john locke frs

7/29/2019 John Locke FRS

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John LockeFRS(pron.:/lk/; 29 August 163228 October 1704), widely known as theFather

ofClassical Liberalism,[2][3][4]

was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the

most influential ofEnlightenmentthinkers. Considered one of the first of the Britishempiricists,following the tradition ofFrancis Bacon, he is equally important tosocial contracttheory. His

work had a great impact upon the development ofepistemologyandpolitical philosophy. His

writings influencedVoltaireandRousseau, manyScottish Enlightenmentthinkers, as well as theAmerican revolutionaries. His contributions toclassical republicanismandliberal theoryarereflected in theUnited States Declaration of Independence.

[5]

Locke'stheory of mindis often cited as the origin of modern conceptions ofidentityand theself,

figuring prominently in the work of later philosophers such asHume,RousseauandKant. Locke

was the first to define the self through a continuity ofconsciousness. He postulated that themind

was a blank slate ortabula rasa. Contrary to pre-existingCartesianphilosophy, he maintainedthat we are born withoutinnate ideas, and thatknowledgeis instead determined only by

experiencederived fromsenseperception.[6]

Biography

Locke's father, also called John, was acountry lawyerand clerk to the Justices of the Peace in

Chew Magna,[7]

who had served as a captain of cavalry for theParliamentarianforces during theearly part of theEnglish Civil War. His mother was Agnes Keene. Both parents werePuritans.

Locke was born on 29 August 1632, in a small thatchedcottageby the church inWrington,

Somerset, about twelve miles fromBristol. He wasbaptisedthe same day. Soon after Locke'sbirth, the family moved to themarket townofPensford, about seven miles south of Bristol,

where Locke grew up in a ruralTudorhouse inBelluton.

In 1647, Locke was sent to the prestigiousWestminster Schoolin London under the sponsorship

ofAlexander Popham, a member of Parliament and his father's former commander. Aftercompleting his studies there, he was admitted toChrist Church, Oxford. The dean of the college

at the time wasJohn Owen, vice-chancellor of the university. Although a capable student, Lockewas irritated by the undergraduate curriculum of the time. He found the works of modern

philosophers, such asRen Descartes, more interesting than theclassicalmaterial taught at the

university. Through his friend Richard Lower, whom he knew from the Westminster School,Locke was introduced to medicine and the experimental philosophy being pursued at other

universities and in theRoyal Society, of which he eventually became a member.

Locke was awarded abachelor's degreein 1656 and a master's degree in 1658. He obtained a

bachelor of medicinein 1674, having studied medicine extensively during his time atOxfordand

worked with such noted scientists and thinkers asRobert Boyle,Thomas Willis,Robert HookeandRichard Lower. In 1666, he met LordAnthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, whohad come to Oxford seeking treatment for aliverinfection. Cooper was impressed with Locke

and persuaded him to become part of his retinue.

Locke had been looking for a career and in 1667 moved into Shaftesbury's home at Exeter House

in London, to serve as Lord Ashley's personal physician. In London, Locke resumed his medical

studies under the tutelage ofThomas Sydenham. Sydenham had a major effect on Locke's
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natural philosophical thinkingan effect that would become evident inAn Essay Concerning

Human Understanding.

Locke's medical knowledge was put to the test when Shaftesbury's liver infection became life-

threatening. Locke coordinated the advice of several physicians and was probably instrumental

in persuading Shaftesbury to undergo an operation (then life-threatening itself) to remove thecyst. Shaftesbury survived and prospered, crediting Locke with saving his life.

It was in Shaftesbury's household, during 1671, that the meeting took place, described in theEpistle to the reader of the Essay, which was the genesis of what would later become the Essay.

Two extant Drafts still survive from this period. It was also during this time that Locke served as

Secretary of theBoard of Trade and Plantationsand Secretary to theLords and Proprietors of theCarolinas, helping to shape his ideas on international trade and economics.

John Locke

Shaftesbury, as a founder of theWhigmovement, exerted great influence on Locke's political

ideas. Locke became involved in politics when Shaftesbury becameLord Chancellorin 1672.

Following Shaftesbury's fall from favour in 1675, Locke spent some time travelling acrossFrance as tutor and medical attendant toCaleb Banks.

[8]He returned to England in 1679 when

Shaftesbury's political fortunes took a brief positive turn. Around this time, most likely atShaftesbury's prompting, Locke composed the bulk of theTwo Treatises of Government. While itwas once thought that Locke wrote the Treatises to defend theGlorious Revolutionof 1688,

recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed well before this date,[9]

and it is now

viewed as a more general argument againstabsolute monarchy(particularly as espoused by

Robert FilmerandThomas Hobbes) and for individual consent as the basis ofpoliticallegitimacy. Though Locke was associated with the influential Whigs, his ideas aboutnatural

rightsand government are today considered quite revolutionary for that period in English history.

Locke fled to theNetherlandsin 1683, under strong suspicion of involvement in theRye House

Plot, although there is little evidence to suggest that he was directly involved in the scheme. In

the Netherlands, Locke had time to return to his writing, spending a great deal of time re-working the Essay and composing the Letter on Toleration. Locke did not return home until after
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theGlorious Revolution. Locke accompaniedWilliam of Orange's wife back to England in 1688.

The bulk of Locke's publishing took place upon his return from exilehis aforementionedEssay

Concerning Human Understanding, the Two Treatises of Civil GovernmentandA Letter

Concerning Tolerationall appearing in quick succession.

Locke's close friend Lady Masham invited him to join her at the Mashams' country house inEssex. Although his time there was marked by variable health fromasthmaattacks, he

nevertheless became an intellectual hero of the Whigs. During this period he discussed matters

with such figures asJohn DrydenandIsaac Newton.

He died on 28 October 1704, and is buried in the churchyard of the village ofHigh Laver,[10]

east

ofHarlowin Essex, where he had lived in the household of Sir Francis Masham since 1691.Locke never married nor had children.

Events that happened during Locke's lifetime include theEnglish Restoration, theGreat Plagueof Londonand theGreat Fire of London. He did not quite see theAct of Unionof 1707, though

the thrones of England and Scotland were held inpersonal unionthroughout his lifetime.Constitutional monarchyandparliamentary democracywere in their infancy during Locke's

time.

Influence

Locke exercised a profound influence on political philosophy, in particular on modern liberalism.

Michael Zuckert has argued that Locke launched liberalism by tempering Hobbesian absolutism

and clearlyseparating the realms of Church and State. He had a strong influence onVoltairewho

called him "le sage Locke". His arguments concerninglibertyand thesocial contractlaterinfluenced the written works ofAlexander Hamilton,James Madison,Thomas Jefferson, and

otherFounding Fathers of the United States. In fact, one passage from the Second Treatise isreproduced verbatim in the Declaration of Independence, the reference to a "long train ofabuses." Such was Locke's influence that Thomas Jefferson wrote: "Bacon, Locke andNewton...

I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as

having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical andMoral sciences".

[11][12][13]Today, most contemporarylibertariansclaim Locke as an influence.

But Locke's influence may have been even more profound in the realm of epistemology. Lockeredefined subjectivity, or self, and intellectual historians such asCharles Taylorand Jerrold

Seigel argue that Locke'sAn Essay Concerning Human Understanding(1690) marks the

beginning of the modern Western conception of the self.[14]

Theories of religious tolerance

Locke, writing hisLetters Concerning Toleration (168992) in the aftermath of theEuropeanwars of religion, formulated a classic reasoning for religious tolerance. Three arguments are

central: (1) Earthly judges, the state in particular, and human beings generally, cannot

dependably evaluate the truth-claims of competing religious standpoints; (2) Even if they could,enforcing a single "true religion" would not have the desired effect, because belief cannot be
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a.org/wiki/Libertarianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jeffersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamiltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltairehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Laverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Drydenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_Concerning_Tolerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_Concerning_Tolerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution


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compelled by violence; (3) Coercing religious uniformity would lead to more social disorder

than allowing diversity.[15]

Constitution of Carolina

Appraisals of Locke have often been tied to appraisals of liberalism in general, and also toappraisals of the United States. Detractors note that (in 1671) he was a major investor in the

English slave-trade through theRoyal African Company, as well as through his participation in

drafting theFundamental Constitution of the CarolinaswhileShaftesbury's secretary, which

established a feudal aristocracy and gave a master absolute power over his slaves. For example,Martin Cohennotes that as a secretary to the Council of Trade and Plantations (16734) and a

member of the Board of Trade (16961700) Locke was, in fact, "one of just half a dozen men

who created and supervised both the colonies and their iniquitous systems of servitude".[16]

Some

see his statements onunenclosedpropertyas having been intended to justify the displacement ofthe Native Americans.

[17][18]Because of his opposition to aristocracy and slavery in his major

writings, he is accused of hypocrisy and racism, or of caring only for the liberty of English

capitalists.

[19]

Theory of value and property

Locke uses the wordproperty in both broad and narrow senses. In a broad sense, it covers a wide

range of human interests and aspirations; more narrowly, it refers to material goods. He argues

that property is a natural right and it is derived fromlabour.

In Chapter V of hisSecond Treatise, Locke argues that the individual ownership of goods and

property is justified by the labour exerted to produce those goods or utilise property to produce

goods beneficial to human society.[20]

Locke stated his belief, in his Second Treatise, that nature on its own provides little of value tosociety; he provides the implication that the labour expended in the creation of goods gives them

their value. This is used as supporting evidence for the interpretation of Locke'slabour theory of

propertyas alabour theory of value, in his implication that goods produced by nature are of littlevalue, unless combined with labour in their production and that labour is what gives goods theirvalue.

[20]

Locke believed that ownership ofpropertyis created by the application of labour. In addition, he

believed property precedes government and government cannot "dispose of the estates of the

subjects arbitrarily."Karl Marxlater critiqued Locke's theory of property in his own social

theory.

Political theory

See also:Two Treatises of Government

Locke's political theory was founded onsocial contracttheory. UnlikeThomas Hobbes, Lockebelieved thathuman natureis characterised by reason and tolerance. Like Hobbes, Locke
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believed that human nature allowed men to be selfish. This is apparent with the introduction of

currency. In anatural stateall people were equal and independent, and everyone had a natural

right to defend his Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions".[21]

Most scholars trace the phrase, "life,liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," in the American Declaration of Independence to Locke's

theory of rights,[22]

though other origins have been suggested.[23]

Like Hobbes, Locke assumed that the sole right to defend in the state of nature was not enough,

so people established acivil societyto resolve conflicts in a civil way with help from

government in a state of society. However, Locke never refers to Hobbes by name and mayinstead have been responding to other writers of the day.

[24]Locke also advocated governmental

separation of powersand believed that revolution is not only arightbut an obligation in some

circumstances. These ideas would come to have profound influence on theDeclaration of

Independenceand theConstitution of the United States.

Limits to accumulation

Labourcreates property, but it also does contain limits to its accumulation: mans capacity toproduce and mans capacity to consume. According to Locke, unused property is waste and an

offence against nature.[25]

However, with the introduction of durable goods, men couldexchange their excessive perishable goods for goods that would last longer and thus not offend

the natural law. The introduction of money marks the culmination of this process. Money makes

possible the unlimited accumulation of property without causing waste through spoilage.[26]

Healso includes gold or silver as money because they may be hoarded up without injury to

anyone,[27]

since they do not spoil or decay in the hands of the possessor. The introduction of

money eliminates the limits of accumulation. Locke stresses that inequality has come about by

tacit agreement on the use of money, not by the social contract establishing civil society or thelaw of land regulating property. Locke is aware of a problem posed by unlimited accumulation

but does not consider it his task. He just implies that government would function to moderate theconflict between the unlimited accumulation of property and a more nearly equal distribution ofwealth and does not say which principles that government should apply to solve this problem.

However, not all elements of his thought form a consistent whole. For example,labour theory of

valueof theTwo Treatises of Governmentstands side by side with the demand-and-supplytheory developed in a letter he wrote titled Some Considerations on the Consequences of the

Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money. Moreover, Locke anchors property

in labour but in the end upholds the unlimited accumulation of wealth .[28]

On price theory

Lockes general theory of value and price is asupply and demandtheory, which was set out in aletter to a Member of Parliament in 1691, titled Some Considerations on the Consequences of theLowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money.

[29]Supply is quantity and demand is

rent. The price of any commodity rises or falls by the proportion of the number of buyer and

sellers. and that which regulates the price... [of goods] is nothing else but their quantity inproportion to their rent. The quantity theory ofmoney forms a special case of this general

theory. His idea is based on money answers all things (Ecclesiastes) or rent of money is

always sufficient, or more than enough, and varies very little... Regardless of whether the
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demand for moneyis unlimited or constant, Locke concludes that as far as money is concerned,

the demand is exclusively regulated by its quantity. He also investigates the determinants of

demand and supply. For supply, goods in general are considered valuable because they can beexchanged, consumed and they must be scarce. For demand, goods are in demand because they

yield a flow of income. Locke develops an early theory ofcapitalisation, such as land, which has

value because by its constant production of saleable commodities it brings in a certain yearlyincome. Demand for money is almost the same as demand for goods or land; it depends onwhether money is wanted as medium of exchange or asloanable funds. For medium of exchange

money is capable by exchange to procure us the necessaries orconveniences of life. For

loanable funds, it comes to be of the same nature with land by yielding a certain yearly income... or interest.

Monetary thoughts

Locke distinguishes two functions of money, as a "counter" to measure value, and as a "pledge"

to lay claim togoods. He believes that silver and gold, as opposed to paper money, are the

appropriate currency for international transactions. Silver and gold, he says, are treated to haveequal value by all of humanity and can thus be treated as a pledge by anyone, while the value of

paper money is only valid under the government which issues it.

Locke argues that a country should seek a favourablebalance of trade, lest it fall behind other

countries and suffer a loss in its trade. Since the world money stock grows constantly, a countrymust constantly seek to enlarge its own stock. Locke develops his theory of foreign exchanges,

in addition to commodity movements, there are also movements in country stock of money, and

movements of capital determine exchange rates. The latter is less significant and less volatile

than commodity movements. As for a countrysmoney stock, if it is large relative to that of othercountries, it will cause the countrys exchange to rise above par, as an export balance would do.

He also prepares estimates of thecashrequirements for different economic groups (landholders,labourers and brokers). In each group the cash requirements are closely related to the length of

the pay period. He argues the brokersmiddlemenwhose activities enlarge the monetary

circuit and whose profits eat into the earnings of labourers and landholders, had a negativeinfluence on both one's personal and the public economy that they supposedly contributed to.

The self

Locke defines the self as "that conscious thinking thing, (whatever substance, made up of

whether spiritual, or material, simple, or compounded, it matters not) which is sensible, or

conscious of pleasure and pain, capable of happiness or misery, and so is concerned for itself, asfar as that consciousness extends".[30]

He does not, however, ignore "substance", writing that "the

body too goes to the making the man."[31]

The Lockean self is therefore a self-aware and self-

reflective consciousness that is fixed in a body.

In hisEssay, Locke explains the gradual unfolding of this conscious mind. Arguing against both

theAugustinianview of man asoriginally sinfuland theCartesianposition, which holds thatman innately knows basic logical propositions, Locke posits an "empty" mind, a tabula rasa,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_for_moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_for_moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanable_fundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanable_fundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanable_fundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descarteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descarteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descarteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descarteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanable_fundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_for_money


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which is shaped by experience;sensationsandreflectionsbeing the two sources ofall our

ideas.[32]

Locke'sSome Thoughts Concerning Educationis an outline on how to educate this mind: he

expresses the belief that education maketh the man, or, more fundamentally, that the mind is an

"empty cabinet", with the statement, "I think I may say that of all the men we meet with, nineparts of ten are what they are, good or evil, useful or not, by their education."[33]

Locke also wrote that "the little and almost insensible impressions on our tender infancies havevery important and lasting consequences."

[34]He argued that the "associations of ideas" that one

makes when young are more important than those made later because they are the foundation of

the self: they are, put differently, what first mark the tabula rasa. In hisEssay, in which isintroduced both of these concepts, Locke warns against, for example, letting "a foolish maid"

convince a child that "goblins and sprites" are associated with the night for "darkness shall ever

afterwards bring with it those frightful ideas, and they shall be so joined, that he can no more

bear the one than the other."[35]

"Associationism", as this theory would come to be called, exerted a powerful influence over

eighteenth-century thought, particularlyeducational theory, as nearly every educational writerwarned parents not to allow their children to develop negative associations. It also led to the

development ofpsychologyand other new disciplines withDavid Hartley's attempt to discover a

biological mechanism for associationism in hisObservations on Man(1749).

Religious beliefs

Some scholars have seen Locke's political convictions as deriving from his religiousbeliefs.

[36][37][38]Locke's religious trajectory began inCalvinisttrinitarianism, but by the time of

theReflections (1695) Locke was advocating not justSocinianviews on tolerance but alsoSocinian Christology; with veiled denial of thepre-existence of Christ.

[39]However Wainwright

(Oxford, 1987) notes that in the posthumously publishedParaphrase (1707) Locke's

interpretation of one verse, Ephesians 1:10, is markedly different from that of Socinians like

Biddle, and may indicate that near the end of his life Locke returned nearer to anArianposition.

[40]

List of major works

(1689)A Letter Concerning Tolerationo (1690)A Second Letter Concerning Tolerationo (1692)A Third Letter for Toleration

(1689)Two Treatises of Government (1690)An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1693)Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1695) The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures

o (1695)A Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensationhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensationhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_self-reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_self-reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_self-reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Thoughts_Concerning_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Thoughts_Concerning_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Thoughts_Concerning_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Ideashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Ideashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley_(philosopher)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley_(philosopher)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley_(philosopher)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observations_on_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observations_on_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observations_on_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socinianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socinianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socinianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Biddle_(Unitarian)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Biddle_(Unitarian)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_Concerning_Tolerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_Concerning_Tolerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_Concerning_Tolerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Thoughts_Concerning_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Thoughts_Concerning_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Thoughts_Concerning_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Thoughts_Concerning_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_Concerning_Tolerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Biddle_(Unitarian)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socinianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observations_on_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hartley_(philosopher)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Ideashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Thoughts_Concerning_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_self-reflectionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensation


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Major unpublished or posthumous manuscripts

(1660)First Tract of Government(orthe English Tract) (c.1662) Second Tract of Government(orthe Latin Tract) (1664) Questions Concerning the Law of Nature (definitive Latin text, with facing

accurate English trans. in Robert Horwitz et al., eds., John Locke, Questions Concerningthe Law of Nature, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990).

(1667)Essay Concerning Toleration (1706)Of the Conduct of the Understanding (1707)A paraphrase and notes on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Galatians, 1 and 2

Corinthians, Romans, Ephesians
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john locke frs

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