johan de smedt, helen de cruz "evolutionary psychology"

7/31/2019 Johan De Smedt, Helen De Cruz "Evolutionary Psychology"

1/25

Mykc}xgk`lzw Vswobkckaw

qqq.mvnk}z`lc.`mx :6


2/25

G`xmazlxgà oka`gxgym `m}zksogmòm l`h mykc}xgk`lzw vswobkckaw ki lzx

mrvckzms xk qblx mrxm`x xbmkzmxgolc mykc}xgk`lzw ok`sghmzlxgk`s ol` k}xcg`m `mq hgzmoxgk`sikz mevgzgolc zmsmlzob k` lzx vzkh}oxgk` l`h lvvzmoglxgk`.

Lzx vzmsm`xs l` ghmlc olsm sx}hw xk mylc}lxm zmh}oxgk`gsx vzkazles# jmol}sm gx gs l vlzlhgaelxgo hkelg` ki g`ymsxgalxgk` ki xbm b}el`gxgms# s}ob ls lmsxbmxgos# lzx bgsxkzw l`hlzx skogkckaw qbgob xwvgolccw xldm l ekzm bkcgsxgo lvvzklob xk xbm vbm`kem`l }`hmz

g`ymsxgalxgk`. Qgxbg` l`h lozkss xbmsm hgsogvcg`ms# xbmzm gs cgxxcm lazmmem`x k` bkq lzxsbk}ch jm sx}hgmh kz hmig`mh. Lcxbk}ab ygs}lc lzx "g` xbm ikze ki jkhw hmokzlxgk`# lzxgiloxhmokzlxgk`# l`h kixm` so}cvx}zm l`h vlg`xgà'# hlòm l`h e}sgo lvvmlz g` lcc d`kq` b}elò}cx}zms vlsx l`h vzmsm`x "Jzkq`#


3/25


ki lzxqkzds# lxxmevxgà xk hgsozgeg`lxm izke kxbmz vbm`kem`kckagolc mrvmzgmòms l`lmsxbmxgo sm`slxgk`# g.m.# l s}jnmoxgym sm`slxgk` ki vcmls}zm hmzgymh izke sm`skzw "}s}lccwygs}lc kz l}hgxkzw' vmzomvxgk`. Kxbmzs# ikcckqgà Amcc "


4/25


lzgsm g` g`hgygh}lc k`xkam`w' l`h gxs vbwckam`w "gxs mykc}xgk`l zw bgsxkzw'. Xbgs vlvmz qgcciko}s k` xqk ki xbmsm |}msxgk`s> vzkrgelxm l`h }cxgelxm ol}sms ? . Ls qm sblcc smm# oka`gxgym`m}zksogmòm vzgelzgcw g`ymsxgalxms vzkrgelxm ol}slc emobl`gses "jzlg` sxz}ox}zms'zmsvk`sgjcm ikz lzxgsxgo jmblygkz# qbmzmls mykc}xgk`lzw vswobkckaw elg`cw okòm`xzlxms k`}cxgelxm ol}sms "m.a.# qblx lzm xbm ok`sm|}mòms ki lzxgsxgo jmblygkz ikz l` g`hgygh}lcs

igx`mss'. Qm qgcc lza}m xblx xbm jwvzkh}ox look}`x ki lzx# qbgob okòmvx}lcg~ms lzxgsxgo jmblygkz ls l jwvzkh}ox ki `kzelc oka`gxgym vzkomssms# zlxbmz xbl` ls l` lhlvxlxgk`# gs eksxs}oomssi}c g` g`xmazlxgà xbmsm lvvzklobms. Agym` xbm o}zzm`x emxbkhkckagolc l`hokòmvx}lc izlaem`xlxgk` g` xbm igmch ki lzx sx}hgms# s}ob l` g`xmazlxgym lvvzklob qk}ch jmqmcokem.

Oka`gxgym @m}zksogmòm l`h Lzx

Oka`gxgym `m}zksogmòm gs l s}oomssi}c zmh}oxgk`gsx zmsmlzob vzkazle xblx vzkyghmsol}slc look}`xs ikz oka`gxgym sxlxms jw zmimzmòm xk jzlg` sxlxms. _}jhgsogvcg`ms cgdm `m}zk%mok`kegos# `m}zk%mxbgos# kz `m}zk%lmsxbmxgos lxxmevx xk vzkyghm `m}zlccw azk}`hmh

mrvcl`lxgk`s ikz vbm`kem`l xwvgolccw g`ymsxgalxmh jw xbm b}el`gxgms# s}ob ls mok`kegohmogsgk`%eldgà# ekzlc n}haem`xs kz lmsxbmxgo lvvzmoglxgk`. Jw ckkdgà lx vlxxmz`s ki jzlg`loxgylxgk` "`m}zkgelagà sx}hgms' l`h oka`gxgym gevlgzem`xs ikcckqgà jzlg` hlelam"cmsgk` sx}hgms'# gx mrleg`ms bkq xbm i}òxgk`lc lzobgxmox}zm ki xbm jzlg` vzkh}oms oka`gxgym

vzkomssms. G` xbgs qlw# oka`gxgym `m}zksogmòm smmes qmcc s}gxmh xk lhhzmss xbm vzkrgelxmol}slc emobl`gses xblx lzm g`ykcymh g` lzxgsxgo jmblygkz# g` vlzxgo}clz xbm jzlg` sxz}ox}zmsxblx lzm zmsvk`sgjcm ikz lzx vzkh}oxgk` l`h lvvzmoglxgk`.

_gòm xbm jzlg` gs xbm k`cw kzal` zmsvk`sgjcm ikz oka`gxgk`# mymzw oka`gxgym xlsd e}sx wgmch l svmogigo vlxxmz` ki jzlg` loxgylxgk`. Qbw xbm` gs gx g`xmzmsxgà xk ckolcg~moka`gxgym i}òxgk`s gi lcc lzm ckolcg~ljcm; Gi qm v}x vmkvcm qbk ok`xmevclxm xbm Ek`l Cgsl}`hmz l sol``mz# xbgs qgcc loxgylxm `m}zlc ogzo}gxs hmlcgà qgxb ilom%zmoka`gxgk`# mekxgk`

l`h vmzblvs xbmkzw ki eg`h "k}z g`x}gxgym vswobkckaw xblx lcckqs }s xk gìmz em`xlc sxlxms#s}ob ls xbm zmlsk` qbw sbm egabx segcm'. Gx hkms `kx ikcckq xblx xbm jzlg` ok`xlg`s l Ek`lCgsl ekh}cm# mym` gi xbmsm vlxxmz`s ki loxgylxgk` lzm sxljcm lozkss s}jnmoxs. Xk ok`sxzlg`xbmgz zmsmlzob# `m}zksogm`xgsxs ckkd ikz vswobkckagolc vzgegxgyms# olvlogxgms xblx lzm `kxi}zxbmz zmh}ogjcm xk kxbmz# ekzm jlsgo ljgcgxgms. H}m xk xbmsm emxbkhkckagolc ok`sxzlg`xs#xbmw xwvgolccw vzkvksm oka`gxgym svmoglcg~lxgk`s lx l zmclxgymcw ig`m azlg` "Jmobxmc l`hE}`hlcm#


5/25


gòc}hgà g`xmzvzmxgà olzxkk`s l`h sxkzgms# kz mym` qlxobgà sgevcm amkemxzgo sblvmsoblsgà mlob kxbmz "Alcclabmz l`h Izgxb# :66?'.

Hkms lzx ok`sxgx}xm l vswobkckagolc vzgegxgym; @m}zkgelagà sx}hgms ki s}jnmoxsckkdgà lx ygs}lc lzx g`hgolxm xblx vzkvm`sgxgms l`h jglsms ki xbm ygs}lc swsxme ol` look}`xikz el`w zmo}zzgà imlx}zms ki lzx. G`hmmh# smymzlc l}xbkzs "m.a.# Clxxk#


6/25


ikzes cgdm ekjgcms jw Xgà}mcw l`h Olchmz. L Vksgxzk` Megssgk` Xkekazlvbw sx}hw"Jzkq`# Elzxg`m~# l`h Vlzsk`s# :669' ki s}jnmoxs qbk xlàk zmymlcmh xblx hlòm g`ykcyms l`mxqkzd ki `m}zlc ogzo}gxs `kzelccw màlamh g` kzhg`lzw jgvmhlc ckokekxgk` l`h g` xbmkzal`g~lxgk` ki okevcmr sm|}mòms ki ekymem`xs. _kemqblx s}zvzgsgàcw# xbm loxgylxgk` ki xbm emhglc xmevkzlc l`h s}vmzgkz xmevkzlc okzxmr gs lcsk kjsmz ymh g` s}jnmoxs qbk ckkd lx

oclssgolc l`h zm`lgsslòm so}cvx}zms g` ok`xzlvvksxk sxlòm8

"Hg Hgk# Elolc}sk# l`hZg~~kclxxg# :661'. Lvvlzm`xcw# jzlg` lzmls xblx ygs}lccw l`lcw~m ekxgk` lzm `kx n}sx loxgymqbm` smmgà lox}lc ekxgk`# j}x lcsk qbm` gx gs gevcgmh.

E}sgo# xkk# zmoz}gxs jzlg` emobl`gses xblx lzm lsskoglxmh qgxb l ylzgmxw ki `kzelc#mymzwhlw oka`gxgym loxgygxgms. Cgsxm`gà xk e}sgo zmoz}gxs Jzkols lzml l`h xbm kzjgxlcgszmagk` ki xbm cmix gìmzgkz izk`xlc okzxmr# `m}zlc zmagk`s svmoglcg~mh g` xbm vzkomssgà ki azleelxgolc sxz}ox}zm "Cmygxg` l`h Em`k`# :66?'. E}sgo xblx ygkclxms mrvmoxlxgk`s g`zbwxbes kz blzek`go sxz}ox}zms loxgylxms jzlg` lzmls xblx qmzm vzmygk}scw gevcgolxmh g`ygkclxgk`s ki sw`xlr g` clà}lam "Elmss# Dkmcsob# A}`xmz# l`h Izgmhmzgog# :66 Xbmw lzm vzmhgoxljcm m`k}ab xk mykdm vcmls}zljcm zmsvk`sms# j}x koolsgk`lccw ygkclxm xbmsm vzmhgoxgk`s sk xblx xbm l}hgmòmzmelg`s g`xmzmsxmh l`h iko}smh# ikz mrlevcm jw g`smzxgà oblàms g` ekh}clxgk` l`hzbwxbe# g`xzkh}ogà mcmem`xs izke ikcd e}sgo# kz jw gòkzvkzlxgà }`}s}lc g`sxz}em`xs"m.a.# Cmkvkch Ek~lzxs Olsslxgk` g` A ikz xkws# xqk kjkms# xqk bkz`s# sxzgàs l`h ok`xg`}k # xblx g`xzkh}oms xkw g`sxz}em`xs g`xk l` kxbmzqgsm `kzelc kzobmsxzlc vgmom'.Jmol}sm `m}zkgelagà sx}hgms zmcw k` sxge}cg ki cgegxmh h}zlxgk`# lx vzmsm`x `k s}ob sx}hgmsblym vzkjmh qblx `m}zlc emobl`gses }`hmzcgm xbm vmzomvxgk` l`h lvvzmoglxgk` ki cgxmzlx}zm.Gx smmes# bkqmymz# xblx sbkzx sxkzgms l`h nkdms g`ykdm `m}zlc ogzo}gxs g`ykcymh qgxb xbmkzwki eg`h "Alcclabmz l`h Izgxb# :66?' vzms}eljcw# xbm slem qk}ch jm xz}m ikz skemk`mzmlhgà Xkcsxkws L``l Dlzm`g`l "


7/25


vzkvmzxgms ki xbm b}el` ykgom# l`h xbm b}el` ygs}lc swsxme gs lvx lx zmoka`g~gà ilom%cgdmsxge}cg. Xbm jzlg` ok}ch jm zmalzhmh ls l smx ki qkzch%g`xmzvzmxgà emobl`gses xblx cmlh }sxk ga`kzm skem lsvmoxs ki xbm qkzch# qbgcm kxbmzs lzm lookzhmh hgsvzkvkzxgk`lxm lxxm`xgk`.Lmsxbmxgo zmsvk`sms elw ig`h xbmgz kzgag` g` xbm jzlg`s zmqlzh swsxme# qbgob a}ghmslxxm`xgk` xk zmcmyl`x vmzomvx}lc g`v}x "Jlzzw# :669'. Zlelobl`hzl` l`h Bgzsxmg` " L`mrleg`lxgk` ki l okzv}s ki qmsxmz` bgsxkzgolc vlg`xgàs "Olslxg# :662' zmymlcmh xblx vlg`xmzsxm`hmh xk vzkh}om l zmvcgol ki xbm ygsgjcm vzkigcm ki xbm olsxmz qbm` hmvgoxgà sblhkqs#qbgob wgmchs gevkssgjcm sblhkqs "m.a.# xbm okzzmox sblhkq ki l o}jm qk}ch ckkd xzlvm~kghkz zmoxlà}clz# j}x vlg`xmzs g`sxmlh n}sx eldm l` k}xcg`m ki xbm o}jm g` azlwsolcm'. Eksxkjsmzymzs lzm `kx jkxbmzmh jw xbmsm gòk`sgsxmògms g` cgabxgà g`hmmh# qgxbk}x jmgà xkchljk}x xbme# xbmw hk `kx mym` `kxgom xbme "Olyl`lab# :66='. G` lookzhlòm qgxb xbgs#hmymckvem`xlc vswobkckagolc sx}hgms g`hgolxm xblx l` }`hmzsxl`hgà ki xbm jmblygkz ki sblhkqs k`cw memzams g` clxm obgchbkkh. Gìl`xs# ikz mrlevcm# sbkq `k s}zvzgsm qbm` lsblhkq jmblyms l`kelck}scw qgxb zmsvmox xk xbm kjnmox jw qbgob gx gs olsx "Yl` Hm Qlccm#Z}jm`sxmg`# l`h _vmcdm#


8/25


lzxgsxs lzm }`ok`sogk}scw hzlq` xk skem lzx ikzes kymz kxbmzs# kz qbm`# gi l `mq lzxgsxgosxwcm gs hmymckvmh# gx xm`hs xk mykcym g` svmogigo qlws. Xldm xbm mrlevcm ki ljsxzlox lzx>_g`om xbm


9/25


Gi lzx gs `kx l vswobkckagolc vzgegxgym j}x l` mvgvbm`kem`k`# oka`gxgym`m}zksogm`om ol``kx sx}hw lzx ls s}ob g`hmmh# qblx xbm `m}zksogm`om sx}hgms smme xk xmcc}s gs xblx qbm` s}jnmoxs ygmq l qkzd ki lzx# xbmw hk `kx smm# slw# l ol`yls kz l sxlx}m4 zlxbmz#xbmw zmlox xk qblx gx zmvzmsm`xs "m.a.# l smlsolvm# l `}hm qkel`'. Bkqmymz# oka`gxgym`m}zksogm`xgsxs qbk mrleg`m lzxgsxgo jmblygkz "m.a.# Ylzxl`gl` l`h Akmc# :6684 ^mdg#


10/25


lzxgsxgo jmblygkz blym jmm` vzkvksmh> mgxbmz xblx gx gs l` lhlvxlxgk`# qbgob bls mykcymh g`hgzmox zmsvk`sm xk k`m kz ekzm smcmoxgym vzmss}zms g` k}z lòmsxzlc vlsx# kz xblx gx gs l

jwvzkh}ox ki kxbmz lhlvxlxgk`s xblx hkms `kx smzym l` lhlvxgym i}òxgk` g` gxsmci. Gxsokevcmrgxw eldms gx gevcl}sgjcm xblx lzx qk}ch blym mykcymh xbzk}ab zl`hke am`mxgo hzgix.

Xbksm "m.a.# Hgssl`lwldm# :666' qbk ilykz xbm ygmq xblx lzx gs l` lhlvxlxgk` g`ykdm

gxs }`gymzslcgxw lozkss o}cx}zms# gxs oksxcg`mss g` xmzes ki xgem l`h m`mzaw# l`h gxs mlzcw l`hsvk`xl`mk}s hmymckvem`x g` obgchzm`. Qm qgcc jzgmicw hgso}ss l smcmoxgk` ki zmom`xlhlvxlxgk`gsx ekhmcs ikz lzx. Egccmz ":666' lza}ms xblx lzx l`h kxbmz ikzes ki b}elòzmlxgym jmblygkz mykcymh ls l zms}cx ki smr}lc smcmoxgk`> Xbmgz oksxcg`mss g` xmzes ki xgeml`h m`mzaw vzkyghmh lòmsxzlc bkeg`ghs qgxb l` bk`msx sga`lc ki xbm igx`mss ki xbm lzx%

vzkh}ogà vmzsk` "g` Egccmzs ygmq# vzgelzgcw xbm lzx%vzkh}ogà elcm'. N}sx cgdm l c}sb j}x j}zhm`skem xlgc g` vmlokods kz jgzhs ki vlzlhgsm gs l akkh sga`lc ki gxs kq`mzs |}lcgxgms xkcgym qgxb s}ob l bl`hgolv# xbm lzxqkzds bk`msxcw sga`lc xbm lzxgsxs |}lcgxgms ls l elxm. G`s}vvkzx ki bgs bwvkxbmsgs# Egccmz "


11/25


mrvmzgmòm> Ilgzw xlcms cgdm _`kq Qbgxm xmcc ki xbm okevmxgxgk` xblx elw lzgsm jmxqmmìlhgà ekxbmzs l`h `}jgcm hl}abxmzs# qbmzmls `kymcs cgdm L}sxm`s _m`sm l`h _m`sgjgcgxw"


12/25


ls wmx }òcmlz qblx smcmoxgym vzmss}zms elw blym vzkekxmh xbm memzamòm ki lzx g` xbm ClxmVcmgsxkom`m# xbmzmikzm xbmkzg~gà ljk}x gx zmelg`s ilgzcw }òk`sxzlg`mh. Xbm o}zzm`xsmcmoxgym jm`migxs ki lzx "ikz mrlevcm# g` xmzes ki smr}lc smcmoxgk`' lzm `kx `momsslzgcw xbmslem ls xbksm g` xbm vlsx. Gx gs g`xmzmsxgà xk `kxm xblx eksx lhlvxlxgk`gsx lvvzklobms xk lzxlzm okòmz`mh elg`cw qgxb cgxmzlx}zm "smm# m.a.# xbm vlvmzs okccmoxmh g` Akxxsoblcc l`h

Qgcsk`# :66='# qbmzm xbm i}òxgk` ki ygolzgk}s cmlz`gà gs |}gxm vcl}sgjcw mrvclg`mh.Bkqmymz# gx zmelg`s }òcmlz xk qblx mrxm`x s}ob l` lvvzklob ol` jm am`mzlcg~mh xk kxbmz lzxs# msvmoglccw ljsxzlox lzx# e}sgo l`h hlòm. Xbksm lvvzklobms xblx sdmxob l xbmkzw xblxmòkevlssms eksx lzxs blym xbm vzkjcme xblx xbm olxmakzw ki kjnmoxs xblx gs jmgà mrvclg`mhgs qghmz xbl` qblx qm `kzelccw zmalzh ls lzx. Egccmz ":666' mrvclg`s `kx k`cw lzx# j}x lcskb}ekz l`h mym` ok`svgo}k}s ok`s}evxgk` "xbm qlsxmi}c lhymzxgsgà ki k`ms zmsk}zoms jwsvm`hgà xbme k` c}r}zw gxmes kz agygà xbme lqlw'. Xkkjw l`h Okseghms ":66


13/25


mykcymh b}el` l}hgxkzw swsxme# qbgob gs x}`mh xk blzek`go smzgms. Agcc l`h V}zyms ":667'hmek`sxzlxmh xblx solcms xblx lzm qghmcw }smh ozkss%o}cx}zlccw# cgdm xbm eg`kz vm`xlxk`gosolcm "ls g` Elzw blh l cgxxcm clej ' l`h xbm Vbzwagl` bmvxlxk`go ekhm "m.a.# Zlcvb Yl}abl`Qgccgles Il`xlsgl k` l xbmem ki Xbkels Xlccgs '# g`hmmh okzzmsvk`h ocksmcw xk blzek`gosmzgms# qbmzmls solcms xblx lzm k`cw zlzmcw }smh lozkss o}cx}zms# s}ob ls xbm Ckozgl` ekhm

"ikz g`sxlòm# Emxlccgols_lh j}x xz}m'# jmlz xbm cmlsx zmsmejclòm xk xbme. L` mrxmz`lcokìgzelxgk` ki xbgs bwvkxbmsgs gs xbm sk}`h vzkh}omh jw l zmok`sxz}oxgk` ki l ?9#666%wmlz%kch ic}xm elhm ki sql` jk`m izke Amgm`dcsxmzcm# sk}xbqmsxmz` Amzel`w# jw xbmmrvmzgem`xlc lzoblmkckagsx Izgmhzgob _mmjmzamz. Xbm ic}xm vzkh}oms ik}z xk`ms l`h xbzmmkymzxk`ms xblx ilcc `mlxcw g`xk l eg`kz vm`xlxk`go solcm. _mmjmzamz ":66?' ol` jm bmlzh

vclwgà xbm ic}xm k` l OH. Xbm eg`kz vm`xlxk`go solcm gs xbm eksx qghmcw }smh e}sgolc solcmozkss%o}cx}zlccw# l`h gx gs lcsk xbm solcm xblx gs ocksmsx xk blzek`go smzgms. @mrx xk xbgs# eksxe}sgo# mym` v}zmcw g`sxz}em`xlc e}sgo# gs okevksmh qgxbg` xbm b}el` ykolc zlàm#g`hgolxgà xblx e}sgo elw jm jlsmh xk skem mrxm`x k` l}hgxkzw lhlvxlxgk`s g`ykcymh g`b}el` svmmob vmzomvxgk`. L zmom`x sx}hw qgxb okxxk`%xkv xlelzg`s "_`kqhk` l`h Xmgm#:6 L bwjzgh ki xqk svmogms ki agjjk` qgcc okejg`m skàski jkxb vlzm`xs# mym` gi gx qls k`cw mrvksmh xk xbm skà xwvm ki k`m ki xbm vlzm`xs"Amgssel`# :666# vv.


14/25


gòc}hgà ykolc ikch ygjzlxgk`s l`h azleelz# qbgob mykcymh lixmz bkeg`ghs svcgx izke kxbmz lvm cg`mlams.

G` xbm hkelg` ki ygs}lc lzx# qm ol` lcsk mrvmox xblx ygs}lc sxge}cg xblx lzm sga`gigol`xizke l` mykc}xgk`lzw vmzsvmoxgym qgcc imlx}zm vzkeg`m`xcw g` lzx vzkh}oxgk`. Xbm ol`ylsms

jw Dkelz l`h Emclegh g`hgolxm xblx xbm xlsxm ki `lgym lzx kjsmzymzs elw jm a}ghmh jw

ekzm xbl` o}cx}zlc gìc}mòms. Xbmsm vlg`xgàs# jlsmh k` vkccs xblx vzkjmh lmsxbmxgo vzmimzmòms g` hgiimzm`x ok}`xzgms# lzm zmelzdljcw sxljcm lozkss o}cx}zms> Xbmw g`ylzgljcwimlx}zm xzl`|}gc cl`hsolvms lzk}`h l cldm qgxb zmclrgà b}el`s g` xbm ikzmazk}`h l`h skemclzam l`gelcs g` xbm hgsxlòm "zmlhmzs ol` ygsgxbxxv>++qqq.hglom`xmz.kza+de+ikz l iclykz ki xbgs qkzd'. Xbgs gs g` cg`m qgxb sx}hgms "m.a.# Kzgl`s l`h Bmmzqlam`#


15/25


vzmym`xgà xbme izke ckkdgà lx xbmgz kq` bl`h kz hzlqgàs h}zgà xbm xlsd# xbmzmjwok`xzkccgà ikz ygs}lc vmzomvxgk` ymzs}s vzkh}oxgk` ki ilom%cgdm sxge}cg. Xbmgz iEZG sx}hwg`hgolxmh xblx hzlqgà olzxkk` iloms qgxbk}x hgzmox ygs}lc vmzomvx}lc g`v}x g`hmmh lcskloxgylxms xbm i}sgikze ilom lzml.

M|}lccw sxzgdgà gs xbm vzmylcmòm ki l`gelc gelamzw g` ygs}lc lzx lozkss xbm qkzch#

izke xbm mlzcw ]vvmz Vlcmkcgxbgo k`. G`hmmh# xbm mlzcgmsx zmvzmsm`xlxgk`lc lzx hmvgoxs lceksxmroc}sgymcw l`gelcs. Clzam hlàmzk}s olz`gykzms l`h clzam l`h emhg}e alem iga}zm vzkeg`m`xcw lekà xbm eleekxb gykzw iga}zg`ms ki ljk}x ?9#666 wmlzs kch# mrolylxmh g`sk}xbqmsxmz` Amzel`w "Ok`lzh# :66?' l`h lekà xbm scgabxcw wk}àmz olym vlg`xgàs ki xbm Azkxxm Obl}ymx g` sk}xbmz` Izlòm "Imz}acgk# :669'. Mym` g` g`h}sxzglcg~mh ok}`xzgms#qbmzm ok`xlox qgxb l`gelcs gs zmclxgymcw svlzsm# hmvgoxgk`s ki l`gelcs blym `kx hgeg`gsbmhg` vkv}clzgxw }`swsxmelxgo kjsmzylxgk`s jw vlzm`xs l`h xmlobmzs g`hgolxm xblx xbmhzlqgàs jw wk}à qmsxmz` obgchzm` xmme qgxb |}lhz}vmhs# jgzhs l`h igsb. Xbm slcgmòm ki s}ob gelamzw elw jm mrvclg`mh jw xbm vzgkzgxw k}z vmzomvx}lc swsxmes agym xk l`gelcsblvms. @mq# Okseghms# l`h Xkkjw ":661' hmek`sxzlxmh xblx s}jnmoxs lzm s}jsxl`xglccwilsxmz l`h ekzm loo}zlxm lx hmxmoxgà oblàms g` okevcmr som`mzw qbm` l`gelcs "mym`

selcc k`ms cgdm vgamk`s' qmzm g`xzkh}omh kz kegxxmh okevlzmh xk g`l`gelxm kjnmoxs# mym`ymbgocms# qbgob xbmw blym jmm` xzlg`mh ikz wmlzs xk ek`gxkz ikz s}hhm` cgim%kz%hmlxbsgx}lxgk`s g` xzliigo. Ls xbgs miigogmòw ok}ch `kx jm look}`xmh ikz jw hgiimzmòms g` ckqmz%cmymc ygs}lc oblzloxmzgsxgos kz mrvmzxgsm# xbm l}xbkzs lss}emh xblx vmkvcm egabx blym l`lhyl`xlam g` l`gelc olxmakzg~lxgk` jw ygzx}m ki xbm lòmsxzlc gevkzxlòm ki xbgs ljgcgxw#zmalzhcmss ki gxs o}zzm`x }xgcgxw. Lixmz lcc# bkeg`ghs blym jmm` loxgym b}`xmzs ikz lx cmlsx k`megccgk` wmlzs "Zljg`kygob# Al}h~g`sdg%Qg`hbm}smz# l`h Akzm`%G`jlz# :662' l`h blh xk jmlqlzm ki vzmhlxkzs l`h ym`kek}s l`gelcs ikz l e}ob ckàmz vmzgkh. @m}zkgelagà sx}hgms"m.a.# Olzlel~~l l`h Elbk`# :66?' s}aamsx xblx skem vlzxs ki xbm xmevkzlc l`h koogvgxlcokzxmr lzm mroc}sgymcw hmhgolxmh xk vmzomgygà l`h xbg`dgà ljk}x l`gelcs. Zmelzdljcw# xbm`m}zlc okzzmclxms xblx okzzmsvk`h xk xbm vmzomvxgk` ki l`gelcs lzm sgegclz g` sgabxmh vmkvcmls g` okàm`gxlccw jcg`h s}jnmoxs "Elbk`# L`~mcckxg# _obqlz~jlob# ^levg`g# l`hOlzlel~~l# :667'# g`hgolxgà xblx xbgs `m}zlc kzal`g~lxgk` gs `kx xbm zms}cx ki vmzomvx}lcimlx}zms ki l`gelcs# j}x zlxbmz ki smcmoxgym vzmss}zms xblx blym ikzemh svmoglcg~mh lzmlsqgxbg` xbm b}el` jzlg` xblx hmlc qgxb smel`xgo d`kqcmham ljk}x l`gelcs. Ekzm swsxmelxgomevgzgolc zmsmlzob ok}ch mrleg`m xk qblx mrxm`x lzx xblx bls l`gelc gelamzw kz xbmems gsgìc}mòmh jw mykcymh oka`gxgym vzmhgsvksgxgk`s. Ikz mrlevcm# zmom`x sx}hgms "m.a.# Lccm`#Jckke# l`h Bkhask`# :6 Lzx xblxhmvgoxs l`gelcs qgcc xm`h xk zmvzmsm`x xbksm dg`hs ki l`gelcs xblx b}el`s g`xmzloxmh qgxb"vzmw l`gelcs# vzmhlxkzs'# zmalzhcmss ki xbmgz o}zzm`x miimox k` b}el` igx`mss gx qgcc zlxbmz sbkq clzam olz`gykzms xbl` elclzgl%olzzwgà eks|}gxkms# mym` xbk}ab xbm clxxmz blymo}zzm`xcw ekzm gevlox k` b}el` igx`mss. _kem lzxgsxgo xzlhgxgk`s# cgdm ]vvmz Vlcmkcgxbgol`gelc gelamzw g` so}cvx}zms l`h olym vlg`xgàs g`hmmh smme xk okìkze xk xbgs# sbkqgàbgab izm|}mògms ki vzmhlxkz l`h vzmw l`gelcs g` vzkxkxwvgolc vksx}zms. Ekzm swsxmelxgoqkzd gs `mmhmh xk mrleg`m xk qblx mrxm`x xbgs gs lcsk xbm olsm ikz ekzm zmom`x l`gelcgelamzw g` iga}zlxgym lzx g` qmsxmz` l`h `k`qmsxmz` o}cx}zms.

Mykc}xgk`lzw Vswobkckaw G__@


16/25


Gi qm xldm ok`sgcgmòm# xbm ok`ymzamòm ki xqk kz ekzm g`hmvm`hm`x sogm`xgigohgsogvcg`ms# ls l }smi}c sogm`xgigo bm}zgsxgo# xbm jwvzkh}ox look}`x ki lzx gs vzmimzljcm xk xbmlhlvxlxgk`gsx ygmq# jmol}sm xbm ikzemz gs ekzm g` cg`m qgxb oka`gxgym `m}zksogmòm. Xbmoka`gxgym `m}zksogm`xgigo myghmòm zmygmqmh bmzm vzkyghms sxzkà mevgzgolc s}vvkzx ikz xbmoclge xblx ylzgk}s ikzes ki lzx# gòc}hgà ygs}lc lzx l`h e}sgo# lzm lxxm`xgk`%azljjgà

jmol}sm ki xbmgz okzzmsvk`hmòm qgxb mykcymh vzkvm`sgxgms ki xbm b}el` `m}zlc swsxme. Xbmeksx cgdmcw vzkrgelxm mrvcl`lxgk` ikz qbw elsds# ikz mrlevcm# mcgogx lxxm`xgk` gs xblx xbmwloxgylxm xbm i}sgikze ilom lzml. Xbm i}òxgk`lc svmoglcg~lxgk` ki ilom%hmxmoxgk` gs s}ob xblx

vmzomgygà iloms gs g`mc}oxljcm> Qm ol``kx ckkd lx l hmvgoxgk` ki l ilom l`h obkksm xkzmalzh gx ls l eml`gàcmss okìga}zlxgk` ki okckzs. L ygs}lc sxge}c}s xblx bls xbm elgìmlx}zms ki l ilom# s}ob ls l vkzxzlgx kz elsd# xb}s okevmcs xbm jzlg` xk vlw ocksm lxxm`xgk`xk gx. Xbm }cxgelxm zmlsk` ikz xbm o}cx}zlc s}oomss ki elsds l`h vkzxzlgxs lzk}`h xbm qkzchol` jm ik}`h g` xbm mykc}xgk`lzw slcgmòm ki ilom hmxmoxgk` ikz b}el`s bgabcw skoglcl`gelcs xblx v}x l vzmeg}e k` g`hgygh}lc zmoka`gxgk`.

Gx gs gevkzxl`x xk `kxm xblx lzxgsxs `mmh `kx jm ok`sogk}scw lqlzm ki xbgs miimox.Lzxgsxs am`mzlccw hk `kx d`kq xbm miimoxs xbmgz qkzd bls k` xbm `m}zlc loxgygxw ki xbmgz

l}hgmòm. Zl`hke ylzglxgk`s g` lzxgsxgo sxwcm ol` jm o}e}clxgymcw zmxlg`mh xk xbm miimox xblxsvmogigo lzxgsxgo xzlhgxgk`s okem xk okzzmsvk`h ekzm ocksmcw xk mykcymh oka`gxgym vzmhgsvksgxgk`s ls l ikze ki o}cx}zlc smcmoxgk`. Qm lczmlhw em`xgk`mh xbm xm`hmòw ki mlzcw:6 xb%om`x}zw ljsxzlox lzx xk mevblsg~m jzgabx okckz ok`xzlsxs l`h cg`ms# l`h xbm ozkss%o}cx}zlc

vzmylcmòm ki e}sgolc solcms xblx okzzmsvk`h xk blzek`go smzgms. L sbkzx bgsxkzgolc mrlevcmol` i}zxbmz oclzgiw bkq xbgs }òk`sogk}s smcmoxgk` ki lzxgsxgo ylzglxgk`s elw jm k`m ki xbmhzgygà ikzoms g` xbm o}cx}zlc mykc}xgk` ki lzxgsxgo xzlhgxgk`s# `mrx xk o}cx}zm%svmogigo `kzesl`h vzmimzmòms. Dkkvs "


17/25


ls xbm gòzmlsgà obgchcgdm lvvmlzlòm ki xmhhw jmlzs g` xbm ok}zsm ki xbm :6xb om`x}zw qbgobhgsvclw gòzmlsgàcw bgabmz ikzmbmlhs l`h sbkzxmz s`k}xs "Bg`hm l`h Jlzhm`#


18/25


hgiimzmòms g` lzxgsxgo olvlogxgms }`hmz l jwvzkh}ox look}`x. Gi lzx gs l jwvzkh}ox ki mykcymhoka`gxgym olvlogxgms# qm elw mrvmox xblx l okejg`lxgk` ki g`hgygh}lc hgiimzmòms g` xbmsmolvlogxgms# l`h vmzsk`lc g`xmzmsx l`h ogzo}esxlòm elw mrvclg` qbw skem jmokem lzxgsxs#qbmzmls kxbmzs hk `kx. G`hmmh# s}ob ekhmcs blym jmm` hmymckvmh ikz kxbmz olvlogxgms xblxlzm smm` ls jwvzkh}oxs ki mykcymh ljgcgxgms# s}ob ls elxbmelxgolc zmlsk`gà sdgccs "m.a.#

Amlzw#


19/25


xbmw mykcymh. G` xbm olsm ki xbm Mhk vmzgkh qkkho}xs# cgegxlxgk`s g`bmzm`x xk xbm emhg}e ki qkkho}xs l`h l vzmimzmòm ikz ocmlz sblvms l`h sxzgdgà okevksgxgk`s g` Nlvl`msm ygs}lc lzxelw jm ok`xzgj}xgà iloxkzs. G` xbm olsm ki Zmejzl`hxs mxobgàs# l` gòzmlsmh mevblsgs k`mrvzmssgà mekxgk`s g` Jlzk|}m lzx elw vzkyghm l` mrvcl`lxgk`. G` xbgs qlw# mevgzgolcig`hgàs izke oka`gxgym `m}zksogmòm vzkyghm j}gchgà jckods ikz xmsxljcm bwvkxbmsms k`

xbm o}cx}zlc mykc}xgk` ki sxwcgsxgo xzlhgxgk`s# l xkvgo xblx gs o}zzm`xcw }`hmzmrvckzmh g`mykc}xgk`lzw sx}hgms ki lzx.Xbm mykcymh vzmimzmòm ikz slyl``lb%cgdm cl`hsolvms egabx mrvclg` skem zmo}zzgà

imlx}zms ki alzhm` l`h vlzd hmsga`# s}ob ls l zmclxgymcw svlzsm gevcl`xlxgk` ki xzmms l`h xbmizm|}m`x }sm ki qlxmz%sk}zoms cgdm vk`hs kz ik}`xlg`s# j}x gx hkms `kx mrbl}sx xbm xwvms ki cl`hsolvms qm ig`h lxxzloxgym. Nlvl`msm zkod alzhm`s# qbgob ok`sgsx ki clzam sxk`mss}zzk}`hmh jw qbgxm zldmh sl`h kz azlymc# lzm l olsm g` vkg`x. G` ok`xzlsx xk el`w kxbmz xwvms ki alzhm`s# Nlvl`msm zkod alzhm`s hk `kx ok`xlg` qlxmz4 zlxbmz# xbm sl`h kz azlymcswejkcg~ms smls# zgymzs kz cldms. Xbm lmsxbmxgo lvvzmoglxgk` ki cl`hsolvms smmes xk jms}jnmox xk ok`sghmzljcm o}cx}zlc gìc}mòm. Ikz g`sxlòm# xbm m`nkwem`x ki xbm sml l`hek}`xlg`s gs l zmclxgymcw zmom`x vbm`kem`k` g` qmsxmz` o}cx}zm xbmsm vcloms qmzm xbk}abx

ki ls xbzmlxm`gà l`h bksxgcm }`xgc qmcc g`xk xbm Xbm mrlox slem vgmom ki e}sgo ol` mcgogx immcgàs ki mekxgk`l`h mr}cxlxgk` g` xbm okòmzx blcc# qbgcm vzkykdgà jkzmhke l`h gzzgxlxgk` lx xbm vbk`m.

Loomvxgà xbm ylcghgxw ki bgabmz%cmymc look}`xs ki lzx hkms `kx l}xkelxgolccw cmlh xkl zmnmoxgk` ki zmh}oxgk`gse. Qmldmz ikzes ki vc}zlcgse "xbm vksgxgk` xblx xbm sx}hw ki b}el` jmblygkz# gòc}hgà lzx# zm|}gzms e}cxgvcm l}xk`kek}s vmzsvmoxgyms' vzlaelxgolccwgevcw xblx l agym` vbm`kem`k` ol` jm sx}hgmh jw l ylzgmxw ki vmzsvmoxgyms xbmzm gs `kkjnmoxgym zmlsk` qbw ckqmz%cmymc kz bgabmz%cmymc look}`xs sbk}ch jm xbm k`cw k`ms qkzxb

v}zs}gà. _gòm sobkclzs lzm lcsk g`xmzmsxmh g` ylzgk}s vzkvmzxgms ki lzx xblx lzm `kx vlzx ki b}el` jgkckaw# xbmw ol` cmagxgelxmcw sx}hw xbmsm xbzk}ab xbm b}el`gxgms. Ikz g`sxlòm#

vzmylgcgà J}hhbgsx l`h Xlkgsx gìc}mòms lekà Obg`msm sobkclzs lhm|}lxmcw mrvclg` xbmmemzamòm ki cl`hsolvm vlg`xgà g` xbm _k}xbmz` _kà vmzgkh l`h gxs vmzsgsxmòmxbzk}abk}x xbm Egà hw`lsxw "Obmà#


20/25


ogzo}gxs g` xbm b}el` jzlg` ol` look}`x ikz xbm vzkh}oxgk` l`h lvvzmoglxgk` ki lzx. J}x xbmzme}sx jm ekzm xk xbm sx}hw ki lzx xbl` sgevcw sxlxgà xblx gx ol` jm zmh}omh xk xbm vbwsgolcsxz}ox}zm ki xbm jzlg`. L vzkegsgà cg`m ki zmsmlzob gs xk g`ymsxgalxm bkq mykcymh lmsxbmxgo

vzmimzmòms ol}slccw zmclxm xk mrgsxgà sxwcms# ikzelxs l`h xbmems g` lzxgsxgo vzkh}oxgk`lozkss xbm qkzch. _}ob l` look}`x ok}ch bmcv }s alg` g`sgabx g`xk qbw skem lzx ikzes lzm

ekzm slcgm`x xbl` kxbmzs. Ikz mrlevcm# gx smmes v}~~cgà xblx iga}zlxgym ygs}lc lzx gs ekzm vzmylcm`x l`h ekzm lvvmlcgà xk `lgym kjsmzymzs xbl` ljsxzlox lzx# lcxbk}ab xbm clxxmz xlvsekzm hgzmoxcw g`xk ymzw mlzcw sxlams ki mykcymh vmzomvx}lc vzmimzmòms. G`hmmh# xk skeml}xbkzs "m.a.# Bkhask`# :669'# ljsxzlox lzx gs eksx s}oomssi}c g` xlvvgà g`xk vzgelzw ygs}lclzmls# jmol}sm ki xbm vzmylcmòm ki jkch cg`ms l`h okckzs. Elwjm lzx kjsmzymzs `kx k`cw }smlmsxbmxgo ylc}m xk al}am lzxqkzds# j}x lcsk kxbmz mylc}lxgym ozgxmzgl# s}ob ls xbm vmzomgymhhgiigo}cxw g` eldgà xbm hmsga`. Ikz ljsxzlox lzx# xbm mrvmzxgsm ki xbm eldmz gs kixm` cmss mlswxk n}ham xbl` gx gs ikz `lx}zlcgsxgo zmvzmsm`xlxgk`s. Xbm smlzob ikz ol}slc emobl`gses g` xbmb}el` jzlg` elw qmcc jm xbm eksx vkqmzi}c sxzlxmaw xk look}`x ikz ozkss%o}cx}zlc }`gymzslc

vlxxmz`s g` lzxgsxgo vzkh}oxgk` l`h lvvzmoglxgk`# qgxb xbm vkxm`xglc ki }`giwgà sogmòmshmhgolxmh xk xbm sx}hw ki lzx.

Lod`kqcmhamem`xs> Mcmem`xs ki xbgs vlvmz qmzm vzmsm`xmh lx xbm


21/25


Jmzcw`m# H. M. " C!kooghm`x mx cm hsgz h} zgylam " Xbm mykc}xgk` ki

i}òxgk`lc kzal`g~lxgk`. G` C. Bgzsobimch l`h _. L. Amcel` "Mhs.'# Elvvgà xbmeg`h. Hkelg` svmogigogxw g` oka`gxgk` l`h o}cx}zm "vv. 2=% Xbm olsmki mwm# cgv# l`h ckqmz%ilom sg~m l`h zk}`h`mss g` lzxgsxgo vkzxzlgxs# Vmzomvxgk`# ?=#::7%:89.

Hlygms# _. ":66='. Mccm` Hgssl`lwldms mykc}xgk`lzw lmsxbmxgo. Jgkckaw l`h Vbgckskvbw# :6 #:7 Lhlvxlxgk`# jwvzkh}ox# kz o}cx}zlc azk}v smcmoxgk`; G` X. Zmwhk` l`h D.Vclgslòm "Mhs.'# Vbgckskvbw ki jmblygkzlc jgkckaw. Jmzcg`> _vzgàmz.

Hg Hgk# O.# Elolc}sk# M.# l`h Zg~~kclxxg# A. ":661'. Xbm akchm` jml}xw> Jzlg` zmsvk`sm xkoclssgolc l`h zm`lgsslòm so}cvx}zms. VCk_ K`m# :# m:


22/25


7'. Krikzh> Krikzh ]`gymzsgxw Vzmss.H}xxk`# H. ":667'. Xbm lzx g`sxgòx> Jml}xw# vcmls}zm l`h b}el` mykc}xgk. Krikzh> Krikzh

]`gymzsgxw Vzmss.Ilzzk`g# X.# Nkb`sk`# E. B.# Em`k`# M.# ^}cgl`# C.# Ilzla}`l# H.# l`h Osgjzl# A. ":66='.

@mqjkz`s vzmimzmòm ikz ilom%zmcmyl`x sxge}cg> Miimoxs ki ok`xzlsx vkclzgxw.

Vzkommhgàs ki xbm @lxgk`lc Lolhmew ki _ogmòms ]_L#


23/25


Dkkvs# Q. "


24/25


Ksldl# @.# Elxs}wksbg# H.# Gdmhl# X.# l`h Ksldl# E. ":6


25/25


Mykc}xgk`lzw Vswobkckaw G__@

johan de smedt, helen de cruz "evolutionary psychology"

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