economic activity for camel
herders of irrigated plains. Camel production is a first step in often long process of providing consumers with camel
and their products. With increased urbanization trends, the transport network has developed and the role of
marketing system including transport of products from field to consumer market has stepped up. Marketing of live
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camel and their products is still old fashioned and completely controlled by marketing agents exploiting camel
producers in Pakistan. Mean market value of livestock is presented in tables 108. Mean market value of camel in
cotton zone of Punjab is almost double than mean market value of camel in other zones of both Punjab and Sindh.
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