joints & movements joints & movements by prof. saeed abuel makarem dr. sanaa sharawy
TRANSCRIPT
JOINTS & MOVEMENTSJOINTS & MOVEMENTS
By Prof. Saeed Abuel MakaremDr. Sanaa Sharawy
• By the end of the lecture, the student should be able to:
• Name the 3 different types of joints.
• Describe the structure of each type.
• Name an example of each type.• Describe the movements which
occur in each type.
Objectives
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WHAT IS A JOINT ?WHAT IS A JOINT ?
• Every bone in the body forms a jointjoint with at least one or more bone, (except the hyoid bone in the neck).
• Joints have two two functions: functions: – They hold the bones
together securely.securely.– Also it give the rigid
skeleton mobility.mobility.
X-ray of the knee joint
INTRODUCTION
Femur
Patella
Tibia Fibula
It is a meeting of two or more bones.
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CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
Joints could be classified by two ways:
• According to function According to function Or • According to structure.According to structure.
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I- FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONI- FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
The functional functional classification depends on the amount of amount of movementmovement allowed by the joint.
On this basis, there are:1.1. SynarthrosesSynarthroses or immovable joints: Skull sutures.immovable joints: Skull sutures.
1- Synarthroses or immovable joints,2- Amphiarthroses or slightly movable joints. 3- Diarthroses or freely movable joints.
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2.2. AmphiarthrosesAmphiarthroses or slightly movable joints, slightly movable joints, e.g. Symphysis pubis.e.g. Symphysis pubis.
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3.3. DiarthrosesDiarthroses or freely freely movable movable joints, joints, (synovial (synovial joint) joint)
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• Freely movable jointsFreely movable joints predominate in the limbs,limbs, where mobility is important.
Immovable & Immovable & slightly movable slightly movable jointsjoints are restricted mainly to the axial axial skeletonskeleton,, where firm attachments and protection of internal organs are priorities.
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II- STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATIONII- STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
• This classification depends upon the tissue which connects the bones .. • There are three typesthree types of joints:• A. Fiibrous,brous, • B. Cartilage,B. Cartilage, or, • C. Synovial joint, where a joint cavityC. Synovial joint, where a joint cavity separates the bones. • They are called:
1.1.Fibrous joints: Skull suturesFibrous joints: Skull sutures
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2.2. Cartilaginous joints: Cartilaginous joints: Intervertebral discs.Intervertebral discs.
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3.3.SynovialSynovial jointsjoints..
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AS A GENERAL RULE: AS A GENERAL RULE: fibrous jointsfibrous joints are immovableimmovable
fibrous jointsfibrous joints are immovableimmovable
synovial jointssynovial joints are freely movablefreely movable
synovial jointssynovial joints are freely movablefreely movable
most cartilaginous cartilaginous jointsjoints are slightly slightly movablemovable (amphiarthroses)(amphiarthroses)
most cartilaginous cartilaginous jointsjoints are slightly slightly movablemovable (amphiarthroses)(amphiarthroses)
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FIBROUS JOINTSFIBROUS JOINTS• In fibrous fibrous
joints,joints, the bones are united by fibrous tissue.fibrous tissue.
• Examples:• A- Skull
suturessutures • In this joint, the
irregular edges of bones interlock and are bound together tightly by fibers tissue, where no movement are allowed.
• In fibrous fibrous joints,joints, the bones are united by fibrous tissue.fibrous tissue.
• Examples:• A- Skull
suturessutures • In this joint, the
irregular edges of bones interlock and are bound together tightly by fibers tissue, where no movement are allowed.
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• B- Inferior tibiofibular joint, where no or very minimal movement is allowed.
• It is called syndesmoses.syndesmoses.
FIBROUS JOINTS
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CARTILAGINOUS JOINTSCARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
In cartilaginous joints,cartilaginous joints, the 2 bone ends are connected by cartilage.cartilage.
Examples:
1. Pubic symphysisubic symphysis of the pelvis (slightly movable(slightly movable (amphiarthroses)(amphiarthroses)
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2. The intervertebral discsintervertebral discs of the vertebral column, where the articulating bone surfaces are connected by pads (discs) of fibrocartilage,fibrocartilage, are also slightly movable slightly movable (amphiarthroses) (amphiarthroses) .
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
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The hyaline-cartilagehyaline-cartilage Epiphysial platesEpiphysial plates of growing long bones are immovable immovable (synarthroses)(synarthroses) cartilaginous joints.
REMEBER !
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SYNOVIAL JOINTSSYNOVIAL JOINTSSYNOVIAL JOINTSSYNOVIAL JOINTS
• Synovial jointsSynovial joints are those in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a separated by a joint cavityjoint cavity which contains a synovial fluid.
• They account for all joints of the all joints of the limbs.limbs.
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FEATURES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1.1. Articular cartilage. Articular cartilage. The 2 ends of the bones are covered by articular (hyaline) cartilage.
1- Articular cartilage.2- Fibrous capsule.3- Synovial membrane4- Joint cavity.5- Extracapsular ligaments.
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2.2. Fibrous capsule.Fibrous capsule.
The joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous capsule.
3. The capsule is lined with a synovial synovial membrane.membrane.
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4. Joint cavity4. Joint cavity • Inside the synovial
membrane there is a lubricating (synovial fluid).synovial fluid).
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5. Reinforcing 5. Reinforcing ligaments. ligaments.
The fibrous capsule is usually reinforced with ligaments. ligaments. (extracapsular (extracapsular ligaments).ligaments).
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• Based on the shape, the synovial joints can be classified as:a)a) Plane, Plane, b)b) Hinge, Hinge, c)c) Pivot, Pivot, d)d) Condyloid, Condyloid, e)e) Saddle,Saddle, f)f) Ball and Ball and
socket. socket.
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS BASED ON SHAPE
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PLANE JOINTSPLANE JOINTS
• In a plane joint,plane joint, the articular surfaces are flat,flat, and only short slipping or gliding movements are allowed.
• Example: The intercarpal intercarpal joints of the wrist.joints of the wrist.
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HINGE JOINTSHINGE JOINTS
• In a hinge jointhinge joint,, the cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another bone.
• Movement is allowed in just one plane,one plane, like a hinge.
• Hinge joints are Uniaxial ;Uniaxial ; they allow movement around one axis only.
• Examples: elbow & ankle,elbow & ankle, the interphalangeal joints of the fingers.
Axis of Axis of
movementmovement
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PIVOT JOINTPIVOT JOINT
• In a pivot jointpivot joint, the rounded end of one bone fits into a ring of bone (or ligaments).
• Pivot joints are Uniaxial Uniaxial joints, because bone can turn only around its long axis,
• Examples: proximal or proximal or superior radioulnar superior radioulnar joint & Median joint & Median atlantoaxial joint.atlantoaxial joint.
Axis of Axis of movementmovement
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CONDYLOID JOINTSCONDYLOID JOINTS• In a condyloid joint,condyloid joint, the
egg-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another.
• Both of these articular surfaces are oval.oval.
• Movement occurs around two axestwo axes,, hence these joints are biaxial,biaxial, as in knuckle knuckle (metacarpophalangeal (metacarpophalangeal joints).joints).
• Condyloid joints allow the moving bone to move: a) from side to side and b) back and forth,
• but the bone cannot rotate around its long axis.
Axes of Axes of movementmovement
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SADDLE JOINTSSADDLE JOINTS
• In saddle joints,saddle joints, each articular surface has both convex and concave areas, like a saddle.
• These biaxialbiaxial joints allow essentially the same movements as condyloid joints, but there is slight rotation.
• Example: carpometacarpal carpometacarpal jointjoint of the thumb.
Axes of Axes of movementmovement
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BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTSBALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS• In a ball & socket ball & socket
jointjoint,, the spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another.
• I t is a multiaxialmultiaxial joints allow movement in all axes, including rotation, and are the most freely movable joints.
• Examples: shouldershoulder and hiphip..
• In a ball & socket ball & socket jointjoint,, the spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another.
• I t is a multiaxialmultiaxial joints allow movement in all axes, including rotation, and are the most freely movable joints.
• Examples: shouldershoulder and hiphip..
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FLEXION, EXTENSION & HYPEREXTENSIONFLEXION, EXTENSION & HYPEREXTENSION
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MOVEMENTS
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ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION, CIRCUMDUCTION
ROTATION
INVERSION AND EVERSION
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DORSIFLEXION AND PLANTAR FLEXION
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SUPINATION AND PRONATION
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OPPOSITION
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