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Research ArticleEstablishment of a Comprehensive List of Candidate AntiagingMedicinal Herb Used in Korean Medicine by Text Mining ofthe Classical Korean Medical Literature, ‘‘Dongeuibogam,’’ andPreliminary Evaluation of the Antiaging Effects of These Herbs

Moo Jin Choi,1 Byung Tae Choi,2 Hwa Kyoung Shin,2 Byung Cheul Shin,3

Yoo Kyoung Han,1 and Jin Ung Baek1

1Division of Humanities and Social Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University,Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea2Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University,Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea3Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital,Yangsan 626-789, Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to Jin Ung Baek; [email protected]

Received 10 September 2014; Revised 3 January 2015; Accepted 8 January 2015

Academic Editor: Shun-Wan Chan

Copyright © 2015 Moo Jin Choi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The major objectives of this study were to provide a list of candidate antiaging medicinal herbs that have been widely utilized inKorean medicine and to organize preliminary data for the benefit of experimental and clinical researchers to develop new drugtherapies by analyzing previous studies. “Dongeuibogam,” a representative source of the Korean medicine literature, was selected toinvestigate candidate antiaging medicinal herbs and to identify appropriate terms that describe the specific antiaging effects thatthese herbs are predicted to elicit. In addition, we aimed to review previous studies that referenced the selected candidate antiagingmedicinal herbs. From our chosen source, “Dongeuibogam,” we were able to screen 102 terms describing antiaging effects, whichwere further classified into 11 subtypes. Ninety-seven candidate antiaging medicinal herbs were selected using the criterion thattheir antiaging effects were described using the same terms as those employed in “Dongeuibogam.”These candidates were classifiedinto 11 subtypes. Of the 97 candidate antiaging medicinal herbs selected, 47 are widely used by Korean medical doctors in Koreaand were selected for further analysis of their antiaging effects. Overall, we found an average of 7.7 previous studies per candidateherb that described their antiaging effects.

1. Introduction

Recently, a number of studies have been conducted thatpursue the active development of antiaging drugs. Manyresearchers develop novel drugs by exploring the antiagingconstituents of herbs that are widely used in traditionalmedicine in many countries around the world. For example,in previous studies, preliminary data were identified bysearching for candidate herbs in the traditional medicinalliterature and then evaluating the antiaging effects of thesecandidates (e.g., [1, 2]). However, thus far, such studies

have been conducted only within the traditional Chineseliterature, while the Korean literature remains to be analyzed.

Therefore, we have reviewed a representative source ofclassical Korean medical literature as a means of providinguseful preliminary data, as has been done previously withthe Chinese literature. There are several justifications forselecting “Dongeuibogam,” which was published in 1613,for analysis in the present study; (1) it was published bythe royal physicians, who were contemporary experts thatstrictly upheld the traditions of basic Koreanmedicine (KM);from ancient to present times, KM has been developed via

Hindawi Publishing CorporationEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2015, Article ID 873185, 29 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/873185

2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

exchange with adjacent countries such as China and Japan.Recently, this traditional medicinal science has contributedto academic development as well as to the improvement ofhuman health through exchange with Western medicine; (2)“Dongeuibogam” is the comprehensive summary of all thetraditional medicines of North-East Asia prior to the 17thcentury, because it is based on a rigorous selection of 189 ofthe major medicinal literature sources of the region [3]; (3) ithad a significant impact not only onKMafter the 17th centurybut also on medicinal practices in other surrounding coun-tries (e.g., China and Japan) [4]; (4) except for minor contentrelated to superstitions, which were contemporary standardsat the time of publication, most of its content is still widelyused inmodernKMbyKoreanmedical doctors (KMDs); and(5) the medicinal herbs which it describes constitute manyof the major herbs prescribed in KM [5]. Taken together,it seems reasonable to conclude that “Dongeuibogam” is aprincipal piece of KM literature and summarizes all theachievements of traditional KM. Therefore, we determinedthat analyzing, screening, and organizing terms describingantiaging effects (TAE) in the “Dongeuibogam” is an efficientapproach for creating lists of candidate antiaging medicinalherbs (CAMH). Furthermore, pursuing this approach mayhelp to organize preliminary data for future experimentaland clinical studies on the antiaging effects of previouslyinvestigated medicinal herbs.

2. Materials and Methods

The present study consisted of three steps. In the firststep, TAEs were screened to construct lists of TAEs. Inthe second step, CAMHs were screened to construct listsof CAMHs. In the last step, previous studies of CAMHswere analyzed. TAEs and CAMHs were defined by analyzingvarious sources of the Northeast Asian medicinal literature;TAEs in “Dongeuibogam” were defined as terms describingpotency for delaying/improving specific aging symptoms thatare recognized by one’s human sense or others. In contrast,CAMHs were defined as medicinal herbs containing one ormore TAEs in their medicinal potency [6]. Each step wasperformed as described in the following paragraphs.

2.1. First Step (Figure 1): Screening TAEs Found inthe “Dongeuibogam” and Establishing a List of TAEs

2.1.1. Selection of 928 Individual Medicinal Herbs (IMH) in the“Dongeuibogam”. Although there were 1,932 IMHs listed inthe “Dongeuibogam,” overlapping items were excluded and928 IMHs were ultimately identified. IMH files were selectedif commercially accessible; selected items were revised per ANew Enlarged Edition: A Translation Printed Side by Side withOriginal Dongeuibogam (Research team for classical Koreanmedical literature, 2012) prior to use.

2.1.2. Interpretation of 3,808 TAEs and Establishment of a Listof Candidate TAEs. In order to meticulously interpret theTAEs of IMHs, TAEs were divided into simple descriptiveunits and 3,808 TAEs were identified. Each TAEwas analyzed

if it was related to antiaging concepts in modern science. Asa result, 104 TAEs were selected as candidates. Overlappingand similar TAEs were combined, which resulted in a list of11 subtypes.

2.1.3. Expert Survey and Establishment of the List of TAEs.Twenty-six experts were recruited for the present study.Theseexperts were faculty members of formal institutes of KMand, concomitantly, were members of the Society of KoreanMedical Classics, which consists of experts of the classicalmedical literature. We distributed questionnaires related tothe lists of candidates and the selection criteria for TAEsin order to collect expert suggestions (period: 07.24.2014–08.10.2014). In the end, a TAE was selected only if morethan 50% of respondents chose it and, hence, our data werenarrowed to a list of 102 TAEs. The justification for settingthe criteria at 50% was to retain a wider range of TAEs. Thequestionnaire was written by the authors and then finalizedby an advisory panel consisting of basic KM researchers,clinical KM researchers, and biological science researchers(𝑛 = 6).

2.2. Second Step (Figure 2): Selection of CAMHs from the“Dongeuibogam” and Establishment of the List of CAMHs

2.2.1. Selection of Preliminary 97 CAMHs. Utilizing TAEsfrom the first step, 97 CAMHswere selected, which containedat least one of the TAEs.

2.2.2. Establishment of a List of 94 CAMHs. Preliminarycandidates from the first selection (i.e., 97 CAMHs) werefiltered into 94 CAMHs. Two were excluded because theywere not from a single source and another was filteredbecause it was clearly based on superstition. Following thisexclusion, the final list of CAMHs was established.

2.3. Third Step (Figure 3): Preliminary Evaluation of the Anti-aging Effects of CAMHs via Analysis of Previous Studies

2.3.1. Selection of Medicinal Herbs for Preliminary Evaluationof the Candidate Lists. Of the 94 CAMHs, the authorsincluded medicinal herbs that are commonly used by KMDs.Following discussion with the advisory panel, 47 candidateswere selected (i.e., 43 plant-derived and 4 animal-derived)for further preliminary evaluation. Ginseng Radix and honeywere excluded despite their common use as medicinal ingre-dients because of an excessively broad range of applications.

2.3.2. Selection and Analysis of Previous Studies regardingAntiaging Effects. We searched for 47 different medicinalherbs in the previous studies and identified relevant studiesconcerning several major hypotheses of aging (e.g., the freeradical theory [319], oxidative stress theory [320], molecularinflammation hypothesis [321, 322], neuroendocrine theory[323], wear and tear theory [324], waste accumulation theory[325], Hayflick limit theory [326], and the telomerase theory[327]). Additional studies were included after discussion with

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3

each itemDividing TAEs by simple descriptive units

Interpretation of TAEs: a total of 3,215 TAEs were excluded as these referred to the

treatment of diseases

Expert survey of classical medical literature

(1) Writing of the draft based on discussionwith the authors

(2) Finalization of the questionnaire via discussion with advisory panel

Analysis of survey results: selection of TAEs with higher than 50% of relevant judgments

Exclude overlapping items

Extraction of IMHs from “Dongeuibogam”

of TAEs

Overlapping TAEs were combined intoa singular TAE

into 11 subtypes

Selection of 928 IMHs and extraction of TAEs of

Extraction of 3,808TAEs

experts (period : 07.24.14–08.10.14)

Final selection of 102TAEs and establishing a list

Selection of 333TAEs

Selection of 593TAEs

Selection of 104TAE candidates and classificationExclude 229TAEs regarding general health

Figure 1: 1st research process. Screening TAEs found in the “Dongeuibogam” and establishing a list of TAEs.

Utilize the finalized TAEs as search words

lists

Analysis of the origin of the CAMHs

Establishment of the lists using TAEs from the 1ststep

Selection of 97CAMHs

Finalization of 94CAMHs and establishment of the

Figure 2: 2nd research process. Selection of CAMHs from the “Dongeuibogam” and establishment of the list of CAMHs.

the advisory panel. Next, studies were specifically dividedinto in vitro studies, in vivo studies, clinical studies, andreviews, and then analyzed again for research performancestatus.

2.3.3. Searching the Database. In addition to commonly usedscientific databases (such as PubMed,Cochrane, and Scopus),Korean databases (Ndsl, Oasis, and Riss) were used since wewere searching specifically for studies related to KM. Thestarting period for these study searches was not defined;however, July 31, 2014 was set as the final time point.

2.3.4. Searching Keywords. We used the following terms forthe searches: “scientific names of CAMH + aging, age” and“names of herbal medicines of CAMH + aging, age.”

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. List of TAEs from the “Dongeuibogam”. The TAEs of928 IMHs in the “Dongeuibogam” were divided by simple

descriptive units to achieve 3,808 TAEs. In the first step,TAEs for disease treatments were excluded, resulting in 593TAEs. Of this subset, overlapping TAEs were combined intoa singular TAE list containing 333 TAEs. In the second step,299 TAEs were excluded as they described general health.Thus, 104 TAEs specifically related to aging were selected. Inorder to validate the above processes, we consulted a survey ofexperts. Ten out of 11 respondents agreed with the validity ofthe first step, while one respondent disagreed (90.9% versus9.1%). With regard to the validity of the second step, 8 out of10 respondents agreed (80% versus 20%) (Table 1).

TAEs selected through the processes described abovewere further divided into 11 types of lists: 21 skin-relatedTAEs, 15 hair-related TAEs, 15 musculoskeletal TAEs, 14sensory organ-related TAEs, 12 TAEs related to the extensionof life span, 13 cognitive function-related TAEs, 5 tooth-related TAEs, 5 sexual function-related TAEs, 2 urination-related TAEs, 1 oral health-related TAE, and 1 respiratoryfunction-related TAE. Classified TAEs were further assessedfor proper categorization via questionnaires. In the end,depending upon the TAE, the agreement ratio for validation


lists CAMHs that are commonly used and commercially available were included

Through discussion with advisory panels, medicinal herbs were finalized and selected

Of internal drugs, 43 plant-derived and 4 animal-derived candidates were finalized Searching databases: PubMed, Cochrane,

Scopus, Ndsl (Korea), Oasis (Korea), andRiss (Korea)

Searching keywords: “scientific names ofCAMH + aging, age” and “names of

herbal medicine of CAMH + aging, age”

(1) Studies related to the antiaging effects wereselected

(2) Selected studies were classified into in vitrostudies, in vivo studies, clinical studies, and reviews and then analyzed for results

Publication excluded because of overlap, based on title

PubMed Cochrane Scopus Ndsl Oasis Riss

Publications excluded after screening the abstracts and

Reason: not related to antiaging, not individual medicinal herb

Final numbers of studies

Selection of 94CAMHs and establishment of the

Searching period: undefined ∼07.31.2014

(n = 695) (n = 91) (n = 1,923) (n = 667) (n = 114) (n = 568)(N = 4,058)

titles (n = 2,783)

and author names (n = 912)

Finally included (n = 363)

Publication identified (n = 3,146)

In vitro studies (n = 143)In vivo studies (n = 149)Clinical studies (n = 24)

Reviews (n = 47)

Figure 3: 3rd research process. Preliminary evaluation of the antiaging effects of CAMHs via analysis of previous studies.

Table 1: Results of survey regarding study methods.

QuestionThe number ofrespondents for

“validity” =𝑁 (%)

The number ofrespondents for“no validity” =𝑁 (%)

Total respon-dents/total

subjects =𝑁 (%)

1 𝑁 = 10 (90.9%) 𝑁 = 1 (9.1%) 𝑁 = 11/26(42.3%)

2 𝑁 = 8 (80%) 𝑁 = 2 (20%) 𝑁 = 8/26(38.5%)

of each type ranged from 38.5% to 100%. Two TAEs wereexcluded as these lists had less than 50% agreement on thevalidation and, therefore, 102 TAEs were finalized for furtheranalysis. In order to avoid overlapping TAE lists, they aresummarized with the lists of CAMHs as follows.

Total of 102 TAEs and 94 CAMHs Divided into 11 Subtypes(Some Items Were Medicinal Herbs Containing One or MoreTAEs and Were Excluded)

TAE/The Number of Respondents for “Validity” = 𝑁(%)/CAMHs

(i) Skin-Related: 21 TAEs and 22 CAMHs

Skin becomes glossy/9 (69.2%)/Ginseng Radix

Removes the wrinkles even from an old man/13(100%)/Endocarpium Castaneae MollissimaeAdds sheen to the face of the age/12 (92.3%)/SuisUnguisAdds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/Leonuri HerbaAdds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/Benincasae SemenAdds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/Batryticatus Bom-byxAdds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/Lithar GyrumImproves complexion/10 (76.9%)/Leonuri HerbaAdds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/MargaritumRemoves wrinkles/12 (92.3%)/Cervi CornuFattens, whitens, and brightens the person/9(69.2%)/Human milkImproves facial complexion/9 (69.2%)/Rubi FructusRestores luster to a person/10 (76.9%)/SchisandraeFructusMakes the facial skin smoother/10 (76.9%)/CerviCornuMakes the face look young/12 (92.3%)/Poria Scle-rotiumAdds smoothness to the face/11 (84.6%)/Honey


Adds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/TrichosanthisRadix, Persicae Flos, and AdepsSelenarcti et UrsiRemoves wrinkles on the hands and face/12(92.3%)/Trichosanthis RadixAdds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/Ligustici Tenuis-simi Rhizoma et Radix and Angelicae DahuricaeRadixMakes the face younger/13 (100%)/Atractylodis Rhi-zoma (Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba) and PolygonatiRhizomaImproves facial complexion/9 (69.2%)/PersicaeFlos,Benincasae Semen, Rubi Fructus, Cinnabaris, andMargaritum.

(ii) Hair-Related: 15 TAEs and 12 CAMHs

Reinforces the teeth and the hair/10 (76.9%)/Zan-thoxyli PericarpiumThe hair becomes black again/11 (84.6%)/SasemiSemenThe beard and hair do not become white/11 (84.6%)/Sophorae FructusThe beard will turn black/11 (84.6%)/Oil of the Jug-landis Semen and Root of Musa basjooSieb. et ZuccThewhite hairwill turn black again/11 (84.6%)/Sieges-beckia HerbaBlackens the hair/11 (84.6%)/Mori Fructus and Eclip-tae HerbaChanges the white hair to black/11 (84.6%)/MoriFructusThe hair will become longer/10 (76.9%)/Adeps Sele-narcti et UrsiMakes the hair and beard black, glossy and shiny/12(92.3%)/Oil of the Juglandis SemenThewhite beard will be dyed black/12 (92.3%)/Juglan-dis SemenMakes the hair and beard grow and changeswhite hairto black/13 (100%)/Ecliptae HerbaMakes the hair grow/8 (61.5%)/Root of Musa basjooSieb. et Zucc and Sasemi SemenMakes the hair grow and become black/13 (100%)/Adeps Selenarcti et UrsiPrevents the hair from becoming white/12 (92.3%)/Achyranthis RadixBlackens the hair/12 (92.3%)/Sophorae Fructus, Reh-manniae Radix (Rehmanniae Radix Crudus, Reh-manniae Radix Preparata), and Polygoni MultifloriRadix.

(iii) Musculoskeletal-Related: 14 TAEs and 23 CAMHs

Cures the weakness of legs/5 (38.5%)/exclusion

Strengthens the bones/9 (69.2%)/MagnetitumStrengthens the muscles and bones/9 (69.2%)/Acan-thopanacis CortexMakes the body feel light/11 (84.6%)/Chrysanthe-miFlos, Euryales Semen, Lycii Fructus, Colophonum,Nelumbinis Semen, Acanthopanacis Cortex, Reh-manniae Radix (Rehmanniae Radix Crudus, Reh-manniae Radix Preparata), Acori Gramineri Rhi-zoma, Asparagi Tuber, Atractylodis Rhizoma (Atract-ylodis Rhizoma Alba), Cuscutae Semen, Pini Korai-ensis Semen, Sasemi Semen, Polygonati RhizomaStrengthens the muscles and bones/9 (69.2%)/Sieges-beckia HerbaStrengthens themuscles and bones/9 (69.2%)/Chaen-omelis FructusStrengthens the muscles and bones/9 (69.2%)/Eucommiae CortexStrengthens the muscles/8 (61.5%)/Animalis Nervus;exclusionStrengthens the power/7 (53.8%)/Rubi FructusStrengthens the muscles/7 (53.8%)/ChaenomelisFructusHelps one gain power/7 (53.8%)/Epimedii Herba,Rehmanniae Radix (Rehmanniae RadixCrudus, Reh-manniae Radix Preparata)Gives strength/7 (53.8%)/Rubi FructusStrengthens the muscles and bones/8 (61.5%)/Chry-santhemi Flos, Cervi Parvum Cornu, SchisandraeFructusStrengthens the muscles/7 (53.8%)/Polygoni Multi-flori RadixTreats a general lack of enthusiasm/7 (53.8%)/LyciiFructus.

(iv) Related to the 5 Sensory Organs: 14 TAEs and 47 CAMHs

Enhances eyesight/9 (69.2%)/Brassica Rapae RadixSeu Folium, Natrii Chloridum, Galla Rhois, Nae-morhedi JecurEnhances eyesight and hearing abilities/10 (76.9%)/Acori Gramineri RhizomaEnhances eyesight/9 (69.2%)/Chrysanthemi Flos,Canitis Fel, Cassiae Leaves, Cassiae Semen,Azuritum,Sophorae Fructus, Malachitum, Brassica Rapae RadixSeu Folium, Equiseti Herba, Rubi Fructus, SerpentisPeriostracum, Haliotidis Concha, Asiasari Radix etRhizoma, NatriiChloridum, GallaRhois, BovisJecur,Human milk, Suis Testis, Gapsellae Bursa-pastorisSemen, Citrus Unshius Pericarpium, Xanthii Fructus,Naemorhedi Jecur, Sal, AtractylodisRhizoma Atract-ylodisRhizoma Alba, LepiJecur, Cuscutae Semen,Phellodendri Cortex, and Coptidis Rhizoma


Enhances eyesight and cures weak vision/9 (69.2%)/Sophorae Fructus, Vespertilii Excrementum, andNaemorhedi JecurTreats blurred vision/9 (69.2%)/Viticis FructusTreats blurred vision/9 (69.2%)/Cicadae Periostra-cumTreats blurred vision/9 (69.2%)/GalliMasOsNigri FelThe vision is unclear/7 (53.8%)/Lutrae FelBrighten the eyes/9 (69.2%)/Siegesbeckia HerbaEnhances the vision/9 (69.2%)/Citrus Unshius Peri-carpiumImproves the eyesight/9 (69.2%)/Serpentis Perios-tracum and Human milkCures the weak vision/9 (69.2%)/MirabilitumCures the weak vision/9 (69.2%)/Lepi JecurMakes the hearing and the vision better/10(76.9%)/Euryales Semen.

(v) Related to Extension of Life Span: 12 TAEs and 37 CAMHs

Lengthens the life/13 (100%)/Poria SclerotiumKeeps one young/13 (100%)/Chrysanthemi Flos,Euryales Semen, Poria Sclerotium, NelumbinisSemen, and Acanthopanacis CortexElongates the life/13 (100%)/Atractylodis Rhizoma(Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba)Keeps one young/12 (92.3%)/Euryales SemenKeeps one young/13 (100%)/Cervi Parvum CornuEnsures a long life/12 (92.3%)/Nelumbinis SemenEnsures a long life/12 (92.3%)/Lycii FructusKeeps one young/13 (100%)/Cervi Parvum Cornu,Mori Fructus, Colophonum, Rehmanniae Radix(Rehmanniae Radix Crudus, Rehmanniae RadixPreparata), Acori Gramineri Rhizoma, AtractylodisRhizoma (Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba), PolygoniMultiflori Radix, Pini Koraiensis Semen, SasemiSemen, and Polygonati RhizomaElongates the life/12 (92.3%)/Thujae OrientalisFolium, Poria Sclerotium, Colophonum, NelumbinisSemen, Acanthopanacis Cortex, Acori GramineriRhizoma, Asparagi Tuber, Atractylodis Rhizoma(Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba), Cuscutae Semen,Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Pini Koraiensis Semen,and Sasemi SemenElongates the life/13 (100%)/Human milkElongates the life/13 (100%)/Chrysanthemi Flos,Thu-jae Orientalis Folium, Acori Gramineri Rhizoma,Atractylodis Rhizoma (Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba),and Polygoni Multiflori Radix

Ensures a long life/12 (92.3%)/Euryales Semen, Soph-orae Fructus, Atractylodis Rhizoma (AtractylodisRhizoma Alba), Sasemi Semen, and Multae Flores;exclusion.

(vi) Cognitive Functions-Related: 12 TAEs and 9 CAMHs

Cures forgetfulness/10 (76.9%)/Calculus, PolygalaeRadix, Hominis Placenta, Suis Cordis, and AraneaVentricosa Cobwe (exclusion)Cures forgetfulness/10 (76.9%)/Ginseng RadixMakes one smart/9 (69.2%)/Acori Gramineri Rhi-zomaCures forgetfulness/10 (76.9%)/Hoelen cum RadixCures forgetfulness/10 (76.9%)/Aranea VentricosaCobwe; exclusionNurtures the spirit/9 (69.2%)/Nelumbinis SemenMakes one smart/9 (69.2%)/PolygalaeRadix, AlpiniaeOxyphyllae Fructus, and Ginseng RadixMakes one smart/9 (69.2%)/Acori Gramineri Rhi-zomaMakes one smart/9 (69.2%)/Polygalae RadixMakes one smart/8 (61.5%)/Acori Gramineri Rhi-zomaCures forgetfulness/10 (76.9%)/CalculusMakes one’s mind feel cool/8 (61.5%)/NelumbinisSemenCools the head and eyes/6 (46.2%)/exclusion.

(vii) Tooth–Related: 5 TAEs and 9 CAMHs

Reinforces the teeth and the hair/11 (84.6%)/Zan-thoxyli PericarpiumReinforces the teeth/9 (69.2%)/Bovis DensReinforces the teeth/9 (69.2%)/Drynariae Rhizoma,Sophorae Fructus, Cervi ParvumCornu, Natrii Chlo-ridum, and Tribuli FructusStrengthens the teeth/9 (69.2%)/Ashes of a sheep’sTibia, SalStimulates the growth of teeth/8 (61.5%)/CerviParvum Cornu.

(viii) Related to Sexual Functions: 5 TAEs and 7 CAMHs

Strengthens the sexual function/7 (53.8%)/PasserisCaroCures the impotence/9 (69.2%)/Bombyxmori L.Strengthens the sexual function/8 (61.5%)/PasserisCaroCures the impotence/9 (69.2%)/Canitis Penis etTestis, Rubi Fructus, Otariae Testis et Penis, Achyran-this Radix, Epimedii Herba


Cures the impotence/9 (69.2%)/Canitis Penis etTestis.

The following 4 TAEs are for disease treatment. But theywere selected as TAEs because they have the words, “theelderly.”

(ix) Urination-Related: 2 TAEs and 2 CAMHs

Cures the abnormal urination of the elderly/8(61.5%)/Corni FructusCures the enuresis of the elderly/8 (61.5%)/Achyran-this Radix.

(x) Oral Health-Related: 1 TAE and 1 CAMH

Cures the canker sore of the elderly/8 (61.5%)/Humanmilk.

(xi) Respiratory Function-Related: 1 TAE and 1 CAMH

Cures the chronic cough of the elderly/8 (61.5%)/Armeniacae Semen.

3.2. Lists of CAMHs in the “Dongeuibogam”. Ninety-sevenmedicinal herbs associated with at least one TAE wereselected from the “Dongeuibogam.” Among these herbs, threeitems were excluded because “Multae Flores” and “AnimalisNervus” stand for various flowers and multiple animals’muscles, respectively. In addition, the unreasonable item,“Aranea ventricosa cobweb,” was also excluded. Therefore,94 CAMHs were finally selected. These candidates weredivided into categories for either internal or external use, andwere then subdivided into plant-derived, animal-derived, andmineral-derived medicinal herbs as follows.

CAMHs were Divided into Categories for Either Internal orExternal Use, Subdivided into Plant-Derived, Animal-Derived,and Mineral-Derived Medicinal Herbs

(i) 69 CAMHs for Internal Use

45 Plant-Derived Medicinal Herbs. Acanthopanacis Cortex/Achyranthis Radix/Acori Gramineri Rhizoma/Alpiniae Oxy-phyllae Fructus/Armeniacae Semen/Asiasari Radix et Rhi-zoma/Asparagi Tuber/Atractylodis Rhizoma (AtractylodisRhizoma Alba)/Brassica Rapae Radix Seu Folium/CassiaeLeaves/Chaenomelis Fructus/Chestnut/Chrysanthemi Flos/Citrus Unshius Pericarpium/Colophonum/Coptidis Rhi-zoma/Corni Fructus/Cuscutae Semen/Ecliptae Herba/Epi-medii Herba/Equiseti Herba/Eucommiae Cortex/Eurya-les Semen/Gapsellae Bursa-pastoris Semen/Ginseng Radix/Hoelen cum Radix/Lycii Fructus/Mori Fructus/NelumbinisSemen/Persicae Flos/Phellodendri Cortex/Pini KoraiensisSemen/Polygalae Radix/Polygonati Rhizoma/Polygoni Mul-tiflori Radix/Poria Sclerotium/Rehmanniae Radix (Rehman-niae Radix Crudus, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata)/RubiFructus/Sasemi Semen/Schisandrae Fructus/Siegesbeckia

Herba/Sophorae Fructus/Thujae Orientalis Folium/ViticisFructus/Xanthii Fructus.

20 Animal-Derived Medicinal Herbs. Bombyx mori L./BovisCalculus/Bovis Jecur/Canitis Fel/Canitis Penis et Testis/Cervi Cornu/Cervi Parvum Cornu/Cicadae Periostracum/Haliotidis Concha/Hominis Placenta/Honey/Human milk/Lepi Jecur/Naemorhedi Jecur/Otariae Testis et Penis/Pas-seris Caro/Serpentis Periostracum/Suis Cordis/Suis Testis/Vespertilii Excrementum.

4 Mineral-Derived Medicinal Herbs. Azuritum/Cinnabaris/Magnetitum/Malachitum.

(ii) 25 CAMHs for External Use

13 Plant-Derived Medicinal Herbs. Angelicae DahuricaeRadix/Benincasae Semen/Cassiae Semen/Drynariae Rhi-zoma/Endocarpium Castaneae Mollissimae/Galla Rhois/Juglandis Semen (Oil of the Juglandis Semen)/LeonuriHerba/Ligustici Tenuissimi Rhizoma et Radix/Root of Musabasjoo Sieb. et Zucc/Tribuli Fructus/Trichosanthis Radix/Zanthoxyli Pericarpium.

7 Animal-Derived Medicinal Herbs. Adeps Selenarcti etUrsi/Batryticatus Bombyx/Bovis Dens/Galli Mas Os NigriFel/Lutrae Fel/Suis Unguis/Tibia of a sheep’s ashes.

5 Mineral-Derived Medicinal Herbs. Lithar Gyrum/Margari-tum/Natrii Chloridum/Natrii Sulfas/Sal.

Lastly, these were classified utilizing TAEs as well (sincethere were medicinal herbs possessing one or more TAEs,some items overlapped; as explained previously).

3.3. Preliminary Evaluation of the Antiaging Effects of CAMHsvia Analysis of Previous Studies. Through discussion withadvisory panels, the authors selected 47 kinds of CAMHs(i.e., 43 plant-derived kinds and 4 animal-derived kinds) thatare commercially available and widely utilized by KMDs. Atotal of 3,146 studies of 47 CAMHs were found; of these, 363studies were concerned with antiaging effects, resulting in anaverage of 7.7 publications per candidate herb (Table 2).

As depicted in Table 2, 43 kinds of CAMHs were stud-ied and their antiaging activity was corroborated by morethan one research study (except Equiseti Herba, GapsellaeBursa-pastoris Semen, Poria Sclerotium, Siegesbeckia Herba,Sophorae Fructus, and Viticis Fructus). Among these pub-lications, there were medicinal herbs assessed in multiplestudies with various references to their potency against aging.For instance, there were 58 publications found for LyciiFructus, 25 for Epimedii Herba, 24 for Polygoni MultifloriRadix, and 23 forMori Fructus. In contrast, only one relevantstudy each was found for Euryales Semen, Thujae OrientalisFolium, and Xanthii Fructus. However, regardless of thenumber of previous studies, the finalized list of CAMHsshould be investigated for their antiaging potency becausethese CAMHs were carefully selected by TAE criteria thatwere agreed upon by the consultation and agreement ofexperts.


Table2:Preliminaryevaluatio

nof

thea

ntiaging

effectsof

47CA

MHsv

iaanalysisof

previous

studies.

Nam

eofC

AMH/classificatio

nof

thes

tudy

(num

ber)/sou

rced

atabase/mainou

tcom

ePlant-d

erived

medicinalherbs

Acanthop

anacisCortex

VT(2)

(1)S

,R,N

/sup

pressio

nof

oxidativeD

NAdamageinlymph

ocytes

[7]

(2)R

/promotionof

B.adolescentis(probiotics)[8]

AchyranthisR

adix

VT(3)

(1)S

/protectso

xidativ

edam

agetoDNA[9]

(2)S

/increasesD

PPHradicalscaveng

ingactiv

ity[10]

(3)P,S/in

crease

activ

ityof

SODandGSH

-Px[11]

VV(11)

(1)P,S/in

crease

lymph

ocytep

roliferationactiv

ity[12]

(2)R

/decreases

WBC

coun

tsin

micew

ithindu

cedarthritis[13]

(3)P,S/im

provethe

actio

nsof

enhancingmem

oryandendu

rance[14]

(4)S

/increasese

xpressionof

BMP-2in

bone

tissueo

nalbu

men

levels[15]

(5)S

/improves

activ

ityof

SOD[16]

(6)P,S,N

/non

enzymeg

lycatio

nin

D-galactose

[17]

(7)P,S/restore

deficiencyof

theimmun

esystem

[18]

(8)R

/preventsa

utoimmun

einfl

ammatoryjointd

iseases

(CD56,IL-1𝛽)[19]

(9)O

/reduces

serum

levelsof

TNF-𝛼andPG

E2collagen-indu

cedarthritis[20]

(10)

O/decreases

CRPandWBC

levelsin

indu

cedarthritis[21]

(11)R/decreasesW

BCcoun

tsin

indu

cedarthritis[22]

C(1)

(1)C

/improves

osteoarthritis[23]

R(3)

(1)S

/anti-infl

ammatoryplantsapon

ins[24]

(2)S

/decreases

bone

lossin

OVXratsby

inhibitin

gosteoclastform

ation[25]

(3)R

/improves

osteop

orosis[26]

AcoriG

ramineriR

hizoma

VT(3)

(1)R

/promotes

C.butyric

um(probiotics)[8]

(2)P,S,N

/absence

ofinhibitory

activ

ities

onAC

hE[27]

(3)R

,N/repairthe

degeneratio

nof

neurob

lasto

mac

ellsby

CT105expressio

n[28]

VV(1)

(1)P,S,R

/improvec

ognitiv

efun

ctionin

aged

anim

als[29]

R(1)

(1)S

/alleviates

age-related

dementia

andmem

oryim

pairm

ent[2]

AlpiniaeO

xyph

yllaeF

ructus

VT(1)

(1)P,S/antioxidant

andfre

eradicalscavenging

potentialofyakuchino

neBderiv

atives

[30]

VV(2)

(1)S

,N/alpiniaprotocatechu

icacid

protectsagainsto

xidativ

edam

agea

ndstress[31]

(2)P,S,N

/elevatedsplenicw

eights,

increasedactiv

ities

ofGSH

-PX,

andCA

T[32]

Arm

eniacaeS

emen

VT(2)

(1)S

/increasestotalantio

xidant

activ

ity(TAA)[33]

(2)P

/increasesinvitro

activ

ityof

almon

dskin

polyph

enolsfor

scavenging

freer

adicalsa

ndindu

cesq

uino

neredu

ctase[34]

VV(5)

(1)P

/increasesb

onem

ass[35]

(2)P

/increasesa

ctivities

ofSO

D,G

SH-Px,andtheliquidflu

idity

ofthee

rythrocytemem

brane[36]

(3)P

/increasesthe

lagtim

etoLD

Loxidation[37]

(4)P

/enh

ancesratworking

mem

oryin

theM

orris

water

maze[38]

(5)P

/dow

nregulates

thelevelso

fproinflammatorycytokines(interle

ukin

[IL]-1𝛽,tum

ornecrosisfactor-𝛼,and

interfe

ron-𝛾)a

ndup

regulates

thelevelso

fanti-infl

ammatorycytokines(IL-4,IL-2,andIL-10)

[39]

C(3)

(1)S

/increasese

rythrocyteSO

Dactiv

ity[40]

(2)P

/resistso

xidativ

edam

age(changesinplasmaF

(2)-iso

prostane

levels)

[41]

(3)P

/C/restore

solarskinflu

orescence[42]

AsiasariRa

dixetRh

izom

aVT(1)

(1)S

/exh

ibits

DPP

Hradicalscaveng

ingactiv

ity[43]


Table2:Con

tinued.

Nam

eofC

AMH/classificatio

nof

thes

tudy

(num

ber)/sou

rced

atabase/mainou

tcom

e

AsparagiTu

ber

VT(1)

(1)S

/stim

ulates

osteob

lastdifferentiatio

nandinhibitsosteoclastgeneratio

n[44]

VV(1)

(1)P,S/in

creasedthes

pleenindexandtheS

ODactiv

itywith

polysaccharid

esandaqueou

sextractso

fthe

roots[45]

R(1)

(1)S

/reduces

age-related

dementia

andmem

oryim

pairm

ent[2]

Atractylod

isRh

izom

a(AtractylodisR

hizomaA

lba)

VV(3)

(1)S

,N/reducethe

levelsof

MDA,Lipo,andthea

ctivity

ofMAO

inserum

andbraintissue[46

](2)O

/improves

arthritisscore[47]

C(2)

(1)N

/reduces

Crow

’sfeetarea

(antiwrin

klefor

eye)[48]

(2)N

/reduces

Crow

’sfeetarea

(antiwrin

klefor

eye)[49]

R(2)

(1)S

/reduces

age-related

dementia

andmem

oryim

pairm

ent[2]

(2)S

/reduces

glaucoma[

50]

CassiaeL

eaves

VT(2)

(1)S

/has

effecto

nestro

genreceptor-(ER

-)po

sitiveM

CR-7

cellproliferatio

n[51]

(2)P

/peroxyn

itrite

scavenging

[52]

VV(1)

(1)S

/reduces

intraocularp

ressure[53]

Chaeno

melisFructus

VV(3)

(1)P

/improves

agingin

cultu

redratfi

brob

lasts

[54]

(2)O

/improves

arthritisindex(th

eincidence

ofarthritisandthed

egreeo

fjoint

edem

a)[55]

(3)R

/improves

thea

gedovariectom

ized

rato

fpostm

enop

ausaloste

oporosis[56]

R(1)

(1)S

/improves

osteoarthritis[57]

Chestnut

VT(6)

(1)R

/increasesthe

scavenging

effecto

nDPP

Hradicals[58]

(2)N

/protectsh

ydrogenperoxide-in

ducedoxidativeD

NAdamage[59]

(3)R

/increasesthe

scavenging

effecto

nDPP

Hradicals[60]

(4)N

/inhibitselastase

activ

ity(antiwrin

klee

ffect)[61]

(5)N

/inhibitselastase

activ

ity(antiwrin

klee

ffect)[62]

(6)R

/inhibitstyrosin

asea

ctivity

[63]

ChrysanthemiF

los

VT(2)

(1)S

/has

efficacy

asan

antio

xidant

andinhibitstheformationof

melanin

andantim

utagenicity

[64]

(2)R

/improves

antia

llergiccosm

eceutic

als[65]

VV(1)

(1)P,S/decreaseM

DAcontentand

AchEactiv

ityandincrease

SODactiv

ityin

agingmice[

66]

R(1)

(1)S

/reduces

glaucoma[

50]

Citrus

Unshius

Peric

arpium

VT(2)

(1)P,S/in

crease

antio

xidativ

eand

photop

rotectivee

ffectso

fcou

marins[67]

(2)S

/decreases

MMP-1m

RNAexpressio

n[68]

R(1)

(1)S

/improves

impo

tence[69]

Colop

honu

m

VT(3)

(1)O

/inhibitsNOprod

uctio

nandRO

Sgeneratio

nin

LPS-stim

ulated

RAW264.7cells

[70]

(2)O

/reduces

DPP

Hfre

eradicals[71]

(3)N

,O/in

crease

ROSscavenging

effects[72]

VV(4)

(1)P

/inhibitsFe(2+)-in

ducedlip

idperoxidatio

n[73]

(2)N

/increasesm

embranefl

uidityin

Liver[74]

(3)N

/atte

nuates

oxygen

radicalsandactiv

ates

scavengere

nzym

es[75]

(4)N

/decreases

LDL-cholesterollevels[76]

C(1)

(1)N

,O/skin-lift

ingeffectand

adecreaseincorneocytes[77]

Cop

tidisRh

izom

aVT(1)

(1)P,S/in

hibitind

oleamine2

,3-dioxygenase

activ

ity[78]

R(2)

(1)P,S/highera

ctivity

than

donepezil(compu

tatio

nalpharm

aceutic

alanalysis)

[79]

(2)S

/increasesa

ntioxidantsindementia

[80]


Table2:Con

tinued.

Nam

eofC

AMH/classificatio

nof

thes

tudy

(num

ber)/sou

rced

atabase/mainou

tcom

e

Corni

Fructus

VT(12)

(1)P,S,N

/inhibitA

GEs

inthed

iabetic

kidn

ey[81]

(2)S

/increasesa

nti-A

ChEactiv

ities

[82]

(3)N

/increasesc

ellactivity

andCD

K4mRN

Acontentand

decreasesc

yclin

D1m

RNAcontent[83]

(4)N

/decreases

thec

ellactivity

andincrease

thec

ontentso

f𝛽-galactosid

asea

ndthep

ositive

cellnu

mbero

fp16

[84]

(5)R

/increasesS

ODandcatalase

activ

ities

[85]

(6)S

/Increasesa

ntioste

oporoticeffects(radicalscavenging

activ

ity)[9]

(7)S

/inhibitsfre

eradicalsa

ndAG

Esform

ation[86]

(8)R

/inhibitsCorni

Fructuse

xtractso

nAG

Es[87]

(9)N

,R/in

creasesradicalscavenging

activ

ityin

theD

PPHassay[88]

(10)

O/protectsthe

hydrogen

peroxide-in

duceddamageo

fHEI-O

C1auditory

cells

[89]

(11)O/enh

ancesthe

proliferatio

nof

cultu

redspleno

cytesa

ndthym

ocytes

[90]

(12)

R/prom

otes

B.adolescentis(probiotics)[8]

VV(3)

(1)S

/effectso

fCornu

sonNKactiv

ity,IL-2activ

ity,and

IL-2

mRN

Aexpressio

nin

agingmice[91]

(2)P,S,N

/protectratm

esangialcellproliferatio

n[92]

(3)N

,R/in

crease𝜔-3

fatty

acids(ALA

,EPA

,and

DHA)con

tent

[93]

R(2)

(1)S

/reduces

age-related

dementia

andmem

oryim

pairm

ent[2]

(2)S

/reduces

glaucoma[

50]

Cuscutae

Semen

VT(2)

(1)P,S,N

/protectmurineo

steob

lasticMC3

T3-E1cellsagainsttertia

rybu

tylhydroperoxide-in

ducedinjury

[94]

(2)S

/sup

pressesg

rowth

andcontrolsgene

expressio

nin

CWR2

2Rv1

cells

(prostatec

ancer)[95]

VV(4)

(1)P,S/reducem

itochon

drialD

NAdeletio

nsandincreasesthe

activ

ities

ofmito

chon

drialrespiratory

chaincomplexes

Iand

IV[96]

(2)P,S/in

crease

antia

poptosiseffects[97]

(3)P,S,N

/increase

thew

eightsof

thetestes,epididym

is,andpituitary

glandandstim

ulateT

andLH

secretion[98]

(4)O

/protectsk

etocon

azole-indu

cedoxidatives

tressin

testicular

damage[99]

C(3)

(1)S

/increasesserum

FSHlevels(m

enop

ausalsym

ptom

streatment)[100]

(2)S

/increasesb

onem

ineraldensity

andheight

inprepub

escent

child

ren[101]

(3)C

/improves

mem

ory,im

mediaterecall,recogn

ition

,dream

-disturbedsle

ep,tinnitus,anddeafnessin

aged

peop

le[10

2]

R(2)

(1)S

/screenfora

ntiaging

materiamedica[

103]

(2)S

/potentia

lantioste

oporoticagent[25]

Eclip

taeH

erba

VT(1)

(1)S

/increasesa

ntioxidant

capacity(BHT,ascorbicacid,and

rutin

)[104]

C(3)

(1)S

/increasesserum

FSHlevels(m

enop

ausalsym

ptom

streatment)[100]

(2)C

,S/m

anagem

ento

fdiffuseh

airloss[105]

(3)C

/effectso

nserum

C-reactiv

eprotein,tum

ornecrosisfactor-alpha,and

interle

ukin-6

inpatie

ntsw

ithtype

2diabetes

mellitus

[106]

Epim

ediiHerba

VT(6)

(1)P,S/delay

homocysteine-indu

cedendo

thelialcellu

larsenescenceinvolving

activ

ationof

theP

I3K/

AKT

-eNOSsig

nalin

gpathway

[107]

(2)S

/protectso

xidativ

edam

agetoDNA[9]

(3)P,S,N

/improvec

ognitiv

efun

ctionfora

nticho

linesterase

activ

ity[27]

(4)S

,PInhibitstheD

PPHradicalw

ithIC

50values

lessthan

10𝜇g/mL[86]

(5)N

,R/protectoxidatived

amagetoDNA[88]

(6)R

/develop

mento

fnaturalantio

xidantsb

yusingan

improved

D.O.analyzing

metho

dinclu

ding

simplec

alculationof

thea

rea

underthe

curve[8]


Table2:Con

tinued.

Nam

eofC

AMH/classificatio

nof

thes

tudy

(num

ber)/sou

rced

atabase/mainou

tcom

e

VV(14

)

(1)P,S/in

crease

SODandGSH

-Pxactiv

ities

andinhibitstheformationof

LPOandLF

[108]

(2)P,N

,S/raise

theh

ypothalamicmon

oaminen

eurotransm

itter

levelsandim

proves

learning

andmem

ory[109]

(3)S

/reduces

them

eanlevelofN

F-𝜅Bsig

naltransdu

ctionkinase-rela

tedmRN

Aexpressio

nin

rats’

spleniclym

phocytes

with

aging

[110]

(4)P,S/havee

strogen-lik

eand

antio

steop

oroticactiv

ity[111]

(5)P,S/im

provee

rectile

functio

nof

aged

rats[112]

(6)P,R

/impactthee

xpressionof

transcrip

tionfactorsintheh

ypothalamus

ofaged

rats[113]

(7)S

/improves

osteop

orosis[114]

(8)R

/improves

estro

genice

ffects[115]

(9)P,S,N

/improvec

ognitiv

edeficitsandactiv

ates

quiescentn

euralstem

cells

inagingrats[116]

(10)

S,R,

N/enh

ance

antio

xidant

capacitie

softhe

bloo

dandliver

[117]

(11)S/ovariectom

y-indu

cedosteop

enia[118]

(12)

R/preventsliver

damage,delay

saging

,and

makes

skin

white[119]

(13)

R/aggregates

thed

eclin

eofxenob

iotic

metabolizingenzymea

ctivities

[120]

(14)R

,N/lo

ng-te

rmsupp

lementatio

nof

EKNextracttoratsfro

mweaning

to24

mon

thsm

aybe

aburdenon

theliver

functio

nin

old

age[121]

C(2)

(1)S

/has

therapeutic

effectson

sexu

aldisordersa

ndim

mun

ologicinadequacy

inpatie

ntsw

ithchronicr

enalfailu

reun

dergoing

hemod

ialysis

[122]

(2)C

/elevatese

strogenlevelsandim

proves

lipid

metabolism

inpo

stmenop

ausalw

omen

[123]

R(3)

(1)P,S/im

proveimmun

ologicaleffects[124]

(2)S

/improves

osteop

orosis[25]

(3)P,S,N

/effectso

ncellgeneratio

n,survivaltim

e,im

mun

omod

ulation,

improvem

ento

fvisc

eralandmetabolicfunctio

ns,and

anti-infection[125]

EquisetiHerba

Non

e

EucommiaeC

ortex

VT(8)

(1)S

/improves

potent

antio

xidant

andcytoprotectiv

eproperties[126]

(2)S

/protectsa

gainstUVB-indu

cedoxidatives

tressandisap

otentia

lagent

inthep

reventionof

UVB-indu

cedph

otoaging

[127]

(3)S

/improves

tissueinh

ibito

rs:T

IMP-1,TIMP-2,TIMP-3,andTIMP-4[128]

(4)P,S,N

/improvec

ellulard

efense

mechanism

sagainstUVradiation-indu

cedph

otoaging

[129]

(5)S

/improves

radicalscaveng

ingactiv

ities

andprotectiv

eeffectsa

gainstoxidatived

amage[

9](6)R

/upregulates

IL-2,IL-4,GM-C

SF,IFN

-𝛾,and

TNF-𝛼genesa

nddo

wnregulates

IL-12p70

gene

[130]

(7)R

/reduces

peroxynitrite

[131]

(8)R

/promotes

B.infantis(probiotics)[8]

VV(10)

(1)S

,P/curativep

ropertiesfor

BMDandBM

IinOVXrats[132]

(2)S

,P,N

/improvethe

lowturnover

ratein

thes

tratum

corneum

offalse

aged

mod

elrats[133]

(3)S

/stim

ulates

collagensynthesis

[134]

(4)R

/reduces

MMP-1m

RNAexpressio

nandMMP-2activ

ity[135]

(5)P

/enh

ancesthe

activ

ityof

SOD,G

SH-Px,andNOS[136]

(6)S

,P/promotec

ollagensynthesis

[137]

(7)S

,P/promotec

ollagensynthesis

[138]

(8)R

/assistsw

ithhepatic

functio

n,preventsbo

neabsorptio

nandbo

nemineralloss[13

9](9)R

/improves

osteop

orosis[56]

(10)

R/enhances

cellproliferatio

nandsupp

resses

apop

tosis

intheh

ippo

campu

s,andalleviates

age-indu

cedmem

oryloss

(TUNEL

-positive

cells,caspase-3-positive

cells,reduced

Bax/Bc

l-2ratio

,increased

BrdU

-positive

cells)[140]

12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa

ble2:Con

tinued.

Nam

eofC

AMH/classificatio

nof

thes

tudy

(num

ber)/sou

rced

atabase/mainou

tcom

e

R(2)

(1)S

,P,N

/improves

exuald

ysfunctio

n,osteop

orosis,

Alzh

eimer’sdisease,aging,lupu

s-lik

esyn

drom

e,andim

mun

oregulation[14

1](2)P,S/w

idep

harm

acologicalactiv

ities,including

hepatoprotectiv

e,antitoxicant,

anti-inflammatory,antio

xidant,antiaging

,antioste

oporosis,

andneurotroph

iceffects[14

2]Eu

ryales

Semen

VV(1)

(1)P,S/in

crease

sSOD,C

AT(exceptfor

inthek

idney),and

GSH

-Pxactiv

ities

anddecreasesM

DAcontent[143]

GapsellaeB

ursa-pastoris

Semen

Non

e

Hoelencum

Radix

R(2)

(1)S

/reduces

dementia

andmem

oryim

pairm

ent[2]

(2)S

/reduces

glaucoma[

50]

LyciiF

ructus

VT(19

)

(1)S

/antioxidant

effecto

finvitro

seedingof

Lyciu

mbarbarum

byDPP

Hassay[14

4](2)N

,P,S/sup

pressthe

leveloflactatedehydrogenaser

elease

andthea

ctivity

ofcaspase-3[14

5](3)N

,P,S/enh

ance

bioavailabilityof

3R,3R-zeaxanthin

dipalm

itate[14

6](4)S

/protectsU

373hu

man

astro

cytesfrom

hydrogen

peroxide-in

ducedcelldeath[126]

(5)P,S/in

crease

thec

ellviabilityanddecreasesthe

expressio

nlevelsof

P53andP16[147]

(6)S

,R/sup

pressthe

proteolytic

activ

ities

ofMMP-2/-9

[148]

(7)P,S/protectagainstage-related

macular

degeneratio

n[14

9](8)S

/determiningtheb

estexplant

andcorrespo

ndingho

rmon

alcompo

sitions

forG

ojiinvitro

regeneratio

n[14

4](9)S

/regulates

gene

expressio

nof

c-fos[150]

(10)

S/supp

ressthee

xpressionof

genesrela

tedto

aging,such

asp53,p21,andBa

x[151]

(11)N,P,S/im

proven

europrotectiv

eeffectso

ncorticalneuron

s[152]

(12)

N,S,R

/antiaging

effectson

human

retin

alpigm

entepithelialcells[153]

(13)

N/optim

alextractio

ncond

ition

sfor

theh

ighestactiv

ationeffecto

nSO

Dactiv

ity[154]

(14)R

/usedas

anethn

icmedicinefor

hypertensio

nandprom

otinggrow

th[155]

(15)

R,N/exp

erim

entalstudy

onthee

ffecton

collagensynthesis

byseveralh

erbalm

edicines

[156]

(16)

O,R

/increase

thes

caveng

ingactiv

ityon

DPP

HradicalsandSO

D[157]

(17)

R/prom

otes

useful

intestinalbacteria[8]

(18)

N,O

/increase

thes

caveng

ingactiv

ityon

DPP

HradicalsandSO

Din

HS68fib

roblasts[158]

(19)S

/protectsd

amaged

hRPE

cells

indu

cedby

blue

light

irradiatio

n[159]

VV(25)

(1)P,S/in

crease

SOD,C

AT,and

GSH

-pxlevelsin

theliver

[160]

(2)P

/protectivee

ffectso

fLycium

barbarum

polysaccharid

esby

Nrf2

,Ho-1antioxidant

pathway

[161]

(3)N

,S,R

/increase

SOD,decreases

MDAin

thes

erum

,heart,liver,and

brain[162]

(4)S

/increase

serum

levelsof

SODandglutathion

eperoxidase[163,164]

(5)P,N

,S/antiaging

effectson

beta-amyloidpeptiden

eurotoxicityin

Alzh

eimer’sdisease[165]

(6)N

,P,S/reduces

DTT

-indu

cedLD

Hreleasea

ndcaspase-3activ

ity[166]

(7)S

/increasese

xpressionof

theD

NArepaira

se8-oxoguanine

gene

intheliver

[167]

(8)P,S/neuroprotectio

nby

down-regu

latingRA

GE,

ET-1,A𝛽,and

AGEin

ther

etina[

168]

(9)N

,P,S,R

/increase

endo

geno

uslip

idperoxidatio

n,anddecreasesa

ntioxidant

activ

ities

[169]

(10)

P,S/redu

cemito

chon

drialD

NAdeletio

ns[96]

(11)N,R

/increase

learning

andmem

oryandthea

ctivities

ofAc

hEandSO

Din

theb

rain

[170]

(12)

N,P,S/protectcorticalneuron

sfrom

Abeta 25–35neurotoxicity

[171]

(13)

R,N/in

crease

SODactiv

ities

anddecreasesM

DAcontent[172]

(14)P

/hepatop

rotectivee

ffectso

nCC

l(4)-indu

cedhepatic

damage[173]

(15)

S/influ

ence

onthea

ctivity

ofSO

Din

thes

kin[174]

(16)

P,S/im

proven

eurologicald

eficitsandredu

cesinfarctsiz

eand

cerebraledem

a[175]

(17)

P,S/preventS

CO-in

ducedcogn

itive

andmem

orydeficits

[176]

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13Ta

ble2:Con

tinued.

Nam

eofC

AMH/classificatio

nof

thes

tudy

(num

ber)/sou

rced

atabase/mainou

tcom

e(18)

N,P,S/neuroprotectiv

eeffectso

ntransie

ntcerebralglob

alisc

hemiain

gerbils

[177]

(19)N

,P,S,R

/neuroprotectiv

eeffectso

fß-amyloidpeptiden

eurotoxicity[178]

(20)

N,P,S/neuroprotectiv

eeffectso

nprotectin

gretin

algang

lioncells

inglaucoma[

179]

(21)N,P,S/antagon

izes

glutam

atee

xcito

toxicityin

corticalneuron

s[180]

(22)

N,P,S,R

/dow

nregulatethe

expressio

nsof

cathepsin

Bandcystatin

C[181]

(23)

P,S/alleviateg

lucose

metabolism

disorder

andredu

cesthe

generatio

nof

lipid

peroxide

[182]

(24)

P,S/reversalof

apop

totic

resistanceo

fagedTcells

bymod

ulatingthee

xpressionof

apop

tosis-related

molecules

[183]

(25)

O/in

creasesserum

HDL-cholesterollevelsa

ndcollagenlevels[184]

C(3)

(1)N

,P,S,C

/increase

fastingplasmaz

eaxanthinlevels[185]

(2)S

/increasesp

lasm

azeaxanthinandantio

xidant

levels[186]

(3)S

,C/treatm

enteffecton

tinnitus[187]

R(11)

(1)S

/screening

studies

oftradition

alCh

inesea

ntiaging

materiamedica[

103]

(2)S

/preventsk

idneyandliver

dysfu

nctio

n,visualdegeneratio

n[18

8](3)S

/Gojijuice:A

novelm

iraculous

cure

forlon

gevityandwell-being

[189]

(4)S

/treatm

ento

fglaucom

a[50]

(5)P,S/usedas

orrelatedto

antia

ging

agents[124]

(6)S

/intercellulare

ffectso

nneuron

s[190]

(7)N

,P,S/im

provec

ellgeneration,

visceral,and

metabolicfunctio

ns[125]

(8)S

/elabo

ratebioactiveing

redients[19

1](9)S

/improves

eyesight

[192]

(10)

N,P,S,R

/protectneuron

sagainstbeta-amyloidpeptidetoxicity

[193]

(11)R/functio

nalcosmeticwith

antia

ging

effectssuch

asantiw

rinkling,whitening

,and

scalp-care

[194]

MoriF

ructus

VT(15)

(1)N

,S,P

/stro

ngscavenging

activ

ityagainstthe

hydroxylradical(HO.)[19

5](2)N

,S,P

/exh

ibitpo

tent

inhibitory

effectson

tyrosin

ase[43]

(3)N

/potentinh

ibito

roftyrosinase[196]

(4)S

/Mulberryseedsc

ontainingantio

xidant

polyph

enoliccompo

unds

[197]

(5)N

/sho

wsthe

high

estelastaseinh

ibito

ryactiv

ity[154]

(6)R

/sho

wsS

ODactiv

ity[198]

(7)R

/antiwrin

klee

ffects[199]

(8)R

/increasesIL-2,IL-4,IL-12p70,GM-C

SF,INF-𝛾,and

TNF-𝛼[200]

(9)R

/DPP

Hradicalscaveng

ingeffect[201]

(10)

R/inhibitsRO

Sprod

uctio

n[202]

(11)R/Ru

tin,isoqu

ercitrin,quercitrin,quercetin,(+)-dihydroqu

ercetin

,and

chlorogenica

cidexhibitstro

ngantio

xidant

activ

ity[197]

(12)

R/prom

otes

L.plantarum

(antioxidativ

eeffects)[8]

(13)

R/increasesa

ntioxidant

activ

ityof

polyph

enolcompo

nentsw

ithDMPD

assays

[203]

(14)N

/inhibitstyrosin

asea

ctivities

[204

](15)

R,N/con

tain

carotene

andvitamin

C[205]

VV(7)

(1)N

/increasesthe

hairregrow

theffect[206]

(2)R

/reduces

oxygen

radicalsin

theliver

[207]

(3)S

/exh

ibits

amem

ory-enhancingeffectviaup

regu

latio

nof

NGF[171]

(4)S

/extends

meanlifespanby

17%fro

m17.6to

20.6days

[208]

(5)S

/sho

rtensthe

duratio

nof

thetelogen

phasea

ndindu

cesthe

grow

thof

anagen

follicle

s[209]

(6)N

/decreases

oxidized

proteinlevels[210]

(7)N

/increasesC

u,Zn

-SODactiv

ities

intheb

rain

cytosol[211]

14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa

ble2:Con

tinued.

Nam

eofC

AMH/classificatio

nof

thes

tudy

(num

ber)/sou

rced

atabase/mainou

tcom

eC(1)

(1)C

,S/im

provethe

MelasQOLscore[212]

Nelu

mbinisS

emen

VT(8)

(1)R

/decreases

DPP

Hradicals[58]

(2)N

,S,P

/antiamnesic

activ

ityandinhibitio

nof

ChEs

andBA

CE1[213]

(3)R

/proliferationandapop

tosis

inHT-29

human

coloncancer

cells

[214]

(4)N

,S,P

/inhibitratlens

aldo

seredu

ctase,AG

Eform

ation,

andoxidatives

tress[215]

(5)S,R

,N/protectagainsto

xidativ

edam

agetoDNA[88]

(6)R

/sho

wsp

otentD

PPHfre

eradicalscavenging

activ

ityandpo

tent

inhibitory

activ

ityon

NOprod

uctio

n[216]

(7)O

/increasestypeI

procollagenexpressio

nin

CCD-986sk

cells

[217]

(8)N

,R/decreasethe

levelsof

MDA[218]

VV(1)

(1)S

/normalizes

thea

ge-associatedalteredlevelsof

lipidsa

ndglucose[219]

Persicae

Flos

VT(7)

(1)P

/exh

ibits

photop

rotectionagainstU

VA[220]

(2)N

,R/antioxidant

andhyaluron

idaseinh

ibition

activ

ities

[221]

(3)S

/disp

lays

radicalscaveng

ingactiv

ity,sup

pressesM

MP-1expression,

andincreasestype-1p

rocollagenexpressio

n[222]

(4)S

/inhibitstyrosin

ase[

43]

(5)P

/reduces

cholesterol[223]

(6)N

/sho

wsh

ighestantio

xidant

activ

ityin

methano

lextracts(seeds:98.4%)[154]

(7)N

,R/in

crease

activ

ities

ofSO

DandGSH

-Pxandtheliquidflu

idity

oferythrocytem

embranes

[224]

VV(6)

(1)P

/increasesa

ctivities

ofSO

DandGSH

-Pxandtheliquidflu

idity

oferythrocytem

embranes

[36]

(2)S

/mod

ulates

glucosem

etabolism

andredu

ceso

xidativ

edam

age[

225]

(3)P

/cognitiv

ebenefits[38]

(4)P

/con

tainsp

roanabolicfactorsthatcan

increase

bone

volumea

ndresto

rebo

ne[35]

(5)S

/upregulates

NTH

1[226]

(6)N

/increasesthe

basalC

oncentratio

nof

ExtracellularA

cetylch

olineintheR

at[227]

C(1)

(1)P

/reduces

theI/R-in

ducedF(2)-isop

rostaner

espo

nse[

41]

Phellodend

riCortex

VT(1)

(1)N

,P,S/screening

toidentifymon

oamineo

xidase

Binhibitors[228]

VV(1)

(1)O

/treatm

enteffectso

ncollagen-indu

cedarthritis[229]

Pini

KoraiensisSemen

VT(1)

(1)R

/inthea

ntioxidant

activ

ities,the

results

ofDPP

H-radicalscavenging

activ

ities

andSO

D-like

activ

ities

indicatedthatmethano

lextracth

adtheh

ighestactiv

ities

[230]

VV(1)

(1)R

/increasesliver

SODactiv

ity[231]

PolygalaeR

adix

VT(4)

(1)N

,P,S/regulatec

aspase-3

andtyrosin

ehydroxylase

[232]

(2)N

,P,S/in

crease

then

umbero

fnew

lyform

edneurosph

eres

[233]

(3)R

/sho

wsh

ighantityrosinasea

ndantie

lastasea

ctivity

[234]

(4)N

/inhibitsapop

tosis

inthen

ervous

syste

m[235]

VV(4)

(1)P,S/in

crease

SODandglutathion

eperoxidase[

236]

(2)N

,P,S,R

/increase

NEandDAin

theh

ippo

campu

sand

decreasesA

ChEin

thec

ortex[237]

(3)S

/increasesinBD

NFandits

receptor

TrkB

expressio

nin

theh

ippo

campalC

A1region[238]

(4)P,S/sup

pressthe

activ

ities

ofMAO

andAC

hE[239]

C(2)

(1)C

/effectso

fBT-11fore

nhancing

cogn

itive

functio

nsinclu

ding

mem

ory[240

](2)C

/improves

mem

ory,im

mediaterecall,recogn

ition

,dream

-disturbedsle

ep,tinnitus,anddeafness[10

2]

R(6)

(1)S

/increasesc

ellviabilityandredu

cesc

elld

eath

[241]

(2)S

/enh

ancesa

ge-rela

teddementia

andmem

oryim

pairm

ent[2]

(3)S

/inhibitsAC

hEactiv

ity,improvea

ntioxidatio

nandenhances

synapticplastic

ity[242]

(4)P

/improves

cogn

itive

functio

ns[243]


Table2:Con

tinued.

Nam

eofC

AMH/classificatio

nof

thes

tudy

(num

ber)/sou

rced

atabase/mainou

tcom

e(5)S

/intro

ductionof

theC

hinese

MaterialM

edica(

CMM)theoreticalresearch

onAlzh

eimer’sdisease[

244]

(6)S

/increasesincholinea

cetyltransfe

rase

andNGFby

Polygalatenu

ifolia

[245]

PolygonatiRh

izom

a

VT(2)

(1)S

/lower

cytotoxicityon

human

epidermalmelanocytes

(HEM

n)[43]

(2)N

,O/in

crease

inthec

ollagenase

activ

ityandprocollagensynthesis

inHs68hu

man

fibroblasts[246

]

VV(2)

(1)S

/improves

SODactiv

ityandthec

leaningactiv

ityof

freer

adicals[247]

(2)S

/improves

thea

ctivity

ofSO

D,inh

ibits

lipid

peroxidatio

n,andredu

cesthe

contentsof

MDA[248]

R(2)

(1)N

/positive

effectson

cellgeneratio

nandim

provem

ento

fvisc


ns[249]

(2)N

,R/recentadvancesinthes

tudy

ofantia

ging

actio

nof

Siberia

nSolomon

seal(Polygonatum

sibiricum)[250]

Polygoni

Multifl

oriR

adix

VT(6)

(1)P,S/in

hibitstaurospo

rine-indu

cedapop

tosis

[249]

(2)N

,P,S/protectU373hu

man

astro

cytesfrom

hydrogen

peroxide-in

ducedcelldeath[126]

(3)N

,O/in

hibitcollagenase

andelastase

activ

ity[251]

(4)N

,P,S/sup

pressesD

R4andup

regu

latio

nof

Bcl-2

,XIAP,andcIAP-1[252]

(5)S

/rapid

absorptio

nof

P.multifl

orum

stilb

eneg

lycosid

e[253]

(6)O

/protectsa

gainstcelldamageinUVB-irr

adiatedHaC

aTkeratin

ocytes

[254]

VV(13)

(1)P,S/in

crease

plasmaH

DL-Cleveland

HDL-C/totalcho

leste

rolratio

andredu

cesp

lasm

aLPO

levels[255]

(2)S

/reduces

lipofuscinin

theliver

andbraintissues

[256]

(3)S

/sup

pressesthe

destructionof

Cu,Z

n-SO

Din

thes

kin[257]

(4)P,S/decreaselipofuscinpercentagesa

ndMDAconcentrations

[258]

(5)N

,P,S/decreaseh

ippo

campalsyn

apsesc

ount

andsynaptop

hysin

expressio

n[259]

(6)R

/improves

learning

-mem

oryim

pairm

entand

objectrecogn

ition

impairm

ent[260]

(7)N

,P,S/neuroprotectiv

eeffectsthrou

ghbo

thalleviationof

ERKandp38activ

ation[261]

(8)N

,P,S/neuroprotectiv

eeffectsthrou

ghbo

thalleviationof

ERKandp38activ

ation[262]

(9)N

,P,S/decreasethe

spon

gydegeneratio

nandlip

ofuscinandMDAconcentrations

[263]

(10)

N,S/reducethe

levelsof

ROS,NO,and

IGF-1,andincreasesthe

levelsof

SODandCa2

+[264

](11)S/str

ongantio

xidant

capacityagainstfreer

adicals,lip

idoxidation,

andproteinglycation[265]

(12)

N,R

/decreasethe

levelsof

LPFin

theb

rain

andkidn

eyandincreasesthe

activ

ities

ofAT

Pase

andSO

D[266

](13)

N,S/sup

presse

overexpressio

nof𝛼-synuclein

[267]

C(1)

(1)C

/assessm

ento

nMini-M

entalStateEx

amination,

Abilityof

DailyLiving

Scale,andthetherapeuticeffect[268]

R(4)

(1)N

,S/delay

thed

egenerativec

hanges

intheb

rain

associated

with

aging[269]

(2)S

/major

effectson

calcium

channelantagon

istsa

ndantio

xidant

andcholinesterase

inhibitors[270]

(3)S

/positive

effectson

cellgeneratio

nandim

provem

ento

fvisc


ns[125]

(4)S

/positive

effectson

stimulatingbloo

dcirculation,

supp

lementin

gvitalenergy,andresis

tingaging[271]

Poria

Sclerotiu

mNon

e

Rehm

anniae

Radix(Rehmanniae

RadixCr

udus,R

ehmanniae

RadixPreparata)

VT(2)

(1)N

/biosynthesiz

ingcollagen[156]

(2)O

/antiwrin

klee

ffectsb

ycollagenase

activ

ityandprocollagensynthesis

inHS68hu

man

fibroblastsandtyrosin

asea

ctivity

[272]

VV(6)

(1)P

/sup

pressesN

OXandER

stressin

theb

rain

[273]

(2)P

/protectsa

gainstcholinergica

ndim

mun

eimpairm

entinthem

ouse

brain[274]

(3)P

/protectsa

gainstmem

orydamagea

ndenergy

metabolism

failu

rein

agingmod

elmice[275]

(4)P

/normalizingpresyn

aptic

proteins

andtheirrelatives

ignalin

gpathwaysinaged

rats[276]

(5)O

/antioxidativ

eeffectso

nkidn

eycellinjury

[277]

(6)O

/antioxidativ

eeffectso

nkidn

eycellinjury

[278]

R(1)

(1)S

/preventsc

isplatin

ototoxicity

[279]


Table2:Con

tinued.

Nam

eofC

AMH/classificatio

nof

thes

tudy

(num

ber)/sou

rced

atabase/mainou

tcom

e

RubiFructus

VT(6)

(1)P,S,N

/enh

ance

osteob

lastfunctio

n[280]

(2)S

/regulates

glycation[281]

(3)S

/improves

radicalscaveng

ingactiv

ities

[86]

(4)N

/inhibitsela

stase[

282]

(5)N

/UVprotectio

neffects[283]

(6)N

/inhibitsAC

hEandim

proved

radicalscaveng

ingeffects[284]

VV(5)

(1)P,S,N

/inhibito

steoclastdifferentiatio

nindu

cedby

RANKL

[285]

(2)N

,O/in

crease

SODandGSH

-pxactiv

ityof

redbloo

dcells

[286]

(3)N

/increasesS

ODactiv

ities

[287]

(4)N

/inhibitsAC

hEactiv

ity[288]

(5)S

/sup

pressesa

ge-related

increasesinoxidatives

tress[289]

C(1)

(1)S

/radicalscavenging

activ

ities

andprotectiv

eeffectsa

gainstoxidatived

amagetoDNA[9]

SasemiSem

enR(1)

(1)S

/inhibitshexano

yldo

pamineformation[290]

Schisand

raeF

ructus

VT(7)

(1)P,S/effectso

nneurop

rotectivea

ctivity

&inhibitin

gstaurosporine-indu

cedapop

tosis

[249]

(2)P

/dow

nregulates

thee

xpressionof

proinfl

ammatorygenesinvolvedin

thes

ynthesisof

NO,P

GE2

,and

TNF-𝛼in

lipop

olysaccharide-stim

ulated

RAW

264.7macroph

agec

ellsby

supp

ressingAkt-dependent

NF-𝜅Bactiv

ity[291]

(3)P

/inhibitsthes

pontaneous

andsynchron

ouso

scillations

ofintracellularC

a2+throug

hthed

epressionof

extracellularc

alcium

influ

xandtheinitia

tionof

actio

npo

tential[292]

(4)P

/stro

ngactiv

ityagainsth

ydroxylradicals[195]

(5)S

,N/decreasethe

expressio

nof

MMP-1p

rotein

[293]

(6)O

/protectsa

gainstRO

S-indu

cedneurotoxicity

[294]

(7)O

/inhibitsthec

elld

amageinUV-irr

adiatedHaC

aTcells

[295]

VV(4)

(1)P

/atte

nuates

A𝛽1-4

2-indu

cedmem

oryim

pairm

ent[296]

(2)P

/mitigatesa

ge-dependent

impairm

entsin

mito

chon

drialantioxidant

capacityandfunctio

nalability[297]

(3)P

/improves

antib

odytitersa

gainstNew

castled

iseasev

irusa

ndlymph

ocytep

roliferationof

broilers[298]

(4)P

/functio

nsas

ahormeticagenttosustaincellu

larredox

homeostasisandmito

energetic

capacityin

neuron

alcells

[299]

R(1)

(1)P

/stim

ulates

liver

regeneratio

n,preventsliver

injurie

s,andinhibitshepatocarcinogenesisas

wellaslipid

peroxidatio

nin

rats[300]

SiegesbeckiaHerba

Non

eSoph

orae

Fructus

Non

eTh

ujae

Orie

ntalisFo

lium

VT(1)

(1)P,S,N

/decreaseR

OSaccumulation[301]

Vitic

isFructus

Non

eXa

nthiiF

ructus

VT(1)

(1)O

/chemop

reventivep

otentia

lbyinhibitin

gthea

ctivity

ofcytochromeP

4501A1and

freer

adicalform

ation[302]

Animal-derived

medicinalherbs

CerviCornu

VV(1)

(1)R

/increasesb

onem

ass[303]

CerviParvum

Cornu

VT(1)

(1)O

,R/im

provethe

freer

adicalscavenging

effect[304]

VV(5)

(1)O

/inhibitsim

mun

ereactionin

arthritis[305]

(2)O

/inhibitsDHO-D

Hase[

306]

(3)O

/sup

pressesthe

expressio

nof

iNOSmRN

Aandprod

uctio

nof

NO[307]

(4)R

/increasesb

onem

ass[308]

(5)R

/preventsreductio

nsin

theb

onem

assa

ndstr

engthof

thelum

barb

ody[309]


Table2:Con

tinued.

Nam

eofC

AMH/classificatio

nof

thes

tudy

(num

ber)/sou

rced

atabase/mainou

tcom

e

Haliotid

isCon

cha

VT(2)

(1)N

/increasese

xpressionof

type

Icollagenandtype

Iprocollagen[310]

(2)N

/increasese

xpressionof

antio

xidant

enzymes

such

ascatalase,SOD,and

hemeo

xygenase-1[311]

Hom

inisPlacenta

VT(2)

(1)N

/improves

ther

adicalscavenging

effect[312]

(2)N

/preventsH

2O2-indu

cedapop

tosis

inPG

T-betacells

inhibitio

nsof

iNOSandcaspase-3[313]

VV(5)

(1)O

/sup

pressesb

oner

esorptionby

inhibitio

nof

tyrosin

ekinaseS

rc,cyclooxygenasee

xpression,

andPG

E2synthesis

[314]

(2)O

/sup

pressestypeIIcollagen-indu

cedarthritis[315]

(3)O

/effectso

ntheincreaseo

fthe

totaln

umbero

fovulatedovaa

ndther

ateo

fmorph

ologicallyno

rmalova[

316]

(4)O

/increasesthe

totaln

umbero

fovulatedovaa

ndther

ateo

fmorph

ologicallyno

rmalova[

317]

(5)R

/preventso

steop

orosiscaused

bypo

stmenop

ause

[318]

∗Pu

bMed

(P),Cochrane(C)

,Scopu

s(S),N

dsl(N),Oasis(O

),Riss(R).

∗In

vitro

study

(VT),Invivo

study

(VV),Clinicalstu

dy(C

),Re

view

(R).

(AchE;

acetylcholinesterase/AGE;

advanced

glycationend-prod

uct/B

DNF;

brain-deriv

edneurotroph

icfactor/BHT;

butylatedhydroxytoluene/DPP

H;1,1-diph

enyl-2-picrylhydrazyl/G

SH;g

rowth-stim

ulating

horm

one/HDL-C;

high

-densitylip

oprotein-cho

leste

rol/iNOS;

indu

ciblenitric

oxidesynthase/M

DA;m

alon

dialdehyde/M

MP;

matrix

metalloproteinase/N

O;n

itric

oxide/NGF;

nervegrow

thfactor/RANKL

;receptor

activ

ator

ofnu

clear

factor

kapp

aBligand/RO

S;reactiv

eoxygenspecies/SO

D;sup

eroxided

ismutase).


Since the present study was performed with a focus onthe selection and cataloging of an entire candidate group ofantiaging medicinal herbs written about in the “Dongeui-bogam,” the characteristics of each medicinal herb werenot analyzed in detail during both the discovery processesfrom the classical Korean medical literature and the analysisprocesses of preceding studies.This constitutes a limitation ofthe present study but is also an advantage because the scopeof this study is comprehensive.This part will be included in afollow-up study on the verification of the antiaging effects ofeach CAMH.

Furthermore, additional investigation is warranted forthe “Compound formulae” (mixture of medicinal herbs)identified in “Dongeuibogam” as an expansion of the presentstudy that limited putative candidates to IMHs.

4. Conclusions

In the present study, we finally selected 47 CAMHs fromthe “Dongeuibogam” and reviewed the results of previousstudies regarding antiaging effects in order to provide a com-prehensive list of Korean medicinal herbs that may harborantiaging potential. Even though further investigations areneeded in regard to the medicinal herbs included in theselists, the present study may be an important step towards thedevelopment of experimental and clinical studies with theaim of discovering new drugs or novel antiaging constituents.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there are no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

This research was supported by the Basic Science ResearchProgram of the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2013R1A1A2060970).

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